smart grid outline

Smart Grid – An Outline

Shyam Penubolu

Smart Grid – An Outline 2

AgendaAgenda

Overview of existing electricity grid Benefits of the smart grid Components of the smart grid Smart grid players – participating companies


Overview of existing electricity grid Benefits of the smart grid Components of the smart grid Smart grid players – participating companies


The Grid is Already Smart!The Grid is Already Smart!

In the USA:

9200 electricity generating units

300,000 miles of transmission lines

99.97% reliable

Termed as the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th century by the National Academy of Engineering


So, what are the issues?So, what are the issues?Does not address modern concerns such as: Reliability: increasing number of black-outs

– Slow mechanical switches

– No automated analytics

– No situational awareness

Energy Efficiency National Economy increasingly dependent

on electronic equipment. Affordability:

– Rising fossil fuel costs triggering increase in energy costs

– Grid not prepared to easily accommodate renewable sources

Climate Change: Electricity accounts for 40% of GHG emissions.

If Alexander Graham Bell were somehow transportedto the 21st century, he would not begin to recognizethe components of modern telephony – cell phones,texting, cell towers, PDAs, etc. – while Thomas Edison,one of the grid’s key early architects, would be totallyfamiliar with the grid.

- From DOE's Smart Grid: An Introduction


Some Startling NumbersSome Startling Numbers Power outages cost $180 billion per year

Growth in peak demand exceeds growth in transmission by almost 25% every year

If the grid were just 5% more efficient, the energy savings would equate to eliminating 53 million cars

Sun Microsystems estimates that a blackout costs the company $1 million every minute.

Load from chip technologies and automated manufacturing is about 40% currently. Expected to reach 60% by 2012.

In 2000, the one-hour outage that hit the Chicago Board of Trade resulted in $20 trillion in trades delayed.

Average efficiency of legacy grids is 33% whereas the efficiency of those using modern technologies is 60%


Overview of existing electricity grid

Benefits of the smart grid

Components of the smart grid

Smart grid players – participating companies


Benefits to ConsumersBenefits to Consumers Can monitor their energy consumption in real-

time. Can control their consumption based on real-

time pricing information– the control can be automated

– even possible via the web.

Can power electric and plug-in/hybrid vehicles and

feed locally generated energy back to the grid.


Benefits to UtilitiesBenefits to Utilities Monitor load in real-time, anticipate demand and

automatically adjust energy flows

Peak Load Balancing – interact with customers to reduce demand at peak load

Enable integration of external renewable energy sources to pump electricity back into the grid

Fault Isolation – advanced sensors allow quick isolation of faults in the network and speedy recovery

Power Plant Growth – better management of demand and supply allows utilities to reduce need for additional power plants







Components of the Smart GridComponents of the Smart Grid

The Smart Grid is a widely distributed electricity delivery network, characterized by 2-way flow of electricity and information and is capable of monitoring everything from power plants to customer appliances.


Key Smart Grid TechnologiesKey Smart Grid Technologies Integrated Communication:

enables 2-way communication for monitoring and controlling grid components in real-time.

Sensing and Measurement: enable remote monitoring and more accurate response.

Advanced Components: apply the latest research in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage etc. .

Advanced Control Methods: monitor essential components, enabling rapid diagnosis and precise solutions to events.

Improved Interfaces and Decisions Support: enable grid operators and managers to take informed decisions.


Integrated Communications – Key BenefitsIntegrated Communications – Key Benefits

Enable the grid to become a dynamic, interactive medium for 2-way real-time information and power exchange.

Appropriate media that will provide the necessary infrastructure to transmit information accurately, securely, reliably.

Enhances reliability – enables Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Demand Response (DR).

Enhances security – better detection of physical and cyber threats to the grid

Economic benefits to both users and utilities via real-time pricing information, DR, DER etc.


Integrated Communications – Current StateIntegrated Communications – Current State

Communications too slow and not integrated Mostly, no standards exist, currently under development – e.g.

OpenAMI, IEEE is working on Broadband Power Line (BPL) BPL is being deployed in some cases but Wireless is

emerging as a viable alternative Exception where a standard is available is Substation

Automation (SA) – IEC 61850.


Communication TechnologiesCommunication Technologies

Technology Comments

Broadband Over Power Line

Communication over low and medium voltage linesCurrently being used for Automatic Meter Reading (AMR), DER, DR, video monitoring etc.

