SLOBODAN MALDINI:

DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

AD HOC PROJECT The project, often a collage, in which each part of the object or each element of the complex of buildings designed with a minimum ratio of the whole. Projects adhokizma often include elements taken from the catalog. AGGREGATION IN ARCHITECTURE aggregation concept in architecture gave Manfred Tafuri ( "Project and Utopia"), by which the accumulation of aggregation, collection, compaction. Also, it is joining, receiving characteristics of an architectural style. ACTION IN SOCIAL SPACE sensitive issue of human needs first we refer to all forms of human cooperation and mutual encouragement and to direct relations with material objects - objects and use tools. We are able to filosofskoj definition of the practice, and determine the field of interest: (1) relationship to objects and dejstvovanje social space formed a number of needs for different types of space - in the first place the conditions to the needs of the variable region develop, create, abolish, to relate to objects, persons or institutions are not close to the ideal system size, (2) social space has several meanings, variable, iščezljiv, modeled according to the types of human organizations, (3) Social space is a particular character svakodnevlja, trained and focused on human behavior, (4) social space oriented and motivated, and can not construct only at the level of the primary relationship of users and objects, (5) purposeful action opens the space for a number of needs which are not a necessity and the possibility of closing the system, it is encouraging for all new contributions, new forms of development need to expand their sense; (6) knowledge of the changing needs of properties require the need of monitoring and investigation of organized development of their capabilities - all of which means that the goal is building the final model. "Freedom lies in the unlimited choice and your own personal expression" - the basic orientation to theory and practice of representative actions in the social space, and the marginal arch. the world especially in USA, which replaces the technical perfection, Copenhagen Commune Kristijanija - planned for residents with them, and to make a difference where only the experts, to utopian projects and achievements of some of Gaudi-I, Cheval and Soler-I. These aspirations, ie. displayed in a different form of examining ways to "art becomes the function of a new era in the relationship between man and his existence in the world, it provides draft, which, in accordance with the development of man's attitude towards his surroundings and himself to the, the reality tends to draw its permanent - variable meanings. " Actions of this kind are only reactions to the situation that it's not any harder to improve the situation, where the permanent borders of the controlled moving account of spontaneity. Field meeting separates directly and indirectly the participation of users, while this is a first, indirect user participation, disciplinary clearly. In the second, however, expected to be building actions, actions for saodlučivanje, and the grave mistake made when this type of user action identifies accepting his professional amateurism. That is one concern, and the other is birokratizaciji this action that makes the illusion that performs manipulation saodlučivanju talk. Axially PLAN (English axial plan). Plan building or along the longitudinal isprojektovan Axis, axes, ie, a building that is built according to the central level. V. Plan. Allocation (n.lat. Allocatio add, supplement) in architectural and urban sense, adding, addition to an existing architectural object, which it builds with compositional and functional unit. In churches, it is the narthex - narthex, on the other facilities that may be building wings.Allocation in the urban sense is adding an urban units - blocks, zones, streets - existing urban

whole. Allocation as a method of architectural design and urban planning is a way to expand the existing limited space or into the existing environment introduce a new spatial elements. ALTERNATIVE PLANNING (English alternative planning) Name of urban planning and urban design, which represents alternative views and urban planning concepts that rule in one period.A.p. usually the individual contributions of individuals overall urban thought, in favor of the emergence of utopia, and rarely to be realized. Many urban offered their proposals ideal alternative, eg. Bruno Taut with the Center community from 1918 Tony Garnier, or the industrial city of 1904.g. Both projects represent a major contribution to the general Urb. theory and include the utopian socialism - alternatives. AMBIGVITET, ARCHITECTURAL (Latin ambiguitas ambiguity, ambiguity) One of the architectural object has ambigvitetno property if his character, expression or meaning ambiguous. In architecture, ambigvitet may be a product designer's intentions, or is a consequence of the flow of time or the wrong use of the facility. The architectural language is basically ambigvitetan, ambiguous, because it provides a multitude of possible interpretations of solutions. Space is polyvalent, multi-functional, and therefore ambiguous.  theory analysis, skills and methods raščlanjavanja thoughts and concepts into their component parts; elementary logic that deals with concepts, courts, and conclusions. Analytics (Greek   Raščlanjavanje, decomposition of the whole of its parts; view, assessment, evaluation, logical analysis of the decomposition of the term in its label, the court in its parts; raščlanjavanje psychological analysis is a psychological play in its ANALYSIS (Greek elements, contrary to the concept-synthesis In Urb. and / or architect. terms of analysis can be done in relation to a wide number of specific aspects formi.Tu include, among others, the analysis in relation to the area: the environment, location, climate ..., time or style; selected constructive circuit; Urb. and arch. elements, their relationships and components etc.. ANALYSIS FORMS principle, here we processed two approaches to the analysis of artistic / architectural forms: the first is structural analysis, and other forms of historical analysis. The first analysis, structural, seeks answers to three groups of problems: an invoice, the formal characteristics and the principle of building units. More, there is one, which is the problem the invoice concerned,, the sum method which is derived using a form, object, Urb. circuit, a list of contractors and material, a second group of problems treated questions shape, size, strength, color, interval, materials, light and environment; third group analyzes the clustering of mass / weight. Perceiving this two polar products, t.zv. "Small and large forms," a series of combinations of these, allowing us to determine the appropriate way - the one that best suits delatnoj side of space and environment, where a new form is created. These two professional called a "small and large forms," explaining that "small" - a way of building patterns visible grouping of units, so that its composition is easily visible. Combining these independent bodies in a certain kind of resulting patterns is observed in the previous design procedures to particular emphasis on areas to move in both directions (horizontal vertical), and they dominate the whole.Conversely this "great shape" is a unique body whose parts are not observed in the outer space experience, but they are implemented within the basic mass. Forms of historical analysis is performed on a triple track, universal history forms, a special history and development of individual forms, surveys where it comes from actual history of the concept, what are the directions of its movement and its possible future. The primary assumption of this thinking a good knowledge of the overall, world experience, which is a spatial concept can always determine, compare and envisage its development. In the analysis unverzalne history forms can be seen as a case of small or large form and appearance of the concept of establishing such a space, the Middle East or the Balkans, eg., And compared with similar structuralist projects. Therefore, could not accept the name for this

procedure only to the forms in our time, because the rights of their history starts much earlier.Like is the case with most national histories of spatial form, where each result is determined in a complex study of their development outside certain rationality. The third part - individual development forms - taking any part of the structure, performed its analysis, evaluation and comparison. It is often the case, which drains to the wrong conclusions about the need for some form of imitation of the past. Except that the concept of space determines its foreign activity - what makes, or form - as it seems, this concept for his overall performance, inclusion in a wider territorial unit, analyzes in terms of its meaning. So determined its essential properties, and offered a sense of the concept indicates a family member jednoprostora or višeprostora in the broadest surgery, determines his individual or social meaning. Analysis of the form, the example case Mies van der Rohe, a determines the procedure with great form, whose meaning (analysis makes sense) constantly dogradjivanje concept of "boxes", so this statement in the sense of the analysis includes all relevant forms of this architect. For this type of analysis forms, especially in the critical historical performance, we have great differences in the interpretation of phenomena. Such is the case of a discrepancy in opinions on the assessment of the modern architect. a philosopher Ernst Bloch's (1885-1977) and Siegfrid-a-Giedion A (1888-1968). It is known that the pioneers of the modern architect.since the twenties of the twentieth century emphasized the boat as a metaphor for prasimbol home - Nojevog coffins. S. Giedion see the "moving" home connection of space and time - space-time-continuum, while E. Bloch said: "Today, the house where many look like they are ready for the road .... inside are bright and naked like a hospital room, outside work such as moving boxes on trestles, as well as boats ... In all of this has some meaning only smeranje these phenomena to travel alone, in itself, is just such a boat house. The two expressed opinions, Bloch - this disunion and Giedion - this is the unification of science and art in the area, show that the meaning given, with these opinions, the primacy. Obviously, emphasizing social equity, with all his experience of surviving fascism, made by Bloch in the background and some conceptual features whose theoretical meaning can not, in this case, the bypass. There too the cases whose specifying talked about manipulation in this analysis, with the first practice of all totalitarian regimes. ANALYSIS OF CONFERENCE FACILITY During the architectural design is done by analysis of comfort object, such as: upotrebnog comfort, visual comfort, the air of comfort, acoustic comfort and all. QUALITY ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATION During architectural design, quality analysis is performed: horizontal., Vertical, primary and secondary communication, communication and connections inside and outside the building and the TD. ANALYSIS OF MEASURES AND DIMENSIONS Performs as: analysis of the size of the room, analysis of the relationship of rooms, room size analysis, analysis of the relationship between premises - residential / work / service / communication. ANALYSIS potential behavior represents the type of social and pihološke analysis, where it is necessary to determine the scheme user behavior in one area of the interdependence of changes in behavior in relation to changes in a given space. ANALYSIS OF SPACE-formalist V. Formalikstička analysis of space ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL UNITS Performs as: studio units, the study of communication, mutual elements of spatial analysis unit. Analysis of the spatial structure of the units is performed as the initial flexibility analysis of structures, analysis of primary structure flexibility. ANALYSIS circuit when the architectural design, performed the analysis of canopy architectural object. Analysis of patterns is done as: traffic pattern analysis, functional analysis of the pattern, surface pattern analysis of the relationship, interdependence analysis of canopy

elements. Analysis of canopy zone includes: the analysis of the input pattern zones, the analysis of public assembly area, a private analysis of canopy area, service area analysis of patterns, analysis of the communication zone. ANALYSIS OF IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT (AUO) AUO studies were undertaken with the aim of identifying and evaluating the impact of the proposed activity / project may have on the environment during the exploitation century. AUO is an integral part of the planning process and procedures of decision-making about development, which is subject to verification proposal in this way allows better and environmentally responsible decision. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study AUO proposed project / plan is approved or not, ie, determine the conditions under which approved the construction and exploitation. The study determined and assess the impacts on the environment, human health and overall well-being in the ecological sense, for different time horizons and spatial coverage. Also, the proposed alternative solutions, if necessary, measures to mitigate negative impacts and ways and instruments to establish control over the influences. AUO is one of a group of general instruments for the establishment of control over spatial development, conservation and environmental protection. In countries that environmental quality and environmental placed in the range of development priorities (eg. In the Netherlands is the third most important development goal), AUO is also an instrument for the realization of development goals. In current practice a number of countries AUO is done mainly for facilities projects, with a wide obligation, and the tendency of extending the programs, plans and policies of the overall urban development. Impact analysis represents one of the first architectural analysis to be performed at the beginning of architectural design. Analysis of impact include: natural influences, environmental influences, social influences, cultural influences, economic influences, political influences, technical effects, and technological influences. ANALYSIS, ARCHITECTURE V. Architectural analysis ANALYSIS, MECHANICAL V. Granulometrija ANALYSIS, URBAN V. Urban Analysis ANALYSIS, Urban V. Urban Analysis Quality analysis of spatial units when the architectural design make the following analysis of the quality characteristic of spatial units: analysis of individual quality of each unit, functional analysis of the quality standard achieved, visual quality, traffic quality, quality of connection and medjurelacija spatial units, the quality of connections within the unit. ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT IN RELATION TO THE location in relation to the location where one sets the architectural object, perform the following analysis: analysis of the impact of natural, man-made impact analysis, analysis of school traffic, pedestrian traffic analysis, economic access, supply, object oriented analysis, disposition analysis parts of the object, the object analysis approach, the analysis of urban sized facility, the analysis of urban VISION, movement analysis, analysis of green areas. PLACES In analogy Jung-in, logical thought is a thought that expresses the words, which speaks to the outside world in the form of speech. Analogical or fantastic thought is sensitive, colorful and no. It is not speech, but thinking about things from the past, the act of turning inwards. Logical thought is thinking with words. Analogical thought is archaic, unconscious and unexpressed. It is almost impossible to verbalize. "Notion pm associated with the thinking of some representatives of the different architecture of architectural periods. A.m. have been the project by themselves: they are often the key to understanding the methods of design, they are "art of memory" and listening to the specifics of a place that turns into a constantly talking about their own roots. As a method of designing, a.m. Aldo Rossi is applied in its architecture. This method is for him was both logical and analogical .. "Rational theory of art does not want" - he claimed he himself - "to limit the meaning of what should be built, given that we know, and this is clearly what we

wanted to say, we still do not know if it is just that we said. "However, this analogy taken place, the Rossi-I became not only the way in which your image to fill mnemotičkim references and unconscious influence, she is linked to the typology and becomes a way of learning and the construction of urban reality. Analogy, a visual V. Visual Analogy ANALOGIJSKA architecture concept Aldo Rossi-I, which he described his own architecture in Italy 1970.-those in which the video on the analogy with the historical buildings, vernakularnom architecture, construction and simple forms.  transformation, alteration) transformation; Fiz .- by optical laws drawn deformed image of a subject, but to look as such should be when seen from certain points ( ANAMORFOZA (Greek  optical anamorfoza), or refusal of a suitable mirror (katoptrička anamorfoza) and through the crystal (dioptric anamorfoza) .- Bot transforming due to abnormal perversion or changes in the habits of plants. ,) Name of the discipline of architecture that deals with studying and analyzing the material, composition, pattern, mutual relations of the architect. Anatomy of architectural form (Greek  forms within one or more of the arch. facilities Anatomical FUNCTIONALITY functionality of a design object for human use that is directly related to the human anatomy. A.f. chairs is reflected in the adaptation of the human anatomy chair, respectively, in the comfort of her man. ANCESTRALNA FORMA (English Ancestral ancestral form, praotački) Name of praformu, original, prauzornu form. ANIMOMORFNI creative process outside bodies physical senses are intermediaries between the outer, inner and zbiljskog world. They are more accurate, better performed in both directions as an intermediary. However, the internal movement of spiritual particles and creative sensibility that these particles as a force - that is called emotional - move, align, direct and join in some performances as the resultant spiritual previous decisions, the draft and the draft, not going on in the outside world or in his infarstrukturi, but below them in the hidden depths. In this world of inner vision may not be riots or lawlessness. Prerequisite for its occurrence is available metaphysically inner body Percept. No you can Percept inner man is not able to manage the internal motion of particles of spiritual creative and connect them in bundles resultant effective, and even less to decide on the composition kvalitetivnim phenomena, if the saw. Animomorfni factors in his creative processes pokrenutosti cause, and it will say internal preoccupation personality enthralled by solving a problem. In the process, participating forces that are creators of mental abilities and an abundance of sensitivity - in depth and colors - and the range of thought. In any work of art should be made unconditional spiritual mind fingerprint image at the moment stvaraočevog artistic development, and will, in accordance with the spirit of the times, be "n" dimensional. Anthropomorphic - čovekomerne - the aspirations and performances, as well as any raspravljenje about them, the advisory was once for all excluded from the creators of the spiritual structure. Anonymous architecture name for the architecture that is not possible to determine its creator or builder, ie, they are unknown or irrelevant. Also, the name for the unnamed architect.unknown maker. AA often traditional or folk architect. but can be very distinctive, significant and even monumntalna. AA monumental character, unknown to both laymen and scientists, is located, eg. in Peru, halfway between Cusco and Machu pizza, where lies the ancient complex of theaters, unmatched anywhere in the world. This complex, whose builders were members of the tribe of Maras, includes five theaters, excellent acoustics. Anonymous DESIGN (English anonimous design) concept, which includes mass-produced items in which the designer has remained unknown. Objects of design are emphasized its good features: a unique character, good form, exceptional features and expert use of materials. The concept is especially came into use after the eponymous exhibition which was held 1974 the

Louisiana Museum near Copenhagen. In 1991st Design Museum in London made a revival adexhibition called "non-designed" design, titled Designing Yourself. ENSEMBLE, architectural V. Composition in architecture Antagonism in the architecture (Greek antagonismos disagreement) Name of contraposition, competition, the opposite tendency, acting in the opposite sense, opposite, contrary two architectural element or constructive elements in one arch. facility. Example antagonism in the arch. the stylistic use of flat roof in the mountains, building houses with large glass surfaces in the Mediterranean areas, the use of stone (instead of brick) in the plain areas and others. In urban terms, the fundamental antagonism to include the urban-rural relations, urban rural, center-periphery, built-undeveloped and the like. ANTI - Functionalism V. Functionalism, Archizoom Studio Archizoom ANTI ART (anti-art movement born). This is a term associated with the name of Marcel Duchamp, who it 1914.g. used to describe the work that has the character of artistic works, and at the same time causes all the prejudices about the nature of art. A typical example is adding his mustache reproduction Monalisa-e, where the point was the fact that the act committed recognized artist. Dada was the first movement and a. Anti-art movement had a major impact on the Bauhaus, especially to a group of Berlin Dadaist who came 1922.g. who were under the strong impression and impact journal De Stijl, and Esprit Nouveau with its continuous exhibitions of AA, which represented a new machine art slogan: "Art is dead, lived Tatlina new art machine!" ANTI design is the name of the design movement that rejected the practice of general current formatting. Spread and entered the mass use in the second half of the 1960s, primarily in Italy.It was developed primarily as a reaction and rejection of the spectacular development of consumerism in the period 1950s and early 1960s, which failed to reach their original demands of the modern movement and its belief in good design, but it turned into a simplified market object. In other words, design is used as a tool for the creation of false needs of man, and as a result, there is the realization of increasing sales, rather than any improvement in human living space. At the same time, the formalist aesthetics of modernism is separated from the objects of their socio economic context (which says Gio Ponti and representatives of realism 1950s) and udenula them in the framework of capitalism and consumerism. As a result, a group of Italian architects-designers, led by Ettore Sottsass, set the 1060-ies aim to redefine the Italian design and restoration of its previous cultural and political role. This was to be conducted initially, and underestimation of the so-called termination. "Good taste" of many Italian products through the distortions of their shapes and sizes, use shocking colors, visual games, which have weakened the value of functional objects. Among razilčitim examples, we present a sofa designed by Pop de Pas, D'Urbino and Lomazzi for Zanottu 1971, which was inspired by Claes Oldenburgovim "soft" sculptures and represented a giant baseball gloves made of polyurethane foam covered with leather or Sit Down chair, designed by Gaetano Pesce 1970 for Cassini, which was also inspired by Oldenburg. Revitalization of modern Italian design group Memphis continued in the early 1980s. Sottsass, among others, designed the furniture prototypes that were derived, representing the research subjects 'mass culture' and asked questions of relations concept of "taste". By doing this, he produced "design about design" or "meta-design". Other studies, such as firentinskih arch. groups Superstudio and Archizoom, designed their radial arch. plans, uticajući the British architect. Archigram group. ANTIMODERNIZAM term describes when Juergen Habermas critique of modernism, označujući it as a position of opposition architectural modernity, his critique and criticism mederne tradition in general. According to Habermas, "the young conservatives adopt the basic model of aesthetic experience, the discovery of displaced subjectivity, liberated from all the work and artifacts imperative, and with her fleeing from the modern world. Taking the modernist position, they determine a antimodernizam. They move spontaneous power of imagination, your

own knowledge and afektivnosti, in the far and archaic, and Manichean oppose the principle of instrumental reason that is open only for evokaciju, whether it is the will to power, sovereignty, or being dionizijskoj poetic force. In France, the line goes from Bataillea, through Foucault, Derrida up. The antinomy URBAN PLANNING (Greek antinomia) antinomy as a general concept is a contradiction with the law itself, the contradiction, the opposite of the two courts or law. In the urban context, antinomiju find between village and city, in almost all periods of development. As much as the city center of cultural radiation, so the village is the focus of retention and resistance. However, resistance to foreign villages of civilization is reflected in the collection of own forces, in keeping own traditions and institutions: the names, customs, costumes, cults and other areas of spiritual culture. ANTIRACIONALNA V. ARCHITECTURE Irrational architecture. Name of architecture whose solutions recionalnim hair with attitude. Antiracionalna architecture is contained within many historical movements and styles. Characteristic periods of the history of architecture in which antiracionalna architecture came to the fore are: Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. In the Gothic, particularly in the baroque period, antiracionalna architecture is reflected in the frequent use of structural elements, ornaments, or certain parts of buildings that oppose rational sense or rational use. Antiracionalna architecture is often the product of whim, the desire to highlight the individual - investors and its importance in society. In the Renaissance period, known as complexes gardens imaginary characters. The most important example from this period, the Park Villa Orsini (Demidof) Bomarzu in addition to Fiesole, a around Florence. In contemporary architecture the U.S. are numerous examples of typical antiracionalne architecture. The most prominent creators antiracionalne the Gaudi architecture in Spain (Palace Guel and Park Guel) and, especially Hundertwaser in Austria.  logos science) science that studies based on human anatomy, physiology, psychology, history, sociology, philosophy, archeology and science of language. anthropos man and Anthropology (Greek and  Also, the science of man, which examines the natural laws by which the shape and body awareness in humans. The arch. as a. research is important in connection with the first arch. achievements in the Paleolithic age. Anthropometry (Greek) name for the scientific discipline that deals with studying the human body and measure their performance in the metrics and standards for the construction of buildings. A. had a very important role in determining the basic architectural measures and in determining the ideal proportion of one. arch building. Applying the results of a. the design of modern buildings, especially furniture, is now standard practice of many manufacturer and dizjnera. V. Measures in architecture. ) Like a man who has the form of man. ANTROPOMORFAN (gr.  Approximation (Matthew). Gradually, the calculation of a size which is closer but the exact value is not reached. The procedure for calculating the value function for a given value of independent variables in the vicinity of a given value, or in a given interval independent variables.Applies the function, mainly transcedentnih, where the direct calculation inappropriate. For proksimaciju commonly used polynomials (eg Taylor, Maklorenov polynomial) as the simplest functions. Abstraction (Latin abstractio extraction, separation of the abs and draw trahere) is thinking operations in the process of objective knowledge of the world, in which radio-emphasis bit separated and discharged all the irrelevant properties and relationships. A. (nefigurativna, biased) arch. is one that does not contain any reminders, and any evokaciju reality, regardless of whether the reality of the starting point of the architect or not. A. it is the architect. which is nothing other than pure composition elements: form, mass, surface and color. Abstraction in the architecture or omission considerable simplification, simplification of details of architectural drawings of a building or part thereof, leaving the foreground the essence of

form and structure, so it is possible to express the essence of the architectural drawings or architectural composition. Abstract Plan 1 Name of architectural and urban plan which is designed plan, the idea of a building or a city, which is not associated with concrete examples of actual or field. A.p. Plans are ideal, utopian concept plans or architect. buildings and urban. space. 2. Name of architectural or urban plan that was made on the basis of abstract elements, without programs, urban conditions and other possible restrictions. Abstract plan aims to present ideas in the best possible way, as najbitnijeg element of the plan. Abstract planning is the initial, preliminary planning, architectural and abstract plan is a preliminary sketch, the idea of an architectural object. Abstract plan can be developed and unconventional methods: via videop rezentacije, computer animation, text, sketches, paintings, collages and all. Characteristic protagonists abstract plan by representatives of the group Archigram. Abstract SPACE It is designed space, which exists or is imagined to exist away from material objects. It is thought the space, which exists only as a term. A.p. space is purely logičnih relations. Abstract space with the knowledge schema of elementary geometry. Arranged (Location arranger) arrange, edit, arrange, sređivati, deploy, tune up, manipulate, prepare, organize, priređivati; prepare, organize, priređivati; leveled, verovnike meet, reconcile, to agree, make a deal. ARRANGEMENT (franc. arrangement), scheduling, ordering. Arrange: edit, tune, prepare. The arch., A. has meaning for schedule details, arch adjustment. elements of the arch. whole. ARRANGEMENT, Interior In the interior sense, the composition of furniture and other interior elements placed according to certain compositional zakonitostimai rules. Arrangements are used to achieve a certain composition of architectural elements in a prosotru. There are wall, floor and other arrangements. ARCHITECTURE PARLANTE (franc.) architecture expressive purposes. The term was first used was written by L. Vaudoyer in tribute to French neoklasicistima eighteenth century, especially in honor Ledoux-in. Range (nlat. Area) area of the country, an area that is represented by a human community. The term also applies to the area of representation of a plant or animal communities.  prauzorak). Archetype (Greek  Praslika, prapismo prototype, in particular: the first print of original, archetypal images (or: the copies) first edition; arhitip. A. find in architecture, urban planning, architecture, painting, sculpture, applied arts and others. Spatial archetypes are usually universal elementary structure of space. Archetype, architecture in architecture, the name for a model or prototype of a form or style of building. Archetypes have all styles of architecture. Thus, in ancient Greek architecture, archetypes we find in traditional folk wood construction. From the construction of wooden beams created the basic forms of classical Greek architecture. In addition to the archetype in constructive terms, archetypes we find in the typology of architectural objects (houses, villas, palaces). In the urban context, archetypes we find in almost all urban elements: street, square, pjaceti, market and others.  dumb. Architektonik) Construction art, the science of construction, architecture. Architecture (Greek  Making skills of a scientific system, the study of the system. In theory, architecture, studied and established interpretations of the rules of construction, according to which the project and enhance the architectural or buildings (see Plate) as well as its creation. Generally stated, the term a. it also includes architectural theory, architecture and rare. ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS architectural analysis in its introductory section explores and establishes arrangements among the units that form the organization - the space. It systematize environment and is not engaged in examining the phenomenon reveals the mutual dependence of units bearing always in mind the totality of the phenomenon. In this case, only the appearance of totality and interrelated units and determines it is necessary

only to explain the layout, and appears as a separate and peculiar phenomenon of spatial organization. This multitude of possible arrangements in space sistematiše organized into units and sets certain properties which in these layouts, the mutual actions allow the emergence of new structures. In this direction have been made attempts to explain the organization as a possible emergent levels of reality. So Doxiadis suggested so. ekističke units: Man, holiday residence, tourist groups, a small neighborhood, neighborhood, small town, city, etc.., while Norberg Shulz provides table space levels, namely: objects, units, houses, city, landscape and geography. This way of classification levels is possible as one of the many systems, but contains in itself is always a danger that the possible appearance of structures not consistent with the predicted classifications. Time and environmental factors in the wider sense may not be expressed, included, the proposed classifications. For these reasons it can be useful to show the definition of building environment - the environment - an attempt to determine the method of "the eve of that important features can not be challenged within one family." Thus the mutual actions of users - upotrebnog items - events and trends, the main participants in each of the spatial organization and with the already mentioned effects (the impact of natural, urban - environmental, national standards for hygiene) are the basis for the development of emergent value space, ie. unit meetings and assemblies. ARCHITECTURE articulation (Articulatio Latin) name for a clear expression of the architect through the powerful expressive elements of the facade of a building, structure or proportions of interaction between multiple buildings. Urban articulation of a clear system of urban expression, characteristic of urban members of CIAM's (LR Corbusierov plan for Algiers, Jose Luis certif, Boston University Tower), where they used clear architectural elements: vertical accents - Skyscraper, horizontal accents - residential long lamellas. V. Articulation in the architecture ARCHITECTURE denotation name for architectural marking, marking. From the standpoint of communication, a subject that uses the label is correct and that the Convention denotiranog meaning that is its function. This is in broad terms means that primary meaning of a building are the actions that should be made to it inhabited (architectural object denotes a form of housing).It is clear, however, that the denotation exists when the possibility of housing (ie the ability to use objects in general) do not use. When you see a window on the facade of a building, usually I do not think his office; think the meaning of "window" which is based on its function, but this feature is so absorbed in it that we forget the window and seen in relation to other windows as elements of an arch. rhythm. Because the architect can create a false and windows that have no function, yet you windows (denotirajući function that does not exist, but only disclosed) in the arch. context function as windows, while the communication point (if the message reveals its aesthetic function) also look like windows. However, the shape of these windows, their number, their arrangement on the façade, denotes not only the function but also indicate a certain conception of housing and use of the building, konotiraju a global ideology that preceded the very activities of the architect. ARCHITECTURE DISTOPIJA V. Distopija in architecture. The worst possible example was found to be shown in one arch. ideas. INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE one who carefully observes the architecture overwhelmed by the feeling that it is more than a phenomenon of mass communication. Arch. appears as ubeđivačka and unambiguously konsolatorna messages, but also has heuristic and inventive forms. Starts from the premise of the society in which he lives, but subjected them to criticism, and every right arch. work brings something new, not only when a building suitable for housing or housing konotira a certain ideology, but when, therefore their existence, and ways to criticize the ideology of housing that preceded it. Architectural information, which serves as a medium convincing, if denotes some function of form and if the message depends on the material from which is made, itself indicates the laws of aesthetic messages. Marking itself, it also provides information not only about the features that

encourage and denotes, but also the manner in which he decided to encourage and denotes. COMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE (born architectural communication) method of communication izmađu architectural plan and reader, respectively, rhitektonskog works and the viewer. The aka included numerous means of architectural expression, such as mass, surface, relations, proportions, visual identity, materials, texture, color, number, measurement, structural systems, structural elements, architectural lines, stylistic features, architectural heritage, painting, drawing relief, symbol, sign, and other content. ARCHITECTURE connotation name for architectural saoznačavanje, saobeležavanje. One of the architectural object can denotes a function or a certain ideology konotira functions. But he no doubt can konotira and other things. The area of a cave, thus, indicates a function in terms of "shelter", but eventually began to konotira and family, community center, security, etc. I can not say that the connotative nature of the cave, her symbolic "function," less "functional" than the first. In other words, if one denotes the cave utilitas (Latin use, useful institutions), we must ask whether, for purposes of the joint life, the less useful connotations of intimacy and familiarity, associated with its symbolic value. Connotation "security" and "shelter" is based on the primary denotation utilitas, but it seems less important than her. It should be clarified to understand the symbolic connotations as a functional not only in the metaphorical sense, but in that it disclosed the possibility of using social subjects that are not directly identified with "function" in a narrow sense. It is clear that the throne is a function of PR.symbolic, as it is clear that in relation to everyday clothing tuxedo "functional" because, owing to the complex conventions konotira allows certain social relations, confirms them, shows their acceptance by him that it tells its own rank, his own decision to respect certain rules, etc.. ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION concretization of architectural space as a primary element of architecture is achieved by constructing a particular architectural corpus, ie. specific system structures which linked into a whole, form the overall body of architectural space object.Definition of architectural structures in the basic quantitative terms (strength, dimensions, construction, material) falls within the area of technical activity. In essence the development of architectural structures closely associated with the degree of development of material culture of human society and the real possibilities for the selection of materials available in the area.Technical development of architectural design is essentially dependent on the properties and material strength of which construction is performed. On the other hand, the development of architectural structures and their training is associated degree of freedom in large part in the conception of architectural space. Basically there are two main groups of building materials out of which excerpts are essential parts of architectural structures. The first group included construction materials, which the man is in nature, and they are wood, earth and stone, while another group of materials that a man in a higher stage of technical development began to produce them, or found, and these are steel, concrete and reinforced concrete. ARCHITECTURE CRITICS (German Architekturkritik) Like the architectural theory, even Nip / Tuck to establish rules and laws within the architecture as art. Aka analyzes and evaluates the architectural examples by comparing them with the generally accepted rules of architectural achievement and finds in them new values, or criticize any negative deviation from those generally accepted and generally established. A. k. developed independently of the development of architecture. styles and always strives to be current. The most important masters even, among others, were: Adolf Loos, Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier. ARCHITECTURE MEASURES finished building measures, eg. measures of finishing materials, as well as tiles, panels of wood šperovanog, stolarskih records; measures for parts of the installations and technical devices; pure measures plated premises; measures doteranih area, floor level. Problems ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS Problems with a total area of

the complex problems of architectural activity can be divided according to different criteria. In relation to the basic elements of material existence of Architecture building, including the analysis of problems of architectural space and architectural design problems (associated with the properties of materials). In relation to the process of making architectural works, the analysis involves the problem of architectural design (in terms of the complex, its scientific and artistic components) and the problem of project implementation (performance of buildings). The views uopštenoga theory of architecture, the overall problems of architectural creativity is discussed as a specific form of social activity, dialectically linked with the general process of development and activities of human society. On analysis of the process of historical development of architectural theory architecture fixes the general laws of motion of architectural creativity as a specific form of expression and social activities, and thus determines the general elements of the implementation of modern architectural creation. ARCHITECTURE proportions in our decimal system of measures generally are common standards that they created a simple prepolavljenjem or a doubling of potency of ten (10n) as: 100-1, 101 = 10, 102 = 100 103 = 1000 104 = 10.000, etc.. So quick and easy to get an idea: 1:2 to 1:1, 1:5 and 1:20 to 1:10, 1:50 and 1:200 to 1:100, 1:500 and 1:2000 to 1:1000 . Contrary to what we miss a simple ratio between 1:2 and 1:5 1:20 and 1:50 and 1:200 and 1:500 etc.. Here is the difference in scale each time 2 ½ times higher than the previous scale, and not just rote calculation, if the front described scale, where the reduction amounted to ½ each time, and increased the mean doubling each time. Scale ARCHITECTURE BASED PREPOLOVLJENJA And here it would be understandable in itself prepolavljanje or doubling measure, based on the potency ten, and in this series: 1: 1; 1: 2.5, 1: 25, 1: 250; 1: 2500, 1: 25,000; 1: 5, 1: 50, 1: 500, 1: 5000, 1: 50,000; 1: 10, 1 100, 1: 1000, 1: 10,000, 1: 100,000; etc.. This measure would be another in a very clearly over. But since it is not so easy to make napamaet sharing with four or multiplication with 2.5, are used for drawing the criteria 1:2,5, 1:25, 1:250, etc.. Special drawing criteria in which each calculation is unnecessary. But it is not always at hand, and thus remains a need nespretnog calculations when drawing with the ordinary parameter centimeter. ARCHITECTURE contents initiator A.Š. was August Welby Northmore Pugin (1812-52.) that for its Gothic architecture and religiosity elected to convert to Catholicism, because that religion "najusklađenija" with his style, then try that, along with stylistic forms, renew and working conditions which were created under the cathedral. Convinced that the revival of a need to revive the style of production processes, and the headquarters of the London Parliament organized site modeled on the medieval. History for him becomes an instrument of the court on civil society, and to his fellow man convinced of the need to improve their habits on the part of his famous "Contrasts" compared with the medieval industrial town. In the medieval city, the urban body has a clear hierarchy of dominant subordinate role behind the cathedral, which brings together the entire settlement built in a closed circle. And in today's city of all the confusion, factory building to compete in height with each other and with religious buildings, while the poor get home form lazaret. ARCHITECTURE symbolism, symbolism construction (German Bausymbolik) name, which primarily represents the notion of symbolic meaning, which includes an arch. shape, area or element. A.Š. naročto is present in sacral buildings: temples, churches and the like. A.Š. find in almost all plans of architecture, from urban spatial concepts (squares, streets), through base arch. objects (base sacral buildings, the palace) and Seve to architectural elements and details of objects (ornaments, decorations, etc.).. A.Š. is contained in the forms (the shape of the cross),

disposition and layout of architectural elements, proportions (golden section), numbers (eg. symbolic number three in church iconography), performances, events within a certain area, etc.. A.Š. is also contained within the materials used for construction of architectural objects (stone, gilt, semi-precious stones, etc.).. A.Š. is contained in the use of color in the interior of the building (blue - sky, golden - the sun). A.Š. find within the space of structural elements: columns, domes, arches, vevnaca et al. ARCHITECTURE SKETCH name used to denote light, fast Conceptual drawing of a building or architectural details, usually made on the spot. Architectural sketches contain only those elements najneophodnije for understanding the displayed objects or architectural details. In the constructive sense, the draft can be one of the architectural detail, or detail of a constructive pattern. Architectural sketches are often used to spot shown or defined by the idea of an object or pattern. ARCHITECTURE PICTURES (German Architekturbild) painted or drawn architectural creations, free form and selection, in the natural environment or human figures completed. A.Š. tkođe often contain details which complement its meaning. A.Š. naričito was developed during the XVIIv. in Flanders and the Netherlands, where he created the first, most important architectural painting, primarily in the works of Dutch painter and architect Hans Vredeman de Vries, who was his architectural fantasies painted under the influence of the Renaissance style. Important representatives of this direction are certainly Emanuel de Witte and Jan van der Heyden. In XVIIIv. A.Š. experiencing a new boom in Italy in the works of Antonio Canale and his nephew Bernardo Belotto Canaletto, who painted the squares and streets observed with certain points (vedut). The most important architect. fantasy line is Giovanni Battista Piranesi. ARCHITECTURE study represents an architectural study of the building or assembly with the aim of his detailed analysis, views and explanations. The architectural study is done in cases where the subject of a particular object or distinctive architectural pattern. Famous architectural studies which are derived from the Renaissance, such as architectural Studies Michelangelo and Leonardo. In the Baroque period of development, architectural studies are an integral part of an architectural project. Architectural Studies often had the character of complete works of art (Carceri, Piranesija). ARCHITECTURE THEORY (from Greek. Theorien, considered, deliberate, dumb. Architekturtheorie). Efforts to in the art building set in grounds of legality to the most important works, that it is valued, and thus increased its reach, or to be as such a priori introduced.Among rare that in ancient times dealt written at, was a Roman architect Vitruvius Pollio, who lived in the time of Augustus, when he wrote his work "The ten books on the art of construction" ( "Ten books on architecture). They later re-discovered the 1415th an Italian humanist (one transcript from Ixv.), when becoming essential for the new revival of the ancient architectural art in the art building during the Renaissance. Throughout the entire period of the Middle Ages, the research at not stopped, while the construction of the workshop applied its own rules and laws of building and carried them only through oral narratives and practical experience of transfer. The founders of the new a.t. considered a humanist Leon Battista Alberti, who 1452.g. also issued a "Ten books on the art of building. Other important architects of the Italian Renaissance are joining him, utrkujući is, so eg. Antonio Averlino Filarete given in his "essay on architecture" (1460-64.), Among other things gave a draft for his ideal city "Sforzinda. Andrea Palladio wrote his famous work "Quattro libri dell 'architettura from a537.g., Sebastiano Serlio" Rego Generali di Architettura "from 1537.g., and Giacomo Barozzi Vignola 1542.g. became manager of "Vitruvijanske Academy in Rome. Also, architectural theorists from countries north of the Alps were strongly influenced vitruvijanskih rules and laws in architecture and proportions in architecture, who proisticali ancient form. Founder of the Renaissance in France, Philibert

Delorme, dealt in his writings (1561-67.g.) Construction and technical issues, and Jacques Ducerceau publishes books in the field at In Germany it was issued "Architecture" Wendel Dietterleins-a (1593-94.), Of great importance for the spread manirističkih ornamentalnih form.Important to go to the Baroque style, was Josef Furttenbach with his book "Architecture universalis from 1635.g. At the end of development a.t. are classicists Friedrich Weibrenner with višetomnim part of the "Lehrbuch Architektonisches" from 1810-20.g., with Gottfried Semper, "Die vier Elemente in der Baukunst from 1851.g. and Theodor Fischer. Further a.t. becomes increasingly critical to slowly turned into architectural criticism. ARCHITECTURE ALTITUDE articulation of Title for the third dimension, height or composition of buildings of a city, which determines its character. Also, the name for the location of a town on the plateau, like the castellum or Castrum. ARCHITECTURAL FANTASY represent artistic expressions of individual architects and laymen, often filled most incredible visual elements, plastic ornaments and motifs. The whole history of architecture with the following characteristics of architectural fantasy. In ancient Egypt, architectural fantasies have arisen as a result of religious beliefs, as well as the relationship of architectural work with beliefs then man. At the time of the ancient Greek and Roman architectural fantasies are linked directly with the characteristics of mythological motifs. During the period of Gothic architectural fantasies associated with the wishes of residents to oppose the possible attackers and to defend their town, or fortress. Typical examples of architectural fantasy of that period were garguje, fantazmagorična beings in the form of reptiles, dragons and all., Posted nafasadama gothic churches and castles, whose function, apart from drainage water, was intimidating and deterring potential attackers. Modern epoch also known architectural fantasies, which are different, the characteristic expressions of individual architects or amateur. In France is famous postman Ferdinand Cheval, who built his house in fantazmagoričnu place Hautrires in Drome department. V. Irrational architecture, v. Surreal architecture. ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION Construction interventions space, differentiate and define it.The construction is in fact a special kind of material to the constitution established by law statikei resistance. Character design and power of her wearing or premošćenja depends, primarily, of upotrebljanog material constitution, and then from the system, principles and elements of the pattern size. The material itself already all destined to carry the qualification requirements for certain constructive spatial formatting. Necelishodno tighten the materials in shapes and forms that do not match their inner powers of resistance. Sometimes only the joint material (as in the case of reinforced concrete) may be the best way to make static task. In this case there is some kind of "division of labor" where each material receives and performs their part to overcome the forces associated influences of external forces that act on them. Construction of the structural funds and not the spatial goal of shaping. "Constructivism" can not by itself mean aesthetically defined as the space remains the essence of architecture, content and meaning of the object, and the construction itself is a kind of "packaging" of space. Method of forming elements and systems design in the history of the development of techniques and materials science is a special and peculiar aspect of the history of architecture. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING V. Construction drawing. Architectural drawing of the direct means of expressing ideas of architectural space. "Whatever was receptive and inductive power of the spirit," according to Focillonu, "it without the help of the hand leads only to an inner Vrtlog ... A man who dreams different from reality in that, when sleeping, can not create art - his handsdremaju. Art is a product of hand. " Unlike Adolf Loos, who believes that the greatest architect might be the worst drawer and vice versa, Diderot, on the contrary, says: "I suggest that you look with distrust on the talent of an architect who is not a great draftsman. 

Speaking of his associates on how to personally understand the process of designing, Alvar Aalto said: "Crtam and allows me to keep instinct and coincidence is born the mother of ideas, a starting point that combines the different and often contradictory elements of bringing them into a whole ..." With drawings, graphic symbols, the architect tells his spatial ideas. Graphical means to perform geometric design of spatial values. Drawing only mark the "pack" - shaped tool to help create the illusion of objective and goal is itself spatial gaps that can not be graphically defined."To experienced space, we have to enter it, become part of," said Bruno Zevi. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, DRAWING Scale drawing Scale is the relationship between the length of the drawing and the corresponding size in nature, eg. 1:25, 1:100, which means that the size of the nature of 25, or 100 times greater than the length of the paper. In this way I can, except for length, to present and other quantities, such as. force in plans forces. ARCHITECTURAL DETAIL represents a drawing of an architectural object or pattern, the greater the ratio (1:20 to 1:1). Architectural detail showing execution and funkcionlanu scheme of an architectural object. Architectural details are an integral part of every architectural object. ARCHITECTURAL Determinizam (born Architectural dterminism) V. also Determinizam. The notion that the urban sociologists such as Webber and Broady pointed out, that is, question claims architects to solve social problems through physical planning. Inside AD a situation of social and physical dispute, in which these two aspects operate in separate spheres, combining the unpredictable as well as the unpredictable relationship between content and form of the character of the architecture. The modern architect is more than ever dependent on the collective patronage, be it state, local government or business board of investors. It must implement certain business decisions of investors, accepting that the conditions that he sets such a group. The choice or decision about whether an architectural object to be built, above all, the decision was political, not architectural.Also, the architecture in a very small degree of influence on the life of residents or users built the architectural object. Thus, one can not say that the architecture that can change society, which represents the basis now discredited idea of architectural determinism, before it could be said that the arch. has a small but significant impact on residents. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN (born architectural design) Name of the elements, characteristics, content of an architectural project or architectural object that makes artistic individuality of its form, ie, its design. Ad is characteristic of certain stylistic periods, and contemporary ad is present in contemporary architecture, distinctive sadržavajući representational elements of modern architectural concepts. Geometric ARCHITECTURAL PLAN Name of the architectural plan is made according to the rules and principles of geometric composition of architectural elements. Architectural elements are given by the set of mutual relations that are or are derived from the laws of geometry. ARCHITECTURAL HARDWARE name for the material manifestations of architectural objects, details that are "tangible" and visual and sensual as well as available to users and observers. IN ARCHITECTURAL In the arch. the arch. character as denotant and konotant; aka can be considered as the possibility of different interpretations in different times; business architect as "confrontation" with interpretations promenljivošću, the processes of communication, to be distributed in advance of the primary functions of variables and open the secondary functions, open to unpredictable codes. Observation arch. codes allows us to see whether it is a syntactic or semantic codes codes and laws on the articulation of the meaning of independent labels that can be attributed to them or about the laws of articulation of certain structures which are already under the Convention and not attributable to one another meaning. Also, in the arch. codes should distinguish interpretations (and construction) arch. building codes of interpretation and examination of the project architect. object. Since the rules determine the interpretation of architecture. building out

from them and the rules of recording projects, as well as the rules of recording a language, not written, the modes that are the Convention on the level of letters. He who speaks aka mainly limited to typological codes (which are highly semantic), recalling that the arch. There are configurations that clearly indicate the "church", "channel" or "fork". If the arch. Art articulation of space, then encode articulation of space might be one which gives Euclid in his geometry. Then it will be the articulation of the primary elements of the spatial units like choreme, whose elements are secondary articulation Euclidean stoicheia ( "elements" of classical geometry), which will compose the less - more complex phrases. Elements of secondary articulation, yet without meaning but with the differential value shall be, for example, angle, straight line, point, and the primary elements of the articulation will be a square, triangle, parallelepiped, ellipse, to the borders najneodređenijih irregular figure which nevertheless can be expressed using some equations. The fact is, however, that the geometric code belongs not only to architecture: using it to describe the artistic phenomena, not only in the case of geometric painting (Mondrian), but in cases of figurative painting that would, ultimately, any configuration could reduce it to an articulation of basic geometric elements. We performed the following table codes: 1. Syntactic codes; 2. Semantic codes: a) the articulation of architectural elements: 2.a.1. elements which denotes the primary functions of (a roof, terrace, domes, staircases, window), 2.a.2. elements konotiraju secondary functions, symbolic (Metope, pediment, column, timpano) 2.a.3. elements that denotes "distributive properties" and konotiraju "ideology of residence" (the common room, night and living area, dining room); b) articulation of the typological species: 2.b.1. Social types (hospitals, villas, schools, castle, palace ...); 2.b.2. spatial types (temple with round basis, with basis in the form of a Greek cross, open grounds, maze ...). ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT architectural premise of the concept lies in the function object.The function is "ozivotvoreni circulation space" is a structural circuit "its ossification. Organic conception of architecture based on the identification of the living organism. The house is not machines, still the amount of mechanical function, it is a living force space, mobile and changeable. The main object koncepr sublimes architectural thought - the idea of spatial parts. The concept is given, or at least implied, all the power and essence of the solution. In the analysis of the architectural concept, Louis Kahn is the spirit I start, the most joyous moment of every intention. "In the beginning," says Kahn, "is the root of everything else should follow. It can be no intention to start and that it is not already contained all the sti should follow.It is characteristic of the beginning, otherwise it is not the beginning or just a false start ... PRE-SHAPE is archaic form, in the beginning has more life, more than what arises from it after, the PRE-SHAPE, at the beginning, the first concept is more power than the whole as follows ... " Spatial aspects of the concept is called "dimension" object, the main mass of the volume, or the silhouette of the character sculptures. Dimensions, as a result of conception, derives from a dominant conditions: character building, quantum space, the concrete conditions of the site, the principle of spatial shaping ideas and concepts of spatial solutions. With the view of spatial shaping of the impact odličujućeg n "dimensions" Property Organization has adopted the system as an essential precondition area alone concept solutions. In this sense, can be noticed three basic principles of shaping: a) the principle of concentration, b) the principle of differentiation, c) the principle of permeation. In the first case, when done the maximum compression elements and parts in a closed circuit

forms a unique spatial effects of composition, space is affected by one, euklidovski understood, shape, expressed as say a single phrase art. However, the complex spatial procedures, when it comes to complex multiple-function, the principle of total concentration is not an adequate method for the spatial organization and shaping the concept. Here, on the contrary, much more convenient to go to the principle of spatial differentiation of functional elements as autonomous units within the broader spatial unity of the object. When these solutions with a very heterogeneous composition basis, of special importance are called. "Binding element" which combines spatial and visual arts complex picture. As a kind of compromise between these extreme principles of composition often applies a system of mutual permeation of spatial elements. Regardless of the adopted system of spatial organization of value, whether it is on two or more basic elements of composition with its three characteristics (merger, separation and permeation), of special importance for the quality of the composition can be called. "Critical cases", when the intervals are reduced to zero value. These are the characteristic positions of relations between the two or more elements when the value changes made in the transition from one field to another coordinate sistema.To are, therefore, those critical situations when the insoluble dilemmas lost as a dominant factor of unity. LOANS ARCHITECTURAL, ARCHITECTURAL CREDO Architecture attitude, thought, idea, the basic idea of an architectural project, facility or one architectural movement. The famous credo of modern architecture "as soon as the more or less" meant cleaning the architecture of the unnecessary details, decorations or ornaments, to get clean, functional and simple architecture.Credo "the future of architecture in the past" is the attitude of the postmodern architectural theorists, who believe modern architecture for the representative of the historical continuum of architecture of the past. ARCHITECTURAL Medium Name transmitters for architectural thoughts, ideas and knowledge.Sometimes it was the U.S. tradition, the records in stone or parchment (in ancient Egypt). In the Gothic period, architectural media were records, secrets that are carried with the students and teachers that were not available to a wider circle of people. In terms of the transferor of architectural thought, good architectural medium was a plaque, which is used in all epochs. Book as the architectural medium is especially important during the Renaissance (Palladio, Il Quattro libri dell architecture). Modern architectural media have computer animation of architectural objects, 3D views, perspective and all. ARCHITECTURAL MODEL - Form V. Building model. Model represents an architectural view of the object (model) or is it a model program - a program of study of architectural building or some urban units. The architectural model is applied in case of need for a thorough review of an object or a structure. In the constructive sense, architectural model, a model of constructive pattern of an object or model that shows a structural system. ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTS Architectural objects are the foundation built environment and physical structures. They are by their domenzijama, shape and character at a time and with the most relief najstatičniji part of the physical form of settlements and buildings in general.Architecture is the basis of, and under it refers to separate objects and their complexes, as well as parts of the natural landscape transformed into organized spaces. With more pathetic same idea brings Athens Charter "Architecture is the key to everything!" Saarinen gives great importance to the facilities, but above all their relations, seeking to submit to the principle of expression, correlation principle and the principle of organic order. As the three major themes of the urban plan Giberg considered except landscape and traffic - building facilities. In a word, arch. largely creates overall built environment. Grouping objects, organize specific urban space and ambiance, design units and free space of the city, the construction units and special units of the city, the formation of transport routes - the architecture provides a basic

role in the planning and construction of physical elements of the settlement. Arch.settlements could be differentiated and its impact, ie, the character of architectural objects: one often called "unique, special, akcentska, markirajuća, exceptionally, another ambient, ambijentska, when more celovitošću and its rhythm, kareakterom and unity, meaning and shaping than architectural qualities, given the tone and form of urban prosotra. ARCHITECTURAL FORMS Material arch expression. monuments is carried out by various architectural forms. First of all, will often come across terms such as: base, facades, cross-section. These expressions indicate the play of an architectural object in the drawing or painting. The basis of the plan or object is a horizontal section through the object above the ground or in the height of the window. It may be more grounds of the same arch. object, eg.basis of the foundation, the basis of the ground floor, floors, etc.. From the base we see a horizontal surface figure of the object, the thickness of the walls, the position of pillars, doors, windows, stairs and t.sl. But the base object can not estimate the space object or have an idea of its internal or external arch. Tome help facades and sections. Facades are orthogonal projections of the object, ie. its outer vertical surfaces. In them we see the prospect of building, its external arch. with all the architectural elements. Cut us and show the interior construction of the facility. They assume a vertical cut the object in the main directions (longitudinal, transverse sections) These represent the three basics, facades and sections allow us to accurately imagine the whole object in space, or vice versa, the idea of an arch. facility, transferred to paper using the basis, sections and facade, makes his performance of the material in space. Mentioned in the main part of the architectural object in the part between the foundation and roof, often appear stubovik carrying the ceiling, and their design is of great importance for the development of architecture. Pillars are the basis of their often round, and their height in relation to the size of the diameter, varied according to the architectures and styles. Classic pillar is made in most cases from three parts: the rate, ie. base, more or less profiled or decorated, which rests on the tree, the main part of the vertical pillars, smooth or ribbed vertical kanelurama different sections, which ends in capitals, which directly supports the lower parts of the ceiling.Kapitel is part of the pillars that decorate the most. Its shape and decoration mainly determined by the style and arch. column. Column plays a similar role as a constructive and pillar, but in terms of artistic expression rarely occurs in the arch. Old century. Its axis is a square, usually square, sometimes polygonal.Column can also have its own rate and capitals. Pilaster is part of the column that is not free, but the constructive relation with the wall in front of whom it turns out a little. The straight end of the object system, we encounter the horizontal beam bridging the openings between the pillars or walls. This beam is called the architrave, and its role is to create a ceiling surface to receive the burden from the ceiling and to transfer it to the shore: the pillars and walls. The oldest arch. through stone architrave lie stone slabs or beams with one another and form a ceiling; later in Greek. arch., architrave is sorted through a series of cross beams in a certain space, and yet they carry the ceiling panels. Then the forehead of the beams on the outside of the protected plates, which along the facade, above the architrave frieze form. Above the frieze, as the final element of the arch. crown appears more or less decorated with various architectural members: gejzonom, Simo, consoles, teeth, etc.. The arc system covering arch. objects, instead of architrave appear port derived from crushed stone or trimmed or artificial material (ćerpič, bricks). Clutches of individual stones in this case the beam toward the center port. Instead of horizontal stone beams and plates that form the first way of the ceiling, the system lučnog space is covered with vault, so derived as well as onions. The most common forms of arches that appear are: poluobličast, krstat vault and dome. However, the Roman arch. Except in Mesopotamia, the reduction was done on a primitive way to drop the horizontal layers of

laminated stone, as in port. Since ancient times man was happy ukrašvao its architectural design, decoration is after all born before the arch. There were periods when different architect. forms were overcrowded different decorations. In these decorations - ornaments - the man is rather podražavao nature which had the reputation in its vicinity. They became so. plant ornaments that represent the various ways some stylized plants, stalks, leaves, flowers - in particular: lotus, papyrus, palm trees in Egypt, in Greece, acanthus, laurel oak, and the Romans. Even before styling plants appear as geometric shapes decorate individual arch. parts: lines, circles, spirals, zig-zag lines, etc.. Then the character of animals impressed the artist's imagination and appear first engravings and bas-reliefs, and finally the full reliefs of various animals and then humans. Decoration and plastic arts are usually in the service itself arch., It is subordinate and created only to arch. shapes and mass ižive and ornaments. Similarly, the color is all old arch. had its specific function. The old artists are already perceived early on that the strong southern sun, stone, and even engraved decorations on it, do not give sufficient expression of the architect. forms. Staining of these forms, especially the decoration, achieved the desired effects, especially there, where it should emphasize certain parts, or separated from the background. But most came to painting expressed in the architectural treatment of the interior, the interior rooms. ARCHITECTURAL PARAMETERS name for the size, extent size, or unit of measurement characteristics that are within jedneog complex arch. or urban. shape and that it is determined independently of other influences. The arch. Especially in urban basic parameters that determine a system are primarily functional parameters: traffic (movement patterns), historical (the historical architectural heritage), geographic, economic, sociological, etc.. ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW (German Architekturdarstellung) Display buildings or parts of buildings and interior space by means of architectural images and graphics (see architectural images, architectural painting), with the architectural plan, or in the form of plastic models (model). ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM, PROJECT PROGRAM is the basis for the design of an architectural object. Architecture program includes: basic information about the location and the building (orientation, size, hydrometeorological characteristics of the site, geomehaničke characteristics of soil, etc..) Content and function of the spatial units of the new building (entrance hall, living room, sleeping, etc..) With the required level of processing space and areas necessary. Architecture program contains the basic characteristics of constructive novoprojektovanog object. In urban terms, the program presents basic guidelines for spatial development and planning of urban development of a whole. ARCHITECTURAL space of time the oldest affirmation of human society, and to this day a man is used in various ways defined space as a framework for most of its manifestations environmental activities. Because of the way of production (hunting) and the sparse population in the oldest stage in the development of human society, a man meets a natural sheltered areas.Transitioning to a higher form of production stočarskog and then ratarskog type appears first need to create a protected space in certain, mostly open lowland areas. Further development leads to the need of building stable space inhabited, which are secured by sudden floods. Thus arise various normal surface area dwellings. Increasing Population density and created uncertainty have caused the organization of building settlements in the naturally protected ground, and the protection of settlements by building a defensive wall. This created a higher form of the formation of urban space within the closed contours of defensive settlements. Great attention was dedicated to the problem of space architect. theory. A.p. primarily be understood as a term that refers to all aspects and events within the space of architectural

forms. Bruno Zevi, thus, defines architecture as "art space", but he forgets to define the actual nature of that space, about which he says. For him, space is a uniformly rasprostranjemi "material" that can "model" in various ways. Many studies were conducted in just such a setting, as evidence for this can be specified eg. of Paul Frank, A.E. Brinkmann and Paul Zucker. Siegfried Giedion probably theorist who most contributed to the Goals concept of space. He in his book "Space, Time and Architecture" puts the problem of space in the center of the development of a modern architect., And in his later works on the history of architecture.as a consecutive series of different "spatial concept". In fact distinguishes three basic concepts.The first concept a.p. deals emanacionom strength volume, their relationships and their interaction. This includes Egyptian and Greek architectural development. Both the arch. develop the field, from the volume. Another concept a.p. occurs at the beginning of IPQ., together with the dome Hadrijanovog pantheon. From that time onwards, the concept a.p. almost could not be separated from the concept of "izdubljenog inner space." The third concept ap, still in their infancy, is primarily engaged relationship and interaction inner and outer space. Juergen Joedicke Trial of a.p. which starts by him of "the axiom that the building consists of space, which is proof that there is architectural space" (!). But still later said: "We can talk about the arch. space as a space of experience, "continues" the architectural space is tied to the man and his perception. It follows and its logical conclusion: "Space is the sum of consecutive observation points. ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS Ways grouping arch. elements, spatial units, and other cells.within the unit that are specific rules clustering: compositional, constructive, functional, alnim, visual, etc.. ARCHITECTURAL SOFTWARE Title to intangible elements of an architectural building or architect. in general, not directly visible or accessible. A.Š. represents one segment of an object that is not possible to see the "naked eye", but it can be seen in the intangible characteristics of the object. This page arch. practically never the object and can not go beyond the framework of mythological thinking, even in today's modern architectural endeavors. For example: each carefully proporcionisana facade includes some imminent aritmlošku content pitagorejskog, ie, numerical-mythological types, and this applies to every detail. Even "najbedniji" architectural result of our modern world, always in itself a batch ma and najprimitivniju aritmološku or pseudoaritmološku shematu. Architectural style If we look at the consequences of the general human and social razoja, as well as his struggle through the whole course of history of mankind, You'll see in all its manifestations: the social relations in the economic industry, the general culture, the arts, steady rise, which will progressively move here and There currently are stopped, and then continues, often with a stronger field. The arch. this is permanent and progressive movement expressed the mutual relationship appearance, development and death of individual styles. These phenomena are always relate to and through the whole course of history teach us how the most osvima characteristics of a society of a particular epoch and a particular region. Clearly, if these styles are genuine, that the same epochs and in different nations, they appear in different forms in the strength of his artistic expression. This difference is always in relation to the important characteristics of these people in relation to other influences acting on the arch., About which we spoke earlier. The biggest epochal changes in the culture of mankind in the arts that characterized styles, often occur after major events, which left a clear mark on the history of entire parts of the world.History of us in this regard provides a lot of evidence: all the epoch of artistic importance are closely associated with the birth of new civilizations and new religions, with great epochs of social evolution and technical inventions, with the creation of new states after the revolution so important. 

If the styles of architecture. viewed from the artistic point of view, conclude that the history of architecture. do not know the creators of styles, because style is not a work of one artist. Some artists have a unique way mode of expression of art. "Style", or, if a group of artists to express art in the same way and if the accepted way of expressing a taste of the epoch, appears in "school", but all this is not the style. Sometimes, however, "style" and "school" stage where the art goes to its crystallization in style. In its essence, "style" in the arch. the elaboration of a fruit, but the existing style of the unique way the artist, whose art is under some special influence, and often influenced by fashion.Fashion is usually an expression of taste, the company in a relatively short period of time. Taste generation is changing and everything is created in the arch. only under the influence of a brief taste of the epoch, and is imbued with the right art conditioned by the material and cultural development of society, does not contain sufficient expressive components of such a section could give virtalnost one style. If involving a view of architecture. čoečanstva entire time, temporary mode is lost and give up their place only iskristalisanim styles that are in their mutual periods in complete harmony in art, music, literature, and always compared and balanced with the historical and material conditions. In ancient times some civilization left us a significant architect. with a strong artistic character.Some of the arch. under different conditions evolved in several disparate styles that are in topographical space and time radiated in many other arch. various provinces of the world. From these styles were developed and the basic theory of architecture. with all its rules and laws. The most prominent among the arch. Old century, is undoubtedly Greek, which produces three specific and original style, where they concentrated all the features of the architect.: Significance of shaping space, logic design, harmony of mass, processing details, stylization decorations. Roman arch. also occupies a remarkable place in history, but can not be denied its eclectic character, especially in the development of its styles. Egyptian architect. often also credited with creating more styles due to several different types of Egyptian pillars. But, although the processing of the pillars of an important element in određivnju style, it is not the only one. Basic characteristics of various styles of architecture in Egypt. can not be proven. However, the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles of architecture in Greece. identified as a clear boundary. When they feel, see and admire is always a unique - Greek architect. Which clearly shows the old jelinsku advanced culture, expressed in perfect proportion and harmony. All three Greek style based on solid foundations that have built a new social relations of the epoch, where he tries to freedom of man and the subordination of individual whole, considered as a basic precondition for the development of society. All three Greek-style nickel from new construction to be developed, as in able-bodied power, and the material, in terms of art itself, in all Greek. styles provejava ancient Greeks feeling for music and poetry, a sense of rhythm, feeling fine. In Romans originality of art in the beginning of the suffering caused by their direct contact with all the nations then known world. Old old art and culture had to impress the new conquerors, especially the Greek architect. was so strong, that outlived the political independence Jelade.However, although the Roman buildings similar to the Greek style, the new social relations and new needs created new methods of work which, aided by the economic rise of states, realize new and remarkable progress in the history of architecture. Old century. Roman-style tell us about the characteristics of society, in uzvitlanom period of humanity, imbued with ideas of political and military superiority and zavojevanja world. Roman arch. system in its design bears a clear mark of robovlasničkog social system, and in shaping their tasks and clearly manifested its complete dependence on the ruling classes and state. Temple of the Romans giving way profanoj arch. which realizes the new and magnificent programs and builds a variety

of architecture. monuments, which, many centuries later, significantly contribute to the rise of the new arch. Art in the Renaissance. No matter how they are significant and original architect. that will be created on the ruins of the old century, it is undisputed that the old century laid the foundations of the development of arch.world. In subsequent periods is especially outstanding in the Middle Ages compared to the social structure and customs, prejudices, material and spiritual life of man with art and arch.this time. The new religion at first completely government man; svakanjegova activities under the supervision of the church. There's freedom of Athenian spirit, in certain epochs, it was forbidden under penalty of death at the stake. Besides religion and with it the feudal social system imposes its own laws and requirements and gives the general direction of development of all material and cultural development of the epoch, and the development of art of this era. Man is pvučen in themselves, people still poluroblje, no hard and if nobleman oppose the church. Such living conditions they had to have an impact on all branches of art and even the arch. But the material needs of the new social conflict, and require new methods and new born architect.programs. Tradition is rejected in Christian society there is no place nor jelinskom temple or the Roman amphitheater. They build temples to the needs of the new religion, the rise towers and castles, fortresses with round about and movable bridges, and the fortress, because of weak security, build up inside their walls višespratne densely built residential buildings in the narrow and dark streets. Profana arch. evolves on the foundations of the new wooden structure, while the church, with stone and brick shapes magnificent monuments in order to appeal their new religion provide leadership and domination. All the arch. styles that we left the Middle Ages: the old-Christian and Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic, and Islamic, to faithfully characterize their times and nations, providing us with evidence that November is a style of architecture reflects life of an epoch, or a set of characteristics of material and spiritual culture one time. If you take a look at the new century, saw a completely different picture: the man was acquitted of many earlier prejudices, dogmas of religion are no longer so strict; states are uređenije, Security Council, a freer spirit, feudalism is gradually giving place off the new class contradictions. Developing cities and compete among themselves, the city trades becomes a significant factor in economic development. Discovery of America offers new trade opportunities and enrichment; invention of the printing helps the spread of intensive culture. All of these conditions change in the physiognomy of society which crystallizes a new, bourgeois system. However, the new arch. the bourgeoisie in their infancy, could not develop in a completely original art. For his new concept in relation to the aspirations of civil society, which to some extent similar to those of the Romans, bourgeois architect. accept the stylistic elements of Roman art. Appearance a new epoch in arch. marked Renaissance style, which gives life after a thousand years forms the Roman arch. But it can not be considered to indicate the epoch of Renaissance era decadence or even the time delay in the evolution of architecture. On the contrary, although the arch. Roman elements, forming a new concept, in accordance with experience gained in relation to the new needs of society and its material possibilities. Civic houses, villas, palaces and churches, accepting Roman forms, based on the foundations of a new composition, which, in the progressive development of all activities during this time, contains all the prerogatives which the arch. acquired during the Middle Ages. Faster progress of civilization, sharper contrast in social relations and their struggle, are a stronger flow in the evolution of architecture. Appear in the new era in civil arch. marked by the Baroque style in Italy and Germany and Rococo in France. But more often if there is a change in art, especially in the arch., That it is more hampered in their development: the epoch becomes short for crystallization of a style. Changes in social organization, or taste some of the people reflected in the arch. It expresses and celebrates them. Not if there is no material components for

the realization of original art, even easier, in these epochs, arch. subject to imitation of the past. This justifies the appearance neoklasičnih styles that are trying to reconstruction of the Greek and Egyptian architect. and then the new Gothic, a new baroque, renaissance nonog, who throughout the XIXv. show floating arch. creativity. Positive advancement of science and epochal discoveries in the field of technology creating a revolution in the culture of mankind. Under the impulse of the progressive evolution of technology and industrial development of the new act of social contradiction that in its important fight imposing arch. new tasks. Arch. capitalist society since the beginning of the XXV. tries, in the constructive sense, to break with all traditions of the past. Appear in the new design and new features compared to the new građ. material, reinforced concrete and steel. Iskorišćavajući advantages of new construction and in striving for the greater exploitation of land in cities, the rise Skyscrapers and tall blocks of buildings, mainly for housing and industry. In artistic terms, in relation to the actual construction and materials, the architect. trying to flat surfaces and the masses to achieve new harmonic effects and to achieve the new arch. styles. Excessive exploitation of land in cities soon showed negative results both in terms of hygiene as well as aesthetic and artistic. This has contributed to the end of the first quarter but XXV.trying to connect to the architectural creation to modern urban planning principles to modern times in November marks the direction of the architect. activity inseparable from the very design of cities. From all can be concluded that the style of architecture. set of different characteristics of the entire epoch, through which a thread runs one and the same artistic idea. If art is an epoch in better balance with the overall material development of society, even the arch. the epoch to be perfect, and her style cleaner and stronger. Such a style of living longer because their power of art stronger impress a man and protects him from passing fashion sensation. To critically look at the architect. monuments and to be able to understand the different styles of architecture., it is necessary, in addition to knowing the culture of society and social relations in certain epochs which coincide with the development of one style, know and province, region where the style was created. Mesyto and climate affect human needs, the architect.composition and structure, and they components of artistic creation. It can be notice that through the centuries at the same time and under different climates, develop a completely disparate art. Eg. around the 1000th to 200.g.p.n.e. developing arch. in Egypt, India, China, Greece and others. and each creates a completely different shapes. There is no doubt that this diversity for the most part the result of different cultures and social relations, on whose influence on the arch. but any speech, but in large part to the diversity of influences and its own province and region, especially in the very conception of architecture. If among these modern architect.and has nothing to do, if you would be sensed or even noticed a thread that connects these different architect., this is a thread runs only one external influences of art to another. The truth is that this impact can be of capital importance for the individual architect. that do not have enough vitality in their own art. In the modern period, when people had more touches in that respect and mutual influence, but does perceive significant differences in the arch. styles of the same age, and in various provinces. About this clearly testifies to the style of the Renaissance in Italy and Germany, or PR. Baroque style in Italy, France and Germany. One may speak about the historical architect. styles that are more or less correspond to our contemporary taste, but can not categorically claim that some longer styles beautiful or not.Arch. must never be judged by an absolute measure, but only in relation to the society in which culture is created. Only in this way observed, arch. monuments of our past can be understood only by their art can come to full expression. ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS architecture is the result of certain conditions: society, space and time. These are, first of all, they all objective and specific socio - economic conditions affecting the formation of social consciousness, relationships between people, the level and

distribution of economic resources, the productive forces, institutions, etc.. Every society has arch. what he wants, and deserves to be there. Architectural work is a product of certain conditions, certain social programs and contracts. No architecture outside the immediate sphere of society as a historical category. Configuration of the terrain, vegetation and microclimate, natural conditions and sources of energy, materials, traditions, mentality of the people, customs and culture environment - these are all conditions that largely determine the character of architecture. House as a historical phenomenon is very strongly tied to the ground on which it is built. It is deeply rooted in the gender ground, the man who creates. If the future of architecture, free of static law, become pokretnapotrošna good, if it approaches the mass production of houses as well as goods, clothing and packaging of life, what new techniques and technologies are promising and offer the consumer a man, then the arch. lose their regional characteristics and achieve universal style. Probably it would mean the return of the era of modern civilization nomads. World would indeed become a unique, universal and probably the whole sad and empty. ARCHITECTURAL SIGN entire architecture can be viewed as a system of characters that contain within themselves a certain meaning. Umberto Eco is trying to determine the architectural character of the architecture by applying categories Richards semantics. So, if we look at the door as a symbol which primarily corresponds to reference "the possibility of entering, we could hardly determine" REFERENCES "supposed physical reality to which the symbol is applied, we could confirm that the door was referring to himself alone, to indicate reality - the door or relating to the function that enables. In these limits might be difficult to determine what applies to a "triumphal arch", which would, without doubt, denotirao passing ability, but also clearly konotirao "triumph" and "glory": here we have a reference concentration, with reference poistovećenih which coincided more or to sign or with a particular reference. Another attempt was made by Johann Klaus Koenig, when he tried to determine the "architectural language" based on Morris semiotics. Koenig returned to the definition of character by which "if" A "preliminary irritation, which, under certain conditions, the organism causes a mood to answer a series of reactions from certain groups of behavior, then the" A "character". Also, if a behavior toward a goal the same, but not necessarily identical to the way that some other thing (B), in case it is observed, the behavior directed toward the same goal, then it is a sign. "Koenig concluded that the architecture consists of signs means that cause different behavior. Semantic setting, however, does not requires us to determine the sign of the conduct that causes or on the basis of actual cases that would confirm it, but only on the basis enkodiranog meaning that the cultural context is attributed to a tag. This same setting (with its division between the tags and signified, of which the first bar in principle can determine and describe, regardless of the meaning ascribed to them, while the latter may change depending on the codes that determine the interpretation of labels) allows us to the architectural recognize signs of tags that can be described and Catalog, and that can function denotes precision, provided that they are interpreted in the light of certain codes, and these can be fulfilled successive meanings which they may be based on other codes to attribute not only with the denotation, butusing konoracija. One sign can be seen in relation to himself, in relation to the subject in relation to interpretanta. 1. Mark in relation to himself can be: qualitative character (qualisignum) - eg chromatic sensation. Or character (sinsignum) - the subject or event, and the legislative character (legisignum) - convention, the name of the legislation as a conventional linguistic relationship. 2. Mark in relation to the subject matter is icons - a spiritual image, the image in general, a diagram, a metaphor. There are inherent similarities with the subject; indicator - graduirana scale, logical operator, a signal, shout, directs attention to an object using a blind impulse symbol - noun, law, institutions. Unlike the first two, this is conventional. 