Multiple Address System Radio

Consists of a master radio transmitter/receiver and several remote transmitters/receiversCurrently deployed for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Distribution Automation (DA).

Spread-spectrum radio systems

Point to multi-point, secure radio-system where frequency hops in a particular band.Used as last-mile connection to a main communications system

WiFi Short-range wireless communication based on IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g standards. Useful for communication within the premises.

WiMax 4G Wireless technology that provides longer distance communications (10 – 30 miles) with data rates of 75 Mbps Can be used as the core transmission and distribution communications system that supports WiFi applications for SA or DA.


Communication TechnologiesCommunication Technologies

Technology Comments

Cellular 3G Family of standards that includes GSM EDGE, UMTS and HSPA. Data rates up to 14 Mbps downlink are possible. Can be applied as a low-cost solution for SA to control, monitor substation performance when small bursts of information are needed

Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)

Satellite-based 2-way communication that offers data rates of 56 kbps to 4 MbpsTypically used for narrowband communication such as in SCADA.

Power-line carrier Low-to-medium speed communication over electric power lines Supports AMI deployments and grid control functions, such as load shedding

Fibre-to-the-home (FTTH)

Broadband communication over fiber-optic connections to customer premises Can be used in connecting the end users – homes and industrial facilities


Integrated Communications – FutureIntegrated Communications – Future Integrated communications will enable the grid to

become a dynamic, interactive medium for real-time information and power exchange.

Open communications standards Appropriate media that will provide the necessary

infrastructure to transmit information accurately, securely, reliably.


Advanced Sensing and MeasurementAdvanced Sensing and MeasurementCurrent customer-focused advances:

Consumer gateway:– Advanced meter reading

– Real-time pricing

– Integration of energy generated by customer

– Building energy management system

– Remote power quality monitoring


Advanced Sensing and MeasurementAdvanced Sensing and Measurement

Residential consumer network - a subset of consumer gateway

Advanced Meter Uses digital technology to

read and record electrical parameters


Utility focused advancesUtility focused advancesWide-area Monitoring System (WAMS):

– GPS based PMUs measure voltage and current at various locations on the grid

– Provides global view of the grid, automatically monitors it and alerts the operator in case of (possible) issues

– Combines phasor data with SCADA for enhanced state estimation– Most promising of all the technologies

Dynamic line rating technology– Measures the ampacity (current carrying capability) of lines in real-time


Utility focused advancesUtility focused advances– Conductor/compression connector sensor:

• Determines line rating by measuring the conductor temperature and line sag

• Communication via BPL or wireless

– Insulation contamination leakage current sensor:

• Continuously monitors leakage current to determine key parameters

– Advances in protection – Digital relays that have replaced electro-mechanical ones have better fault isolation, detection and self-checking diagnostics


Advanced Sensing and Measurement - FutureAdvanced Sensing and Measurement - FutureCustomer focused:

– Solid-state meters are the future

– Will record usage at different times of day

– Will listen to real-time pricing signals sent by the provider and display to user

– May be capable of controlling loads based on customer profile

– May even provide non-utility services such as fire and burglar alarms


Advanced Sensing and Measurement - FutureAdvanced Sensing and Measurement - FutureUtility focused:– Tools that will provide info on:

• Power factor• Power quality throughout the grid• Phasor relationships (WAMS)• Equipment health and capacity• Meter tampering• Vegetation intrusion• Fault location• Transformer and line loading

– New host software systems will collect, store, analyze, and process the abundance of data that flows from these modern tools

– Future digital relays that employ computer agents will further enhance reliability


Advanced Components – Current StateAdvanced Components – Current State

Both AC and HVDC transmission equipment requiring power electronics. These devices aid in:

Voltage control at various load conditions

Power quality enhancement Reactive power balance Stability problems in long-

distance transmission

Examples of devices using power electronics (FACTS – Flexible AC Transmission System):

Universal Power Flow Contoller: does reactive power compensation and flow control

DVAR (Dynamic VAr): Mobile device. Provides voltage support and improves power quality

MV SVR: Boosts load voltage during source voltage sags caused by faults in the utility distribution grid or in the transmission system

Static VAr Compensator: Most important and most prevalent device. Improves transmission line efficiency by resolving dynamic voltage problems


Advanced Components – Current ResearchAdvanced Components – Current Research

Superconductivity– First Generation Wire

– High-temperature Superconductor (HTS) Cable

– 2G Wire (5-10 years development required)

DER – small capacity – 3 to 10000 KW power generation, located close to where energy is used.

Distributed Generation– Wind, Solar PV, Fuel Cells and Microturbines.

DER: Distributed Storage: NaS battery Vanadium Redox battery Ultra-capacitors Composite conductors: allows

doubling of amperage limits without modifications to line support or towers.

Aluminum conductor composite core cable

Aluminum conductor composite reinforced cable

Annealed aluminum, steel supported, trapezoid cross section conductor wire

Grid-friendly appliances – that can be switched off or on to modulate load during system disturbances.


Advanced Components – Role of Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEV)Advanced Components – Role of Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEV)

According to NREL’s research, the following are the benefits of PHEVs:

Significant reduction in oil consumption Utilities can control the time at which PHEVs are recharged.

Say, overnight when the demand is low PHEVs can be used to store energy that can be used in periods

of extreme demand or system emergencies.


Advanced Control Methods (ACM)Advanced Control Methods (ACM)

ACM refers to the devices and algorithms that analyze the current state of the grid and predict fault conditions.

ACM may also take automatic corrective actions to prevent outages and power quality disturbances

Currently deployed ACM have a local scope and do not have a system-wide perspective

ACM relies on three areas:– Distributed Intelligent Agents – semi-autonomous entities that

respond to local conditions rapidly. E.g. Energy Management Systems

– Analytical Tools such as Phasor Measurement Analyzer, System Performance Monitoring, Simulation and Prediction

– Operational Applications such as SA, DA and DR


Advanced Control Methods - FutureAdvanced Control Methods - Future

ACM will process real-time information received from Low cost Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)

PMUs integrated with GPS time signals will be deployed to provide the grid status, and will enable prediction of grid instabilities

System diagnosis at local, regional and system-wide levels

Advanced Data Analysis will help in load forecasting, risk analysis, planning and maintenance

Take autonomous actions when appropriate or present data to human operators


Integrated Interfaces and Decision Support (IIDS)Integrated Interfaces and Decision Support (IIDS)

IIDS helps present complex smart grid data in a simple manner and not let operators feel swamped by data overload.

IIDS enables operators to analyze the state of the grid and predict issues rapidly

Techniques include animation, colour contouring and virtual reality

Currently, the required amount and quality of data is not available

Research being done in the area of visualization Progress mostly happening in the area of

transmission


Integrated Interfaces and Decision Support - FutureIntegrated Interfaces and Decision Support - Future

IIDS will enable operators at generation, distribution, transmission levels to get a better understanding of the state of the grid.

Improved information sharing among uses via integration with enterprise-wide technologies such as:– GIS

– Weather forecasting

– Work management system and

– Asset management processes







Cisco Cisco Aiming to be a one-stop shop for end-to-end distribution and transmission secure

communication infrastructure Offer Cisco’s data center portfolio to enable data collection and storage for smart

grid data analysis and optimization Software for centralized management and control – distribution management,

automated metering infrastructure, GIS, asset management etc. Partnering with smart meters and other smart grid device vendors to create an

ecosystem that utilities have multiple options Has announced a building energy management software product called

EnergyWise:– integrated platform for monitoring and controlling energy usage of computers, phones,

HVAC, lighting etc.

– leverages capabilities of products from partner companies:

• Computer power management from Verdiem

• Network management software from SolarWinds

• Building controls from Schneider Electric.


IBM IBM Aims to be the system integrator for smart grid infrastructure Formed the Global Intelligent Utility Network – an alliance of innovative

utilities Goals of the alliance – optimize usage of wind energy, energy efficiency

and reliability. The alliance helps share experiences and best practices. The alliance has also created a Smart Grid maturity model


GE GE

Smart appliances such as washing machines and dryers that can respond to Demand Response commands

Smart HomeEnergy Manager – a device to link smart appliances

Smart meters, smart thermostats, grid sensors, wind turbines and energy storage


Google Google

Google PowerMeter software: – enables access to home energy usage information from any

computer/mobile

– Tracks historical data and predicts future trends

Google working with utilities and smart energy meter manufacturers to interoperate with PowerMeter.