3. Mark in relation to interpretanta: REMA - propozicionalna function, but the term in relation to Propositional sign, which is a statement and argument, which is rasuđivenje; Propositional sign (dicisignum) - statement, filled with REMA, definition, argument - syllogism. ARCHITECTURAL CREATION Architectural create a special social activity, manifested through concrete definition, ie. buildings of architectural or urban complex, a specific form of human activity, which contains the complex values of human cognitive and creative range. A. k. is in fact art, knowledge and skill-building structures with the purpose of creating organized interior space, designed for various needs of human life and activities. The basic elements aka are therefore: defined internal architectural space intended for one purpose (housing, work, moving, vacation, cultural life, meditation, burial, etc.). and the architectural body, its particular constructive component of realized and protects mention internal architectural space, and its composition -representational component is comprised of some constructive elements (volumes, surfaces, walls, columns, openings, etc..), and connects them into a harmonious whole. Architectural creativity, developed through history in the framework and under the conditions of forming grass needs organized space within the development of social life, it defines the space needed for the manifestation of man's various forms of physical and psychological environment of activities. Definition of the architectural body (object or urban ensemble) must therefore meet the quantitative requirements of physical and mental demands of qualitative components of human activities, it means that architectural kreacijia must essentially be properly defined both in quantitative and in qualitative terms. In quantitative terms of architectural creation defines a rational and measured functionally organized space, logical, and formed the material used, empirical or analytical, and determined through constructive sized system, etc.. In qualitative terms of any architectural creation defines conducted harmonious adjustment mentioned quantitative spatial and constructive elements, which realizes she determined the value of architectural space and the Corps, through which architectural creation becomes the holder of the creative idea and emotional image of the community achievements. With so accomplished and realized values, architecture is declared as a category of specific social activities, which contains technical and artistic component of human activity. Complete architectural creation consists of two main groups of solution components, one of which is technical-communicative nature of space with a functional consequence of its spatial definition of the body stable and static constructive definition of its corpus, and the other is conceptual and emotional space - doživljajne and representational - doživljajne nature , with the consequence of their definition of a harmonic steady spatial and oblikovnih elements. The first component, which determines the location and orientation, organized and connected spaces, define the quantity, material, construction, etc.. Can be solved by analysis of functions on the object and the static stability of the structure. Conducting this analysis the author's own power developments in the area of scientific knowledge of the legality of a series of social, natural and technical sciences, such as science on the development and organization of human society, biology, statistics, science of design, the science of construction, the science of strength of materials, statics and many others. The second component, which defines the power of expression and the harmony, profile, or more physiognomy of a building - a component, the values that reflect idejnost and emotional, aspirations and feelings of one particular epoch of social development on a particular soil and within certain ethnic and political entities, created as a creative artistic reflection of a specific (artistic) shall know the objective reality of life, defined by the designer surface of his personal ideas and emotional quality, range and intensified its creative power of interpretation. Basic is the overall process of defining architectural concept, that during the creative process of solving the above mentioned components must develop and ripen synchronously, and that both components of quality achievement must act as a unique synthesis of finite, manifested a

concrete definition of the architectural object. In fact the analysis and creative definition of the area of architectural creativity, complex processes, which are based on the achievements of the author's scientific and artistic knowledge, a result of the creative process to increase the quality based on the author's creative power of talent Representatives of the architectural heritage of architecture of earlier periods-periods, which are present in one space, in one city or region. A.n. not only the architect. forms, but there are: the tradition of building, construction and culture of life, religious characteristics of a region, historical features, ethnological and other elements. ARCHITECTURAL FIELD The architectural space, as well as in the existential space, time and domain consists of a single integrated whole. Both of these elements, uzata set, create it, what we might call "field". The concept of fields used in the natural sciences in order to mark the spatial aspects of the mutually acting force. This concept is assumed to Kurt Lewin described the man with his location in the psycho-social context. A.p. also contains in itself, and the powers that be to balance a state of dynamic equilibrium. The field can be quite simple, for example, composed of only one, relatively neraščlanjenog places surrounding the domain in which enters only a few roads. Such a highly simplified example, and hardly to be found in the modern world, because we already in the ancient world, we encounter the complex field, where the number of sites and domains associated with each other through the axis, and roads. Architectural design is a set of different operations with the aim postaizanja specific architectural solutions arhitektonskohg an object. Architectural design deals with the problem of organization of space and defining all the elements of its formation and constitution. When the project builds a vision of some object spatial representations of architecture. The project is solved, all the integral factors of the future, based on a set of building. The project is just one step in the process of architectural works from the expressed desire to implementation, but probably the most important and decisive, because it not only predodređuje concept, but establishes all the elements for immediate implementation. The project is part pretprojekcija, the image of its objective existence, a means for materijalizaciju ideas. Designing a permanent measure of influential factors and the harmonization of contradictions integral components in understanding areas. It is quite specific elements shaping the composition, measuring and functional usaglašvanje space, technical and practical research resources and methods for implementation of works. It's a bit strange and seemingly elusive game, kmbinatorika real and imaginary, potential and possible, the functions and structure, content and artistic expression, and part of a whole, matter and spirit ... It is often uphill struggle of spirit and imagination with the facts of reality and chains that are inevitable. It is ever seeking and research in the endless wealth of options that we offer space on all roads and bit astray and efemernog. Henry Focillon, and says: "builder not wrapped empty space, but some resident forms, processing facilities, and modeled it on the outside and znutra as a sculptor. He is a technician in the design of the plan, constructor in combining elements of construction, by the effects of schedule, a sculptor in the treatment of mass ... "According to Wilhelm Woringeru" every artistic phenomenon remains to us so long concealed, until they understand the necessity and legitimacy of its formatting. In contrast, August Tirsch, assumes the legality of any creative act, asking his general sense: "The architecture of a law whose existence provides the beauty of the building, and when they are ignored, the only damage its beauty. These laws find and formulate, it is a task which science can not give up ... We therefore seek a law that would match the shape and manifolds to be confirmed in a variety of conditions. " Man organizes architectural space and modeled it in the values that best fit their purpose and were the spatial equivalent of the project program. "The man defines the space," says June Schmarzow, "to distance itself from nature." Today, this purpose is defined architecture is very

limited and inadequate scope of its actual ambitions and concerns. The project was only one graphic representation of the object and on time itself can not be architecture. Materialized only preliminary performance may be representative of the architecture, as relizovanog spatial parts. However, the project represents a preliminary assumption briefest of architectural works and has a qualitative, conceptual and compositional value. A.p. includes the following phases and operations: 1 analysis of the site; 2nd testing jedog terrain or location of future building, 3 development of the project; 4th drafting terms of reference; 5th Evaluation of the project and task 6, making preliminary sketches of ideas or solutions; 7thpreparation of preliminary design; 8th making the main architectural project; 9th Performing or making a detailed project plan, or (palirski plan); 10th making detail drawings and workshops; 11th production details "in situ", 12th drafting amendments to Implementation. Architectural design as a process workflow to achieve the construction of an architectural object consists basically of two parts: the first includes work on designing the building, and other work on his performances. The work includes designing the first to introduce features of the future building, on which exceeds the resolution of the architectural organism defined concept of adequate space and layout design, and finally the elaboration of the overall study (draft, static account, bill of quantities, etc..) Required to access the building itself. The basis for accession to the architectural design must be specifically defined to create the building program, in which the fixed function object, the location of the building (location) and all data, dimensions and details are important for the proper functioning of the future facility. Basic elements of the construction program gives prospective customer object, and complements them architect the general analysis of the given task. At this stage of the creative process must be carried out basic analysis functions building, its relationship to urban ensemble or landscape, its position as the broadest geographic conditions, climate and terrain situations. The first concretization of the project ideas fixes the drawing (scale depends on the size of the object; 1:200 to 1:500). The space defined in this first phase determines the size of podgledu basic design elements of the material (equipment, furniture, etc..) Features necessary to achieve the object itself, and the layout of space determines the functions, activities and actions that will be held in this facility. It is completely understandable that already in this first phase of design - parallel sinhorno setting the basic contours of the internal organization of architectural space - solves the basic lines and system design and architectural concept of the quality problem. After that, access to further studies on problems of default in making detailed draft ratio of 1:100 (main project), in which fully resolved all the main areas and structural elements.This is done in a way that is parallel with the drafting static draft bill, which determine the dimensions and details of performing all the complex elements of design. Elaboration of the draft as well as static accounts as required elaborate on which the competent administrative authority approves the construction. For purposes of determining the cost of raising the projected object are made on plans scale 1:100 accurate overview of the amount of work and constructive elements necessary for the performance of the object (predmer works extention of measures) on this survey entries are obtained in quantities bill of quantities, in where the individual item descriptions of works and construction (certain amount), enter the price of some contractors and materials, which dobjva total projected cost of the object. In parallel with these develop all the elements that make high-quality synthesis of the architectural object, its representational expression analysis in the draft front, perspective view or the model. After the project is basically a balanced approach to the development of detailed execution of the draft criteria to 1:50 (palirskih plans). At this stage, worked out in detail all structural problems, and problems of performance craft works. In parallel with the development of construction plans to the foundation, all floors, sections and special details, produce special designs for the performance of more complex construction elements (reinforced concrete or steel

construction). After making performing draft worked out so. detailed draft complicated construction details and craft works in the ratio of 1:20, 1:10, 1:5, 1:2 or 1:1. In addition to the drafts describing the works. This was prepared in the main part of the survey, on which to build pistupiti architectural object. Architecture and urban planning for the design of urban space and the unit should have but the knowledge and creative idea. Many moments affect the conception of urban solutions. Urban units are the main carriers of architectural activity. When they are urban - construction activity manifested zanama construction, disposition of objects and spatial dimensions high altitude.This activity is based on the relief unit, which gives character formatting. In urban districts, or their parts, arch. intensive function and external processing elements, eg. in the form of mural canvas streets, squares, squares and groups of buildings or architectural design space in the urban whole concept. Arch. idejnosti in the art and artistic activities, but the checking of general character related to the previous unit of analysis and synthesis of scientific, economic, commercial and oblikovnih factors. Arch. their projects ostvarujeinvesticije planned urban planning. Modern arch. It is one of the factors in the modern urban art. and the urban category is homogenous complex creation in the field of architecture. Architecture as a social imagination architecture reflects the society in which it was founded, and the task of an architect is more complicated within the social system than outside it.Architect today to lead ahead of requirements and to solve problems which the people only half-conscious. This is a great responsibility. Required special and fine sensibility for what we call the social imagination. ARCHITECTURE AS COMMUNICATION Phenomenological observation of our relationship with the architect. facility shows that we usually understand architecture as a communicative act, although it does not exclude its functionality. According to Roland Barthes, "the moment in which society exists, each application becomes the character you use. Even in the earliest age, caveman realizes communication, relationship to its shelter, or, in the form of cave habitat. For him, this communication relationship is born, "the idea of a cave," a useful, if for nothing else like what mnemonic associations. After the experience with another cave, the idea of that of the cave replaces the idea of a cave at all. One model, a structure, something that specifically does not exist, but onovu which he can recognize a certain context of the phenomenon as a "cave". He learned that the cave may have d different look, but always comes to the realization of a single abstract model that is recognized as such, encoded, although not at the social level, but the individual who raises himself and himself and tells himself. And will not be difficult to model the cave with graphic signs and convey to others.Architecture creates the iconic code, a "principle of the cave" becomes the subject of the communication exchange. In this drawing or painting of a distant cave, but become a possible communication functions, and to remain when the function is not in use or there is a desire to apply it. In that sense, what makes the application architecture (passage, entry, stopping, climbing, lying down, lean, watching through the window, catching, etc..) Features not only possible, but primarily associated meanings that we refer to implementing these features. Thus, for example, the phenomena of trompe-l-oeil and when we decide to use nihovu when possible function does not exist. It may happen that some of the architect. functions that do not perceive such stimuli do not notice the functionality (which, from habit, used as a base), and to note their communication efficiency, can have any meaning shelter, space, etc. Architecture as consumer goods, the movement of Modern Philosophy is directed towards the assimilation of architectural and utility objects. Le Corbusier is theoretically defined the city as a "machine for living" to industrialization of housing production which was aimed often with a

kind of religious ecstasy. Separation from nature, the choice of artificial materials, visual and functional relationship with the world of machines were the dominant goals and aspirations are deeply influenced the transformation of the environment and the new look of the city. Civilization that wants to seriously interrupted restore balance and stop the impoverishment of resources can not afford the luxury to continue building these methods and with the spending targets. Generalized use of metal, for example with all its aesthetic and technological consequences can not continue forever: aluminum will soon become almost rare than precious metals, and iron reserves are not inexhaustible. More neprihvatljiviji luxury is the one who regards the cost of maintenance and energy supply of buildings which in themselves have built a lot of metal parts. While the duration and speed of expiry Zidane building measures storinama years, modern building is dilapidated, but after thirty or forty years. Unlimited indifference to the destructive effect of the architects of the atmosphere, especially rain, which is driven roofs and roof wreaths, has created a type of arch. characterized by transient youth and an inability to dignity prescribed: architecture that changes such as changing clothes or a car in order to follow fashion trends. ARCHITECTURE AS SPACE Architects were raised in the area, and indoors is the easiest to handle. During the past 40 years, theorists of modern architecture (sometimes excluding FL Wright and Le Corbusier) have focused attention on the area as the main ingredient that distinguishes architecture from painting, sculpture, literature. Their definition of the uniqueness of the delight of the media, but painting and sculpture can sometimes be allowed prostornekarakteristike, sculptures and pictorial architecture is not acceptable - because space is sacred. Puristička architecture arisen partly as a reaction to the eclecticism of the nineteenth century.Gothic churches, Renaissance Bank and Jacobin farms were opened slikovita.Mešanje styles meant the mixing of media. Clad in historical styles, the buildings are prizivale explicit associations and romantic allusions to the past to convey literary, eklezijastički, national, or programmatic symbolism. Definition of architecture as space and form in the service program and construction were not sufficient. Overlapping disciplines may razvodnilo architecture, but the wealth of meaning.ARCHITECTURE AS A SYMBOL critics and historians, who documented the "decline of popular symbols in art, supported the orthodox modern architects who reject the symbolism of form as an expression or confirmation content: the meaning of it should be spread not through allusion to the previously known forms, but by the content, fizionomske features alone form. Creating architectural form was supposed to be a logical process, acquitted of scenes from past experience, certain only the program and structure, occasionally supported, as naghoveštava Alan Colquhoun, inuicijom. But some critics of modern times podveli are under suspicion the level of content that can be achieved through abstract form. The second proved to be the funkcionalisti, despite their protests, formed his formal vocabulary, basing it mostly on the current artistic directions the industrial vernakularu. Later followers especially from the 1960s and 1970s, as For example Archigram group, with similar protests were turned to pop art and the space industry. However, 

Most critics today is constantly disparage present ikonologiju popular commercial art, ubeđivački targeted heraldry that meets our environment. And their theory of "opoganjenju" symbolic architectural eclecticism of the nineteenth century made them was blind to the value representative of architecture, as as for example, the ads along the auto road. Architecture typical UNIT name for arch. that created duplication unit of typical elements or facilities. This application of one type of construction in the arch. or urban. composition, however, need not always be monotone. Due to the irregularities of the terrain and some deviation from the standard proportions, there are variations which establishes a balance between uniformity and diversity. ARCHITECTURE IN CONTEXT Architecture and context architecture in context, contextual approach, kontekstualizam as attitude and working philosophy of the new spiritual orientation in architecture and urbanism. Difficulty and beauty of this topic in its duality, ambiguity, ambigvitetu, according to Robert Venturija. For the relationship to a given physical environment, one particular village, street, square, next door, but historical space in which at least some previous decades and sometimes centuries, but there was some cultural and architectural traditions, is at the same time picture of our whole attitude to architectural history, one of the eternal and the key themes of each architectural paragraph, and construction of many key results. Imitation of the physical context leads us to prenebregavanje New layers of culture, new needs, new construction, sensibility, and to the denial of any sort of developed and transformed identity. Few and rejecting any relationship to the existing physical context of our VDI modernist or offensive Technical formulas (if you have not previously bulldozer "Solve" the whole thing. That infinite spiritual space "Between" these two extremes, and hardly acceptable attitude is exactly what field of action that interested many modern theoreticians of architecture. The Brenta Brolin, Architecture in the context concerned the issues of architectural style and the issues that are present when establishing "rodovna" similarity between objects that belong to different epochs and styles, and standing next to each other. Such adjustment was not of primary importance for architects in the first half of the XXV. Modern architectural theory is taught to architects "Oppose" the old and new, rather than make them visually compatible. Persuasion Architecture concept was introduced and described by Robert 

Venturi in the book "Lessons Las Vegas." According to him, pike and airport, for example, realized communication with the masses in motion, whether it motorists or pedestrians, for the purpose of efficiency and security. However, words and symbols can be used in space for the purpose of commercial persuasion. For example, no Middle Eastern Bazaar inscriptions; move is practically all the inscriptions. In bazaars Communication is achieved through proximity. Along its narrow passage, customers can touch and smell the goods, and applied directly to the seller verbal persuasion. In narrow medieval streets of the city, although they appear inscriptions, persuasion, mainly conducted through the appearance and smell, eg. real pie through the door and windows bakery. On the main street of the modern city, the windows pedestrians along the sidewalks and outdoor signs on August an administrative for motorists almost equally dominated scene. DESIGN ARCHITECTURE HIGH Learning from popular culture does not remove the architect from his or her position in high culture. But what can change the high culture to the uđčinilo fuller understanding of the current needs and problems. Because the high culture and its kultisti have power, it seems to us that the architecture of people, as it is they themselves want (and not as a arhitektaodlučio that the man needed), not many chances against the so-called. "Big projects" (urban renewal) until it is hung in the Academy and therefore be acceptable those who make decisions. Helping that happen is part of the role of high-design architects which can not be object, with a moral coup through irony and application fun to come to reality, he provides weapons artists neautoritarnog temperament in social situations that they are not optional. ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE Architectural ACTIVITIES skill-building activities is building with purpose of creating internal space organized designed for various needs of human life and its activities. In accordance with the basic elements architecture are defined by internal architectural space for a particular svrski (housing, work, movement, relaxation, cultural life, meditation, burial, etc..), and the architectural body, its constructive component of realized and protected mention arhitektosnki inner space, and its composition-shaped component of individual coordinate constructive elements (volumes, walls, pillars, open etc..) and connects them into a harmonious whole. Complete architectural creation consists of solutions two main groups of components, one of which is technical spatial-constructive nature, and the other is 

conceptual and emotional space-doživljajne and representational - doživljajne nature. The first component, which determines the location and orientation, organizes and connects areas that define the quantity (size of space, size structure), material, construction, etc.. can be solved by analysis of functions on object and static stability of the structure. This analysis the author conducted on the basis of knowledge of legality in a series social, natural and technical sciences, such as Science on the development and organization of human society, biology, statistics, science of design, the science of construction, the science of strength of materials, statics and many others. The second component, which realizes the power of expression harmony, profile, or more particular physiognomy object, component values, which reflect idejnost and emotion, aspiration and čuvstva a certain epoch of social development in a given territory and within certain etiničko-political entities, created as creative artistic reflection specifically shall know objective reality of life, resolved to surface kreatorovih personal ideas and emotional quality, and intensified range of his creative power interpretation. Solving both of the aforementioned components During the creative process must be developed and ripen synchronously, and both components must be in achievement of quality work unique. In fact the analysis and creative definition of the area complex processes of architectural creativity that is based on the achievements of the author's scientific and artistic knowledge, and the results of the creative process to grow quality based on the author's creative power talent. ARITMOLOŠKA SHEMATA name of the architect. shape, form or model containing structures within their own special meaning which is expressed with numbers. This meaning can be the domain of proportion, size, shape, structure, relations or interdependence. Articulation (born articulation) Architectural composition in which elements and parts of buildings presented or expressed logically, clearly and konsistetno, with clear juncture. Articulation in the architecture to find a replacement for decoration and explicit symbolism, Modern architects resort Distortion and excessive articulation. Out - distortion in large scale and "sensitive" articulation in small scale form expressionism, which is often meaningless and irrelevant, architectural melodrama in which seem to be a progressive means extravagant. Robert Venturi on the one hand, consider all those residential, civic and institutional buildings whose 

delicate complexity (graded terraces, Accordion sections or base and prospects, console bazilikalni roofs, striated texture and kontrafori or supporting port) almost flat gross distorting a kiosk for burgers, but they lack the commercial content and a fun environment to justify his upadljivost architecture. On the other hand, he analyzes the sensitive articulation of a constructive framework and dropped to modulate the facade, define internal spaces or reflect variations in the content. The "hasty" izbođčine and subtle dents were made to scale, rhythm and fullness, but the same beznađčajna and meaningless as the bas relief pilaster Renaissance palace (in which liđče). According to Venturi, articulated architecture today as "Minuet in the disco," because, Perhaps in the context of the cacophony of our real landscapes, become impatient for any architecture detail. Furthermore, the delicate arch. is a set of luxury, which is better to eliminate, and the architect of today can not afford allow too literal connection between the form and temporary functions. In short, while the current forms too offensive in relation to its function in the vicinity, Today the details are too sensitive to the tone and the same environment. However, in the other extreme, there individual needs for intimacy and detail, which Modern design is not meet. ARTIZAM Technical (Latin ars art), virtuoso overcoming the technical and formal elements, application refined and rutiniranih means of expression, which often masks a lack of invention and the individual creative expression. Cleaning up for the procedure name in architecture or urban planning, during which the refund is done lost constructive or functional characteristics of an architectural uraben an object or structure. Constructive Cleaning up the re - establishment of structural characteristics of the lost an architectural object. Functional Cleaning up the return of previous funkcionlanih characteristics of a building or urabane whole. Urban Cleaning up is the return or establish new Spatial characteristics of urban-urban structure.  asymmetria disparity, ASYMMETRY (Greek  disparity Engl. asymmetry). It is not identical with both the central axis. Opposite symmetry, t. J. unequal relationship between volume (quantity), and forms Given the mutual accommodation of around one axis or points. The arch. used to achieve particular rhythm, revival of the masses, or surfaces. 

Asymmetry by itself does not mean negation formally understood integrity of work. It must come from the character and spatial pattern of elements that participate in the formation of composition as a spatial concept works. Asymmetry reflects the complexity and diversity programs, it leaves static and the enclosed form and brings more wealth in relations between parts and whole. Assimilation in the architecture concept refers to the action human organism in the space of the surrounding things, Contrary to accommodation that is changing the man and his properties, in accordance with space and environment in which it is located. Attribution, ARCHITECTURE (Lat. attribuere added, attach) the arch. attribution of a part of maintenance. epoch, style, school, architects, based on the outstanding artistic characteristics of the works or on the basis of historical data. A. can often be unreliable. Attribute (Latin attributum attributed, pridodeljeno, attributed Engl. attribute). 1. In the general sense property, a feature. The arch. object or object marks a person or concept and serves as a sign recognition. 2. Symbolic objects koriistio to identify, identifies a saint or deity. 3. Attributes represent properties in architectural system elements, features okoje allow us to identify and differentiate. Properties of elements can be taken and expressed with different forms (physical, chemical, substantial, functional, economic and etc.). which is depending on the interests of research, observation and the nature of the tasks we set. "Analyze a system means take care of its internal functioning, ie. about the function of which each element has in its system, "said Levi-Stross. Changing concepts and changing the attributes, ie. properties elements are taken to task krirterijumima. Same structure elements in different systems "Compositions" obtained peculiar and appropriate attributes therefore they affect the qualitative aspect of the system. Attribute in the architecture building, which expresses the authority personality or character (mythological, etc..), or deities, and which is used to suggest the purpose and use of a buildings. For example, lira areprezentuje Apollo, Pigeon Venus, Neptune trident and others. Thus, Lire find in concert halls and on trozupce buildings and facilities that had to do with seamanship.  didaktos autos I Autodidact (Greek  who teaches), a man, especially the architect who has gained knowledge, skill, trained, instructed in the art or science independent studies, without the help of schools and teachers. 

Many great architects were autodidact. Native architecture, original architect., Founded in certain soil without foreign influence. AA belongs to the National culture, proizašloj and tied for the development of distant past. AUTOMATION IN ARCHITECTURE is the introduction of mechanical cycle of industrial production organisms able to perform fairly complex actions of learning, control, choice, replacing human labor, and when he Length in the field of intellect. Social echoes a. were the subject of studies and consideration, optimistic, or even those apocalyptic understanding, emphasizing transient and uncertain character current production methods and opening new surprising perspectives in the field of work. In brief trails, A. means and the release of large masses of workers and the birth of the alarming phenomenon is defined as technological unemployment. A. The appearance, reduced to its true dimensions of the phenomenon which gradually can be controlled by political the presence of man, completely overwhelmed and vocation architectural and urban culture, as the need for general planning, and because of new problems impose. In relation to the impact that a. can have on production means and form of products, spoke about the the need for a huge redesign which will have a decisive role in the aesthetic point of view. But Besides increasing productivity građ. Industry opens new horizons operational. The automatic 1st ARCHITECTURE In terms of process architect. creation, the autonatsko, the unconscious use of specific architectural form to get a fill new, unknown architectural composition. A. in design is applied, such as automatism in the drawing, when certain forms apart from being unconscious maker. 2. In the modern production architect. facilities, automatic is sometimes presented in terms of frequent repetition and transfer of arch. elements, resulting banalnošću and neinventivnošću shape. 3. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to explain the process of automatically production architect. elements. 4. In the modern architect. objects, the automatic system of their automatic operation and control their functions. AUTONOMOUS architecture name for the arch. objects or parts arch. objects that work for themselves, separated the whole arch. composition. Name of authoritarian architecture Architecture strong architectural styles, which influenced the general Architectural paragraph one time, and the further development architecture in general. 

COPYRIGHT, the exclusive right of authors to be morally and economically exploit their intellectual creation. Avangard, architectural name is used to presented and indicated predecessor one of the architectural movement or style. Architectural avant-garde are individuals or groups for the first time make certain new ideas and new attitudes in the architectural and teroriji practice. Significant movements in the history avangardistički architecture were certainly humanism and the Renaissance, Russian Constructivism, a movement of modern architecture, or previous decades, post modern architecture. Basically, each new movement is in some sense avant-garde. BALANCE IN ARCHITECTURE, balance in the architecture Impression balance in the architectural composition. To made such an impression, architectural forms are shaped around a central axis - axis. Mass balance is achieved composition of various elements, such as: 1 removal or moving closer to the mass of the central axis; 2nd lighter or darker coloring form that gives the same effect. It is a hackneyed architecture without architecture originality, without spirit, the less valuable or artistic worthless architectural work. The term often includes the so-called. current architectural production, deprived tags quality architecture with a large "A". but that the connective tissue of the modern city, or better speaking, an integral element of the urban periphery. In this "Quantity not quality" in direct relation with him, it emphasizes the production of visible references to over primary structure of the urban tissue razastire its thick network necessary character to the fabric used and living there: it is a multitude of different interventions range, the Interior to equip street marking the points of sale and all. BASE INFORMATION Each building is architecturally a certain base of information, signs, symbols, which it determine and define the space and time. Based on this information we can know: the time of construction, style gradnjen object, sociological milieu in which nastako, cultural and historical context, the level of technical knowledge that existed during the construction of the building, the way life in the period of construction the building and others. Outside the context of an architectural object, as in architecture discipline, the base consists of information: written sources, historical examples, contemporary examples, comparative sources. Infinite Space "Infinite space has beskonađčne range, and in the infinite glory domašaju infinite act of existence, "he wrote in Giordano Bruno 

his first dialogue De L'Infiniti, Universo e Mondi. Cult infinite, distance, relativity, space combines, as well as different reactions to a common emotion, or many different achievements of the greats Italian Baroque. In decorative painting, feeling infinite structure suggests abandoning uramljenih images and painted iluzornog unification and Hall of architectural space. This is first achieved news perspektiviziranim image structures, where transparent architectural framework that fails space comes into conflict with groups of figures which it used as a first plan that emphasizes the illusion of depth. In architecture, the feeling beskonađčnog was reduced to fragment construction process different episodes of one who applies the visual arts: first of all through curves, games with perspective and proportion of the mechanism. When the deflection of the facade, which is taken as an urban Scenes for the first time appeared in the church Sv. Luke Pietro to Cortona, curve was created from organic problems connecting the interior and exterior. However, when curve, as in S. Agnese and S. Carlin, shines directly in urban area, its strength and the procedures surrounding area it becomes an open fragment constant oscillation, the point which reveals the true nature of space and movement as events. Emotional induction is achieved by infinite such as with architectural framework composed by manirističkim schemes, placing in the living room figure in the free poses understood as the transformation abstract or as part of law "vision", especially the facade of the building filled with torches, angels trumpets, abstract symbols embedded in the Light the extent that it makes them lighter. Another important tool to achieve the same goal is the central projection used in iluzionistiđčkom sense. Thus the dome baroque churches that are behind the scheme with radial set ribs breaking cassette form in the form Network star post Mar, clearly represents a new interpretation symbolic value as the image of the dome of heaven, while itself proportional setting of the building, which is forcing us look in the unnatural position, as with the rhetorical efficiency creates a feeling of dizziness reversed. Behaviorism in the architecture V. Housing, psychology housing. Behavioral school of architecture based Psychology primarily housing almost exclusively on perception and objective measurement of behavior (behavior) people in different environmental conditions. BIOLOGY SPACE Name space for gardens, green belt or area under arable land. Contrary b.p. simple social space, which makes room for assembly. 

It is a method BIOMORFIZAM arch. design or design objects that mimic the play alive beings. Name BIOMORFNA architecture for architecture that is based on natural forms as a model for creating new architectural forms. BIOMORFNE FORMS Name of arch forms, and general forms in nature that have the characteristics of geometric and other structure of plant materials. Biomorfne forms are eg. base building in the shape exchange geometry, grained tree. In urban b.f. were present in grape-urban. structure, cell structure, honeycombed structure, shell and all. BIOPATOGEN SPACE pathogen space is antipode aspirations builders to achieve the ideal of a healthy environment. Biopatogen space is a phenomenon that occurs often as prenastanjenosti result, excessive density density of one area. In terms of constructive biopatogen space is created using biologically harmful, unhealthy material. Tests have shown that in contemporary architecture in the use of material with harmful effect on the body of people. Thus, for example, Asbestos cement tiles have a cancerous effect, the same is true for certain types of construction adhesives, insulation materials and other resources. Modern Standards organičavaju or disable the use of such material and favors the return of healthy biological materials. The study of space biopatogenog deal with many movements and learning. Especially characteristic is learning Chinese feng-shui, which establishes the legality of the spatial organizations to their own principles. Biotechnology ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURE Architectural structure, it is usually Cellular structure, which is based on biological models in nature and comparison natural and synthetic structures. BIT MAPPING (born making maps bytes) Name the process in computer design (computer aided design), in which turns into a rough picture of (soft) digital form suitable for storage and subsequent use by computer.  area, area) divided into Bizonal (L. bi-, gr.  two zones, which consists of two zones. BLIZANAČKI PHENOMENON IN ARCHITECTURE name for the phenomenon in arch., especially in the contemporary architect. where arch. Object both contain the contradiction of their properties or opposite characteristics that operate simultaneously. A common example of t. find the arch. complex systems Aldo van Eyck, where each unit contains a separate degree of autonomy, while a large degree multivalentnosti, against the general trend 

univalentnosti form, abstract, neutral space. BLOCK, Elementary meaning 1st In architectural terms, name for the extracted funkcionlanu a whole architectural object. Also, it can be and separate technological unit: a block of kitchen, bedroom block and the like. For larger objects it is for example: restaurant block, sports and leisure block etc.. 2. In the constructive sense of the block is the basic constructive element for the construction of: a block of clay, stone blocks and the like. 3. The urbanism is a typical block, a separate urban complex: a block of houses, apartment blocks, office blocks and dr. V. District BLOCK, URBAN block in the classical conception of appears in the urban block as an area for construction bounded by streets with four (possibly three) sides. He as a residential block appears early in the Roman "Insula" gets to build his classic ivičnoj form, which is kept in a small block of our century. Block built in ivičnoj building becomes, in the network ortogonalnog or any other network of streets, almost exclusively in the form of construction of urban tissue. How housing block is also represented unity ownership, ie. was composed of a number of individual lots, to the building regulations were those who are regulated by a unique approach rubnoj building - determining regulatory lines, the height construction, depth, construction and others. So while the core -- center of the block was separated into individual private ownership, some functions of community addressing the ground floor areas of buildings or in certain buildings block, and some of these out. In such a conception of the street or square were places connect the common content and form of clustering ( "Street"). The sudden increase in traffic and all motor pool more influence on the differentiation saovraćajnih flows, and to also contributes to a certain isolation blocks and common content between them. Characteristic was closed block, in which we note three phases of construction of which is the first building created Edge blocks of residential buildings and closing the space, other - the construction of secondary facilities in the yards street buildings and the third phase, which included building objects of public character. Another way of building housing block closed the simultaneous construction of the block as a single enterprise in which its interior as well as green area used for children's play and recreation, and the reservoir of clean air. This enabled the construction new social trends, changes the character of the block, limit its size and remains primarily a 

the initial level of clustering housing with limited community facilities. Need for connectivity is often a huge distance consequences of rapid growth and expansion of cities have also contributed increasing intensity of traffic. Urban classic block represented in the created core of search reconstruction and adaptation of the core in order to achieve synthesis of communion, and for extended parts of the city on the more opened and converted to settlements, associated with good communication with the core and each other. Until the opening of the first block came under the influence of strict divided into four functional areas of urban planning (housing, work, vacation, traffic) where the function community in the residential block were in fact neglected, and the creation of better sanitation and connection with nature has become more important. This approach proved to be an open block, when insufficient was concerned because the larger group, they are born need for some higher forms of the wider community, but as to the immediate neighbor contacts, children playing, etc.., such as supply, culture, sport, social relations, education and others. This led to the concept neighborhood unit, which means the unit is identified from residential areas as a higher level of aggregation of road in a developed urban structure. Blood GROUP Group buildings are conditioned by form of building blocks, lots and requirements insolation. Method of setting conditions of buildings detailed complex with lots disposition facilities. Individual and family building in its dual position can be set or determined by building line or in a free conception. Location of family building to building line mainly regulacionoj line is parallel to the fence, but space of these two lines in blokovskoj building omeđenoj residential streets may not always be the same. Hygiene conditions, insolation, and the concept of solutions these spaces can regulated under the terms of certain claims. In regular pads, group of buildings under regulacionoj line for the building or the placement of objects by regulacionoj building line, these can be regulacionoj placed closer to the fence line or closer to the rear of the lot. Disposition zgradau composition settlement bloc grouping or arrangement of building Street, may have combined positions parallel Street, so that one side of the building closer to the street, and back from the other side closer to the bottom. COLOR (born color, Amer. Color,, France. Couleur, dumb. Farbe, Spain. color, Italy. color, rus. flower) 1 Feeling, that in the eye causes the light emitted from a source 

or reflected from the surface of a body. B. the physical properties of light, determined afrekvencijom roll lights caused by the pulse light sources. Diversified frequency of light given in the human body visible impressions of different colors .. Dissolution of the sun's white light, which contains waves of all frequencies of visible in a continuous spectrum through a prism, we get down colorful - spectral - colors. The degree of refraction ranges are the homogeneous (monochrome) color: red, orange, yellow, Yellow-green, green, plavozeleno, cijanovo blue, indigo and violet. It is 9 main color spectrum, and among them are the gradual transitions. Man about differentiated total spectrum of 150 different shades (roll different frequencies of light), najbilje perceives as the differences in the shades in the middle spectrum (from yellow through green to blue). Normal apercipira about the human sense of color composition of three basic sense: blue, green and red (trihromatičnost), incompletely developed feelings about receiving two colors (dihromatičNost), and eye, which differs only differences of light and darkness in one color, physiological Color blindness is, for color blindness (monohromatičnost). In broad terms differ colorful colors (9 basic colors spectrum) and nešarene colors (black, white and gray, it depends from various degrees of mixing of black and white). White body reflects all the rays of white and black absorbed (absorbed) all rays that fall on him. Colorful paintings have, for Unlike nešarenih, his tone. If the spectrum after purple include scarlet, closes over red circle of color. Colors, by physical mixing give white color, the complementary colors (red and cyan, orange-blue, yellow and purple. Mixing the main color receive various tones, which are called mixed colors (additive color). Mixed colors occur when colorful beams simultaneously and work together on about. Suptraktivna color occurs when through several non-ferrous deposits (filter) exclude certain color bar from a common light. So finally remain only one color, which are passed through all the colored layers (filter). To reach a single order and nomenclature Love, tried in many occasions that Wednesday colors systems. The first such attempt was made I. Newton. Mixing colors of exploring the first T. Meyer 1745th Amateur problems b. dealt J.W. Goethe (Die Farbenlehre). Of newer system is said to be the one W. Ostwald ( "Die Farbenlehre, I-III, 1918-23.) That sorts the colors continuous circle. In this round clash with its positions of two imaginary cone. In one of the cone sorted colors (basic colors on the base) in ascending 

intensity of the nešarenoj white - bright (clear) color, in the second cone to nešarenoj black -- dark (zagasite) color. Colorful colors are pure (based on zamišljenih cone), when not in itself either white or black color. 2. Coloring matter, which has the property that the coloring Body colorless; any tone or pigment, which is different from the white. Raw materials for making paint (bojil) or pigments is very are common in nature, however, rarely are able, that allowed their direct use for staining. Most chemical processes are necessary removing some ingredients from raw materials, to given color. Often the pigments obtained from the matter, which in its basic state does not show color, which is of these products (eg. tar). Natural colors obtained from minerals, plants or animals. Mineral colors are produced mainly grinding or burning of minerals. These are colors anorganskog composition, consistent, eg. kobaltovo plavilo, sangvina, yellow ocher, vermilion. Artificial colors are mineral: lead white, zinc white. litopon, hromovo green and Berlin blue. Vegetable (vegetable) colors are organic composition, eg. carbon (obtained from the leaves of tropical indigo plant), carp-red (the root), and litmus orseille (of lichens), and the different types of wood (eg. Campeche). and animal (animal) colors the organic composition. Are few, and usually cochenille used (obtained from your thyroid) and scarlet (scarlet, purple, from shellfish). COLOR CASE paint is soaked all that surrounds us. Permanent color radiates and creates a very complex man moods, impressions and reactions. This is determined its role and importance in the organization of architectural space. Color is a complex surface quality of a cases. In addition to "standard" dimensions of color such as: openness, hue and saturation, with psychological as a particularly important point for seeing objects represent opportunities and ways in which fear occur. If we look at one color under normal conditions, then it is a surface color. This same color, observed in different lighting conditions (through opening, polutama etc..) removes the contours of objects and seems less material, hazy. Voluminosity colors occurs in observing the sky or fog. Luminozne, light colors have special significance in the visual communications and design. Here the subject seems light, although in fact it only reflects light. Paint can be attracted and rejected, heating or cooling, soothing 

or disturbing. stimulate, charm, courage and grief. According to David Katz, "the color is, rather than form, in close relation to emotion. - Everyone in itself, at least so they say neuropsiholozi, wearing the color of his personality. "Colors are often indicate the various categories of human symbols. Science of Length colors in the sphere itself psyche exploring personality its hidden flows. The so-called "color wheel" najslikovitije the data schema some basic properties of color and by their mutual relationship. Here the colors are grouped in a symbolic divided categories of dark and bright, active and passive, warm and cold, light and heavy, etc.. An interesting study is psychological properties of colors. According to it some color symbolize the various states of mind, character and mentality man. For example: red symbolizes passion, to is the color of the brave, full of people engaged in emotion. Red stimulates the overall activity, heart rate, appetite, general mood ... yellow symbolizes the optimism of life. It is the color of idealists and enthusiasts. It stimulates the imagination. Blue color is a symbol of tenderness. It is the color osećajnih personality. Blue calms and develop intimate mood. The green color is a symbol of moderation. It is Color serious and real personality. Green calms passion and creative works. Purple reflects cheerfulness of spirit, dignity, orange, white is the symbol immediacy and unity, and black represents extremes. According to Faber Birrenu "psychology of color directly related to the fact that the visual and physiological processes triggered by hot (hard) and colors attenuate the cold (soft) colors. So where and how man acquire their observations about the color - from the reaction of his body, reactions that podbada fantasy. "But by Birrenu, also, for example, red color suggests a form of squares, cube, and also applies to "sharp corners and structural plans. Orange sugerišepravougaonik, yellow triangle or pyramid shape, the green form of Hexagon ikosaedra or blue ball shape, and are not recommended for square objects, etc.. From the viewpoint of practical applications in architecture, the bija of particular importance to the architect designer. Color is must operate very carefully and skillfully. Potentials colors can be useful used or misused. Color space can enrich or destroy. If in general may be some words about the rules applying color in architecture, it would retain several Valjala practical experience in its implementation that could use. Interior much rather welcomes the presence of color exterior, where the natural light of the sun must obazriviji and be much more moderate. Here it is advisable 

left a natural color material role enrichment spatial Valera. The inner space can get expert application of color new dimensions and new aesthetic and psychological characteristics. It is well known, for example, to expand the space bright colors while the dark narrow. Red closer to the surface, blue them away. Harmony is a specific color legality you should also take into account. 