Not a big player in Smart Grid currently but a company to watch.


Other Key Players – Smart MetersOther Key Players – Smart Meters

Itron Won a 5.3 million smart meter contract from S. California Edison. Working with several other utilities.A $1.6 billion public company

Landis & Gyr Has won smart meter deals worth over $400 million.A $1.25+ billion public Swiss company

Sensus Metering Systems

Plans to install 430,000 smart meters in Hawaii.US based public company

SmartSynch Startup making smart meters that communicate over GPRS/WiFi using IP network technologyAbout $80 million in funding from Credit Suisse, Battelle Ventures, Beacon Group, Endeavor Capital Management, GulfSouth Capital, Innovation Valley Partners, Kinetic Ventures, OPG Ventures and Siemens Venture Capital


Other Key Players – Smart MetersOther Key Players – Smart Meters

Gridpoint A startup, working on helping utilities balance energy loads through hardware and software.Total funding of $214 million. Investors include Altira Group, Craton Equity Partners, Goldman Sachs, New Enterprise Associates, Perella Weinberg Partners, Quercus Trust, Robeco and The Susquehanna International Group of Companies.

Silver Spring Networks

Sells IP based hardware and software to connect utilities and customersAbout $250 million funding received. Investors include Google Ventures, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Northgate Capital, Edison Electric Institute, JVB Properties.

eMeter Sells software to help utilities manage the grid having smart meters in homes and businesses.$56 million funding received from Sequoia Capital, Foundation Capital, Siemens Corporation & DBL Investors.

Greenbox Technologies

A startup, developing a dashboard that helps consumers monitor and cut energy consumption.Acquired by Silver Spring Networks in Oct 09.

Powerit Solutions

Provides an energy management system to reduce energy costs through demand control and demand responseAbout $13 million funded by @Ventures, Expansion Capital, Siemens Venture Capital and Arcelor Mittal.


Key Players in Smart Grid – NetworksKey Players in Smart Grid – Networks

Tendril Makes home energy management software as well as hardware such as energy displays and smart plugs$43 million received from RRE Ventures, Vista Ventures, Access Venture Partners, Appian Ventures, VantagePoint, Good Energies.

Trilliant Makes open standards based software and hardware for time-of-use metering and two-way communication$40 million funded by MissionPoint Capital, Zouk Ventures

EnerNOC Provides demand response services. Helps Industrial and commercial building owners reduce their energy consumption over a peak-demand time period.$7.75 million received from New Atlantic Ventures, Foundation Capital, Braemer Energy and Draper Fischer Jurvetson

Comverge Provides demand response services. Over 500 utility clients already.$41 million funding from Rockport Capital Partners, Nth Power, EnerTech Capital Partners, Ridgewood Capital, NorskHydro Ventures.


Other Key Players - UtilitiesOther Key Players - Utilities

Southern California Edison – – installing computerized systems to ensure a more rapid, accurate,

automated response to grid problems – Replacing legacy electro-mechanical devices with digital ones for

increased efficiency and reliability– Installing advanced sensors and control systems to respond to

stress rapidly.– SmartConnect program to install 5 million smart meters. The smart

meters PG&E

– Over 5 million smart meters installed

XCel Energy – SmartGridCity initiative in Boulder, CO. – Adding green energy to the mix– Deploying smart meters and smart devices in homes– Digitally enhanced and resilient energy grid


Other Key Players - UtilitiesOther Key Players - Utilities Austin Energy

– Smart Grid intiative called Pecan Street Project– Involves deployment of 500,000 smart devices and 410,000 smart meters– On the network side, 3000 computers and network devices and 2500

sensors Sempra Energy

– 1.4 smart meters in San Diego region by 2011– Smart Grid demonstration funded by the Dept of Energy and California

Energy Commission:• Incorporated solar power generators on homes and small businesses. • Coordinated new peak load management technology. • Improve overall power quality. • Leveraged smart meters. • Integrated and remotely control distributed generation storage devices

to allow access to electricity in emergencies. Oncor

– Won a $7.3 million Federal grant for demonstrating Dynamic Line Rating (DLR).

– The DLR demo will showcase monitoring technology to reduce transmission-line congestion and increase the carrying capacity of the transmission lines.


Thank You!

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