In recent times the most used artificial colors, very complex group of compounds with CO2. Their production requires lengthy chemical process factories (in good part based on the extraction of resin from coal - resin color, anilinske colors). During analysis and simteze different compounds are obtained many nuzproizvodi, which is commonly used in pharmaceutical and photographic industries. The richest azopigmenata group, which includes the - N = N - group, then nitropigmenti (picric acid, naftol-yellow); trifenilmetanski pigments (fuksin, Rozin); indigoidni pigments (synthetic indigo); sulfokiselinski pigments (hidron-blue); antrahinonski pigments (alizarin) and azinski pigments (safranin, metilensko blue). Technical fear shared by its action on various materials, which are their colors - the acid, base, močilne, direct, and color reduction built on fiber. BOX OFFICE (architect). Less space separated by partitions other in a larger room. It is used for various purposes in to isolated housing. Eg. the stables, exhibition pavilions, in machine and car garages, in children's hospitals and the like. BOXING circuit, KUTIJASTI circuit (born box box frame frame structure), less kutijasta ramovska construction. Type of reinforced-concrete constructive system, ie circuit building kutijastog some form, in which the its load transferred to the transversal walls. This constructive circuit is suitable only for buildings contain repeating sequences of relatively small spatial units (cells), such as residential or hotel units. B.s. sometimes called cross-wall construction (engl.cross wall). BRAIN WASH Architecture (born brainwashing) Name of architecture that was created as a product of brain wash methods when the consciousness of an architect deliberately remove all previous uricaji and traditions and , with such basics conceived a new arch. ideas. B.w.a. is present in many stylistic turning point in the arch., mostly in a good architect. futurizmu. Branding (Ford brand mark, trade mark) for Title process by which one product is attached 

information about its meaning and value through the form packaging and marketing. B. includes providing a characteristic product names and its advertising, or advertising campaign. Successfully selected and implemented b. gives a product an advantage over the other n produce the same kind and quality, because of information that gives b. stronger effect on consumers in relation to other products and customers are easier to decide to buy. B. also indicates the identity of a product, creating broad field of its users, often presenting lifestyle of a target user group of products. BUILT FORM (Ford built form) analogy that performed between natural forms, those that occur in nature and forms that mimic the natural structure, but incurred racionalim action architect. Rationalist were separated arch. form of natural, giving it characteristics of clarity, precision, self-awareness (Christopher Alexander, Thomas Maldonado, Bruce Archer) while the esthetician believed that the aesthetics of form contained in nature and that it must reflect the nature (D'Arcy Thompson). Name the most widely used CAD program computer drawing. In architecture, this program is pushed classical architectural drawing using ink and pens. The program was developed in the United States, 80 of those years and constantly improving, following the needs and requirements contemporary architectural expression. Capriccio, CAPRICE (Italian fad; franc. Caprice; lat. Capra goats), the work marked hirovitošću, such as hirovite goat movement and jumping. In character. arts, achieve spontaneous, completely free, immediate result mood and playful imagination. Improvisation, which is not subject to common rules and conventions, regular sketch smaller razmera.Pod the "Capricci di digested figure "was made by J. Callot for Lorenzo Medicia number plate with vedut Florence and the different characters and views (farmers, shepherds, dance, duel, battle). F. Goya gave the common name "Caprichos," his phantasmagoria of satirical engraving and aquatint. Cardboard Architecture, Cardboard Architecture (U.S.) 1. Design process during which the models used to demonstrate the formal and spatial relations, without recourse attention to materijalizaciju or function of the final building. 2. Models with a flat surface that is drilled straight black holes, like a series of cardboard boxes. The term is in this sense is used to describe the work of Kahn and others from the 1960s. Whole in terms of urban planning, parts are basically monofunkcionalne, uniform and "summary" of urban structure somewhat "closed" and clearly defined as 

harmoniously integrated morphological unit. Housing Prices FLAT economy includes production housing and exploitation of housing, two areas from which one production and other consumables. Therefore, it can talk about home prices and housing prices. Price is Flat, by classical definition, the term money shares flat as commodities. Arises from the definition and structure of the value of goods and persons as factors in primarily affect the price. The structure of the value of the apartment as well as goods constitutes transferred value of construction techniques, the value transferred building materials and added value in jobs. Added value, also contains First of two parts: the value of salaries of workers in Construction and surplus value. Surplus value includes funds required for providing opštedruštvenih functions, means for accumulation of construction, and another, a new economic category, rent. Rent is an expression of the value of land which is in a residential building one of the factors production. The main factors of which depends on the value price of an apartment flat, the value of money and supply and demand. HOUSING PRICE Price of housing as a form appears in the use of housing stock. It occurs in every Use the form of housing stock, housing. There mainly two ways: living in an apartment on the basis of ownership and housing him in a flat on the base lease over him. Price of housing exists in one and the second manner. The difference is only quantitative, observing only the price aspect of the problem and not, eg. and property. Price of housing is the most complete analytical can analyze more than rent, which is a form of prices in the leasehold housing stock. CENTER, CENTER (U.S.) in the urban context, the name of center core, the old core of a city, village, part of the city. Also, in recent urban. sense, a building or complex of buildings erected with concentrating function of certain urban urban activities: trade, administration, sports, culture, museums and others. In that sense, there are: trade c., c. administrative, sports centers, cultural C., Museum c. et al. In Ant. Greece, the center of the world was considered onphalos ( "Navel of the world"), in ancient Rome is caput mundi ( "firmament world "," center of the world ") and Islam is the Ka'aba. Mircea Eliade notes that, according to many beliefs, very hard falls to the center. It is one of the ideal goal, that can be attained only after a "hectic travel. He writes further: "Reaching the center means to achieve 

devotion, pilgrimage. This, after yesterday profane and illusory existence realizes a new existence, real, lasting and powerful. "If you realize that "World center" means an ideal, or even a public purpose "Lost paradise", then the word "home" and get abliže concrete meaning. It simply tells us then that, to personal life of every man to them his center. According to Christian Norberg-Shultz, the notion of home as the center, the center of our world, dates back to the earliest childhood. Reperne our first points are related to our home and house a child vrlko slow trains to Step outside the home. According O.F. Bollnow-in, center, center - It is home to point, where a man gets his position as thought will be in place, the point where he "lives" and "Leisure" in space. Centralized FORM Form, which primarily means "Concentration". One place, in itself, is primarily "Rounded". C.o. contains in itself two parts: Center and a ring that surrounds it. According to Rudolf Schwartz: Krug, as well as round, connecting people to one another using endless chain ruku7. One is that in one utapa a higher form, and thus become stronger. When people disagree, they are caught in the round, as the time to obey a secret law. Ring, as well as round, no beginning or end. He and starts, and ends everywhere and anywhere ... (unitary form) is the most honest and namoćnija of all geometric figures, and certainly the najjednodušniji. CENTRAL OSA, The Axis architecture name for the central axis of symmetry of an object, which usually goes by its length, dividing it into two identical each symmetrical sides. Central axis need not only refers to the buildings, it can be and the central axis of the facade. Some buildings may have two or more central axis, then we speak about the central buildings. In this case, there are multiple axes of symmetry. In urban terms, the central axis is an axis urban complex, or city block. Frequently it is the city aavenija or characteristic roads. Central orga planning is especially characteristic of projects ideal cities of the Renaissance and Baroque. V. CENTRAL PERSPECTIVE Perspectives. Name of perspective view, a drawing, where the eye point ostvljena in the center of the composition at an angle of 90 degrees in relation to the central object perspective view. Central perspective has a distinctive view symmetric structures, where its left and right characteristic side given the same angle in relation to eye point. Central projection is often used perspective view 

symmetric objects. Central perspective is characterized elements: the skyline is overlapping with horizontal simetralom cases, eye point is located in the center of objects (intersection of horizontal and vertical axis symmetry). Ear points are placed on equal distance from eye screening point. CENTRAL AND FUNCTIONS Center is a specific functional units in the settlements and how they multipliciraju functions and processes of settlement, by combining those "Classic" four urban functions: work, housing, recreation and transport, so that the central region indeed all forms of life and activity of the city are located in specific relationships. Physical structures depend on the degree and nature center (zero degree, first, second, third and IV level, specialized centers, etc..), but the concepts and programming, anticipated contents and "dosage" every one of them, with constant changes that are within the central functions and centers of the natural process of development and new interests. Elimination of central functions, especially at lower degrees, in particular the central physical structure, is one of the important lines of questioning urban theory and practice. CENTRAL PLAN V. Plan, Plan - types of plan. Name of Plan a building which dominates the central axis symmetry. Central Plan found in churches, especially the rotunda and holnih churches. It can be quadratic central plan or circular central plan, but it works in the form of polygonal (hexagonal central plan, octagonal central plan) CENTRAL ACCESS name for frontal access to an object, with the main facade Central space (German Zentralraum) space that has major axis equal to or approximately equal length. At For example, the inner space of one central building. CIRCULATING PRINCIPLE URBAN PLAN It is the principle urban. planning and construction based on the principles circulation of traffic, trade and exchange goods and energy in the area of the city. Circulating principle was used initially to be provided transportation goods and supply of food and clothing larger number of population, but also to be Enabled mobility of citizens and housing a larger number of soldiers during the siege of a city. Originally there were two basic characteristics derived from c.p.u.p. in Hellenistic Greece: the existence of perspective and long urban axis. These principles were later transferred to Rome castrum. During the Middle century, however, c.p.u.p. developed was individually for each instance, depending on the urban characteristics of the urban plan. 

Citation in architecture as in other visual arts, and architecture are present examples of citations. In order to shows the sources of their ideas or to connect to the ancient models, many architects uses the elements of these models, or are in the form of citations. during the entire period of the Renaissance, we find buildings that abundant citations of their ancient prauzora. Reading find in many modern architectural objects and styles. Post modern architecture based its position on the abundance of quotations from the past, primarily from ancient architecture. The modern architecture are common quotes from national and folk architecture. Thus For example, traditional Japanese architecture is often Source citations in contemporary architecture. CLIP ON ARCHITECTURE What are the British group Archigram Japanese metabolisti qualified or entitled chip-on, plug-in is a result of the outstanding features time, yet unrealized, but clear in setting triple structure built in the middle, ie. functional pluralism. Contrary to the strict division activity in the triple structure, the basic matrix, elements meet (typical unit) and system supply proved to be great opportunities for growth and environmental changes, and the very unit whose plugging As part can no longer be considered completed. Primary matrix, often burdened with infrastructure tasks allow these changes, the expansion elements to their complete replacement. Multifunctional use of space, especially in group Archigram to the Anti-architecture is predimenzionisano effort to traditional isolated view of the object - static box -- overcome, the establishment of the independent lines among levels of future space. If these attempts at abundant use of techniques as well as understand the desire to achieve ideal situation, however, remains a very clear message about need some changes in the understanding and practice architecture. Commodore (franc. comfort, convenience, comfort) French name for comfort, for the increased demands for better organization of human living. Architectural theoretical understanding, the understanding of XVIIIv., regarding the construction of castles and hotels (franc.) according to which is necessary to provide effective scheduling of all major and minor premises. It is also necessary to realize comfortable housing, rather than representative housing. C. conducted a major impact on reformation of housing construction and introduced new characteristics and standards of housing. Interior c., extracted features are a sitting room and sleep, and representative functions of space and 

service agencies. This segregation of the premises resulted in even to the construction of buildings which included more different buildings, each had different function. Compartment (compartment Ford) 1 Clearly defined area within a garden, often live separately Iloilo fence wall. 2. Room in a building or space that is extracted. 3. Subdivisions, pododeljenje one larger departments in the building. 4. Suitcase on the ceiling or ceiling. COMPONERE (L. componere) compose, put together; develop a plan for a work of art and arrange his parts; husband. compose musical work. Computer Aided Design, CAD (computer-born design) The term is used to mean a computer program that is used to replace the developer and designer conventional means of drawing and graphic shown by drawing on paper on board crtaćoj, through a system that can produce much better drawings and general building design plays much faster than classical techniques of drawing. Also, this program contains additional advantage that these drawings can be accommodated within the computer memory, from which can be "invited" and processed as needed by designers, or changed, much faster than conventional methods. CAD was developed in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the period of the year 1950. However, then computer systems were very expensive and therefore could be used only in those industrial branches where the design justified the use of large investments (eg. aero space, and automotivna industry). However, soon after the first pioneer enterprise use of computer technology in the process design, developed the new hardware has become widely applied: computers increased processing speed and memory size, and also decreased their price and physical size.  CAD software is a flexible tool that contains both the database - information, and requested opportunities for the preparation and execution of the process of drawing. These opportunities include: viewing option arch. Property or a design from any angle of observation; its rotation, showing its characteristics, reduction and zoom, display cross-sections any part of the design, the ability to view objects the linear or superficial manner, the possibility of hiding constructive lines and their removal from the structure facility; prilkazivanja ability of individual components detached building. This design was created by computers, can be stored on the disk inside 

computer memory, or can make "hard up "by using the plotter, who would like a robot transmit stored digital information. List all elements of the building and its components can be transferred through the network to other computer units, which are eg. on site or in the production plant where he designed elements are produced, as well as warehouse, point of sale, etc.. CONCATENATIO (Latin, Engl. Concatenation) Unity elements reached their merger as the merger chain, eg. the architectural separatnih elements of a long facade (each with its own roof separately and composition), where the fronts discharged into the field or were withdrawn on the inside. This composition also called Staccato composition. Konkatenirane facades were favorites in many architects, especially in William Kent and others Palladijanista, and the purpose of articulation. Conceptual Architecture, Conceptual Architecture (U.S.) architectural design that is not realized is the "conceptual design". Interpretations of terms from the 1960s iključuju spatial definition, simulated performance and image projected in sky by a laser and volumes covered by air in movement, with walls of fire and water (eg. proposals Yves Klein and Werner Ruhnau a). Air-jets are proposed instead of constructive structures, creating "instant forms. Some theorists consider a conceptual architecture than the process of emergence, but for final architectural building. CONCEPTUM, KONCEPTIRATI (L. conceptum) Develop the first composition, to make (or: do) plan, draft, sketch (parts, documents, etc.).. CONFIGURATIO (L. configuratio) Configuration. Shaping, uobličenje, education forms, external shape; astra. relative position, apparent or real, celestial bodies. CONFORMARE (L. conformare) Saobraziti, saobražavati, configure, tune, featuring; konformirati the conform. CONFORMATIO (L. conformatio) Composition, structure, materials of a body; getting, saobraženje, setting the which, the customization. Conforti (Location Confort) Comfort, comfort (as a consequence delicious and practical arrangement home, life, etc..), all what an apartment should have and to be fully comfortable; material welfare; assistance; up. comfort. CONGLOMERATIO (L. conglomeratio) Stacking, accumulation, gluing, integrating everything and svačega. CONSTRUCTION SPIRITUELLE (franc. spiritual construction) 

The name that is used for the architecture of Le Corbusier, which gives its definition as a spiritual discipline and activity of constructing a building or space general. This is a new conception of space, built on the basis of Renaissance concepts of intertwining of internal and outer space, which is used by Borromini poznobaroknih their churches. Towards the end of the twenties XXV. This permeation is applied to the building for housing. That possibility is latent in the lay skeletnoj construction, but the skeleton demanded his artistic transposition. Contextual architecture, Contextual architecture (Ford) also called kontekstualizam (contextualism) term suggests that the architecture of their aodgovara environment through respect for what is already in the environment is, as opposed to constructivism or dekonstruktivizmu, working deliberately against uspostavljenoj geometry and traditional practices. CONTIGUITAS (nl. Contiguitas) contiguity, touching; touching the building in space, space limitations buildings in urban terms. Coordinating CATALOGUER (born coordinating catalog collector) Name of the designer, architect, rarely, made in U.S. consumer in the development of architecture and "Do it yourself architecture, "in which the role of the architect reduced the level of person who represents the elements of a house or a interior through the possible samples that are cataloged and which enter into a unified whole. Interesting some systems c.c. which have been developed with the aim of fast and efficient construction. Systems contain compatible elements for different parts of the house and their assembly possible to achieve a single object. Ezra Ehrenkrantz, separated c.c. and his team designed the 1970 a very successful system pressed ljuskastih sklopivih parts of the house. All elements are manufactured as separate, self-supporting shell construction, so that their mutual assembly very simple. CORPORATE IDENTITY (born aggregate identity) represents system packaging, visual style, the company that gives separate and unique identity through the design. It is often the identity of a company focused on its logo, through its application, the header on the letters and billboards, marketing materials, which gives him the importance and importance. This unique concept can be contained within the architecture of a company, and even how služmenika clothing. Wally Olins, a pioneer c.i. from 1960 -- these, draws attention to within a small or young companies, Identity management is intuitive feature. Large companies, on the other hand, more pay attention to creating a clear picture of their 

business intentions, values and identity, entering cohesion in what may seem like komleksna uniqueness of the company. Often stresses that the works Peter Behrens for AEG company represented the first For example c.i. This concept is now the most developed in large American and multinational companies. CORRECTIO (from Lat. Correctio Repair) Correcting art work done by the author himself or others. DRAWING (born drawing, France. Dessin, dumb. Zeichnung, Ital. Disegni, rus. risunjok) Graphical form of the a surface. In a wider sense, images or objects phenomenon, conducted by means of graphic line mark, stain. The combination of clean lines, merging streak and stain, contrast black and white, the effects of light and shadows can be achieved by linearity and plasticity drawings. It is used mostly one color, if not rare drawings in various colors. C. the way of universal expression and older than the written word. Developed between utilitarističkih application on one side and pure fantasies on the other, until it became an important factor figural art. Artistic drawing of the base is all forms of art create: graphic, painting, sculpture and architecture. C. can be completely independent and self-completed work or serve as an initial, preparatory stage of designing images, the fixation of certain ideas and implementation forms in space. C. made by nature is a means, that a specific (artistically) defines održ reality. Theory and practice sets, as the primary request, the correctness and exactness of drawings, and therefore learning drawing the basis of art education. Studies drawing are based on precisely defined principles of reproduction of forms on the surface, volume modeling chiar-scurom, determining the spatial plans with perspectives and anatomically faithful impression of the body. The basic element of drawing the line art (line). Mo9gu lines expressed two basic dimensions: height and width, the third, the depth, as the illusion is achieved by applying certain assets, including prospects. Besides drawing, nature-made, there are those in which the artist expresses his imagination. If a drawing as a scientific factor supporting clean technical character, ie, with a very utilitarian intention, then it is a technical drawing. Drawings differ in methods of teaching, by subject, purpose, technique and character. For the realization of drawings needed basis, drawing materials and accessories. The substrate can be any substance, which may be visible ucrtavati moves. First base paleolitskog man was his wall surfaces 

dwellings, caves. Later to become stone, bone, wood, copper steel, bricks, silk, paper. The ancient world is the papyrus, parchment and medieval artists final paper. Paper is transferred to Europe from China in XI-XIIv.; Wider application received in Xvv. When apostaje most requested basis for the drawing. The substrate is often covered (grundirala) special funds or bojadisala. Drawing materials are divided (in the broad sense) in the dry and current. Suva techniques: pencil, graphite, chalk, charcoal, red chalk (sangvina), pastel. The application of liquid techniques (different vrtse ink, ink, sepia and color) cartoons are necessary accessories: cane, brush, pen (goose and metal). Art means of expression which the c. serves as contour, volume and stains. Contours, clear outlines, line, serve the artists of ancient times to Today (linear drawing). The illusion of an object volume achieves the contrast of black and white, light and shadow, so. drawing modelacijom.Upotrebom dry and sharp crtačkih material shadows are performed thin parallel hyphens (šrafiranje), while the charcoal drawings, or Chalk Shading is done in broad areas or with for it with a soft rubber. Much more subtle exponentiation tones can be achieved by current drawing materials. Drawing, rđen diluted ink, called lavirani C., and grading of a grisaille paintings. Moving from linear and plastic drawing or painting in tone called Sfumato, soft design forms and blur contour. Spots were made drawings of them, which is the color or ringing the basis of artistic expression. It is a tone or painting drawing, made mostly brush, it is by its character of approaching painting. It is often difficult differentiated by drawing pictures, but because monohromnih There are also multicolored drawings. Watercolor, gouache, pastel, ink can serve equally as well as drawing and painting materials. DRAWING Building (German Aufriss) Graphical appearance of a building or its inside the normal projection (see projection) in reduced scale, so it is possible to observe the entire space structures. CUTTING DRAWING, DRAWING Workshop, Workshop PLAN stone-cutter is ptreban for his work drawing workshop (cutting stone) which is drawn every single stone and numbered. CYBER Architecture (U.S.) Cybernetic architecture. Concept is used to indicate the architecture of a highly tehniciziranog character. As a rule, this architecture is the use of computers and rarely futuristic 

character. Cyber objects are highly funkcionlani, made for use in strictly intended purposes. Cyber interiors pronalzimo in equipment or in a cosmic station futuristic films from science fiction genre. Clean surface, usable area (architect). Clean surfaces for utilization in residential and business premises, calculated without stepenišnog space, elevators, etc.. and without surface of the walls, which serves as a base for obračunavanjej legal and physical relationships such as: the amount of rent, the amount ideal work and all. Pure HEIGHT, HEIGHT USEFUL distance focus reinforcement pressed by extreme edge of concrete in reinforced concrete. Readability Architectural Form (born comprehensibility) Understandability arch. form. The characteristic architectural form, arch. or urban plan to be clear understood, understandably presented. Message readable plans veova is znažna, unambiguous, legible. One architectural form can be readable in terms of: organization of elements of form, type and choice of construction forms, types of materials. However, the basic readability form is located in its ideological, social or psycho historical context that includes. According to Lewis Mumford, what could be called "Slikovitošću," what a physical property that case provides a strong power of provoking live performances by any observer, it can be called or čitljivošću Maybe "uočljivošću in strong terms. According to Kevin Lynch, the readability of the urban context, is one of the visual quality: the obvious clarity, perspicuity of urban landscapes. Under those on means the ease with which its parts can recognize and organize into a coherent picture. who is urban landscape readable, then it can be visually cover and understand the complex image razaznatih symbols; legible city would be the one whose parts or Belege or street easily recognize and identify, with What is all this easy to assemble in one bulk, complete image. Č. the most important quality of dispositions one city, and the concept of readability can be used today the reconstruction of cities. Although clarity and readability by no means the only important feature of a beautiful city, it is of particular importance when considering human surrounding the scale of urban size, time and complexity. In order to understand, we do not razmatrti only the city as a thing in itself, but city-so kind of him see its inhabitants. MAN - If you examine the main measures concerning the main measures normal man, for example. a man of medium size, we find almost everywhere on the measures shared with the module of 12.5 cm, and measures that can be round, so that 

divisible by 12.5 cm. No man is not quite the same another man. Therefore, as well as better understanding and remembering the relationship of the main measures, it is better to apply rounded, rather than rely on accurate measures some random person, or the average of several person. In our case, an overall height of a man 1.75 m, then the height of the eyes to 1.625 m, height to the middle door (Adam's apple) 1.50 m, height of 0.875 feet to the composition of m Overall width: 0.50m, overall thickness and width to height leaves 25 cm, etc.. Also worth and the main measures of a man in a sitting position: seat height 45 to 50 cm height thighs 62.5 cm, height armrest 65 to 70 cm, upper shoulder height 112.5 cm, total height in a sitting position 137.5 cm. These measures are valid for normal cases, but the change proportionally higher or lower the seat. All these measures can shared with module 12.5. General care is taken that the total height of man height is 8 heads, and there is an inner connection with the number of modules 12.5 = 100 / 8 ČOVEKOMERNOST SPACE Architects, first of all the arts, must express most intimate desire of man because it makes part of his existence, within all events life. Humana focus is not only one of the aspects architecture, it is its premise. No autonomous arch. which is not related to the fate of man and human community. The man was and remains the measure of its values. Čovekomernost no means vulgar antropologizam return time measures in the thumb, feet and elbow. Humanism is the broadest concept of maximum democratization of social life and the real liberation of people from all kinds coercion and threats of its human and creative drives and needs. The role of architecture would be that of ensuring that, with in turn, organized the most optimal conditions space as a frame of life and activities of man and community. Certainly not matter how she made, because human form of society and environmental conditions in where's lives and works. The Schinkel, "Architecture the breeder of all human relations, and writes Frankastel that the "work of art unique product specific activities that are performed at the same time to plan material business activities and imaginary date social groups. In both cases, in addition, work has twice the sociological and individual characteristics, the same as and the human personality kojaga is produced. ČOVEKOMERNOST in architecture, characteristics or traits a space or object that makes it enjoyable, acceptable from the standpoint of measures and dimensions 

adjusted man. For a space we say that Meran man if spatial relationships, and relationships in man as a function of its users. Against čovekomernom space, we can talk about gigantizmu or gigantomaniji, where building dimensions and colossal percepcionih not matching the characteristics of man. Good architecture should be čovekomerna. measurable Human dimentizajama, human functional. Space which does not have čovekomernost, loses his sense of human and character. Throughout history, architecture, man has always a basic measuring unit of space. Since Vitruvia to Leonard, human actions are the basic measures of space. Rate, elbow, hand, thumb were the main čovekomerne unit length. In his Le Moduloru, Le Corbusier makes accurate system of modular measures arising from human dimensions as the reference models and transpose it to universal measurement system generally accepted in the architecture. Strength and comfort in the architecture According Vitruviju, whose later assumed the position of Sir Henry Wootton, architecture the stability and comfort, and enthusiasm. Gropius, or only his followers, indicated that Strength and comfort in the architecture are equal enthusiasm, to design a program plus a lot of just give form, to the beauty Side - a product, and that the process of making architecture becomes a play architecture. Louis Kahn said the 50 years that architect should be surprised by the appearance of your project. It was assumed that process and play never contrary to the result of the keenness of clarity and harmony these simple relations, unalloyed, of course, beauty symbolism and ornamentation, or associations in advance designed forms: Architecture is frozen process. CELLS IN ARCHITECTURE (Lat. cell Engl. Cell, dumb. Zelleital. Cella cells). 1.Ćelija in the monastery or prison. 2. One of the fields krstatog or ribbed vault. The arch. novel. period, usually derived from the final layer of small stone Rizla (fragments) set in plaster mortar; got over. period, performed by properly set stone. The oldest known example is Church of Saint Denis in the 1140s 4.g .. Also, the use of the network name (Ford website). 3. The cell is the smallest independent closed one unit of space. The cell can be a basic element of a cellular structure. The theory of creation æ. based on the theory pripijenih closely related field. Ć. The basic element ćelijastog prefabrikovanog system construction, spatial structure or cell cells are building for themselves, to cell potpodela arch. space, how the 

Length megastrukturalnog systems in the city, which is designed as a single cell organism. 'll Most famous protagonists. Constructive , Primary In his early days as a man uses all flat eligibility immediate natural environment - maquis, hollow trees, rock shelter, a hole in the earth, caves and Fig. and then there are a variety of trimming or extending gradually adapted to their needs, and so changes their immediate environment, while acquiring knowledge and skill in creating an inexhaustible wealth of forms. It forms of wealth is in fact a consequence of different natural environment (geographical, geological, climatic and etc..) and differences in needs and position in society. So come to the fore and construction techniques tazličite that regardless of the mentioned forms of wealth, when comes to cottage or apartment may be monitoring awareness mainly on technique of drilling into hard material (stone, les) technique of matching elements - masonry (stone, ice, cave or dried clay), modeling techniques, techniques supporting lining (plastered pleter, arm. concrete) and the technique of the skeleton. The following basic principles of constructive pattern found also various examples, such as Eskimo Igloo or Dalmatian Bunja, knitted or huts of the European African regions, or Mongolian yurt, the wooden skeletons laponskih covered country cottage or tents scaphoid covered with skin, Indian vigvame or Balkan busare, then in stone and punched corpse cells etc.. Further phase of the cell experiences when it is better utilization of covered space exceeds the separation roof of the wall construction. The transition to the basics rectangular shape contributed to the organization easier base, better training of construction, although some free forms do not exclude the possibility but only usually limited. It also affects the establishment divide the functions of the division, although we have seen before in Lapp tent. Similar to the example we see in the tent Chukchi where the "hot section" dedicated to sleep in tents or Tibetan desert nomads is the division more developed. First unicellular house, whether it is abisinskoj house on a circular base with a shallow scaphoid roof or Balkan suhozidini almost ovalnoj base and covered with straw, and similar homes, but made clear division of space and privacy on the part of cooking, sleeping and staying. At this stage of development occur in the first separation separate spaces to functions. One way is such that certain functions are not only keeping households and the economy, but also those from the domain individual sphere, the sphere of representation and the sphere 

work, grouped freely, as is often the case in African countries, or connect or open closed porch, or, at home Damongo tribe in Africa, grouped around a common internal space-roofed courtyard. It all points to a the road home further development which is characteristic mainly to warmer regions and leads slobodnijoj -- organic - the conception of space (the organization) flat. Makoliko that this way more characteristic of areas with sharp climate, but a similar development can be traced in warm areas, eg. Dida in the home of the tribe on the coast D'Ivoire where the inside ring base made differentiation of space by functions. These development paths can track when it comes to housing in the team. Eg. It is a separation of the lodge the Balkan cooperative or division of large houses Native American, Celtic clan, shared houses natives in Borneo, and more. CELLS, Room (L. Cella room, rooms for clipboard, storage, dem. Cellule, gr.  Hut) separate sobica, planks,  especially friar. CELL STRUCTURE famous in the traditional urban ensembles, as well as the latest efforts standardization of industrial production and urban unit-cells. In combination with cell megastrukturom the sixties were flooded "visionary projects "(Friedman, Arhigram, Hozerman et al.) Cell structures are flexible and enable the return process construction and razgrađivanja, change the location and types. Cellular PLAN V. Plan, Plan - types of plan. Name of Plan a building which dominates the Cellular Structure buildings. Cell structures known as habitat, and this type of plan is typical for projects of hotels, where hotel rooms built in ćelijastoj structure. Cellular Prefabricated Construction System Name for prefabricated construction system where the basic prefabricated Unit construction is not a panel or a pillar, but the Housing cells, ie, an element of bedrooms, bathrooms, and kuhnje sometimes the whole apartment. Cellular Architecture-based architecture design and zgradnji cell system. Decentralization, Decentralization notion that explains the situation, or planned or unplanned intention that one urban environments extend through the construction of newer urban structure outside the existing urban structure center. D. of urbanism is parallel to d. in sociological sense, where we observe a community population outside the central influence of the motherland. Examples of D. find in urbanism XVIv. So Paris, XVIv end. was the largest European city, with about 220,000 

residents to 1637.g. the number was almost doubled, with 415,000 inhabitants. Fears ruling circles of constant expansion and the creation of too large neve of the Henry II to issue 1548.g. edict, which was prohibited the construction of Paris outside border stones and outside the city gates. The edict was expressed limited "bornirajući" absolutism, as opposed to absolutism that is striving to expand cities. That Nantes was abolished 1588.d., but again, with increasing absolutism, there was more oštrijih prohibition of any new construction, even in the city, because the increase in the number of houses and people watched the danger of rebellion. The prohibitions are repeated in XVIIv. With prescribing penalties and seizure of property. The ban from 1638.g. are given citizenship convincing reasons and justification: the creation "Rđavog air and dirt, creating a motive for Police disorder, murder and theft. In addition to these dangers, citizens of points and a threat of supply food for residents leaving the surrounding villages. Decentralization of cities, what was ancient Rome, re-developed and there is a high level of vrtarskoj architectural composition during the Renaissance and Baroque. Roman campaign, with the rolling, picturesque landscape, attracting the rich layers of citizenship that there build summer villas, surrounded by richly decorated gardens. Created by Tim vangradski belts villas and some other Italian and French cities. Parallel with the process of urbanization in late seventeenth and early XVIIIv. occurs in many large European cities displacement of population from the narrow, business city center, where residential areas are increasingly converted to business. This process was caused by a tendency for the intensive exploitation of land and buildings in the very center of trade and business, which represents beginning of the separation of housing from places of work. Outstanding example of this kind of decentralization was London, in process of education of its narrow business center, City. At the beginning of decentralization in London strongly influenced epidemics of plague, 1665th and a large fire, 1666th year, which is destroyed a substantial part of the city center. Chronicler of early decentalizacije London, McCauley, left us a living picture of the changes that this process has caused in your life central part of town: "City ... contains only places where it is a bunch of money. For enjoyment and spending money nekamo to go elsewhere ... "Another English author says, middle XVIIIv., that the number of manufacturing employees workers in London, "significantly decreased because the workshop move to surrounding villages, so that it hit 

production continues. " Decentralized UZGRADNJA name for urban concept of building a city where the city urban structure uniformly, the same population density distributed within the surface tissues of a city. D.g. is a city that is not burdened with the legacy of urban or metropolitan past, but was built on empty space, with primary motive of achieving same time standards urban life in any city zone Kojo. Celebrities For example d.g. the Frank Lloyd Wrigtt project for the city Broadacre, the 1932nd year, which is decentralized city and all its spheres. Decimal system by León Battisti Alberti-in, nee. 1404, renowned architect and architectural theorists earlier Italian Renaissance, video Aristotle superiority of the decimal system over all others in that which is the sum of the third potency of the first four of the same different potency of 10: 13 23 33 43 = 102, ie, 1 8 27 64 = 100th It is also the sum of the first four numbers: 1 2 3 4 = 10 This match is founded on the law by which the sum third potency of numbers from 1 still equal to the square sum of these numbers. So: 13 23 33 43 53 = (1 2 3 4 5) 2 = 225, ie, 1 8 27 64 125 = 152 = 225. For this our analysis of the important values: 13 to 253 = 105 • 625 = (1 to 25) 2 = 3252nd It figures these last values are the potency No. 5: 52 = 25, 53 = 125, 54 = 625, 55 = 3125, 56 = 15,625. In particular, this technique is really important correlation than the multiple divisibility, as it will later be specializes explained. We should still take into account that the whole people, who in their measures do not use dvanaestinski system do not show any understanding for this, our decomposition. While still in Germany in the nineteenth century tortured hard dvanaestinskim nizanjem the decimal system, the eastern people, almost consistently, spent the decimal system in its measurement system (Japan), or in your system, measures and money (China). In China, 1 Chan 10či = 1 CI = 10cun, 1 = CUN 10 hair. In Japan: 1 hand = 10sun, 1sun = 10bu, 1 bu = 10 rin. Decimal gradation IN Palco Benefits decimal gradation were so clear that, even in Time of thumb, the whole country or a certain title placed on its use. So in Switzerland divide 1 Swiss rate in 10 Swiss palace, and Geometri in Germany share rate of 10 thumb and thumb in 10 lines. 

In many countries the grip was 10 feet. Especially in measurement of surface fields grip count with 10 decimal rate. However, in other titles is held dvanaestinsko nizanje that are used in addition to decimal nizanja surveyor and mernika. This is, of course, led to a terrible mess. Sizes are different thumb in some countries, according to a different division rates the thumb. In addition to the different areas and rates differently distributed according to the purpose, and it was such. građevinarskih rate, the rate workshops, military construction rate, the rate of artillery, kamenolomskih rate, and in addition more and factory rate, Polish rates, the urban rate, etc.. Also mnogobrojnei various labels and were captured by the measures, and was Polish catches, catches livadarskih, drvarskih catches, forest catches, catches walking etc.. Length of the rate was is different in various countries, and the units that the rates were different shared. DECK IDEA (born platform, terrace) idea that created as a negation of organizing a communication arch. building or urban space through the corridor. D.i. involves the use of large area terraces each connecting two or more spaces. Cartesian (Descartes) coordinate system (Matthew). Linear system of coordinates in the plane or in space; kosougli and can be angled (see coordinate system). Gridlines passing through the origin the coordinate axis. With angled Cartesian coordinate system of two axes which are located in primary plane called apscisnom and ordinatnom axis (usually are designated as the x-axis and y-axis) and the third - the administrative fundamental plane - the point (z-axis). The orientation, trijedar that make this axis can be left or right. Decomposition (L. decompositio) disassembly (or: raščinjenje, dissolution) of a body on its ingredients, packaged parts, raščlanjavanje; decay; decay. DECONSTRUCTION, architectural concept of deconstruction is developed by French philosopher Jacques Derrida, in the period 1960tih late years. It was primarily philosophy literary criticism and a method of reading in which the text seen as a number of interpretations. Process dekonstruktivizma is npočeo affect the architecture and design by the end of the 1970s. In this context, deconstruction began observing the design process as arguments for the solution of the problem. Deconstruction Download explores the arguments presented and their analysis in terms of acceptability for project. In this sense, deconstruction is primarily approach, and then style. However, dekonstruktivizam 

a style that is often used to represent dekonstrukcioniste architect. Architecture critic Charles Jencks is connected with dekonstruktivizam philosophical practice of postmodernism. However, there diversity between these two directions, above all, dekonstruktivizam rejected numerous architectural quotes, and Historicism, which is not the case with postmodernism. Thus, we can understand deconstruction in some sense as psychoanalysis and architecture design. Deconstruction has had the most impact on architecture and interior design, which is possible to see projects Gehryja Frank, Peter Eisenman, Hiromi Fujii and Ben Kelley. In industrial design, dekonstruktivističke approaches to find the anti - design. Find deconstruction in graphic design. DECORATION (Latin decorare, decoratio, decor decorate, decoration; franc. decoration, dumb. Dekoration). The notion that indicates a complete architectural or artistic enrichment, realized composition detailed elements, which performs feature exterior or interior decoration each arch. object or individual cases. Although essentially opposite quality, d. and construction are often different gradation of the organic link. If d. associated with the content of a work of art, with frame or structure, it is functional, and if not, it is formalist. The stela of the Egyptian Pharaoh "snakes" from The Dynasty surface plate is decorated with three stylized view that represent three characters Pharaoh symbols divine ( "sparrow hawk"), earth ( "snake" and the symbol power ( "Big Doors"). It is d. who speak their symbols, art, which was the forerunner of the letter, ornament, which is deeply meaningful. Forms ehinusa at dorskog or volute in Ionic columns are decorative details that But the deep logic of conflict interpret load (prenošenog over architrave) and force, which carries (materialized in the column), through the artistic realization Display elastic deformation of the line siluetnoj ehinusa or plastic deformation in the tense spiral volute. Breakdown of the spatial structure of Gothic construction works kontrafora decorative richness details profilacija and fijala. However, this is structural system derived from pure static functions; Kontrafor is in fact materialized lines static pressure, and thus forms Gothic constructive skeletons unite itself synthesized decorative and functional qualities. In the modern architect. under certain conditions, the performance of the system outage protection, so. brise-soleila, a functional element 

solutions. At the same time, construction schedule specified in front arch. object has a different decorative qualities. In fact, mostly of the decorative elements of the traction their origin from different modified functional solution design or structure. Columns, pilasters, kontrafori, architrave, ceilings, roof, or ranges timpanonski triangular endings dvostrešnog roof - in its original phase, emergence - the elements exact, deep logical and functional arch. construction, which proves the realization of period classical Greek stage (column, architrave, timpanon), Roman (column, vault), Gothic (column, Kontrafor, vault), or Contemporary (pillar, console) architecture. However, in During the development of the elements mentioned losing the original functional role, and their decorative qualities become more formalist intonirani, which show achievements in the development kasnorimske (polustubovi, blind arcades), kasnorenesansne (polustubovi, pilasters, blind ranges) or eclectic architect. XIXv. (Portici treated as scenery). Besides the above mentioned arch. elements are applied for decoration spoljšnjosti arch. facilities often some plastic, and relief sculpture elements, which show examples of areas with the architect. Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, pretkonkvistadorske America, and such period from Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and XIXv. in Europe, and brought time with posručja modern architect. Pictorial elements, inkrustracija and mosaics, are rarely applied as a means of exterior decorations in arch. composition. Decorations of this kind are eg. in starohrišćanskoj and Byzantine arch., ie Roman and Gothic arch. on the soil of Venice and Tuscany. Internal spaces in the arch. facilities are often rich elements of the arch., d. figualne and ornamental, which is consist of architectural-konstruktivnihdetalja, vajarskih and painting contractors, stucco, mosaics, wooden sheeting, atpeta, sagova products and artistic handicrafts. Decorative elements with the structural system, spatial composition and processing of materials constitute the main feature some of the architect. styles. If the PMU. period, the focus of Ath. composition-oriented expressing elementary Corps, clear design and pure volume, then the decorative component suppressed (steroegipatska, Romance, contemporary architect.). Nasupro that, in some periods the wealth Decorations balanced with the power structures (classical phase Rome. arch., Gothic arch.), and other decorative elements overcomes (late stage of Rome. arch., Baroque architect., arkitektura eclecticism XIXv.). D. the characteristic component of the development of almost all 

utility objects which man creates for their needs, from the time of prehistory to the present day. In addition certain materials (metals, stone, wood, clay) processed in different ways (forging, cizeliranje, cutting, carving, sanding, inkrustracija, carving, marquetry, modeling, painting, weaving, knitting). D is an important element in making furniture, garments, vessels of baked clay, stone, metal, glass or porcelain, and of precious metals, stones and similar matter. IN INTERIOR DECORATION (nl. decoratio) decoration an object, ornamentation some rooms (carpets hanging or tapestries on the walls, setting style izrađenog furniture, etc..) Pos. setting the stage with backdrop, background, etc.., ornament, glory, medal, medal, honorary sign. Activity SCHEME If we want to express, in the initial stage, the content of future space will serve the activity scheme, which express his desired state. In fact, this scheme shows superior content, links, gathering centers in the observed space and desirable transformation. Fully exploring with the activity side provides placement activity scheme, which will allow you to be clear enough present the so-called border. Plan of mass, which is determined affected area in all three dimensions - or his refers to the immediate vicinity. The plan of the masses, therefore, have already established relations between delatnih group, zone, as and their immediate position in the middle, in a sense the plan is located on the border between the activity and analysis form, because its completion is not possible to bypass and way clustering of the future space (formatting). Since we are in the previous, delatnoj analysis, the answer the question of "what", the second part, the analysis of forms, answering the question of "how". In principle, this process is two access, which means that both are not always required; in the first is structural, and other historical analysis form. DELF TECHNOLOGY (born Delphi Technique) Name of technique forecasts used to predict and analyze the circumstances that will affect Urbanism. This technique is important for urban planning. Technique is based on the discovery of the future with invention or inventive future for which the Scientists believe that it is possible that will happen, and based on indicators of the overall development of mankind. There are dozens of entries that affect the events in future, which contain statistical surveys Gallup surveys: the development of primitive artificial life, the possibility of regional control of water, getting 

food from the plantations of the sea, the impact of drugs on inetligenciju man, the creation of new human organs and all. DEMOCRATIC ARCHITECTURE term is associated with the architectural urban concepts that are established Welby Puginoovih understanding developed Ruskin and William Morris. Movement of "democratic art" was inspired by the ideals utopian socialism and for elite consumption narrow Group refined intellectuals. Domain Extension aesthetics to the entire community and to every rank of its life becomes an ideal that inspires three generations artists who explore the craft of production processes challenging the great individualistic art Renaissance tradition in favor of the return of modesty and collective inspiration. Historic commitment here is to express the court and pointed to a tendency, but is not a word about confrontation between past and present, but about confrontation between the two great historical period, between two worlds and two types of humanity: the aesthetic appeal and human values inextricably overlap and merge, the ethical commitment not preceded by an aesthetic but identify with him. A citizen who is looking for aesthetic experience Ruskin imposes selection; can not have it all together and that all not lost: neutrality istoricizma who would like to can taste each drink opposes the lost Center and the attenuation of every taste. Demolition (Location démolir) demolition, breaking open, destruction upropašćavanje, overthrow; demolicija. Denotation denotation in the architecture in the architectural indicates a certain sense of meaning. Versus denotation, connotation suggests the general meaning. One of the same architectural elements can wear and denotativna and connotative meanings, and this can be mutually contradictory. Generally, the extent to which the denotative meaning, an element depends on its heraldičkih characteristics, the extent konotativan, element depends on its physiognomic quality. Modern architecture tended to dismiss and Heraldry denotativno in architecture and preuveliča fizionomsko-connotative. Modern architecture uses expressive ornament and rejects the explicit symbolic ornament. Thus, for example, the inscription is in one house, expressed (denotation) of the building meaning through words; As such, the label represents the perfect heraldic element. Character graphics such a mark, however, means (connotations) institutional dignity, whereas, the size of graphics can indicate commercial character of the house. Location of signs on the façade of the house can to carry meaning and place of entry into the house. 

DESIGN CONSULTANCIES (born senatorial design) your emergence owes between the two world wars, when the rzvijena new form of industrial design as a way to raise the level of value, style and meaning of the broad field subject merchandise, not hitherto used in their full potential. Undoubted commercial success certain products for consumer goods that were redesigned a new generation of mainly American industrial designer, was definitely associated with ideas, branding, consumer demands and outdated competitive products. Although stylistic nuances Representative DC different, the role of general designer consultant was not promenjana. The most important representatives DC were: Walter Dorwin Teague, Raymond Loewy and Henry Dreyfuss. Modern DC still has which provides customers significant expertise in special fields, where inventive and well thought-out design can to represent the diversity between success and failure a new product. DESIGN MANAGEMENT (born management design) concept dm does not represent the meaning of the concept of design consultancies. Pojem is primarily related to the meaning of organizational places the design in a corporation. For this reason, the term refers to the use of design within the strategy a private or public companies. Thus observed, d.m. includes such activities as, for example conscious planning, when the combined identity (corporate Identity) to be applied to companies, as well as making decision on the beginning and kind of advertising campaigns related to Employers identity. First Prize d.m. determine the Royal Society of Arts (Royal Society of Arts) 1966 DESIGNER - MAKER (born designer and manufacturer) represents term that applies to designers who design but also produced, at least in part, his subjects design. D.m. we see most often in the field of design furniture and home items. With the inclusion of production in their work, d.m. unite creative and productive process, controlling the aesthetic and functional characteristics of their facilities during the entire process design and production. This concept we find in ideology of the movement arts and crafts and craft tradition furniture. D.m. for this relationship to design are motivated by different factors. Some of them produce their own furniture from the intention to not only designers-artists. Others express more business spirit that helps them commercialize their projects, including in them the elements of good trades. Concept time activities usually includes 1970s and 1980 -- the year and can also be considered as part of a general 

Crafts Revival movement, which then happened in the U.S. and UK. Destruction, architectural name for the destruction of architectural and urban heritage. Destruction is done as a result of war devastation, floods, fires (London) or zemljotresa.Urbana destruction is usually unplanned construction or unplanned destruction of old urban cores .. Details ARCHITECTURAL (franc. detail detail sop, potankost, dumb. Detail) 1 Elementary part of a buildings, interiors or skolopa. Singularity, particularity. Part or some parts of the greater whole. The arch. name for the basic unit of an element of the arch. object: its construction, decoration or part of the horizontal or vertical surfaces or spaces. Detail and presents one element of the arch. patterns, the way of mutual bonding two elements, protection from moisture (insulation) or figure tilings. In the history of architecture. we see plenty of detail. Thus, for example., Manirističke and Baroque buildings abound plaster profiles, window thresholds, I, ornaments, ranges, pilaster, architrave, arches et al. 2. Architectural or construction drawings of an element building in a very small scale, to display natural size (the ratio of 1:1). Details Constructive (architect). Full drawing some construction or building works, very important for construction or building. It is always a greater scale from other drawings, and often (for craft work) and natural size. Detailed plans (architect). Drafts of buildings made in a larger scale, used to perform papers. These are ucrtava and write what can not be to fit into the main project and thus it complements and closer explains. Name of the detailed urban plan for the plan which is based on and from the general urban plan which covers a limited area of a city (municipality, block, etc..), which defines and regulates in detail. D.u.p. contains elements of the urban plan-level basic urban units: cadastral plan of lots, built a detailed plan of individual buildings, their floors, the exact plan of roads, the exact position geodetic and trigonometric point, and for planned construction area, containing detailed data novoprojektovanih or planned facilities: gabarite, floors, disposal, transport and other structures. D.u.p. is for use over a longer time period and a document that obliges each and 

the smallest participant in the process of urbanization and the construction and whose contempt sanctions causes. DETAILED URBAN PLANNING aim of the detailed urban plan is to determine urban elements building and technical organization of space (conditions Physical Planning), which provides design, and then on the main project and the issuance building permit. To be drafted a detailed plan is necessary to: 1) determine the density of housing development and working types of construction sites for the purpose and mode of construction, common facilities and their accommodation, and taking into account that some general plan in each zone detailed plan only programmed, some more accurately and placed on the ground, 2) deploy surface for users land for public areas, public green areas and planned network of local streets and pedestrian routes; 3) courses intended for a split in the particles (parcelisati), and for each particle to determine the conditions furnishing the space. Detailed urban plan defines the elements that sets the furnishing space and construction. These are: a) purposes, which may be determined in detail, but remain undefined, free, you should also plan explicitly emphasized; b) coefficient of development and coefficient of utilization of land for each particle or for each group of particles istorodnih c) regulation Street line (line that separates particles from the users transport corridors or other public areas); d) gradjevnska lines, line that indicates the position building facades on the street, and thus determines the distance building of regulating lines. This distance can be 0.0 m (compact city blocks that make up the street) to few meters, usually up to 5 m from the line regulation; e) distance between neighboring particles (from 0.0 m to prislonjene building up to approximately 5 m), f) accommodation garages and economic buildings (if not exceed the height ground may be located along the among the neighboring particles), d) height of the building to the wreath (the building s roof to the upper edge of the roof gutter, ie. Edge slemena roof), the type of roof construction, type of material to cover, facade, etc.., h) mark places entrance from the street to the particle and the place of home connections installations on city infrastructure. DETAŠOVAN name for a building or architectural element that is separate from the whole, to perform the For example its constructive role or kompozicionih requirements. DETAŠOVAN - INSULOVAN Insulovan, isolated, or free standing, as opposed to engaged, as it was with the column. 

Determined and undeterminable addition SYSTEMS studying the phenomenon, the appearance of a series of the same is not always determined, but it is more a matter of assessment, which is therefore problem of statistics in which the situation is more or less possible, but not always certain. Their provision matter of evaluation, distribution, or predictions. For some of phenomena do not have the basic elements or assumptions their behavior, and they are for us unpredictable. For series of phenomena of our knowledge about them is completely reliable, we know their causes, we know the causes and consequences and they naminovno event. Systems whose behavior we can not predict, called stochastic or undeterminable. Inability prediction comes as a result of insufficient knowledge Forecast behavior, due to lack of information about their factual situation. Jasna is a matter to a system for layman may be undeterminable for scientists determined. The first group includes all the natural systems whose structure, behavior, or their efforts are not met. Disintegration (Commune des-, L. integratio establishment, reconstruction) Destruction of resources, violation of a whole; disintegration of atoms Fiz. breaking atoms; disorganization. DEZURBANIZACIJA concept is the opposite of the concept urbanization. Dezurbanizacija the process by which man leaves an urbanized area because of its environmental degradation, dehumenizacije, lack of conditions the life and work and all. Dezurbanizacija can also be the result of natural disasters: fires, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, volcanoes and similar work. or consequences war or nuclear catastrophe. In the process dezurbanizacije the entire civilization disappeared after invasion of the conquistadors in Latin America (city Macchu Picchu). City of Pompeii disappeared under the lion Vesuvius. During Middle Ages, the plague has destroyed many towns, and fire from 1666th The changed the look of London. After discharge atomic bomb 1944th at the Hiroshima and Nagasaki, whole areas are dezurbanizovane. In modern world process dezurbanizacije the local character, emerged as a result of economic and socipolitičkih influence, less frequently due to disasters (Chernobyl, etc.).. Differentiation is probably the most common manifestation composition of modern architectural buildings because a very complex functional problems with a very differences in the character of certain parts of a single project program. This character content is likvno and directly reflects the spatial composition solutions, where we have the wealth and diversity elements that build a broader architectural or 

urban complex. Examples of modernist urban solutions, as well as Le Corbusierov center in Chandigarh and Tangeov proposal new structure of the city, illustrate the presence of full differentiation both in character and the physical properties (traffic in voše level, the division of functional zones, running plastics and specific constructive solutions, and art). Difficult WHOLE, HEAVY UNITS (U.S.) term is associated with the arch. Robert Venturija theory that it represents: "Architecture based on complexity and contradictions can not disclaim unity. In fact, I she attaches special importance in creating a whole since the very difficult to realize the whole. More appreciate the achievement of unity rather than achieving simplicity in art, whose truth lies in totalitarianism. This is difficult the unity achieved by including, as is easy to unity achieved off. "From this" difficult unity " rezultet understood as a process, Venturi draws different modalities: a custom contradiction, contradiction placed next to each other, contradiction between the foreign and internal forms building, flexion parts that affect each other in compared to the whole. Talk directly to the problem ambujenta and the city, since the building is an independent unit, it is in any case at the same time a fragment greater unity of which should be taken into account when design. Dichotomy (Greek dihotomia, diha two) in division two part, the division that contains two members. The appearance of the division of architecture. andurban. content into two parts, which can be mutually agree or are in contradiction. Example D. find in the urban. understanding of ancient Etruscans, who were watching and nature and the city as well as related phenomena, which, in happy event, may come to a fruitful reciprocity. What Furthermore, specific magical techniques, rituals, this reciprocity and may artificially cause. The arch. meaning, D. find the functional separation of individual arch. objects that are projected in the central osovinskoj symmetry so that the two "wings" of the building each separate and contain different, incompatible features. Diagonal DECISION name for what the architectural solution which is based on the application of diagonal principijelnoj lines. Diagonal solutions are often working in a triangular Hexagonal or raster. Characteristic designer diagonal solution is I.M. Pei. ) or Figure draw, Chart (gr.  geometric drawing, drawing (or: draft, outline) for an explanation of the facts, for obvious 

representation of certain relations, graphic (or: crtežno) representation of a state, statistics, etc. scale.; section, average, or sale of power plan; husband. note of five lines, with gnostičara: two cross each other triangle in which registered a mystical name of God, and that they served as amulets (Solomon's letter). DIAGRAM FORMS dijagramni Name for a Book architectural building or urban system by representation form of its elements are breakdown in the basic shapes and their systematic grouping, ie, aggregation of urban whole. D.f. presented graphic symbols that represent the views of their sign forms within reminiscent of the whole tree. Study d.f. given Christopher Alexander is the example of an indigenous villages, where the basic elements of the breakdown of the large number of parameters. Diagram, GRAPHIC type of graphic display size and mutual relationship and influence of various parameters. In smile static diagram shows the strength and mutual arrangement of power in one construction. DIMENSIONS (l. di-metiri measure, dimensio) measurement, space, provision, designed using the straight line which the space of a body and its limits (surfaces, lines) or a part of space presented as a blank, can determine and measure. To order to be able to determine, we need three dimensions, three rights that are cut at right angles: the length, width and height (or depth). The body has three dimensions, it is three-dimensional, two surfaces, and one line dimension. According to the theory of relativity, the fourth dimension is "Time"; up. coordinate system. DIMENSIONS sizes area belongs to the basic data of its determination. Physical samerljivost expressed as units of length, width and height, while area can be determined nizpm units. SIZES SYSTEMS Napomenućemo several outstanding systems, which have gained a lot of public right. The study Bauornungslehre (BOL, Berlin, 1943.) Ernst Neufert scheme gives the human figure with 14 modules per 12.5 cm, which simultaneously expresses and its "proportional division, made on the basis of examination A.V. Zeisinga. The first among the authors that this division, "sectio proportionalis "- by J. Kepler - consistently applied by the man figure was A.V. Zeising, which is all characteristic parts of the body expressed the numbers called. Fibonaccijevog series: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, ... zaokrugljujući only 89 to 90 and 610 NZ 613th Total height of 990 parts in relation to the center of the body decomposes Zeising 

follows: 613/377 = 1.626. E. Neufert was also able to zaokrugljivanjem number 55 to 56 in Fibonaccijevom sequence number 987, replace number 1000: 1000, 618, 382, 236, 146, 90, 56, 34, 21, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, and thus in practical terms, this number connects to a decimal system.  Proposed raster of man figure of 14 x 12.5 -- need to note - is also the application ancient, Polikletovog Dorifor the canon of the seven head, and likely attempt to old German rate integrate with their divisions in metric measures, ie. 31.3854 = 31.25 = 125 / 4. The second system is denounced in the book "Le modulor, in a way characteristic of Le Corbusier (1951). This is one of six rates (but remember Vitruvius), whose vital parts of the body mođusobnom compared the results give continuous division (Sectio proportionalis "). They show the eight characteristic position of the human figure in space, the Seating up to standing and determining the values zaodređivanje all spatial units. Feature of this study is in fact left out-sources that preceded Le Moduloru, and could not be its unknown author. Thus Le Modulor in 1945.g. 175 cm high and one E. Neuferta in pain in a series of conclusions resemble the results of Leonardo, and Hambidgea Ghykae. In the process of unification has the advantage of size and number 60 its parts. This jeprvenstveno result of his Divisor then outstanding and great opportunities to a system of division based on "60" show as already acquired a continuation, a long practice of proven size, and 60 = two feet, and svki of its parts 7,5 - 15 to 22.5 and so on. also priblžne values but proved measures, as well as those that would be carried out with 60, ie. 67,5 - 75 to 82, 5 - 90 to 150 etc.. The value of 3 x 60 = 180 includes the division of the human figure to 24 parts (180 : 24 = 7.5) with the size of the hand as the base. This is clearly expressed antropomorfnost Unit 60th However, in the view of many of the characteristic designing situation - Units and components - again phenomenon derived values based on 60 observed in the work many authors. So we, by adopting a step of 60 cm, came to the table for a range of preferential housing building, which was the result of the determination and capabilities unified way for the planned size of certain situations based on international experience. Observed linear or as a surface unit, with 60 cm in design, particularly housing, solid points control; provides value not only dimensional nature. 

DIMENZIONIRATI (L. dimensio) weigh, measure the cross section, eg. well dimenzionirani walls walls whose strength well calculated; dimenzionirano wood timber, materials. When sizes ELEMENTS OF SPACE architectural design, sizing is done elements of space, namely: constructive dimension, interior dimensioning, traffic and konunikaciono sizing, sizing the number of users per unit area, the sizing superior number of users per unit of time, dimensioning the frequency of use. Calculating SPACE One of the most important elements of architectural design process dimension space. This process determines size and other characteristics of the projected space, that will enable its smooth function. Dimension space is done with several aspects: adjustment of the number of customer premises, adjustment type of room dimensions, adjustment of the frequency of use of space dimensions, optimal dimensions of space. Dimensioning, STRUCTURAL (Konst.). Determination sectional size and other dimensions of a structure on the calculation of static stress due to construction load. When dimension is taken into account most unfavorable load and impact. Dynamical properties of perception objects around us remain still or range. However, the movement of a subject observed or because the subject is really moving or because environmental conditions in which the subject is that illusion are real. Due to this movement, properties and characteristics of the object can be changed. Dynamic and static SYSTEMS Division of the static dynamic and can be made on the basis of two criteria. The first criterion is based on a general approach to the material world in which the static system in that the world does, because the general changes present in the material world. By this criterion in static systems can be classified quite conditional, those systems in which changes over time with unobservable aspects of the research. These are mainly evolutionary changes and they take place slowly, their intensity is low and ls for researchers. This would poor adjustment only nebiološki natural systems. All other systems are dynamic. The second criterion of classification systems has cybernetic orientation, namely Đ, static systems are those systems where there are no requirements for management action or where is not there a need for control. All the others are dynamically. 

DIREKCIONALNE NETWORK (born directional grid) Name of network system of urban planning in which the development of a city made within the existing administrative network structure is determined by trends and directions of movement through it. Direkcionalne network used: Colin Buchanan, in his study on the South Hampshire (1966), What's more, d.m. used by many modern prilkom urban planning, from Doxiadisovog Dynapolisa, to futuristic plans for Washington DC in 2000. year. Urban networks have followed the development of capabilities and individual locations. There are basic types urban networks: A. Centripetal structure is d.m. that radial extends its center, or IC core. In geometric terms, this network is a system triangles, respectively, Hexagon whose centers are zentri are urban, and the edges of which circulate traffic. B. Direkcionalna administrative structure of the network structure in which the directions of traffic movement placed along the primary rectangular or square network, within which is a secondary network evenly distributed urban functions. C. Network structure is rectangular or square network within which urban planning is done with specific layout of urban functions. DISPOSITION (L. dispositio) layout, arrangement; Grooming, editing, preparation, plan (eg for battle), sketch, draft (discussion, articles, lectures); disposal, handling money, goods, honey. nastrojenost for certain diseases, some tendency diseases; posture, good will; nastrojenost, particular the ability for something (eg music, science, crime, theft); dispozicioni fund money someone placed at the disposal of certain purposes, and which does not take account (eg, for various ministries, large companies etc.).. DISPOSITION ELEMENTS OF SPACE In Architecture design is performed and the dispositions of the elements of space follows: Disposition of elements on the basis of building dispositions elements on the façade of the building, the repetition of elements, design and installation of unique elements, setting the pace of disposition of elements, traffic Disposition of space, constructive dispositions, functional dispositions, visual dispositions. DISPOZICIONI RELATIONSHIP schedule, interrelation of parts of a architectural units, composition arhitektnoskih elements in relation to the whole. We have the disposition plastics and architectural ornamentation, with elements architectural design or dispositions to 

premises within an architectural object. In the interior is characterized dispositions Furniture one room, and urbanism perceive the disposition urban elements (streets, squares, blocks) in the tissue one city. The architectural disposition differentiate odrednjena rules, like rules of composition: the concentration, clustering, gradation juksta position, decomposing, symmetrical disposition, the hierarchy of elements and others. Disproportion - PROPORTIONS contrast proportions, the name of disparity, the lack of a composition or a harmonious relationship izmendju architectural elements. Disproportion contrast proportion, disproportion the discrepancy, inconsistency, two maladjustment or more architectural elements of each other or compared to the whole. Disproportion is a synonym for the discrepancy, and poor composition, poor attitude dimentiza and weight. Find a disproportion of poor composition weight one object or to disparities in terms of its level. Disproportion has always been the basis of disagreement theoreticians of architecture. However, the disproportion is sometimes can be basic characteristics of some establishments. Disproportion of the ancient pillars dorskog row has led to proporcionog canon vitkih Ionic order columns. Disproportions church steeples Romanesque churches was the proportion of towers of Gothic cathedrals. Today it is difficult to talk about the disproportion in the architecture, especially in light of contemporary architectural theory composition. Disproportions mass Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Frank O'Gehry-I, representing the culmination of skill architectural composition of the present. Distance (L. distantia) distance, distance, distance; keep distance Ba. in marching: keep properly distance, riding the long distance riding (when horse does not replace); Distance, geometrical distance, distance, space between two points in one or more planes or space between two points of geometric figures or bodies. ) worst DISTOPIJA IN ARCHITECTURE (Greek  example, found that to be shown in one arch. ideas. Divergence, divergence (Latin divergentio propagation through expansion, France. divergence, dumb. Divergenz) Part buildings, structures or groups of objects (walls, some premises, the basis of an object, or Street), whose the basic architectural elements of the set so that the broader perspective, ie, diverge, removed one of the other (diverges). D. has the function of creating the impression flat image, or perspective, as opposed to convergence, where he stressed the impression of distance, deep perspective. 

D. is present in the Renaissance and Baroque urbanism (square front of the church Sv. Peter's in Rome). Angle (L. divergens) Razlazan, which goes to different direction, which is divergent, divergent lines lines that are removed from one another; fig. which derogation, which is different; mat. which is the sum of members unlimited increase if more members take; supra. convergent. HOUSING DESIGN encompasses a much broader meaning than the term housing. Designing this space is design very complex structures in which disparate man every move. DS monitor the process of programming Urb. or arch. projects, the choice suitable soil and terrain environment, insolacionog principle, clustering, social, economic, environmental and program analysis through the process until the design details. Design Applied Art, Design (Ford) 1 Final composition of an object. Synonym: project, plan, drawing. 2. In the applied arts, the relationship of form and function of the object. DESIGN for disabled (born design for disability) Includes product design and environment with main task to help those people who handicapped in every way to overcome physical limitations or mental problems Use objects for everyday use or everyday living space. D.h. became the subject of attention from the beginning of the 1960s. Before that, production of objects and the arrangement of living space disabilities were primarily subject to medical research and work. This "Medicalization," especially concentrated on a particular type of product (as eg. chairs on wheels), was associated directly with users, in terms of their technical aids, but is able to do little to improve the overall social factors and socialization for disabled persons. In the 1960s, American and European designers prekunuli tradition of the medical approach to problems for disabled and took steps to great population, which are handicapped to be enabled normal life. One of the first examples of this attitude change was the design of the international symbol for disabled., a 1969 Design a special magazine with editor Selwyn Goldsmith, was devoted to the problem d.h. Since then today, the area d.h. rapidly developed, and many products intended for disabled people are significantly improved. DESIGN FOR (born design for need) notion that based on the name of the international conference which is 

held at the Royal College of Art, London, April 1976.g. The conference focused on the design in context range of social and political problems, such as problems for the countries of the Third World, environmental (see green design) and design problems for handicapped. The event represented the culmination of increasing ineresovanja for this matter, which was created in the 1960s Mr. and represented a reaction against the need naraslih consumer society. The notion d.p. was created to presented a broader tendencies in the sphere of design. The reaction to consumer society has resulted in two ways: through withdrawal of the individual, which is expressed in some Hippy aspects of contemporary culture and crafts renaissance (Crafts Revival) on the one hand, and through political organization and activities, in which the area interest d.p. was strongest. Can utopističkog notice the existence of such a goal, non-commercial design, which is facing the user real needs and compare it with the appropriate XIXv movements., particularly arts and crafts movement. Some initiatives were preceded by the creation d.p. After crisis in 1927, Buckminster Fuller devoted his life way of solving the problem of shaping, in order to "Improve the chances for effective human survival." Dome that Fuller designed and performed all over the world 1952, represented his effort to resolve problems of human environment, and 1963.g. he starts its important research projects and international human resources: World Resources Inventory, the Southern Illinois University. This project is studied models of the distribution of world resources as well as and human resources in order to make their use effective and efficient. 1954.g. Richard Neutra says his book "Survival through Design," which is also contained non-commercial, global designer strategy. 1971 Victor Papanek has released its Book Design for the real world, which has been translated into 21 language and become most read books in the field of design. DESIGN ENVIRONMENT represents the most general term design, which includes all its manifestations manifestations and the areas covered. The basic division d.ž.s. a: 1 environmental design, 2 design of rural areas, 3 Industrial design, 4 design of visual communication, 5. Urban design, which includes: the design of physical structures City, design protection and design systems. DESIGN, DESIGN, the term (born design, Italy. Disegni) Title to formatting objects, utility objects, objects in space or space according to certain functional and aesthetic requirements. Industrial Design the design industry proizvenedih cases, 

ie, those items whose serial production. Design is the art design, but it is also functional design of utility objects. It can be objects of everyday use or to technical assets, like cars, music devices, TVs and furniture. The concept design is very difficult to distinguish from the notion of art format. Throughout history man development, man has always sought to shape the artistic space and objects around them. With the same care, man shaped their habitat, which is used by objects, but and he decorated himself, jewelry or clothing. However, artistic design objects, in the sense of a conscious act, formed much later. The concept design also binds to production of items in a series, intended for multiple potential users. In the modern sense, the term design is linked to a number of different methods of shaping and production of objects or other means of artistic expressions, which are intended to achieve the ultimate goal -- positive visual effect that the subject should to make its users or observers. The design can be: graphic design, industrial design, technological design, ergonomic design, design furniture, utility objects, letters, design vizuelanih Communications and others. DIZORGANIZACIJA, District name for the space that is not furnished, or which is arranged in the worst way possible. DO IT YOURSELF ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE "DO IT YOURSELF" (U.S.) Name one podgranu industry, applied to the field of architecture. indicating characteristic mass production in the architecture, which, because of the speed of development and low prices, assumes the participation of future users. Often this term equal to the notion roh bau system construction (rough construction), but the intention Dya is to enable such projects, mainly small residential houses, which are easily feasible in self-directed future users. D.y.a. is based on the principle of Do It Yourself industry, which produces all the elements necessary for independent building. The user only needs to search and buy parts in the shop and to make the functional whole of its land. Do It Yourself Industry spread in Britain of 1950.g., where grown into a system containing more than 20,000 store construction materials and equipment to later expanded in the U.S. as a significant industry. Until 1970. the year expanded the field of interior design, the which plays an important role. DOGRADJIVANJE In architecture, the name for the building that done directly with the existing architectural object, the way to expand the basis of facilities or increases 

its dimensions. DOMAIN Roads shared environment on human parts, which are We generally well known. Such qualitatively defined area called domene.Poznate D. are surrounded by a relatively unknown world, which is designed character determined the main directions - north and south, east and West. Domains are in some way "places," as certain fences or proximity, or similarity of their constituent elements. Many theorists of space (Frey, eg.) Does not introduce the concept of domains, but only describe the space terms of goals and roads. However, the difference between sites and domains is useful, because our environmental image contains obvious and such area where we belong and that no objective function. D. Therefore we can define as "land" without a specific structure, where appear roads and places as the prominent "figures". D. objedinjavajuću has some function. It "fills" picture, so to get a coherent space. When think about their own country, or the Earth as a whole, we first of all think about deomenama: oceans, deserts, mountains and lakes, all of which constitutes a set of continuous mosaic. These "natural" domains are combined with political and economic domains, and all together constitute a more complex picture. Dominant Dominant in architecture provides the basic characteristics character of the architectural composition. To achieve unity in the composition, according to Howard Robertson, need to draft or some central ideas in composition is clearly visible, and dominates concept. Dominant, District dominant concept in architecture goes in the distant past. Poznvale the dominant spatial ancient civilzacije, which were built in different ways. Dolmen and Menhiri were the original spatial dominant that people are placed in different reasons and motives. Ancient Egypt used to Obelisk would indicate a domination of space. Ancient Greece knows the Acropolis, the area of temples set the hills that du dominated Greek cities -- countries. Ancient Rome used as a statue and stubovei dominant placing them in the center square. In the period Gothic cathedrals become the sole dominant spatial cities or even individual fields. Cathedral towers dominated the entire area and expressing superiority the rule of the church. In contemporary architecture, spatial dominant is used to indicate or mark a space. When it was built, the Eiffel Tower represented the dominant Paris. Today the dominant most urban business quarter with skyscrapers and urban towers (WTC New York - September 11, collapsed 

2001).. DOZIĐIVANJE. Expansion of an existing building addition new walls, which get new premises. Between old and new walls, leaving the working joints to enable subsidence new walls without affecting the elderly.DROP OUT COMPANY (U.S.) Name for the community arising under social security and social conditions of life and the lowest housing. These communities rise to the settlement midden, in the suburbs, abandoned factories and the like. Settlements characterized by generally low hygiene and other conditions life. SOCIAL FUNCTION ARCHITECTURE D.f.a. primarily can be conclusion of the historic plan. If it Vitruviju company formed as a direct consequence of revelation of fire, Alberti proposed a different genesis: "Bearing in mind as walls and roof of the practical - written on - rather indispensable, uverićemo that these last are more more effective if the human beings themselves together. "house is the symbol of the family, the condition of its historical existence; is identified with the institution of the family protecting its connectivity and only existence. House, the ultimate achievement which is related to only the origin of historical society no confirmation of egoistic isolation from the community: "If You will build a very elegant wall or porch with columns, "says Albert," most citizens will praise and be pleased with your work as if they were they so, because they will realize that you're such a fruit of their funds contributed in a helpful way of your voice and glory your family, your descendants and the descendants of the entire the city. " Architecture is an instrument of welfare and social balance and check each human has a construction undertaking. Social space 1st Name of urban area that has function room for gatherings, as opposed to biological space, which is a green area of a city. 2. Since some time ago and I have the space to be sold and purchases. No more soil, ground, but as a social space such, the product as such, that is, to this end, the team finalitetom. Space is no longer just indifferent environment, where the sum is formed, exercised, distributed surplus value. It becomes a product of social work, to is a very general subject of production, and therefore creation of surplus value. Today, the entire area into the production as a product over the purchase, sale, exchange parts of space. Until recently, the space that is may designate and is strictly determined, belonged to the more being of the world: the country. Belonged to the owner, the rest feudal times. Today, this ideology and the corresponding Practice destroyed. 

Prizvodnja space itself is not new. Ruling Groups are always produced some special projects, projects old towns, villages. New, to the overall and complete production of social space. This large expansion production activities is carried out depending on the onteresa those who invent, who manage it, which benefit from it. The strategy goes much further than simple release of space in the sale, part by part. It not only achieved that area went into production surplus value; her goal of a complete reorganization production subordinate centers of information and decision making. Urbanism conceals the huge operation. He hides its bit line, sense and finalitet. Under positive humanistic and technological spoljašnjošću, he hides capitalist strategy: impact on space combat against the decline of high profit, etc.. Dualism, architectural architectural study of duality, the existence of two different, completely opposite situation, way of thinking, views on aarhitekturu. Thus, the For example, as opposed to material architecture, and it is spiritual, which is subordinate spiritualnoj sphere. In this way, the architecture is generally divided into secular, and the secular and the world, or spiritual, divine. SPIRITUAL MODULE D.m. as an abstract scale has nothing to do with geometrism, but is a means for internal review determining the quality and appearance of the display of the spiritual maker. For individuals d.m. works on a way, according to its range animomorfnog character, and the skupnog social formations as being in a special way, and in relation to sculpture his mind and spiritual character. Name of the module uses the Serbian spiritual architect. Nikola Dobrović, and he was taken in the absence pogodnijeg expression and more insufficiently developed definitions for this type of internal pokrenutosti creative spirit. Because of its zavičajnosti in the depths of creative consciousness d.m. the opposite sex, status and purpose contrary to all hitherto known foreign fizionomističkim modular schemes and modular coordination of measures and quantities. External modular prudence an architect. object, MA how scientific and mathematical means prudish supported, in a kind of visual stvarineku Guide fizionomističko solving facades, access problems outside. Surface modular prudence base is static phenomenon, a modular system of cubic inner shells results in the usual static structures and their corresponding skeleton. External modular systems as relatively easier to apply not reaching the epicenter, and not to spatial hipocentra creativity. They move almost exclusively by 

periphery of the event. Spiritual module, however, unlike of this, the initiator of what has yet to even iznikne from which he is a tool for spatial sculpture ideas for a only inner vision sagledanoj idea. Because of this its properties, the spiritual module is possible to speak just on the verge of a creative aesthetic, ie, philosophy of space, but not separate from creation. By capacity, d.m. the dynamic motor and router any genuine action in spatial creativity, especially for one who claims to be taking place at the border philosophy of space. Holders d.m. as neeuklidovskog scale, can not be the average engineer, architect, but only exceptionally creative individual is endowed with built a large concentration of power. D.m. is instrument running wisdom. Representing antiakademski term. It works from the inside, from potential sources of (hipocentra), from his inner being as the possessor creative spring that activates a challenge Physical problems. D.m. water progress, achievement poborničkih deprived of the dangers that are repeated and solved by a mold made ready in advance. DVANAESTINSKI SYSTEM Given the common use dvanaestinskog system for calculating time, the measures for length and area calculations and the money was understandable effort to bring clean dvanaestinski system issues. Although to avoid difficulties in calculations with bursts of twelve decimal system. In particular, on this work in England. Spencer is the philosopher for the purpose sacrificed much of his possessionless. And today, when the officially and practically introduced the decimal system of measures, weights and money, during discussion of each standard measures there are proposals for the introduction of 12, 12 cm, and 1.20 m as the basic numbers. Some circles Architects give special priority to old dvanaestinskim measures, the majority think that the rate and thumbs which are so to speak, connected with man's body. DVOCENTRIČNA BASIS Name of the arch. object that has two center base composition. Often they are gugačkog sized objects, as opposed to compact jednocentričnim buildings core. Two center basics contain duplicate elements of the basis, eg. stairs, lifts and all. It is particularly used in the model design period immediately after World War II. Name two-dimensional architecture of architecture that not performed, but is represented only by drawings, sketches or architectural project. This architecture often a vision of the architects of future cities and facilities and is often the result of their endless imagination. Dvorišna Group (German Gehoeft) Grouping 

functionally different classes or separate facilities households around the middle of a closed courtyard, according to their functions: residential houses, stables, granary (barn). All the extracted objects are common form a "U". The most important forms d.g. rural houses are located in central Germany and France. D.g. can has different variations of clustering, eg.: Housing buildings and stables are located within one building. At street side of the fence is usually small entrance door for tenants next door to the entrance of large circuits. DOUBLE ELEMENT functional concept is linked to the arch. Robert Venturija theory, which under him podrazmeva one arch. element that contains a dual function, Since the details of its use and construction. Multi-functional buildings in its extreme form becomes the Ponte Vecchio in Florence, or Chenonceaux futuristic projects Sant 'Elia-e. Each building contains within the whole extent of opposing motion, in addition to complex functions. Le Corbusiervov porojekat for Algeria is also a residential building and highway, and Kahn street "wants to be building." Also, one premises can have many functions at the same time or in various times. Kahn prefers the gallery because it is directed and neusmerena, hallway and rooms in istovreme. Room emerging from more than one particular purpose, and moving furniture before moving to the barriers, perceptualnu allows more flexibility than the physical flexibility and allows the hardness and durability are still need our building. Valid ambiguity that allows useful flexibility. DVOTRAKTNA COMPOSITION (German Zweibuendig) Composition interior space that consists of two tract -- sequence or order room, set with one longitudinal and the other side of the central corridor. DVOTRAKTNA HOUSE It is a house with rooms that are designed to be located in two parallel series placed around a common central corridor. Towards some authorities, one of the earliest houses dvotrktnih which are still today, is Whitehall, Shrewsbury, Shropshire (1578-82), although the model of this type of house Britain takes it by Inigo Jones, a Queen's House, Greenwich (1616-35), which was veličanstvenija, which is not a rare English plan from the seventeenth century. EARTH - WORK ARCHITECTURE (U.S.) There is a long traditions of construction and buildings made of earth, mud (see Adobe, Ćerpič, By de terre). In the period 1960 -- those made several attempts to build a house through iluvanja within the concrete embankment of the country that will be excavated after the concrete hardened, creating this 

way form a cave-like, which is called earth-work architecture. ECO-CHIC architecture name for the architecture that is Zen-inspired architecture, which uses natural materials, simple forms and observe the object that is in constant harmony with nature and natural surroundings. Naričito is characteristic of Japanese architecture, which has a specific attitude towards the green, introducing it to all more in the interior, which is called the eco-chic interior. Also, the garden near the building is considered spoljašnjm them. ECO-TECH Some architects dedicated to trying to eco-tech performances as art, but their ways of expression are often closed within the framework of modernist Conventions. The character of eco-tech architecture among the first the architect Thomas Herzog, who is from the period 1970s, serious and consistent pioneer in combining rationalist economy in terms of recourse to ecological principles. Professor at the Munich Technical University, a supporter of interdisciplinary teamwork in architecture, he is one of the most important modern environmental architect. Herzog interprets technology as response to the problems of zoning, natural infrastructure, economics of solar power and thermal values different materials. It is managed by the laws of physics and changing conditions of nature that is increasingly becoming element of modern progressive architecture. His house Regensbugu, Germany (1977-79) is extremely fine example of combination of ecology and technology, using natural materials such as wood and glass, and using technology for security passive solar system for heating houses. In France, eco-tech architecture gets an incentive to Jourda works of architects and Perraudin, such as private house in Lyon-St. Just-in, Lyon, France (1984) and the Cite Scolaire Internationale de Lyon, Lyon, France (1989-92). Jean Nouvel uses high technology linked to the use of ecological principles of natural insolation and warming of the Institute du Monde Arabe, Paris (1981-87), while at the Fondation Cartier, Paris (1991-94), placed inside the building visually transparent glass lining, creating a direct link between outer and inner space. EDITING (born issuance of) the notion that specific used in Italy and Spain to mean production facilities by a company without her direct participation in their production. Other words, it takes over and implements the development of a products, marketing and distribution, but the subcontractors take part of the job of production to chain stores. 

Company - often takes the core assembly and packaging products. This process usually done by small companies take part in a short production programs and small series production of low technology facilities such as furniture, equipment, furniture or lighting. As I process, e. has the advantage because of its large flexibility, because it relies on a wide circle of existing manufacturers and workshops, avoiding in this way investing in expensive manufacturing facilities. However, the disadvantage this manufacturing process is difficult and complicated controlling the product quality of each subcontractors, since they do not produce one place. Ephemeral architecture name for the temporary, biodegradable, architecture. Ephemeral arhitektua is variable and time unstable. Unlike ephemeral architecture There eternalna architecture, which is the name for the eternal, eternal, everlasting, permanent architecture. Eternalnu architecture we find among the Egyptian pyramids, Greek temples, Roman Colosseum, Gothic cathedral, until today. V. Ephemeral building Ephemeral building (Latin) a short-century buildings, the architect. Object who intentionally or unintentionally designed and executed to would last miserable in a short period. American Housing arch. based on the system E.Ž. Basic construction materials the wooden material, and this building is not envisaged that lasting more than a dozen years. EGALITARIJANIZAM The idea of total equality ARCHITECTURE in architecture and urbanism, which is often identified with the idea of "fascist" or "total urbanization. Egalitarijanizam assumed absolute equality, the eg. all in one building has the same spacious room, or square area within the modular network, which used for all functions. Egalitarijanska architecture is frequently asked to express a contrast to the nature and the structure, as opposed to natural, is static and unchanging environment. EGOCENTRIČNI ARHITEKT concept originated in the architectural criticism to determine or describe the attitudes or work individual architects, eg. Walter Gropius. E.a. is the name for aarhitektu that within the overall pattern architectural circumstances and events, primarily out and sets its own personality. Klimat represents existential concept that explains conditions of the urban environment that predodređuju characteristics and behavior of the individual in it. Matching behavior individuals in urban environments is essentially linked to existence e.k. of which the urban, particularly in the period progresističkog urbanism are not taken care. Hygiene regulation and rational division of the city 

space themselves unable to residents provide sense of security or freedom, wealth election activities, feeling lifeless and the element of entertainment are necessary for mental health and which reflect physical health. Subsistence level income in the architecture concept that is architecture was introduced at the Second Congress of CIAM, a 1929.g., which was discussed on e.m., respectively, design places a minimum size of housing and prices. E.m. as a concept related to Ernst Maya works, which was authorized city architect in Frankfurt in which Weather in Frankfurt, in the period 1925-30.g. raised 15,000 mass produced housing, built with furniture and basic equipment. This settlement represented the conventional character of the socialist arch., which was attacked at the time of Hitler as a "cultural Bolshevism. " SPACE Predstavljaprostor existence in which man exists, there is bivstvuje. He is a man clear and stable, unchanging idea of his environment. EGZOGAMIJA in the architecture name for mixing two or more architectural styles on one object. Exotic Name for architecture arch. which is the origin Dated "foreign, alien or distant to typical understanding. Thus, for example. For European understanding, exotic arch. represents an authentic arch. tredela Africa, the Far Iistoka, Oceania. There are examples use elements e.a. within the interior or the concept of construction of an arch. object. E.a. elements, so meet the surrealist architect., symbolist arch. but and the arch. elements of Renaissance and Baroque. Frequently historical examples e.a. find in vrtnoj architecture. EGZUBERANTNOST (L. exuberanti) Overcrowding, flatulence, abundance, exorbitance, prebujnost.  selection Eclecticism as a way OPINION (gr.   selected, which selection) Phil.  way of thinking when someone does not create its own system, rather than elected from other systems what he looks exactly convenient, and then from that city and the whole system. ECO BIO BUILDING (German Oeko baubiologie) Scientific events which occurred efforts of builders to ways of building - a house with optimal characteristics use of ecologically and biologically sound construction material. In the construction of eco building materials are natural, biodegradable, do not pollute the environment. He was building involves the use of biological, materials for clean construction, with excellent environmental properties. Environmental -- biological materials for construction are: earth, wood, hay, 

grass, reeds, ceramic and clay products and the like. Ecological - biological energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, energy razgradjivanja was mass (the gas) and others. ECO BUILDING (German Oeko bau) Name of building environmentally clean, biodegradable, non-aggressive, chemical clean building materials. Modern construction must meet specific environmental conditions in terms of built materials and resources for their restraint. Using ecologically unhealthy material leads to the emergence of a pathogenic space.  describe) Describing house EKOGRAFIJA (gr.  home.  Biology and house Ecology (gr.  physiology in the narrow sense, the science of relations between animals and plant to its dead and the living environment, and each others. The ecology include, for example, nutrition, housing, dwelling, Prevalence, family and social life, baby care, plant fertilization, simbiotični relations, etc.. ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE Name of architecture that contains specific, carefully considered attitude towards life environment, sadejstvujući together with her. Ecological architecture takes into account the natural laws and requirements natural environment in which he is not compromising is already, including in its natural course. Examples ecological architecture are: the architecture of the country, solar architecture, a wooden arch. et al. Ecological Architecture using energy conservation, efficient insulation, rain water and recycling the process as possible extent. The term was coined during the 1970s. Whether called ecological, or sustainable green architecture, environmentalan sensibility that is evident in the architecture of today is different from efforts that were made after a major world crisis during the early 1970s. Broad field that contains the The new architecture extends beyond simple dendencija energy savings through solar heating individual buildings, international interdependence and renewal sources. The developing ecological position based on a growing awareness of internal tension that exists between the activities of construction and the necessity to save the country from a potential ecological disaster. Positioned as a more pragmatic alternative to arose during the late 1960s and early 1970s, Sustainability was formulated as a high resolution set between the demands of those who are looking for a complete stop development in order to stop further environmental destruction and those who believed that 

It is possible an unlimited development, without any limit that To provide a world ecological balance. The conference World Commission on Environment 1986, at a session chaired by Prime Minister Norway Gro Harlem Brundtland, adopted the concept of Sustainability is defined as "ways of social, economic and political progress in solving the needs of the present without compromising the opportunities of future generations to solve their own needs. " The concept has received additional supported by the World Summit which is organized Maurice Strong who sponsored the same commission United Nations, which was held in Rio de Janeiro 1992nd Followed the Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, Population and Development in Cairo, Social Development in Copenhagen, the Beijing women's rights and human Settlements in Istanbul, which, each for himself, focused on specific social components of the expanded manifesto on the environment. Reflecting the universality of the sustainability movement, care Environment had a central role in the World exhibition, Expo 92 in Seville-in. The central object exhibition was bioclimatic sphere, architects Antonio Cano, Pedro Silva and Manuel Alvarez-A. Central axis of the exhibition, Avenue of Europe, the architects designed by Jean Marie Henning and Nicolas Normier, which contained elements Arab malqaf a "receiver Wind", which are secured a favorable microclimate. Water Wall debt 400 meters, was designed by an American group SITE. This senzitivitet for Ecology produced interest of many theorists of the area, parallel to that described by Jean-François Lyotard in during the late 1970s and early 1980s, as a "period detente. " Among the most popular trends ovogn type was the first that included technology as means of providing solutions for the current environmental crisis. The concept that was central place in the ideology of sustainability was paradoxical that which reached its extreme in the high-tech architecture Nicholas Grimshaw, a project called Eden Project, which is implemented in the Cornwall, UK, and that should replicate natural cycles and processes. In this sense, project follows previous projects, as was Biosphere II in Arizona, which was implemented in 1991 (after Biosphere I, the Earth). One project was the idea porodjena Tom Smith, who also created Lost Garden in the same Cornwall a region. Designers have approached these environmentalističkim views the question in about the ways in which different cultures can plant and people that are interrelated in the same područuju. The results of their work were the basis for 

program that was proposed by Agenda 21, the program United Nations action, which resulted from conclusions of the conference in Rio. Soon consult botanist from around the world on the potential harvest and species plants should be included in a program of environmental architecture. Very fast growing tendency to use natural materials for construction. Brick is an excellent material in circumstances because sustainability requires relatively little energy production - compared to aluminum, glass or steel - and has excellent thermal capacity. The use of brick, the architects reduce the need for large heating and cooling, which leads to development new architectural types based on the use of brick. Ecological architecture has its followers in a wide world and is strongly associated with other styles, such as for example vernakularna architecture. Among the most important protagonists of ecological architecture are: Michael Hopkins, Inland Revenue Center, Nottingham, UK (1992-4), New Parliamentary Building, London (1989), Future Systems, London Scheme, Zero Emission Program (1995), Renzo Piano, J.M. Tjibaou Cultural Center, Noumea, New Caledonia (1991-7), Short, Ford and Associates, Queen's Building, De Montfort University, Leicester (1993); SITE, Tennessee Aquatorium, Chattanooga Project (1993), TIECC Communications Center Project, Trawsfynydd, Wales (1994), Richard Rogers, the Master Plan for Majorca, with Palma (1994), Ken Yeang, MBF Tower, Penang (1990-93); Gaia Associates, Waterfall House, County Meath (1989 -- 90), Eco House, County Cork (1995-6); Aspen Design Group, Rocky Mountain Institute, Old Snowmass Valley, Aspen, Colorado (1984); Center for regenerative Studies: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (1994) and dr. ECOLOGICAL HOUSE House through the use of environmentally sound material. Modern trends of building houses for housing significantly rely on the use these materials. Modern standards of use of materials in residential construction is increasingly include environmental requirements. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA The following architectural FACILITY architectural features of a building are considered environmental characteristics: the use of natural materials, the introduction of the natural environment in the facility, the relationship the greenery, the relationship between the polucijama, using natural resources. CONSTRUCTION Cost of housing need for greater quality housing and lack of resources to those meet (especially here) have made ekonimičnost 

built višestambenih building a first class social and professional problem. Economy, certainly, does not depend on only the construction costs and commit residential buildings, but on the practical vredosti, utilities and many other factors. If we take into consideration only the costs of building apartment building, the economy depends on arhitektosnko - spatial criteria of economy (refer to totality of the building) and the narrow construction criteria economy (refers mainly to the parameters of the apartment). These two criteria are in mutual solid uzročnoj about. SPACE ECONOMY study of economic aspects and characteristics of space, or even a single arch. or urban. space. The arch. sense, e.p. contained in economy architectural plan, which is achieved through cost-effective use of design and constructive systems, construction materials, cost-effective organization of space (functional status of the premises, communication) ekonimičnost to use arch. Property (maintenance, heating, insulation) and others. In the urban. sense, e.p. viewed from the aspect of composition, type of construction, transport and communication structures and others. Economic criteria CONSTRUCTION Posteoje next most economic construction criteria: price construction, cost location, the price of equipment, market price the finished building. Experimental Architecture (born Experimental Architecture) architecture, which examines the concepts and limits and is dedicated to experimenting with forms, materials, technology, constructive methodology, and even social structure. "Experimental Architecture" was the title of the book Peter Cook's (1971), which has identified certain architects, including Friedman's, Goff's, Otto's, Price, a Smithson's, Soler-I and tango, as well as group Architects, like Archigram, Haus Rucker Co.. and Metaboliste, as well as those involved in experimental architecture. EXPERTISE (Latin expertus experienced, skilled) expertise. E. works of art perform highly qualified experts, professional art experts who duty to establish the authenticity and value of each artistic works. His judgments are based on the style characteristics of the time the foundation work of art, the morphological details, the characteristics of the artist manuscripts, material composition, X-ray recording and others. Expression is a name and a preoccupation creative spirit opposite impression. By meaning, e. the expression from being launched from within the creator. It is expression that as the process has its base in 

depths of individual sensitivity. Of course, such sensitivity has nothing to do with neurotic reactions nervous system, with neurotic works. As a psychological process is the opposite direction of impressive receiving external appearance, the impressions to reach the creator directly from the outside world and not from internal reality. Expressionist theory of architecture theory supports the arch. the view that there are certain meanings essentially within the form that is transmitted directly, without regardless of context. Thus, one square, the line that points out, carries the essential meaning of internal activities and this essential meaning naturally tends to join other meanings such as sharpness, strength, coolness, brilliance. At the same time, for opposing reasons, the current horizontal lnija naturally tends meaning passivity and naturally tends to be linked with the group that includes round-off, warmth, pleasantness, and flush above all, femininity. Expressive expression (L. expressio) pronounced, expression, significance, expressiveness, display; images. up the color, the choice of colors. Extension, architectural name for the provision, diffusion, dissemination and extension of a architectural style, movement, learning, architectural type of buildings or structures. In urban sense, the urban extension indicates a diffusion city or urban areas EXTERIOR name for outer space, space outside the covered an area of the architectural object. In contrast to the exterior is interior, which the covered area. EKSUBERANCA, architectural name for the vigor, exuberance, liveliness of architectural forms in one architecture facility. Architectural eksuberanca is characteristic of epoch of baroque architecture. EKVILATERALAN (L. aeyuus equal to, lateralis same side) With equal sides, istostran, equidistant). Equilibrium, architectural name for the balance of a architectural composition, the balance of motifs on the façade, balance of one architectural plan. Study Summary documents (projects, technical description, Geology geomehanički report, subject, estimate, Comparative economic accounts, etc..) proving -- justify a solution, or be drafted by the solution, which has already been adopted, grant loans and perform objects. The exposed, are different studies: pretprojekta, preliminary design, investment programs, the main project and elaborate bid kolaudacioni study. 

ELEKTROGRAFSKA ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE ELECTROGRAPHIC (U.S.) The term was coined by Tom Wolfe in American 1969 to describe the structures that carry electricity advertising signs or sky signs. ELECTRONIC REVOLUTION AND ARCHITECTURE Znađčajna Revolution now the current electronic revolution. In architectural sense, the symbol systems by which we successful supply electronics are often more important than its engineering content. Most important tehniloški problem that we face is the human integration naučđnih and developed technical systems and our izrabljenih imperfect and human systems, which is problem worthy of scientific attention ideologues and visionaries in architecture. SURFACE ELEMENT element is the area occupied by everyday items in direct relation with the customer. It is the size of which is derived from their mutual relations and the dependent position of the user to everyday items. Therefore, a utility object appears countless times, but in different elementima.Element just najpromenljivija size in the design. ELEMENTARIZAM 1st The notion that architecture is marked Theo van Doesburg, created from his expressive painting, abstract, anti-subsistence, based on straight line, primary forms and colors, flat panels and rectangles. The term was extended to Contemporary architecture similar stylistic characteristics. V. Neo Plasticizam. 2. In intimističkoj and postmodern architecture, the term indicates the position of developing architectural elements theoretical thinking and design practice, a characteristic for Aldo Rossi. Rossi creates a world of elementary forms that are taken from geometry, but through the filter history. In the system of its elemental form Rossi, pillar has its archetype in the cylinder; gable and dvostrešni the roof comes down to the same basic form, a prism generated by jadnakostrani triangle; window Rossi is in the box, the form in which neither of the two dimensions does not dominance, its own independent balance and maximum simplicity; dome in the process of geometric identification becomes polusfera or pyramid, a wall creates the partition, or rings and may contain parallelepiped or prism with polygonal matrix. Elementaristički compositional method is based on atonalnom and unexpected compiling these archetypes, ready to re-highlight the forms of emerging from the memory and the creative way to interpret their architectural features. ELEMENTARIZAM position in the architecture in architecture, created in 

earliest periods of development of architecture, which assumes the use of basic architectural resources and functional achievement of elementary and other needs an architectural object. Elementarizam represent the idea that architecture should be based on elementary geometric shapes, clean and simple, that the best way to make necessary functions. Architectural elementarizam find in praoblicima Architecture: tent, hut, igloo, which meet only elementary human needs - the need for overnight stays and places for dining. In contemporary architecture, there is a tendency to return architectural elementarizmu. Modern and post modern architecture using elementary geometric forms: square, triangle and circle, in order to build most advanced architectural composition. The basic elements of the system characteristics of an architectural or urbanistikog system are elements of the system, their properties and their correlation. Elements of the system are objects, components and parts of the system. Without them there "Body" of the system, but they do not determine kvalitetivnu the system. Kvalitetivna party is determined aspect observation - research and structuring elements. The contents of the system are its elements but changing the relationship element changes the character of the system even though the character and elements of nature has not changed. Changing relations and criteria elements of the system shall be changed and the system. Therefore, the same elements found in where different systems in different compositions always get unique attributes. Certainly that is true, and vice versa, ie. completely different elements in nature and content, structured in certain principles represent the same system in a functional sense. Elements of the system can be: the laws, processes, atoms, neurons, genes, cells, gases, numbers, periods, individuals, cities, functions, mathematical variables, etc.. So everything that is not subject to further raščlanjavanju n parts and whose internal structure is not the object of further study in a given context. Emancipation FORMS name for expressing the development of a architectural form, its development and a series of changes. Towards Semper, emancipation forms "should arise from the material from the same utility or use. Towards Rieglu, "break with the real is a necessary, if the form contains the themselves sources of power symbols and if the man's work. Pyramid, Cup, which tend not to own anything other themselves, may act in their joint take every as a monument of culture and symbols in general. " Empiricism in the architecture in the arch position. according to which the 

the entire human knowledge podričju arch. are in his experience, and the arch. design should be final result of empirical experience designer. Architects empiric those who are in their work and opinion relied on experience. Empiric during history of architecture. to his knowledge came through the experiment, not managing a speculative opinion. Many of the exact theory of architecture. represent empirical theory (theory elasticity theory, fracture), where the results primarily through laboratory tested. The relation and impact of empirical skills and knowledge in architecture, like Otto Wagner rezonuje: Architects skills and knowledge in architecture is based on two properties, the innate sense of (predisposition, empiriji) and prudent, ie, knowledge. If this Two more properties are coming to light in a balanced mind, even the higher value of artistic works that are through their products. Jean Rondelt gives transfer empiricisms in architecture: "In the art building There are many things with which man can know only through experience. After all, empiricism is the longest followed the history of building. Construction is still in its enormous weight based on the classic, not to say primitive, means of construction. At this level all fears about the dangers of excessive mechanization industrialization and modernization in general, quite inadequate state of affairs and therefore outmoded. E. is a tendency for the humanization dogmatičkog functionalism against which they occupied pravoverni funkcionalisti contrary position, claiming that he is dangerous confirmation traditionalism. E. is a natural attitude Scandinavian countries are quite time were the observers of origin and the foundation of modern arch. thinking in other parts of Europe. They are not Santiago de Cali in the beginning of new procedures prevratničkoj efforts, yet they were influenced by these events. The term "neoempirizam" used for the first time Engl. Art critic Richards in his view, the Danish architect. in The Arhitectural Review, June 1958 At that time papirnatih projects, efforts were already directed to perform as many modern architect. facilities. E. means the good part: to serve more than others own experience. Empirical reach the knowledge that is wrong tie the imagination of architects, for his action is not reduced to mechanistic - schematic satisfying the given task. Going further on that logic, and acting experience, E. be represented as that understanding by which the new knowledge and the emergence of internal and spolješnjeg world comes from observing events and what trezvenijim reasoning. E. is a complement 

functionalism, which in the arch. represents an area highly rational procedures. The kind of connecting theory and dogma, bearing in mind not only the real man needs but also his mental movement. Theory of E. based on experience and not on the experiment. Architects in northern Europe access to every issue of case to case. Zadojeni other terms, borrowed from experience, just as such, become convinced supporters of freer planning originalnijeg ways technical display and precision design details. In This last effort, they managed to perfection. When it comes to the contemporary architect. in northern Europe, then Besides Finland, Sweden, Norway, outlines and creative character in the Danish community odnegovanoj procedures empirije. ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE Energy Access Architecture design is based on ecological architecture. The architecture corresponds to almost all types of energy: solar energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic energy, energy, natural factors (wind, etc..), the energy of gravity and all. Designing with special features access to solar energy as the product of a solar house. Ecological construction environmental benefits, natural and biodegradable materials (soil, brick, wood, straw). In relation to the type of use or achieving energy distinguish several types of architectural objects: House dugout, home of charge, pile dwelling houses, solar houses, windmills, energy house et al. ENGINEERING DESIGN (born engineering design) Represents a term that describes aspects of three-dimensional design that relates purely to the technical, functional aspect of the building, rather than its aesthetic or formal characteristics. INTERIOR (l. interior interior, France. Enterieur, Engl. Interior) interior, the interior of a room or buildings, supra. exterior. Name of the architectural shaped and processed interior space of a arhitekronskog object. The interior is the interior of a house or building in general. Against interior, the exterior architectural shaped outer space. The interior is also area in the architecture, which deals with the formatting inner space, and the architect who shaped inside the building, called enterijerista. Interior, basic element basic elements of interior are: construction, organization of space (dispositions), Floors, walls, ceilings and their processing, open (doors, windows), furniture, heating, lighting. It is understandable that these elements, for themselves, do not make 

complete interior. Them complete a series of cases, not less important, that we can identify additional elements: draperies, carpets, items of artistic creation (paintings, sculptures, etc..), other utility or decorative objects: more musical instruments, candlesticks, prěkladu the fireplace, dishes, cutlery, mirrors. Historical events, regulatory and social changes lifestyle, contacts with other civilizations (or rediscovery of old, almost forgotten), technical Innovation and the like. impact that the construction, materials, forms and elements of interior decoration change. These changes can be studied introducing stylistic periods individually (by a system, respectively. chronology), or following the development of selected elements interior over a longer period of time. Interior, interior room (architect). Interior rooms in various artistic processed means: the architectural division, painting and sculptural works, appropriate furniture, curtains, carpets, lamps, etc.. ENTERIJERIJSKI RASTER Raster used when interior architectural design of a building. V. Raster. ENTOPIJA Entopija is Doxiadisa of Greek coins. word en and commonplaces, and indicates the location, space is possible that that there may be real, but that includes those features because whose lack of planning and human imagination, to escape distopije of (real, but the evil space) goes to utopia, space good and desirable but impossible, Space mere pretense. Entopija defined measure their reality and measure their quality in relation to satisfaction of human needs. It is not a system that can build just for today, no system should be build for a tomorrow, but probably the origination of the development process managed by the human and social consciousness, willing to openly confront the problems and s opportunities to resolve them. This is her place between good and evil in the line of normative values, between Topi (existing sites) and non-existent utopia the line of reality. Entopija is, therefore, result effective synthesis of desire and reality. It is a synthesis that can initiate and direct the development processes in space and time, so that the evil space of our cities, gradually grow in places suitable for complete human life and activities, regardless of some of the observed process (emphasis hypertrophy transport system, population explosion, etc.) that some builders are so threatening to them, almost paralyzing awareness to the point that taking steps quite the opposite of those who lead a true and lasting solution, or 

deceit to stop these processes if them always points the finger, instead of seeking solutions within them. Entopija as a synthesis of mainstream irealnog, is also the framework and basic methodological criteria in Doxiadis which form elements of their urban and architectural techniques, elements, whose significance and comprehensive and massive character.  conversion, in, Entropy (gr.  content conversion) Fiz. function whose size is as a measure of the likelihood danoga state body or system body. Entropy of the body or body system is the ratio of total increase in internal energy and external completion of the expansion of this body and the absolute temperature. At each process in the nature of the total energy remains constant, but the conversion of energy from one form to another is done in order to increase the sum entropy of all bodies involved in the process. In border, a fictional, the case for the return process, the sum of the entropy remains unchanged. In nature, all processes are irreversible, irreversible. Hence, in addition to principles of conservation of energy, the nature of the principle increase of entropy. The first principle is necessary for explanation of events in nature, but not enough. In the purpose it complements the other principle. ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN Design that was turned around, okolišju natural, environment, in terms of protection natural environment. Environmentalisti turn natural materials: wood, earth, brick, textiles and similar materials, giving up the use of materials that pollute the environment (plastics, concrete, composite materials, resins, etc.).. Environmental PSYCHOLOGY (born environmental psychology) represents the study of environmental effects environment and general environment on human behavior. Since the studies related to the man as a user space, their results are important for work in the field arch. and design. Environmental structure (born living environment environment, environment) name for the arch. structures for the model have natural forms of living space, which actively correspond to the natural environment. E.s. take into account all the advantages and limitations of a environment: geography, climate, conditions, Solarize, configuration of the terrain, environmental conditions and others.  logos Sciences) Ergon work and ERGOLOGIJA (Greek  Branch of ethnology, which studies the so-called material culture. primitive peoples. Its task is to study the function development, the technical process of processing and the origin of tools, weapons, dwellings, jewelry and others. , Engl. Ergonomics) Ergonomics (Greek  

It represents a systematic study of the characteristics of people as users of design objects and their relationship to environment, systems and / or facilities. Aim ergonomics is to avoid the discrepancy between the application of scientific information relating to the human beings on the problems related to the design. In the U.S., the term e. is generally known as "human factors". Also, the concept is very closely binds to antropometriju, branch of ergonomics that deals with studying the dimensions of the human body, their shape and power.  aisthetikos sensory, Aesthetics (the Greek.  sensory) Name of a philosophical discipline, and comprehensive name for different theoretical and empirical performance of are - nominally more than real - United interest for diverse and rational mnogoznačne events "Aesthetic". Usually defined as the science of "beautiful" ie, "the beautiful in nature and art" or as general theory of artistic creation and experience, e. no to Today the definition of which would be logically clear and exhaustive, Review and general acceptable. Reasons for the rational "Neodredljivosti) aesthetics do not lie only in the deep heterogeneity matter in which the "aesthetic" finds or things (visual - static and mobile - and forms expressions in visual arts, ballet, film, the tonal music, lingual in the literature), but also protejskoj polyvalence same aesthetic "values." Although the kind of value contained in the elements of objective, material reality, it necessarily assumes the multiple involvement of the subjective (psychic) activities that occur in a wide range of perceptual synthesis via asocijativnih evocation, logoidnih ( "intuitive") proziranja, standardization and schematization worn and prepletenih whole scale excitement and emotional turmoil, to potsvesnih resonance, which speak the deepest and najiskonskiji human instincts. There is no reason to doubt that man is an embryo of an aesthetic attitude towards the quality of your environment (emotional response to certain colors, shapes, sounds, rhythm) took more from his animal past as intimate correspondence between their basic biological functions and sensory characteristics of those beings and objects to which these functions were addressed. In any case, the aesthetic appearance razabiranja and evaluation belongs to the first beginnings civilization and goes in parallel with the appearance of art, ie. s efforts of man to make their own, in the spirit oblikovnih-expression of their affection and within their technical capabilities fixes transient impressions immediately received from their environment or reflected and transformed in display of imagination. Although the sensor caused by incentives 

from the environment, artistic achievement has never - not even then to they wanted to be - were not merely "reflecting" objective sensory data, simply "capture" natural facilities and processes. In najdrevnijim civilizations characteristic of human artistic tendency to primarily izrziemocionalni "index" of impressions, your § Permian case, their individual involvement or social meaning. To the emotional "Quid" čulnoj embodied in a particular matter, the artist be served by specific creative processes oblikovnog "Translation": intensification, reduction, analysis, schematization, reshaping (stylization) eidetzacije, symbolization, etc.. Art works regularly have a complex character, in them is almost never aesthetic value is not achieved for itself and for ourselves, but the regular organ srasla other, mimoestetskim values and meanings. So eg. aesthetic characteristics of the wear - as a value "Plus," the value of value "- numerous buildings and forms primarily intended for practical use, svrahama magical, religious cult, emphasizing personality and her social position, symbolization tribal or nationality, etc. evocation of the past. At straslost intimate aesthetic with other modalities formatting warning and the fact that in many languages, the word "beautiful" is used in synonymous promiscuity for good, valid ethical, orderly, properly, beneficial, useful, practical value. In Greek. language (in the Socratic-platonovskom circle) occurs  kalokagathia, which seeks awareness expression  indistinguishable in the conceptual and aesthetic unity of the area ethical values. The fact that aesthetic vrednst often epifenomenalni has character, that is regular and intimate organic srasla with other values and sense meaning, had an important meaning for the development of aesthetic theory, as for the aesthetic characteristics of ( "Beautiful") Cesty took different (mimoestetske) characteristics of a complex object which is aesthetic was only one aspect. This is not only theoretically zamućivala authentic nature of the aesthetic, but and opened wide the possibility that characteristics aesthetic ( "beautiful") and attributed to those forms, aspects and elements of which it is essentially a page, eg. nesenzornim, logical. "Spiritual" structures, ie "OK." "Line", "clarity". prevailing in the creations intellectual activity; intentionally-representative content or the tendency of artistic works, etc.. ETERNALNA ARCHITECTURE name for eternal, eternal, everlasting, lasting architecture. Eternalnu architecture find among the Egyptian pyramids, Greek 

temples, Roman Colosseum, Gothic cathedrals, and until today. Contrary eternalnoj architecture, is located ephemeral architecture, which is transient, biodegradable, variable, time unstable. EUKLIDOVSKI SPACE theory of space-based Euclidean geometry, which defines the space as endless and homogenous and treats it as one of the basic dimensions of the universe. E.p. the idea of mechanical combination of units of a space.  R) Proper and good posture EURITMIJA (gr.  in motion, uniformity, harmony (eg dancing, music, tradition, etc..), in architecture, clear and beautiful proportionality between the parts of a whole in general, honey. regularity of the circulatory system, or was. Evocation, Urban (Latin evocare cry, evocatio Calling) Name of the reminder, or reviving memories one urban environment, one city or its urban detail. Urban evocation may arise from language forms (forms), or the position of certain features. If e. originated eg. language, then it is toponomastici, which gives us many different data in connection with an urban structure, and other anthropological data. Not only informs us about former trades, on social relations, but we very lively and shows what features deeper former inhabitants of the urban whole. Evolutionism in the architecture represents the understanding and study of architecture through its stages of development, changes, periods, changes in social relations and their impact on the development of architecture. Evolutionism in architecture study njebu history and historical kontekt society, that it drew from the findings related to evolutionary, developmental changes in architectural thought and ways of understanding and representation of architecture. Evolutionists are the architecture through its evolutionary changes, such as a living organism that develops and changes in accordance with the historical changes, social, technical and other conditions. EUROPEAN COMMON MEASURES Sometimes it's France, in particular Paris was the center of scientific research. It is understandable that the entire eighteenth century European science easier comparison, the French system of measures employed, fuck whom French unit rate. So already before French Revolution there unity of measures, at least in scientific world. Activity of France at that time proves the fact that just in Paris, where he was almost the home of scientific measurement system, began even before the French Revolution, and and later implemented, replacing the old measure of rates and thumb with the metric system. 

Expendable ARCHITECTURE, consumables architecture view that Architectural building consumer goods, with its century of limited duration, which, after a period eliminates the use, ie, destroyed. This interpretation present especially in the residential architecture of the United States, where residential houses built of ephemeral materials (wood, gypsum panels) and after a certain period of use (eg. 20 years) removed. Invoices (srednjovek. lat. Factura production) in fine arts development, the way is an act made; the sum of the technical details, which as a whole characteristic of the method and procedure of each artist. In painting, f. reflected in the conduct of the brush, application layers of color and general metierskom expression in sculpture in the manner of determining the individual materials (clay, stone, wood). The arch. f. a characteristic expression of the outer surface of a građ. material or an architect. object. Also, the and method of processing the surface of a material or architectural elements of the facade or interior (walls, column, pilester, ceilings, transom, etc.).. Invoice to exhibit structural properties materials, their durability, strength, sophistication, heat and taktilnost. FALSE false architecture is what it seems, and that not, as the false architecture preudo-onion, fake attic, false doors and false front (facade). ARCHITECTURE fancy name for lovable, cockscomb architecture, which is intended to be pleasant to the eye, attractive at first glance, glamorous, glossy, often immaculate antique look. FARSA, architectural architectural joke, jest, knowingly and deliberately sniffing or distortion of style characteristics to achieve a certain effect on observers. Architectural Farce is often present in architecture of the postmodernists. FACADE (franc. Facade face of the building, in Italian. Facciata, from Lat. fascies look Engl. facade, dumb. Fassade). Frontal, frontal appearance of the building, emphasized architecturally. Main page some considerable buildings, according to which the shaped the entire building. Facade typically contains main entrance of the building, and in church architecture, is always oriented towards the same side, for a particular religious kongregaciju. As a rule reflects interior space (eg. the novel. basilica, got. cathedral, Renaissance palaces and Baroque castles). However, the facade does not always reflect the inside an object. Often the case that the façade was performed according to certain principles (symmetry, composition) different from those applied in the interior 

building (the church of St.. Peter in Rome). Processing of the facade does not necessarily corresponds to processing in the interior. The facade is often important and attractive interior of the processing (Siena, Orvieto). Also, the facade itself does not have dimensions that corresponds to the volume building, often f. greater than building behind it (S. Michele, Lucca), and rarely less (S. Andrea, Mantua). The facade of the church frequently are bell towers, towers, one or two. (v. facade with a tower, The facade with two towers). The church and profanoj construction, Facade includes basic compositional elements: portal part of the facade with windows, a series of columns or pilaster, arcades, erker, free stairs, gable or visible roof surface. Decoration of the facade can be by precious materials such as stone material in the form: inkrustracija, precious mortar, sgraffito, stucco, etc.. or by painting: fresco painting. Facade SEGMENTS name for element or part of a facade that can be extracted from the surface of the facade as separate constructive, style or character element facade. There are following types of facade elements: segment of the facades, a modular facade element composition facade elements, rhythm on the facade. FASHION IN ARCHITECTURE (English fashion fashion) 1 The concept is generally refers to the movement, less styles in architecture who, after his sudden emergence often, become partial or a general trend in the arch. F.a. usually refers the interior, less the arch. buildings. Fashion in the arch. is occurs through the use of new express stiliskih elements, materials, colors, shapes. It is often the case fashion show and other arch. journals. 2. Also, sometimes incorrectly used the term to be marked architecture in the service of fashion (clothing), in terms of scenes and Fig. CONSTRUCTION PHASE (German Bauabschnitt) The time period of time to perform certain technological rounded work on a building. almost all Construction works are performed in technological units, ie, phases of construction. However, the f.g. may affect and meteorological conditions: the arrival of winter, the rainy period and Fig. This is very important to work outdoors. F.g. were known even in srednjovek. arch., especially in the age Gothic, when the construction of the cathedral, performed in stages, lasted for several centuries. In this case, the f.g. is influenced the lack of technology and machinery, because all works done by hand, and lack of financial funds PHASE OF A set of business operations and processes in developing one object, in which not even the power menjaradna number or the qualifications or materials and tools. 

Usually, operations and processes repeated cycle. FENESTRACIJA (Latin fenestra, fenestratio, Italy. finestra, franc.fenetre) The term is used in architecture to indicate the existence of a certain sequence, or order composition windows on the facade of a building. Fenestracija a setting or schedule window the facade, it can be: symmetric, asymmetric, central, lateral, lateral, combined, double, multiple, bazilikalna, horizontal, nadvratna, višespratna et al. FENESTRACIJA, composing (born fenestration). Setting, composing and disponiranje windows on a building. Feng Shui The ancient Chinese science - art harmonious set of objects or art harmonic rules which are present in specific environments. Feng Shui originated in the early rural China, where lives are population depended on the soil fertility, which is depended on the abundance of water and Solarize. As people began to closely observe and study natural samples environment in which he lives, he realized that the ideal harmony between heaven, earth and the man depends on the favorable set of his farm, home or pastures. Therefore, Chinese people used a feng-shui - which is include balancing the yin and yang energy - to predestined how and where to place their buildings and how to form a landscape in which he lives. Thus, feng shui is used to promote nature - and not to disturb. Figure (figure l.) 1 character, form, appearance, conditions; drawing, painting, stature, growth, statue, figure (in chess and money); pictures of playing card, a map image; 2nd Mat. painting, drawing (geometric). 3. images. man (as opposed to images of "dead nature" or "fools creatures"); 4th poet. play images created by words, pictures expression, expression in the picture; 5th husband. series of tones that quickly come to a the other and interconnected, notes that as a decoration describe the main tone, sound decoration 6, Phil. shape indirect deduction (syllogism); 7th Choir. movements and images performed by dancers. Landscape Architecture (born Figurative architecture) The term is apparently coined in Paolo Portoghese during the late 1970s to describe the architectural Design 1970s, which was under the influence Graves, a Ross-I, and others, in which they made attempts to re-establish the meaning of ambiguous types found in traditional architecture, such as walls, columns, vratničkih openings, pedimenata et al., after their rejection of the modern period movement. Figurative architecture is considered as part of the post modernism. 

Figuratively, Pictures (German figuriert) 1 Construction element that is decorated with figurative plastic. 2. Clocks area or part of which is decorated with stone elements in the form geometrical ornaments. FIGURATIVNOST (figurative, lat. Figurine character) label character. work, which shows the motive of the world seen reality. The name and concept nefigurativnost, nefigurativan (franc. nonfiguratif) includes all types of abstract artistic expression. The use of names figuralnost, nefiguralnost (see abstract art). FIZIOGNOMIČNOST F. arch. of a tendency for spatial expression. In addition to natural - functional direction appeared in the understanding of the functionalism funkcionalistima during the exchange of thoughts and a question fiziognomičnosti as the governing principle for izdelavanje shape. F. as the totality of all the characteristic feature architectural creation becomes a reflection of internal appearance of things. If the fulfillment of the task measure izdelanog value of a standard form, then the factors intangible, spiritual types applicable for this or that kind of creation, that is, for causing this or that vida f. In the first case the man is the creative shaping the subject and the second object. It is alleged, and that works perfect arise when both principles together as a result of the creative process odsudnog or torque, and when they are both present and the active realization of the same object. Fiziognomičnost is achieved expression of the art works. FIZIOMETRIJA, architectural V. Module. Name of method of measurement in the study of architecture based on man's basic measures and proportions and application of these measures the architectural design. Flachbau (German single-storied building) German term for a form Housing construction - individual houses with individual gardens. Flank term is used in architecture to describe uokviravanje, encirclement or obstruction of a object or object of other objects or parts object. Wall, "flanked by towers" on the wall whose final parties are towers. Flexible SPACE (born flexible space) Name of the arch. space, usually it is inner space, which can changes its shape using pomičnih partitions, panels, walls or changing the position of interior furniture, in Depending on the function you perform. Flexibility in housing construction in residential architecture there are three types of flexibility: Apparent (relative), nadogradna (absolute) and increased (enriched relative) flexible. Apparent flexibility is limited by physical space 

flat, ie, beyond, houses, and may be internal (within the boundaries of the apartment) and outdoor (including spaces beyond the basic flat). The outside is in the level or level (two residential floors). It is characteristic of apparent (relative) fleksibinosti to assume unaltered primary structure of the building (structural system, installation and vertical façade). Nadogradna (absolute) with the flexibility assumed property and the apparent flexibility izmenljivost primary structure. It can be build and unbuild and requires execution of technology instead of traditional building. Increased apparent (relative) flexibility in characteristics is similar to the apparent, with very limited possibilities of improving the basic structure or degradation. For all forms izmenljivosti (flexibility) in a residential common architecture is the separation of primary secondary structures (partitions, built-in cabinets, bathroom, kitchen elements, etc.).. The detachment primary structure of the secondary emphasized, are able adaptation to different needs users greater. The basic principle of all forms flexibility in residential architecture consists of nedefinisanju distribution of the total apartment space, ie. enabling the user to the space distribution of the needs. Independence of secondary structure (packet installation) of primary ensures independence and comprehensive development production and technological progress of secondary structure, and allows the user to equip housing better accommodate the material and structural features changes in the family. Flowing SPACE, SPACE CURRENT (U.S.) in Architecture design, the concept of "flowing space" - the current space, indicates the projected feature space to be connected to the surrounding outer space and inner adjacent premises. The term "flowing space" appears the first time in the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, primarily in his residential villas. Houses designed by principles "of the current space," characterized by lack of doors, partitions or barriers. Prostate each interwoven, one flowing into another, as "flow." Introducing the principle of "the current space in architecture establish a new relationship with the design. Fixed walls have replaced moving partitions, doors have been replaced opened, rooms are no longer isolated and extracted, but are composition of all tissues of the object. According to some theorists, the sources of the principle "of the current premises are located in the traditional Japanese house, and transfer them and use the first protagonists of the modern 

architecture, eg, Wright, Le Corbusier, M. Acting Rohe and others. Today, this principle is widely accepted and general widespread, and applies also in the sphere urbanism. FORM (L. form) Form (supr. content); cut, form, character, appearance, outdoor party, mold, model, pattern, pattern, model, organization, manner regulation; type. complex by signature clasp in the iron box; be (lie) in forms will be ready for what will be inclined sub utrakve form (L. Sat utraque form) theological. the sight of both, ie. under the guise of bread and wine (communion). FORM AND DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE (born form and design) The term refers to the structure of interdependence arch. design and formal characteristics of the future of architecture. facilities, or the INTERACTION BETWEEN occurring between form and design in arch. The term is often linked to the architecture of Louis Kahn, who investigated the mutual relationship between these two characteristics, basing it on its architecture. FORM AND CONTENT IN ARCHITECTURE (born form and content) The notion that the architecture used to be pronounced circuit relationship between the shape of a space injegove functions, or internal content. In terms of form and content, an object can have extreme characteristics: often it is a form that is stylistically destined, with preset characteristics forms the building or to the architect. object that was created on the basis of functional and other utility characteristics, which were later determined its form. In the first case, can be a formalism in architecture, while in other cases there functionalism. However, usually it is very a complicated relationship of form and content when determining the future of design features object, so that usually does not work either on the formalist or the functional approach to design. According to Robert Venturi, Architecture is a form and contents, abstract and concrete - and its meaning derived structure, texture and material. These oscillating relations, complex and contradictory, are a source of ambiguity and tensions that are inherent in the medium of architecture. FORM FOLLOW Fiasco (born Form Follows Fiasco) Principle which is derived from the principles of modern architecture Form follows function, Sullivan, presented the same name Peter Blakea criticism by obajvio in his book 1960th years, devoting the trinity of modern Architecture: Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and Franko Lloyd Wright. Book itself won the confidence of the the fact that Blake was one of the propagators old chalk. The first myth that Blake analyzes the myth functions, considering that the dogmatic application of functional 

principles is not a good outcome, ie, that available spaces designed for specific function does not improve the general living conditions of space. On one hand, Blake challenged to form a modern architect. truly follows function, regardless of good intentions designers, on the other hand finds rtelativnu autonomy and stability arch. values in relation to use of space. Blakeovi conclusions are contained in "Historic" statements. FORM ER function (born Form Follows Function) Name the principle of modern architecture that is attributed to Sullivan and is everywhere considered as the first commandment katehizisa Moderne. According to this principle, the function of a architectural object is that which affects and determines its architectural form. Form the second instance, flexible and its shape reflects a functional necessity of the facility. This principle and the principle was basis of functionalism in modern architecture, while presenting a critique of formalism forms architectural objects. ANALYSIS OF SPACE formalist analysis of a Title space from the point of studying its shape, ie, form, and spatial characteristics of the phenomena. About f.a.p. Hans Jantzen 1938.g. writes: "formalist space analysis, which examines the area, contained in a architectural work of art, as a special style form, must be complemented by consideration presented space as a dimension of meaning, in otelovljenog the work of art. " Formalism (L. form) 1 taking on excessive external page (form), assuming forms the contents and essence; 2nd Phil. direction, which claimed only to form, and ignores sadržnu and the essence of things; 3rd preteranost in keeping ustaljenih fact, virtually understanding of legal regulations and nevođenja account their purpose and their essence. Formalism in the architecture (Latin formalis related the form) giving the absolute and exclusive validity external form, content and meaning of negation idejnosti, eg. at larpurlartizma (l'art pour l 'art). "Rampant tendency to form drainage wonderful unknown trouble "(Charles Baudelaire in the essay" The Gentiles schools. The art direction and way to start importance only to the form. In contrast to functionalism, arch. principle, sometimes style architectural forms gives priority to the content, ie, a function object. F. oblikovštinu is thin at any cost, the illusion what is, in contrast to the concept of originality artistic creation. Eklektičkoj meets the arch., 

modernističkoj the arch., and in abstract terms is seeking absolute architecture without pre-determined purpose. F. tags can be all kinds of eclecticism as arbitrarily selected, conventionally or maintained fictional form, without specific creative purposes, as such is the result of subjective orientation, mood and intentions of the designer, giving priority to form - the form - of the content. In any case, the f. indicates the architectural significance of the opposite action functional justification and utility work, which, for Unlike the formalism, clearly managed usefulness every design process. For the formalist structure the object rznih past intentions, and less subject .. Formalism was a significant feature of almost all arch. styles of architecture throughout history. but always had sources or models in functional requirements or characteristics. F. find the ant. cramp. arch., aarhitektonskih within the ranks, in Rome. arch., where experienced the peak of its development. In the middle period. V., form arch. building is largely depended on the construction knowledge builders and construction characteristics materials used. In the Renaissance, the form arch. facilities, as well as plans for entire cities, conducted from the geometric aesthetic, not functional requirements. F.svoj new boom experienced in the period Baroque, in which the arch. form is the result of decorative requirements, and almost the entire arch. Object are formalist structures such as arch. scenes. In the modern architect., F. is present in the works of many architects, and periods of f. considered for the "crisis periods" in the development of a modern architect. The f. We can speak in the arch. Frank Lloyd Wright (Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium, Tempe, Arizona, 1959-66., Guggenheim Museum, New York 1943-59., Marin County Civic Center, San Rafael, 1959-64.) Walter Gropius (Baghdad University, 1958th, Baghdad Mošeja), Eero Saarinen and others. Classical formalism in a modern architect. the use of classicist form to create a modern architecture, eg. by Philip Johsona (Lincoln Cultural Center, New York City). F. is especially present in post-modern architecture, the works of Aldo Rossi, Hans Holleina, Christian de Portzamparc and others. His unrestrained application of f. has long-term eclecticism, culminating in dekorativizmu. Is it the now where eclecticism is still in various its forms. Relatively the highest form of f. the fruit sincere, but fundamentally wrong desire for representation, the so-called art, but while the motives architectural and sitnoornamentalne plastic used in 

manjej or greater extent, the cooperation of painters and sculptors. Replacing pre-designed forms of dysfunctional deterministic imitation process had a result not only of confusion and irony, but above all formalism, which is even pokorniji is unrecognized. Those architects and town planners who deny the formalism arch. are often rigid and arbitrary when it comes to formatting own projects. The urban-planners, as they learned to respect antiformalistički architectural profession and to criticize the "physical nastrojenosti "urban planning, are often caught in this dilemma. Once planned, "the planning process and when they determine "policy development". projects are meet hypothetically buildings, which show "possible paths of development, using modern forms that architectural leaders who like the young specialist, regardless of whether the formal language of leaders relevant to a given problem from another formal language. Replacing expression representation, through contempt the symbolism and decoration, led to the architecture where the expression became expressionism. Maybe due to poor meanings which can be obtained the abstract forms and functional neukrašenih elements, the characteristic forms of late modern architect. is often overemphasized. In contrast, they are often draw too much in its immediate vicinity. Louis Kahn once called exaggeration arhitektovim tool for the creation of ornamentation. However, preuveliđčavanje significant design and programming, has become a substitute for ornament. Formalism, Principles of formalism in architecture, attitude, principle or in some cases, the movement in which the basic thought setting architectural forms in the first Plan ahead of content, structure or function object. Architect - formalist believes the form, ornament, ornament or composition of architectural forms of primary and most important feature of the object. For formalist, content and function of the object are important only If you follow the form, the shape of the object. For them is a form of governing principle of the object. Content must Prti form building and that it is adjusted. Formalism in architecture has emerged from the need establishing certain rules of architectural construction, primarily in construction. Rules of construction ancient Greece led to a strictly formalist shvaćenih shaped buildings. For constructive reasons, created the formalist canons, stylish lines: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. This level of understanding and processed form has continued for centuries later. 

Applied a form of column and architrave, arch, vault, turrets, etc.. and this was a form of constructive subordinate functions, ie, the content object. Gothic Cathedral followed the formal character of the construction prelomljenih columns and arches, kontrafora and transformer. The highlight of formalism in architecture certainly was a period Baroque, which is form, such as illumination, led to perfection. At the end of XIXv. And early XXV. Development constructive system reaches its peak, and accordingly there is a spontaneous rejection of traditional construction form. New buildings are no longer burdened constructive constraints architrave, arch or vault and the first time it was possible to completely separate issue function and content of the problems of constructive forms. Today in the architectural theory of the formalism looks as the lack of good taste and architectural style. Modern building content placed in the foreground, while form is only a means for its implementation and well functioning. FORMAT (Latin formatus shaped) size, dimensions pictures, printed books, papers, photos, etc.. There are established formats (standards) images, and finally books (in Plano, in folio, in 4 (degree) in 8 (degrees), 12, 16). Photos are the most common formats 6x9, 13x18, 18x24cm FORMAT, architectural pieces of size and proportions paper or other two-dimensional media in which artist or architect working. FORMS, architecture, types There are the following specific types of architectural forms: open forms, closed forms, geometric forms, improper forms, natural forms, summary forms, sublimikrajuće form, broad form, jagged forms, nadgrađena form adapted forms and others. F-PLAN V. Plan, Plan - types of plan. Name of the plan one building, which is made in the form of the Latin letter F, with the central core and two short tract that are placed precisely on the nucleus. FRAGMENT (Latin fragmentum, frangere break) Saved rest or architectural fragment, painting or skulptorskog, ceramic, textile, literary and others. work. Fragment, Fragment, element or part of an arch. object or some of his work, which is visible or directly available. F. meet in the field of archeology and history architecture, the arch. facilities were destroyed, but stored in fragments, on which the possible to make their reconstruction. F. find on the floors of Roman palace in the form of fragments of mosaic. Also, meet fragmentary remains of wall plastic 

ant or ornaments. monuments. Frontal (nl. frontalis) 1 Anat. Frontal, which concerns forehead, or belongs to it (eg, arteries, bone, cutting and etc..) 2nd arch. concerning the front side or her belongs 3rd Ba. picture, from the front, with front, in front; Front fire fire front, frontal movement of the march (companies, water) in the developed INTERVIEWS; frontal assault attack picture, from the front. Front APPROACHES input elements of an arch. Property located on its frontal side, usually in center of its front facade. The urbanism of the city, f.p. represent the position of city goalpost (gate) with front side, ie in the frontal axis of a city the road leading into town. In Ant. Rome. urban., f.p. are appointed Decumanus penetration through the city wall, on the southern side. FUKINSEI (Jap.) represents a concept that is Zen design features, which is a concept asymmetry. Japanese inclination towards asymmetry is not easy explain. It may come from backgrounds in race Asian forests, where natural forms built for sens organic beauty, or the fundamental beliefs of Zen observation of individual things as perfect by itself itself, without the need for symmetry. In Zen design, according concept fukinsei, asymmetry is used to create vital force in the conflict are placed between the "Left" and "right" and, often, between the volume and form. In a typical Japanese garden design or a house, about the not stop or one dominant point of design, but are constantly looking at the effect of returning a whole. Fundamentalism in the architecture (born fundamentalism) Relation to the basic features of architecture that pretače in the arch. form. F. affects the archetypal form, based on their style of his expression. The most commonly used as the main protagonists of fundamentalism in architecture the character and work of Louis Kahn and other representatives of the metaphysical school of architecture. V. Metaphysical school of architecture. TITLE: 1st In ordinary life, the feature is a certain kind of mental activity of any kind in order to successfully fulfillment of a clearly pre-set task. It is here given a priori. The function of buildings is to ensure optimal conducting life and work in them in accordance with their purpose. All types of f. the arch., however, were not given a priori. During the study building program in the solution of architectural problems, they only find and recognize. Thus perceived F. become active forces and form this or that creative impulses, significant decision-making and Grooming a successful space. 

2. Sizes in mathematics - functions indicates the relationship constant and changing relationships and values dependent from each other and determined the appropriate equations. Their quantity ratio changes by a certain mutual dependence, the maximum value is the degree of the equation - An absolute measure - which the architect in relation to variables and constant values of most interest for which he difficult as the main aim of solving some of their tasks. 3. F. brings optimal solution set of task satisfying the conditions and factors for impeccable the course of a life process related to the building. Svrhovitost is, without doubt, a necessary incentive for izdelavanje shape. It makes some forms of personality with possibility of their consistent standardization. 4. In architectural terms, the purpose or intent of space, a building, part of a building element or details, for which the project is anticipated to be done. Architectural objects are completely functional, if perform the purpose for which they made. If the form or appearance of architectural objects such that, for aesthetic, constructive and other reasons, it is not possible the exercise of his superiors and planned features, then often say that the object dysfunction, or formalist designed. It is often designed form placed above the function, and is a formalist facility. Some architectural object or area can has two, and more features. Then it multifunctional (multi) area or object. The function of an architectural object to his purpose, ie, faith. One arch. object is "Functional" if it meets the purpose for which the erected. The purposes of objects can be different; housing, work (economic), cultural, recreational, health, saovraćajne et al. Functions are objects appropriate man's request and needs, growth together with the development of technology and science in general and change are often very quickly. Some architectural bjekti contain prominent technological features with which meet the very complex function of complexes. During the history and development of architectural forms, Internal concealment of external forms of the functions was common in pre-modern architecture. Thus For example, the Renaissance palace had a uniform order windows that are masked completely different rooms purposes. In the early modern facilities with enthusiasm as used a pre-forms and details of business objects, residential houses, theaters, etc.. The assumption poslemoderne architecture was implicitly contained the fact that "honest" expression of the internal functions 

the facade of virtue and does not indicate or higher "moral" value object. It was a moral preoccupation modernism, which should be less important than visual objects and relationships outside of his architectural environment. Functionalism (Latin functio performance, performance, Engl. functionalism, Italy. razionalismo) Architectural credo, position of the architect or designer who believe that their primary responsibility to see that building or facility that isprojektovali are designed or functioning well. All funkcionalisti that want to achieve the object emotional or aesthetic, can not affect the appropriateness building or buildings to fulfill its purpose. Also, F. the individual opinions in an effort individual architects and application of certain construction program inseparably related to technological processes production. As the direction of, f. a particular ethical, organizational and time and economic understanding of architecture. with special emphasis svrhovitosti end of the building in all its forms and expressions. All style processed architecture - from the pyramids to the park of Versailles, were subjective or objective functional. School in istoricističkom style of the school, the bank is a bank, housing facility buildings for housing. Only funds eclectic construction have limited capabilities. His logical procedures, to better fulfill its task, a technical architect. krči your way functional understanding of architecture. problems. F. the creative direction and method of work which integrity of certain features blend into a calculated full functionality. A common measure svrhovitosti legality and composition in relation to the arch. whole body as a creative space. Unlike of Cubism, which is its reach was more or less only in aritmetičkoj harmony plastic body, ie. primary arhitektonici, F. većć performs logical organic internal structure of architectural whole and all its parts. F. is a measure of performance achieved in terms of economy of the project, construction, utility, logic, estetičnosti and other preimućstava final building. "Form follows function" is a modern phrase steady architecture, which is derived from L. Sullivan. Year 1920 -- these, it seemed like a distant and foreign ideas, cold and forbidding; today, although widely accepted, This phrase continues to resembling a modern architect. fixed versus traditional, which is more than slogans. The form is certainly followed function since Population Paleolithic period to the Neolithic cave cave inhabitants, followed by a function in the Roman forts and the aqueduct, medieval castles, 

warehouses and halls from XVIIIv., to the giant office buildings metropolis XXV. Critics F. sometimes suggest that functionalism stops where arch. begins. This is unfair, for functionalism, as and architecture. The history and development of thinking about functionalism can follow since the modern man began to think in spirit of the time of the essence of architecture. not only as a craft, but also as a reflection of his era. Under the influence of technical Architecture, F. is developing in two streams, the soil of America in Europe, but from a common source - rationalism. "Art knows only one master: the need and perversive mood when listening to the artists, "writes Mr. Semper in his writings. Already before Semper, romantic and classicist K.F. Schinkel, in his letter to 1834.g. Bavarian Crown Prince, said his answer to the question of what the ideal architecture: "The ideal in architecture can only then be filled in completely if one building to in whole and in all its parts and with the spiritual and from the physical point of view corresponds to its very purpose. " Despite many cenjenoj sentence of L. Sullivan to form outstanding for the function, one should bear in mind that on first zastpao position for bezornamentalnu arch. and then for ornament. Architect Labroust gives 1830.g., well before Sullivan this definition: architectural form must be subordinate to the function ", and Otto Wagner writes about the essence and contents of the latest architect. "utterly true meaning and fulfillment purposes (to the smallest detail), which is actually functional principle. Basic assumptions its science, Wagner, however, in practical acting realized only relatively, not rejecting the role of ornamentation Built in the spirit of secession. Adolf Loos as the primary setting their thoughts said, among other things: "Only when construction is a static match ekonomičnošću space, will speak about modern - sparingly arch. part. Funkcionaliustičku component of its architect. Poelzig marked as pass words: "All that is technical and thus any technical form is temporary; man they wantonly destroyed as soon as I cease to serve their purpose. Art form is eternal and without prejudice it is not possible to destroy, and Marcel Breuer said: "Residential machine could not seem to build the first funkcionalisti as were the creators-artists. "Richards: "Functionalism is a type of construction indicates that allows only those structures and forms that resolve physical demands of the most economical way. " Najindividualniji stand against functional principle has Mies van der Rohe: "Sullivanovu formula should be overturned, the space should be formatted so that it practical and cost-effective and feature will be adjusted 

him. Finally, after several years of successful work, Niemeyer, declares: "My research in the course of many studies refer to the simplification of form and plastic provide the correct answer to the functional and constructive problems. HOUSING Functionalism Functionalism was created under the influence of international experience and limitations caused by structural systems, and its determination and was therefore almost SVM elements unchanging and therefore izvanživotna. Functionalist apartment schemes are based on solid meaningful categorization of individual persons and functions their mutual relations. Such a categorization favors eventual need for the moment, and not enough is adjustable changing needs. The efforts of architects to the internal layout of rooms justify the principle mistake created by designers gradually the belief that they are able to form habits life. That belief had a positive result: practice confirms that under the influence of the profession and develop changed many habits of living, especially when Architectural organized habits, which was socially conditioned. These results, however, sometimes incorrectly identified with the right to impose design value system. Functionalist view of the flat base organizciju changed during the time and opinions are different, and here and opposed. Thus, for example. In razbodlju between the two world wars was the most prominent position that each space in the apartment must be determined by its use, but At the same time there and expressed desire for the so-called. elastic house. Mies van der Rohe, one of most representative funkcionalzma, remained Faithful to the end of this understanding, starting from the village Wiessenhof (1927) to the residential towers on Lake Shorea (1951), advocating not only in housing but also other buildings for the neutral, multiple exploitation of space. Similarly, in Le Corbusierovu Domino, which is based on internal flexibility organization building. Domino is expected to build the standard components, made, allow a different grouping of units, so wide izmenljivost. Today's development of electronics, appliances, robotic device and thoroughly change the function of individual residential premises. Functionalism, the origin of V. Formalism. Against formalism, position or movement in architecture, whose credo Championship features the architectural object of his form. The modern architectural buildings are exempt any construction constraints, and therefore, 

their form is not dependent on building construction requirements. Functionalism was created and developed in parallel with movement emergence of modernism in architecture and Cubism in art. The basic form funkcionalističkoj architecture of the cube, the foundations of buildings are rectangular, clear and simple. The main goal of an engineered architectural object is to achieve its good functionality. The functionality of the architectural object can be: the functionality in use of space, Traffic functionality, constructive functionality, ergonomic functionality, functionality in the use of good insulating material, functionality in insolation and ventilation facilities and dr. It is particularly important in relation to the functionality of the object his purpose, type and character. Thus, for example, business object must meet certain standards in terms of functions, which are different from functional standards applicable to residential buildings architecture.  Supporters of functionalism in architecture were also Architectural rationalists and their goal is, as opposed to formalist, ostvrenje good content and features object, regardless of the form. According to them, an object that meets the high-functional requirements, will be also high quality in the formal sense. Simplest form, such as cube, according to them, art - representational best and most acceptable. Representatives of functionalism are also the most representatives of the modern movement in architecture: Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rrohe, Gropius, Meier and others. Functionalism, Development Concept features, functional and functionalism in the arch. should be viewed from two fundamental aspect - the wider and narrower. In a broader sense, the functional concept included the basic logical relation between the degree of development of material culture and the degree of development of social consciousness on the one hand, and appropriate concretization of the architect. spatial and oblikovnih solutions incurred under the given conditions the other side. The narrow sense, the notion of functionalism was included orthodox methods arch. creation, in which the spatial, representational and constructive solution to the direct and exclusive result mirrors the concrete demands that the organization life and work at a facility uniquely placed, as Motto finally culminates in Le Corbusier, the house "Machines for living". In those epochs, when the arch. actually carried strong and sincere social needs in material and psychological sense when it is completely done its function (when it is therefore in the deepest sense of functional), appeared as major stylistic phases of the architect. 

(Egypt, Ant. Greece, got., reesansna, modern). In contrast, when the social need is not the architect. clearly expressed, when the arch. not grown in real needs as a reflection of social consciousness, she enters the stage decadence, vulnerable individual or arbitrariness academic pattern (classicism, neogotika, secession). At the time of construction of collective spontaneous, F. the only condition that construction activity tends to satisfy. Prehistoric pile dwelling or dwellings of contemporary Aboriginal the trees meet the most basic function of protection from disasters and enemies. In periods conscious designed building, at the time when the building expresses Preliminary profile of a collective, the concept of functionalism necessarily given symbolic meaning. Arch. in their najboljnim achievements thus rises to the symbol their functions (the Egyptian pyramids or baroque franc. castle its dimensions or form equally surpasses real needs for which they are built). The XIXv., Arrival bourgeois class to power in the rush of aspirations for affirmation resort to usual forms of the past, arch. search solutions in the simulation results of the previous period. This is reflected in the application of historical styles and eclecticism XIXv., at the time representative of the architect. was not functional, because it has ceased to be real expression of the society in which it originated. In contrast, the construction artifacts facilities, which at the time resolve practical tasks, created works that are the real expression new social needs. Crystal Palace in London (1850-51), Eiffel Tower and machine halls in Paris (1889), Hall Bresslauu century (1913) or in the hangar Orlyju, near Paris (1916), the implementation of new materials (iron, steel, reinforced concrete, glass), in the way construction and construction izražanoj clarity newspapers are new time of industrial development in which the concepts speed, economy, practicality and function, an integral of thinking and new criteria in evaluating arch. work. From all this comes the requirement that buildings be above all, purposeful, ie functional, the on čegaq its forms take on new meaning modern beauty ( "the functional itself nicely). This understanding of f. as an independent aesthetic quality, It is important for understanding this concept, which is particularly emphasized in the second and third decade XXV. First time claims for f. occur in the narrow sense of ameručkog architect L. Sullivan, who writes, "Architecture should be organic, and organic is what occurs in law function - form. Under pressure function occurs form. In Europe, in this sense played a crucial role Deutscher Werkbund (founded 1907) and architect A. and G. Perret and P. Behrens (who is in Hall turbine AEGa 1909 

created the first modern factory-shaped object). This further develop the idea of W. Gropius (Fagus factory, 1911, Pavilion Factory Deutz, the izlozni Werkbunda 1914). The next stage in development f., both in theory and in practice, marked experimental Bauhaus school, their accepting ind. standards and the use of prefabricated elements. The final synthesis and theoretical formulation f. gave Le Corbusier, who, assuming some of the aesthetic and construction principles ind. construction, a revolutionary engulfed in the problems of contemporary residential architect. General His thought is that the building of housing must match needs and habits of man ind. time. Polazerći of understanding of architecture. primarily as socjalnog factors, therefore the need to ensure that more people needed accommodation, Le Corbusier necessary procedures and the problem of urban ie. how the organization of life in the city, on the other hand in the process of building itself from the standpoint of economy (prefabrication, serial production, typically Standards etc.).. In this way on the concept F. gave meaning purposeful organization of living space and technological process of construction. However, f.a. shape odrteđeni type of free constructive skeletons (Domino) and free razdeljenih membrane, and inventory forms and typical solutions, which are accepted by Corbusierovih many followers. I Corbusier in shaping its facilities in time modify strict functional principles, priklonivši held. structural expressionism (residential block in Marseilles, 1952), who becomes a lyrical intoniran (Ronchamp, 1955). I Corbusier writes: "Where begins architecture? It begins where the machine stops. " Then within f.a. come to the fore, with a the tendency towards free, overstrain siboličkom f. (P. L. Nervi, B. Lubetkin, O. Niemeyer), on the other by the strict functional formalism, which are some elements of fa, as rešeytkasti Panels and brisoleji, served on the highly decorative way. Functional Architecture, Wind direction in architecture standing on the principle of functional buildings. Primary when this is to consistently implement the principle: that each of the building serves its purpose well and that functionality of certain parts must clearly reflect both the internal layout, as well as external shaping. New direction tends to the maximum advantage all the possibilities of new materials and construction, thereby leaving the earlier forms of expression. Avoid also romance in the architecture and above all points purpose and rationality. In shaping rejects unnecessary 

added, but construction as an important foundation not to be themselves, but as a new tool formation regarding the structure and properties of construction material. The desire for beautification elements not violate the principle of functionality (see Constructivism). Name of the functional units of a basic unit arch. space which is assigned to specific functions. In macro view, for f.j. one city can be considered one street or block. In macro terms, f.j. a residential building is a home or apartment, while f.j. one room apartment, for example. bedroom. FUNCTIONAL LOCATION Basic features of the city are: work, housing, recreation and transportation. Functional approaches also include the problem of the formation of spatial structure under the influence of site factors. Highest the interest in the problems of the location of industry and housing in the city, then all aktuelniji impact traffic on the reconstruction of spatial structure, while the location of recreational features, or as strictly conditioned or "ignoring temporarily. Location of industry mainly depends on the nature urban activities, city functions, then the model urban development and urban ways of exploiting land. The city can be focused on activities which are mainly the importance of external (external economy, export economy, tertiary city) or from activities aimed at the city and its residents (service activities, side economics). In depends on the aktivizacione orientation of the city, depends on one the model of urban development, on the other hand, the way exploitation of land. Functional location is very engaged residential location. Residential sites includes selection of sites for residential and selection own site housing. Both elections are subject to the impact of three groups of factors: 1. Economic factors include cost of group land housing cost and transport cost. 2. Ecological groups of factors including the characteristics of natural environmental location (climate, elevation, wind, insolation) features created ambient environment, the characteristics "Neighborhood unit", namely residential community. 3. Social group of factors includes spatial residential segregation and homogenization, choice and selection based on the preferences of public safety, proximity educational, cultural, service institutions. The next important feature of the traffic. Slay tendency of increasing conflict between rapid intergradskog and intergradskog slow traffic. Transportation needs for space grow extremely fast. 

The space is intended for traffic includes streets, spaces for parking, maintenance and sale motor vehicles, rail facilities, airports, port and others. Functional network by Lewis Mumford, urban svka functional structure has an invisible network that allows the structures properly. F.m. are different functional forms: industrial, cultural, urban, appearing in different places in response to contemporary needs. F.m. a network: infrastructure, communication systems, administrative systems and others. Functional solutions to design solutions Title a facility that gives all the elements of the smooth conducting some of the features, and even improve the function object. FUNCTIONAL TRADITION (born functional tradition) The term is introduced J.M. Richards who is primarily related to model building, such as household forms industrial facilities. Later, the term included design and implementation of large mass housing through the construction of which was often prefabrikovanog character. FUNCTIONAL separatism name to extract individual functional structures from a single Corps facility. Represents the final phase of functionalism in architecture, in which the individual, and each function and at least stand out and get a separate space. Functional separaratizam a programmatic and functional divides the architectural object to and najsitnijeg functional details. Functional system name for the systems in urban planiranjeu one city or town in general that are extracted and technological units and are important for Normal performance of all city functions. F.s. are: a system for electric power energy system for power drinking water system heating, sewage system and waste evacuation, traffic systems (school, school mirujući traffic speed roads, roads for supplies, parking lots, subway, etc.), a system for heating and supply hot water pipeline, railways, postal telecommunications system, TV system, mobile phone etc.. FUNCTIONAL TRACT typologies There are following types of functional tract: monotrakt, dvotrakt, trotrakt, tract from the corridor set in the middle tract with corridor set with the hand, radial tract, tract in the form of chess boxes, carpet system. Functional nucleus in the modern architect. name for the core a building, usually administrative buildings constructed 

in the form of skyscrapers. F.j. located in the center of base facility and includes the massive walls of ukrućenje, stemenište and liftovsko core and auxiliary facilities. F.j. also includes installation duktove with all necessary and installation required the building. It is a functional separation of the separation of two or different functions of an architect. object or urban plan. F.o. is present at all levels arch.: from f.o. within the interior of a housing unit, several units within the complex arch. building, to level a city zone or whole city. F.o. it is necessary to avoid negative effects of certain functions: transport, loudness, environmental pollution, increased circulation and all. Inside a flat, f.o. is done at the level of separation and night daily work, or the cuisine of the living room. The public building, separating the noisy lobby of the premises with the main functions, the internal public space and all. Inside urban structure, is performed each separation zone: residential, business, trade, transport, parkovskih et al. FUNCTIONALITY Representing reached maximum values funkcijinih all factors, the result of spiritual activity initiated to solve a task, one perceived phenomena. Perfect functionality is a tendency modern builders in the way of achieving besprekornih contemporary architect. achievements. Funkcinalnost purpose in the narrow sense. It applies the internal organization of space, layout and relationship elements in accordance with the process of building technology servant. Functionality is the first element of use the value of a space, it provides purpose. Functionality is the basic concept that predodređuje an architectural object and the shape of primary elements of the pattern, structure and shape, and partially integral understood. Thus, the construction of a means of realization of the structure of space has a special kind of features in the construction works of architecture. Many theorists and masters of architecture. emphasized the importance and role as faktorasvrhe functionality and beauty at the same time. Thus, for example, his functionalism Guarino Guarino expresses the thought "that the material is not beauty building much as a good arrangement. " With its Page, Paul Souriau dajenešto different formilaciju mutual dependence of functionality and beauty: "Each thing is perfect in its midst when the answer to your goal. There can be conflict between the beautiful and useful. The subject has its beauty is its shape when the term of its apparent features. "As we can see, this is another variant, the new paraphrase, the setting of Louis Sullivan that 

"Functions and environment predodređuju form. Merit of the new functionalism of the modern architect. not idejnoj its theoretical and weft, but in running practice that has transformed the world of architecture by introducing functionality of the main doors of new spaces. There is no doubt that the yen is in this sense the role of top, practical and symbolic at the same time, played the Bauhaus, After it is a modern "functionalism," built a whole a system of forms and norms and, in time, I became self sufficient, classical and scholastic, and thus objective brake further development of architectural thought. In a similar situation is found and constructivism when from avant-garde youth satisfied zašao the epoch their own academic, losing the sense of new trends contemporary trends of the world. Miesov constructivism, which starts from the primacy of negation in defining the functionality space and form as their visual aspects, thus emphasizing the dominant role and importance of structure, refers to the problem of form as a phenomenon "Beautiful in itself, one might say almost indifferent. "Form itself," Mies said, "does not exist, the form is not a goal our work, but only its result "to any all repercussions led Mies doctrine we can convince uncritical interpretation of the multiplication "Structural miesovske" architecture "facade curtain" worldwide. A significant equation relations function and form, gives Louis Mumford: "In architecture arises from the form and function function from form in a rhythmic removal necessity and freedom, structure and samoodlučnosti, subject. "Function and form of the dialectic form unity. According to Gropius' match technical and art form is the best achievement. But only the presence of a powerful will be the two elements that harmonize and unite. " FUTURE ARCHITECTURE architecture represents a visionary which have important implications for the future. It includes number of innovators whose work goes from zero up to the works "As needed". The architects presented their ideas drawings, collages, and hypothetical projects not feasible with today's knowledge of construction methods, but whose realization will be possible to future. Among the representatives of the future architecture there are those who represent the country as dead planet, destroyed by industrialization and environmental degradation, but opposed to them are those who represent the architecture of the future as technology and ecological wonder, which leads to the development of mankind neslućenih borders. Thus, American architect Jeffrey Miles in his project "Ozone-maker" (1993) demonstrates 

high level of enthusiasm and futuristic, regardless of whether the project in general can be done, concentrate on architecture as it will be in the third millennium. He is an ecologically representative leonardovske green theory that to overcome all the problems of environmental pollution. In its "Manufacturer of ozone," he gives a futuristic glow fantasy in the form of satellites to repair the ozone layer by replacing chlorofluorocarbons, cleaning the atmosphere. His second concept in the style of science-fiction Biotecture is, according to some characteristics based on the concept of Wright's Broadacre City, with idealistic solution centričnog life on earth, Stern-like vision and the urban center as biotopes. Combining these two examples, Miles announced that the urban centers should be an extension of the integrated structure nature. He suggests that studying the eco-system and behavior of plants and animals, humans have the chance to enter into a productive period of reverse engineering. This ideas proposed by the city as a product of total recycling as pipeline-like structure composed of ground Habitat offered throughout the country. The intention of this project is to clean the surface of the country and develop technologies that will bring the full benefit of inside underworld. In the period 1983-95, Donna Goodman gives his proposal Floating City ( "Floating City"), which is based on postulate that the countries which have space capabilities, such as Japan, must immediately be turned to the study underwater eco-system. Goodman proposes building islands that float on the water is set to air pontoons. The islands are stabilized with cables and anchors the bottom of the ocean and are mini-cities that contain sustainable technical and agrikulturne components that based on the energy of the sea. Among the economic and environmental advantages, the complex includes a system for cleaning the bottom Ocean, mining of various minerals, farming Aquaculture, planting on roofs to reduce polucija and provide shading of the city. Dimensions (franc. model, mold, measure) Name of the main form an arch. object that represents its basic dimensions, forms and principles of architecture. composition. In urban. regard, Mr. is a term that refers to the shape and dimensions of a terrain or urban areas. G. can be geometric or organic nature. Art Galleries SYSTEMS Nizanjem more housing units on horizontal communication (usually more than eight units) get the gallery system. They are created in the first row as a result of the desire to be more housing built on the smaller space. The first are those facilities built in United States, because due to the reduced width of housing units and 

increased depth of construction, the investors were very profitable. Requirements are high quality housing in the beginning disregarded. Later development of gallery system, however, increase the quality of housing, but are retained economic advantages of the system. Any progress in that terms usually umanjivao economy, and in extreme poskupljivao their cases so that the construction was canceled the main impetus for their implementation. Gallery systems can have an external and internal gallery. GANTOGRAMI Gantogram is a graphical representation of imaginary technological sequence and time course of the works. At apsicisnu axis saves time performance works, and ordinatnu axis of the planned works. Length of marked a full bar. Gantogram can supplement data amount of work, the number of workers and the like. In this technique planning shape the work of which is compiled Plan items from bill of quantities. If the technologies work permits, istovrsni works can be summarized in one group works. The duration of the TA works in days is TA = QNs / RS (Q is the total amount of labor, NS norm hours needed for unit production of Q, R the number of workers jedničnoj participate in production, with the number of working hours on day). If the operation is performed mechanically, working time is calculated from the performance mšine TA = Q / U.S. (In the practical effect machines). Gantogrami are made in three phases. The first phase consists Fill the table of gantograma. In the second phase determines the duration of the works. In the third phase are made gantogram determining technological sequence papers and pulling traits that indicate the length of their duration, which may be defined or the number of working days from 1 to n, or the sharing of calendar days in the weeks and months, or both as described above. Determining the order of the most important work is part of the planning work. It depends on completion of the term facility, which can be long or short the same number of workers, ie machine. If the work is carried out only one at a time, their duration will be longer. Technology and structural requirements of building structures almost always allow time conducting more or less papers. Trip allows construction works reduced terms of building a combination of different order and mutual dependence works. GEFAH - MEASUREMENTS are strikingly clear these measures at kanatnih (bondručnih) building, which has by its construction require a certain sequence pillars. In particular, it is expressed in the wooded north-German states, and highest in Denmark, where from ancient times until today Day held tradition of excellent construction. 

There are houses built with general measures "gefahima". By they are determined and the basis and measure the whole room home. General was taken width: 5 large bedrooms gefaha, residential rooms 4 gefaha, kitchen 3 gefaha, stop for horses or cattle, etc. 1 gefah. Length »gefaha" was quite unique in Denmark determined. According to expert data, Danish architects »Gefah" is typically measured 2 elbow (Allen), and the elbow 2 rates. Denmark rate corresponds rajnskoj or Prussian rate (because called the RPG-rate), and measured exactly 0.31385 m The building rate is rounded down to 31 ¼ cm, because Denmark has not yet even today, in construction, meter pushed the thumb and elbow. Thus a hairpin 2 ¼ x 31 cm = 62.5 cm, and gefah has 2 x 62.5 cm = 1.25 m = 4 RPG - rates. Danish »gefah" corresponds exactly unique construction extent of 1.25 m. As the rate of congenital elbow human action, so the "gefah" addressed the measures of man. Pillars sorted by "gefahu", not only carrying beam tavanjače wedding and beams, but they also comprise frames for doors and windows. When the thickness of the pillars 12 to 16 cm and the spacing of their axis of 1.25 m, remains between pillars of light opening round of 1.10 m. When the refuse doprozornik remains bright otvorod round 1 m. It is width of the openings required for Domestic front door, or for doors of the window, with enough space to through it while watching two people. Pillars in the distance stood and droughts are taken with 2 »Gefaha '= 2.5 m. Generic PLAN (born generic conjugate, which belongs to the genus) Name of the arch. or plan that is derived from a certain type of plan, or from certain traditions, using elements of the tradition. Eg. carpet housing is derived from the plan atrijumske home. Genius loci (Latin for spirit of place) concept, which means "spirit places "," protector of the spirit of the place, "originated in Greek. arch., ofdakle was transferred to Rome. arch. and urban. from Latin transferred to other areas. The ancient city of Greek and Roman the world is not just an idea objektiviziranu organized human residence. It is morally will be in its possession and its transcendental projection, he, like other resorts, has its Daimon, just as Man, he is respected as well as his genius loci which rise votive monuments, and cities often have their own visual symbols and personifications. GEOGRAPHY OF SPACE Geographic level space is extremely cognitive nature. About him more "thinking" but that the him "alive". Geographical level space in the past there were hardly any. Instead it is there "cosmological" 

level, which is then people were just so real, how is geographically realistic level today. Geographic level, however, can serve us poorly in practice. On us in fact identifies such "objects" such as Europe, homeland, the region, and then it all comes served with substantial dose of political or cultural significance. G.p. We, however, given the economic and environmental information, which could affect our orientation in the broadest sense. Geometric Architecture of Architecture, paragraph, or, principle design architect. facilities and small urban units by using explicit primary geometric forms: the ball, pyramid, cylinder, torus and t.d. The most famous examples of projects g.a. gave Boulee and Ledoux (project homes poljara inside the castle of the Marquis de Montesquiou in shape of the ball, project homes for Woodman in the form pyramid, a project within the tomb of the ball, etc.).. Name the geometric shapes that represent forms geometric image and like geometric body and as such subject to all laws of geometry. Geometric forms are the most widespread forms of architecture. Geometric PLAN Name of the architectural plan that was based on the composition of geometrical shapes, which are set according to the laws of geometry. G.p. is most symmetric spatial plan, with one or more building geometric shapes set so that composition, the central axis. G.p. characteristic of buildings and urban plans composition in ancient Egypt. According to Pierre Lavedanu, the plan represented the Egyptian city geometric principle applied with astronomical principle. Orientation plan of the city in Ancient Egypt carried out in relation to the world, based on what they placed the main directions of the street. The same principle find in the plan of the City Martvih in Gizeh and Saqqara. Geometric network city meet in Tel-el - Amarna, especially in streets of the high priest, that is procesionu represented the main street. According to Alexandre Sea, the reason for g.p. Cities in Ancient Egypt was rapid process construction, which require simple, easy measurable plans and geometric compositions. Gestalt psychology (German form) According to the Gestalt psychology, nature areas, and their number and position, affect perceptualnu whole, and it is also and made a further distinction: the degree of integrity can be changed. Components may themselves be more or full or less, expressed in another way, they can be greater or lesser degree of fragments of larger units. Properties parts may be more or less pronounced: properties 

whole may be more or less accentuated. In complex compositions a special relationship to a whole encourages fragmentni part, or, as it is called Trystan Edwards, term orientation ( "inflection"). Gestalt, Gestalt, configuration (Gestalt German, Engl. configuration) configuration. The psychological term household in the field of art criticism. Gestalt psychology (founders of Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler) claims that are determined by the totality of parts, and that all experience, including aesthetic, associated with certain basic structures that can still be shared. Gestalt criticism is contrary to the idea of empathy and considers that we design the best aesthetic and emotional quality in artistic work, but they find them themselves, gradually exposing them. Gestaltung, shaping (Gestaltung German) Giving appears when solving project assignment, or features an architectural object. Shaping often contain elements of style and formal solutions. Main architectural construction project summary Each architectural and construction project should contains the following elements: urban-technical conditions, urban analysis (if necessary), extract from urban plan, legal documentation, agreement on project, architectural construction project (foundations, prospects, sections), architectural details, the project statics, details of reinforcement, project and low voltage, heating and air conditioning project, elaborate protection work, project architectural physics building, technical control and others. Main building design project in which, according to regulations on construction, building construction is done facility (construction works). The main project, the current regulations on design, consists of two work. The first part of the construction project includes 1) technical justification (technical description), 2) situation, 3) data on soil, 4) static and other necessary calculations, the specific object that is projected; 5) drawings; 6) predmer 7) estimate with a description of the works. Another the main part of the project include: 1) palirske drawings (by rule in the ratio 1: 50), 2) construction drawings with static positions marked with colored quoted construction of sections 3) details of building-trades works, 4) the details of fittings and other details constructive elements, 5) drawing sheeting, if necessary according to the type of buildings and structures. GENERAL APPEARANCE (German Haupt) appearance of a building, wall, port and others. toward the access side, the side street, square or place from which it is possible the most suitable way to see listed architectural element. 

MAIN SYSTEM (St.). The system design whose task direct transfer of external load on surface, or relying on. The main entrance (architect). Input that comes in the main, central part of the building, unlike the Supporting inputs that leads to the side wing. It differs from the Supporting the size and processing. GLOBAL ARCHITECTURE term represents the architecture observed in the light of world globalization, when the world predominant architectural styles of the same, and the same structural systems and materials used by all world. The global architecture is made from a modern style architecture, especially the international modern and contains elements among which dominijaru geomterijske architectural forms and highlight functionality architectural object. The term is contained in the Japanese edition GA - Global Architecture, the Japanese publisher and galeriste Yuki Futagawa-e, which in global terms Do the world some important architects. GOOD DESIGN, GOOD DESIGN (U.S.) represents a concept which appeared in Northern Europe and the U.S. during the period immediately after World War II. Significant representatives of the centers dd was during the 1952 in Ulm, Graduate School of formatting Max Bill (Ulm Hochschule fuer Gestaltung Max Bill, which was known "forms that are connected and the quality function object, sincere forms, not the invention that would be to sell the building ... "as opposed to Bauhaus. Similar examples are the Design Council in London (Design Council) and the Museum of Modern Art in New York (Museum of Modern Art), which are a source of g.d. through articles, exhibitions, lectures, confirming the quality of copies. Many examples g.d. are supported versus styling, which is considered to apply surface effects, and simple products company Braun and Olivetti, considered in many countries for the peak integrity in the design. Soon, g.d. has become a synonym for an international style and therefore it is evaluated for technical nepreduzetan. Such criticism led to the 1960s creating anti design (anti-design), which is represented a deliberate rejection of the values of GD, the different ways, sometimes creating a situation cult ugliness. Building (German Bauwerk) a general term that indicates facility, part of the building, the architectural structure of the building, composition more arch. or građ. facilities Functional composition and style, or are a whole. G. more can determine: construction, construction materials and typology building or architectural object which belongs to 

(building, civil engineering, infrastructure, etc.).. GRAĐEVINASKI OBJECT Each immobile, human power and of building materials derived object for any purpose. For the purpose of human work or housing, and shelter for animals or storage of goods and things, called the building. CONSTRUCTION GROUP (Baugruppe Germany) Group together set of buildings, architectural elements, units or that make a composition. Building or elements one g.g. represent the whole composition, aesthetic, Although they can be dimensional, representational or constructively completely different. BUILDING LINE (German Bauflucht) 1 Straight, The horizontal border line of a building or area site. 2. Law or regulations limit certain line construction of a building object in a Urban zone. G.l. determines the boundary dimensions buildings in relation to a land boundary, construction land or the surrounding street, square or object. Regulated line is the line that establishes mutual related construction lines or adjacent buildings buildings in a street or urban area. Regulation governing the line refers to the site street. It marks the bar surface which belongs to the street and that separates the public road surface designed pedestrians or anyone else as a traffic area intended to build. Regulated lines by type building can be for the building or fence. Building line or lines for building regulation indicates the position of the building to the street and its regulacionoj line. Building lines and regulation line the streets near the edge of the city consists of general construction control line. Line regulation for buildings is applied only in the type street housing koridorskog system, where vična building by its position coincides with the regulation line the streets. However, the construction of suburban settlements or settlement of family houses and individual Twin buildings or buildings in a row, in which predbašta, but belongs to the composition of the lot, but is unity formatting of the street, street lines and regulation governing position of the fence, and the line becomes regulation line for the fence. Regulated line for building or construction lines at family individual building sets are mainly regulacionoj along the fence line. Composition solution set of buildings in relation to the direction of the street and relief terrain affects rasytojanje construction line of regulation. Modular BUILDING MEASURES name for those measures that all 

građ. parts of the planning associated with each other. CONSTRUCTION OSA (German Bauachse) Central axis of a buildings. Often it is also the axis of symmetry. G.o. may to determine one, but several buildings during a or more periods of construction. In later doziđivanja can come to change the position of the axis, ie, g.o. can be wrapped. BUILDING SITE Under construction parcel includes the cadastral parcels on the surface of which is the Master Plan is intended building, in terms of size and shape matches the conditions. The size of the surface construction parcels, as well as the length of its sides to the street depends on the urban concepts, characters and settlement density nastanjenosti and utilization coefficient land and height of buildings. In rural building lot size determines the garden, as the smallest area of the individual building can apply 200kvm the plot. The minimum length of the front of the lot is determined by the type of settlement and use of building or urban conditions conception (12, 14, 16 until the 40m). The depth of the lot is conditioned purpose of building blocks and transport networks. In determining Dubona land managed by the principles of method construction and selection types of residential buildings, and height of buildings. Method of construction is related to the concept of urban solutions and the height of buildings. However, the principles of collective construction of social sector and law enforcement on the nationalization construction land enabled the realization of urban setting concept of residential buildings Outdoor, without limitation surfaces belong to objects. Lots and its Application strict implementation is done by special or nselja parts of the village, where due to certain characteristics types of housing, population and habits Economic conditional lots often applied in justifiable reasons. CONSTRUCTION Plastic (German Bauplastik) concept is a building or part of a building which prisajedinjeni figurative elements and other plastic made of stone and, less frequently, other materials. G.p. may to be quite decorative or to be part of jewelry that reflects the function and meaning of buildings, as is the cult buildings (temple, church). G.p. can be full and formal style destined, as case in metope and zabatne g.p. in Greek temples. Also, it can be constructive, and destined, as in case form Atlanta and caryatid. The Gothic Age 

Baroque, g.p. Plastic has the default form. Using g.p. may be exaggerated, so it hides the basic body building (near Indian Temple). The art of stone processing, g.p. had great significance the historical development of architecture. Early application g.p. we see more in ancient Egypt, the sculptures of the pharaohs sitting or standing, set in the spaces between Hall or in the courts of the Egyptian palace. At Assyrian palace portals find the human body or figures of animals (lions). In Old Persia and Babylon find numerous examples of figural relief view, derived from glazed ceramic. The Aegean development of architecture, known examples g.p. as animal performance, eg. "Lion Gate" in Mycenae. In classical Greek architect., G.p. located on the frieze temple, in the space between metope. In ancient Rome, g.p. is was present in menorijalnih buildings: trijumfalnih arches, columns, etc. honorary. In the period of development starohrišćanske and Byzantine arch., g.p. loses its importance and occurs only on certain architectural elements: inputs, portals, doors. In Byzantine arch. aesthetic role g.p. takes Fresco painting. In the period of Romanesque arch., G.p. is present in reljefnoj rich decoration of the entrance portals and facades cathedral, as well as in their interior. In the period got. arch., the church becomes the portal architectural the most representative element. G.p. a commonly used element of decoration and construction expression. The portals got. Cathedral find numerous statues, relief impressions, arhivoltne figures, which often represent the whole scene from the Bible Telling and legends. In the Renaissance, comes to a standstill in the development of GP, and it appears mostly on the facades portals and secular architecture (palaces, castles, villas, Hall). In the Baroque period, g.p. becomes a powerful element Ath. expression, not only on the facades of buildings, but also within Interior decoration, as in sakralnoj and in profanoj arch. During the period of classicism and arch. late XIXv. slowly loses the connection between g.p. and architecture, and element of decoration becomes more sculptures. BUILDING WORKSHOP (nam. Bauhuette) At first, community masons at the time of the Gothic epoch, educated during the construction of large and capital structures, before only cathedral. G.r. are formed from the need to one place together related crafts and artisans of who worked on the joint site. The construction workshops were working teachers (masters, protomajstori) and students. It is usually called a g.r.formirana distinguished masters, and was in a craft uljučena organization - the guild, and later Gilda. 

CONSTRUCTION ZONE (architect). Established urban areas the territory of which the Master Plan designed for a specific purpose or type of construction (civil district county). Zoning (zoning) is done the purpose of building, eg. to (a) vegetation zone, (b) residential zone, (c) administrative-management zone, (d) special construction zone, (g) industrial zone, etc.. Structures constructions that are necessary for supporting parts in a certain building. Their performance is largely determined by experience in this volume constitutes a major part of the science of building structures. The second part is based on scientific material testing and adjustment thus acquired data static conditions in each case. This applies particularly to the construction of steel, the concrete and arm. concrete, in recent times and the construction of wood (see construction techniques). Construction zone housing settlements built on or projected surfaces have the same density everywhere nastanjenosti, the percentage of use of building lots and building height. Method of using construction plot plan regulating land use plan construction zone. In cities and urban agglomerations built in the past, the density decreases nastanjenosti If the site away from the center of the periphery. Although the concept of urban units residence, method of construction, height and density of buildings nastanjenosti dependent on adequate natural factors and created uslkova, and the objective designer shaping understanding of space, but can be make a difference with respect to density nastanjenosti between some parts of residential construction zone. Slbodne concept of placing objects justify application of different types of housing and the Family, individual, dual and buildings in a series of certain parcels, and the collective slobodnostojećih facilities, senior housing tractors and residential towers. For existing settlements, small, medium and large cities, construction of residential areas are divided by method of construction to: thick, medium rare, and development. The dense development include residential blocks with construction by type of closed or poluotvorenih blocks. High construction tractors are free housing or Housing lamellas as separate buildings. Rarely built area or settlement system are the individual building family residential buildings. Building blocks (architect). Streets of the city surrounded of land that form a construction unit. Share the building lots. The size and number of lots depends on the system and the type of building. For some blocks 

provides the system construction: closed, half-open and open. CIVIL PAPERS, Lame (German Bauglied) separately, Technically, fukcionalno or aesthetic element of a building or urban units. G.č. can be separated at the base of the object (eg. ship) or in its intersection (floors). Also, it is an element of design construction (arch, vault, column, pillar). In urban sense, g.č. a separate, segregated part of a building, whether constructive or functionally separated. CIVIL Corps (German Baukoerper) basic volume construction of a building above the ground, which determines form of buildings. Form g.k. often a topic architectural object. G.k. can be: a unique or arch. groups. If this is the group, often called urban Corps and is more architectural buildings so that each set form a complex, complete artistic whole. G.k. may to be determined: volume building, its form, features or structures. Construction Corps is often dictated by the type of object. If it is a business object in center, his g.k. is vertical, višespratna whole. If you are a school or hospital, g.k. the pavilion type or system. CONSTRUCTION MODEL (German Baumodell) also called the architectural model or model (with a similar meaning). Represents the plastic three-dimensional view of buildings uzrađen less in size compared to the original (scale). G.m. can be made of wood, stone, plaster and other materials. As a rule, g.m. are made to see the shape and composition of projected buildings not yet built. In the history of architecture., structural models are often used in architectural interior, in order to display the data more closely structures during construction, the name of donors and investors and Fig. G.m. are already built in the time of the Middle Ages, in the form fantastic model, which we find in sakralnoj Art (eg. sarcophagi, Canopy, tabernakli, cult objects). Male models are within the churches Gothic churches, where naznačavali designed shape and names of donors. In the Renaissance, g.m. were very often used during the design of capital objects, when they gave information on constructive system and form of future object (eg. Church of Sv. Peter in Rome). G.m. are now an integral part of every significant architectural project, which shows the basic elements form the future building. DRAFT CIVIL, CONSTRUCTION PLAN, PLAN, CONSTRUCTION DRAWING (German Bauriss) drawing, plan, draft, which is a building in its grounds, intersection, 

appearance, construction of buildings or details of its patterns, in order to preserve and transmit information about it and its technical and aesthetic characteristics, so that is based on this information, ensure its physical performance in whole or in detail. G.n. includes basic elements: base building, sections, appearance (internal and Foreign - facade detail). G.n. can be made in the size of the building which shows, or usually reduced in comparison to him, or in odrđenoj the ratio or proportion. G.n. can be: Conceptual nact, performing draft - palirski plan. Conceptual design a basic solution to the projected construction building with an analysis of its functionality, technology use and aesthetic value. Performing the nact draft, which contains all the elements necessary for the execution Property: elevation, Nivel, descriptions of materials and details performance. CONSTRUCTION PLAN, ARCHITECTURAL PLAN (German Bauzeichnung) Representing design and plan for the implementation of the mentioned architectural or construction facility. G.p. consists by: drawing basis (ie horizontal section through building) and look (or facade). The oldest building plan was found as a plan for Gudeje construction of the temple in Mesopotamia. In antiquity, basis g.p. is made in natural size, the Stylobate temple, while other elements are made without any plan. Later, in medieval times, architectural associations have developed g.p. which is usually done on sheets or parchment another paper. In the Renaissance and Baroque periods, producing g.p. is become the rule and law. In an age of classicism, g.p. is became the subject of artistic expression, which was a feature of taken from the epoch of Renaissance. G.p. was done in colors and often represented a picture of yourself. The most important g.p. from this period are those made by Gilly, Schinkel, Thouret, Salucci, Weinbr enner, Hansen. Today, g.p. a constructivist view. Computer development, production g.p. greatly automated. V. Construction draft. CIVIL RECEPTION, RECEPTION BUILDING FACILITIES, BUILDING stocktaking (German Bauaufnahme) Final surveying works in construction, quality control and putting the building in the function. G.p. performs reception Committee composed of experts in the field for which works (architect, engineer, Electrical Engineers, statičar etc.).. Construction projects drawings and calculations presented buildings to be constructed, which serves as the basis for the performance of certain construction and other papers. It consists of: planning, various calculations (eg static, hydraulic, etc..) predmera, cost analysis, 

drawings and calculations organization site (for larger facilities), price lists and invoices papers, technical description papers, technical and general conditions, and often detailed palirskih plans STYLE OF CIVIL, ARCHITECTURAL STYLE (German Baustil) Common characteristic traits, identical characteristics of some group of architectural and construction of facilities. Features a style primarily consists of his artistic characteristics, and characteristics of functions, methods building or structure, and it affects climate where the building. Features of a GS are often in decoration. The GS significantly influence styles and Planning interior (interior) and decorations, arrangements and styles of outer space arrangement (park style). Building land, CIVIL Place (German Bauplatz) Terrain or limited land on which it is overlooked construction of some buildings. G.z. can be provided urban plans, and is often equipped with a certain infrastructure, Approach roads, ports for water supply and sewerage, electricity and so on. G.z. has a certain orientation, which uslovjuje way building on it. SITES, LAND (Baustelle German) name for Land on which a building is done building facility. Building site or plot consists of what the city building Land, land and terrain on which to build. The determining the area of land and the regulation complex through the division of land, which should režiti shape the conduct of site and its sides together forming the corner properly. GRADILIŠTE area where the building construction building or construction work performed, in which accommodation facilities and machinery for building and where perform preparatory work. It is, therefore, all the space busy building, which is the object or part facility with the necessary capacity for storage, construction machinery, workshops, roads, offices, landfills and installation needed for construction. Building site must be accessible, on stable ground, protected from flooding and sea have the required area. In addition to building construction site is organized production of building material and semi-finished goods. Larger construction sites can be arranged as several smaller site, which consists of a technical unit and which can be set a special organization. Eg. in hydroelectric such a small site can be: dam, tunnel, machine facility, access road. When you build a long tunnel to the 

prominent place (input, output), and the construction industrial complex: the hall, roads, administrative buildings and the like. Such parts of site called the work sites. The construction of some individual facilities such as schools, hospitals, bridges and the like. worksite is the construction site. Yard, as part of the site, space which builds the object or part object that is organizational unit. There are organized preparatory works and construction, set up plant and machinery, building warehouse and ancillary buildings. Some plants and machines on site and can serve for multiple work sites, eg. for the production of concrete, reinforcement and preparation plating, etc.. They can be used for more site when they are formed as individual plants. Building permit decision of the competent construction authority which allows the performance of construction object. Issued when it is determined that is made and approved construction program of investment and construction main project, the permit issued to a narrower location building on the urban development approval, the project consistent with the regulation and nivelacionim plan to regulate the issue of land use and that provided funding for built (Regulation on the issuance of building permits). BUILDING BOOK Clearing in the document that brings calculation of the amount of work performed, together with necessary drawings. Signed by the artist and the supervisory authority. Based on data from building books prepares monthly billing (temporary situation) for payment of contractors, and final billing works.BUILDING lines in urban name for a line mounted on the ground - the site of an architectural object, which defines its external dimensions. Construction line gives the framework building border within which the permitted construction of a building. She determines his disposition, orientation and attitude the access road. Construction lines can but not necessarily coincides with the regulation line. BUILDING HEIGHT Height measured between the middle road pavement or the top edge of railway rails bridge and the lower edge of the construction of such bridge. Buildings structures of elements that make up permanent, stable, functional and the architectural structures and aesthetic whole particular purpose. Elements of building construction are made of various building materials, taking into fitička his mind and chemical properties and laws statics. Certain elements of strength and stability the entire building construction regulations in determining the 

according to their function and loading, load capacity soil, trusnošću areas, climatic conditions (winds, snow, cold, heat). Permanent buildings provide adequate thermal and sound protection, protection of atmospheric, diffuse moisture, fire, penetration pests, microorganisms and harmful chemicals and other agents and, if necessary, and must ensure appropriate microclimate conditions in its inside, depending on the function rooms. Of urban disposition facility construction requirements to provide optimal conditions for conducting functional processes, proper insulation, a day lighting, protection of adjacent buildings and communication of ruin and destruction caused by explosions, protection transfer of fire, and if necessary, protection from foreign noise. BUILDING PLANNING Planning in Construction applies to all plans that produce and bring construction company. Plans may be developmental and operating. Development plans have a broader meaning as the movement of business and the long or short the development and include all types of business from exploiting the working power, capacity of machinery and equipment and the like. to the business or financial results. Development plans coordinate with social plans, and so development policy transferred to companies. Construction Development plans may be long-term (for 10 or more years), medium (up to 5 years) and short-term for one year. Long-term and medium-term plans worked out in the annual and serve as a basis for planning the development of productive capacity utilization and labor, in calculations, and for other purposes. Any object that is built must be specially arranged and plan. Operating plans made to different levels. The higher the level of general planivi sažetiji, and at a lower more. Basic is the operating Plan and technological futures. It is supplemented by all other accompanying operational plans. Operational Plans produce numerically and graphically, and can also connect. Numeric operational plans produce tables and showing planned and achieved volumes of work, eg. m3 excavation, formwork, etc. m2., by day, decade, month, and the like. Graphic methods of operational planning. Man early began to think about the order and time in which to work made. Work organization and planning of the old show Egyptian papyrus. More specific measures for planning introduced in known as Babylon Hammurabi (1729-1686. BC). Motor Order the first half of last century, the first known plan today's sense. H.L. Gant suggested picture method, so called. gantogram, showing the plan and its 

achievement. In Europe, used in construction before War as a calendar plan. He later completed so. miljokaznim (coordinate) points along the line length papers, which indicate the degree of completion of work by amount or percentage. Gantogram the application industrial chain methods in construction around the 1950th was developed in ciklogram. Later, they developed orthogonal plans, which are particularly suitable for planning of roads and other facilities. Improving the planning was aimed at planning technology and, later, planning time, after knowledge of graph theory. The first methods network planning occurred almost simultaneously 1956/57. in America and France. These are critical times method (Critical Path Method - CPM) technique evaluation and testing Program (Project Evaluation and Rewiev Technique -- PERT) and the potential method (Metra Potential Method -- MPM). From these methods are gradually developed a range of new method (over 60), some of which are developed classical methods, but new methods are improved and simplify network planning. Since its first application, 1958. Mr. network planning methods are crossed U.S. borders and widely used in Canada, the Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, and other countries. 1963rd was introduced in the USSR and in other then socialist countries, where the application of mandatory for all investment works. The former Yugoslavia has limited application, but is in constant increase in manual processing and elektroničkoj. GRADJEVNSKO distance prescribed by regulation plan distance from the street building line regulation and internal boundaries of the construction plot. BUILDING IN LINE sequence can be made: ground floor. floor and mixed. Within such a division is possible more variants that depend on the configuration of the terrain and effort to achieve quality spatial relationships. Array depends on rationality in the first row of three elements: construction, and joint range of wall, although racinalnost affected by other factors (processing, way tie number of units, etc.).. What are constructive solutions Spreads cleaner and better adapted to rationality construction, and a common wall deeper, it will be a series of economical. Economy may not be the only factor in choice of series, but it should be considered equally with other elements (flat layout, spatial qualities, architecture, landscape adjustment, etc.).. However, best and most indented in a series of urban najjefitini the terms of the free and rational family of average quality construction. 

BUILDING SHAPED CARPET OR Šaca It is a common name for the type of ground floor (floor rarely) family construction, where units in the plan so that each set of bird's eye view look like the carpet or honeycomb. It is construction of large density, and with urban views rational. In fact it is a modification of the construction in the series. Name City architect for architects, town planners, pejsažiste or engineer, who appointed by the city or other authoritarian authorities authorized and responsible architect who has task to implement development plans of a city that has insight and control the processes of urban and take all necessary measures under their own assessment. First g.a. There were more during the Renaissance and Baroque, apostojanje g.a. led to radical changes urban plans and solutions of certain cities (Lorenzo Bernini, Patti, Here de Corny, John Wood ml., Jacques-Ange Gabriel, Giuseppe Valadier). Najpoznatji For example g.a. Georges Eugenne was Hausmann who was in period from 1850-1870.g. made a radical urban transformation of Paris, whose effects are present today. CITY urban name for the person, the architect or urban, which was assigned this position in the function personality that will konstrolisati, implement or modify decisions related to architecture and urban planning a city. City architect defines and affects urban policy the area of urban planning, urban planning permit is issued or ordering production of the city urban planning documentation. The city's most famous architect in history urbanism was Hausmann Paris City architect, who personally responsible for the current layout of the city of Paris, with broad view of the large boulevards and sell through urban tissue. City construction land ownership and other Holding the rights of urban construction land, particularly in Eastern Europe during the second half of the twentieth century, is one of the key issues of urban policy. It is, however, very blurred political determination. The fact that private ownership Building land it impossible for management to freely stated already in the eighteenth century thinkers utopian socialism, in the first half of the twentieth century and most urban, that advocating for the general (social) ownership of building land, and are therefore many urban in free democratic countries markets were politically left orijentisani.Medjutim showed that in the countries of the socialist social furnishing social or state ownership of zeljištem not improve urban planning, and even contributed less interior space in any form. On the contrary, since 

that the land had no real market price, are possible a megalomaniac construction works on both Illegal construction of entire landscapes on the other side, because so. social and land is not really anybody's. How as private property made the difficulties of individual achievement Planning intentions, it is also an obstacle easily decision-making in the field of urban planning. GRAPHIC METHODS operational planning is early man began to think about the order and time in which to work made. Work organization and planning of the old show Egyptian papyrus. More specific measures for planning introduced in known as Babylon Hammurabi (1729-1686. BC). Motor Order the first half of last century, the first known plan today's sense. H.L. Gant suggested picture method, so called. gantogram, showing the plan and its achievement. In Europe, used in construction before War as a calendar plan. He later completed so. miljokaznim (coordinate) points along the line length papers, which indicate the degree of completion of work by amount or percentage. Gantogram the application industrial chain methods in construction around the 1950th was developed in ciklogram. Later, they developed orthogonal plans, which are particularly suitable for planning of roads and other facilities. Prints (franc. estampe, Engl. Print, dumb. Abdruck, Italy. press) Fingerprint images or drawings on paper or other materials (parchment, canvas) manual press Matrix, in which pictures or drawings previously made relief (woodcut, Linocut), concave (engraving, Etching, aquatint, mezzotinta, drypoint) or surface (lithographs). G.l. gets the name of the technique that has been achieved (Lithography, Etching, etc.).. Each copy of g.l. original, unlike the drawings or images that postpoje only as a one-off achievement. Therefore, the artists, especially in recent times, each GL signed with the label items and the number print. Graphic sign of the grfičkom design, the name of a character that characterized by an artistic subject, object or character that determines an artist or architect. Known as graphic signs that are applied to the construction material, conveying information about its quality. Graphic characters are an integral part of visual communication and visual identification, such as traffic, marketing, etc.. History graphic character extends to the distant past. The first sign, man utiskivao in the body, through tattoos. The architectural graphic signs appeared in ancient Egypt, as hijeroglifnog letters. Roman Empire knows the use of graphical construction characters utisnutih in building materials, usually 

utisnutih in brick. In the medieval period, master workshops masons urezuju their graphic signs the stone elements of Gothic cathedrals. In the period Renaissance and Baroque, some architects and builders had its own graphical characters, which are sign their work. Contemporary architecture can not be imagined without the use of graphic characters. Entire modern information system is based on the use of graphic characters. Computer technology is based on the use graphic characters.  grafein write, engrave) System Delivered (Greek  or way of writing, drawing and graphics, or (in the transferred sense) artistic impressions.  grafein write, engrave) In GRAPHICS (Greek  visual arts collective term for all technical procedures copy a drawing or painting using matrix, made by hand, chemical or photomechanical ogledalnoj procedure in the picture. Indicates and typographical knowledge, ie. work on the reproduction of letters and character. attachments printing and graphic arts, ie. knowledge reproduction (letterpress, print) drawings on paper or other material. Therefore, if the drawing the matrix developed relief, concave or povrešinski, differ in three main graphical procedure: high, deep and superficial image. With high print the drawing is reljefan on board and on paper after the image is slightly flute (woodcut, Linocut, so. raised engraving, in zincography printing), and the image of deep drawing is on board sunk, and on paper after the image is slightly reljefan (engraving, Etching, mezzotinta, aquatint, drypoint, vernis mou, nadorez, cut in zinc, etc..), the srtež print surface is the surface on the board and paper after the print (lithograph, reproduction of metal pločaqma). GRANDOMANIJA, architectural name for the architectural design of large and complex components of buildings, excessive dimensions and size needs. Also, Name odgomnih lifting objects that are not appropriate the human dimension, without the need for concrete team. V. Gogantizam. GREEN ARCHITECTURE, GREEN ARCHITECTURE (Ford) 1 Formally, the picturesque gardens that are closely related to buildings, or where landscape and architecture of each unite. 2. Buildings designed by the principles and criteria, energy savings, as well as criteria for polucija reduction. GREEN DESIGN (born green design) from the general concept design that came into use in 1980's. International interesevanja increase in environmental issues, 

caused by different ecological disaster that is caused by man (eg. Radiation pollution Chernobyl and crude oil pollution in Alaska) together with growing concern over the creation of accumulative effect of pollution on human natural environment caused by development of the industrial world (ie global warming). 6Uloga designers as protagonists in the process of production and consumption within the process that complies with nature, was highlighted primarily works Buckminstera Fuller, Richard Neutra and many others during the year 1950 In the late 1960s and early 70's, these concepts are given the importance of the appearance of a tendency for design need (design for), partially works Victor Papaneka. However, the 1980s, g.d. showed their true significance, making it a consequence of mass ecological approach to designing and belief in able to preserve its proper environmental use, which assumed the existence of a new approach to design. Significant Representative g.d. at this time was a group of Michael Peters Group, which dealt konsulttantskim work in the field of design, especially in those areas that were potential environmental problem -- pollutants, such as packaging. The group studied use of materials that can be recycled and developed the concept of "green" lifestyle. 1990s G. it became clear that the appearance of Green Design is not only transient phenomenon, as it is regarded as the 1970s. Naraslih need for solving environmental problems, was is constantly present, especially after such crises as as SRO 1990 Gulf War, which brought destruction of the environment. GROUP FORM (born group form) arises in the relations between buildings. Some buildings are lost to the collective common form. This defines the term Fumuhiko Maki. He shows in various projects for renewal of urban quarters in Tokyo. GROUPE DESIGN (franc., Engl. Group design) Name of urban. Plan a city where the differentiation is made functions, eg. traffic stanovaja etc.. G.d. is originated in ancient Greece, and modern urbanism is again due to the foreground. GROZDASTI SYSTEMS (born cluster cluster, cluster) Method urban planning and architectural design composing system of the elements set in the form grozdastog expensive, complex compositions of elements of the system (houses, buildings or parts of a building -- apartments, apartment blocks). GS is projected most growth and the grouping of elements around core systems: core communication (roads, 

corridor) or constructive core (constructive carrying system). In urban design, GS incurred the need for segregation of pedestrian and school traffic urbnističke a whole, the quality of other achievements: intimacy of certain elements of the system, Solarize, VISION (views) and others. Advantage GS is able its expansion without disrupting the composition of the system. GS city plan has the possibility of increasing it does not has the final urban or compositional boundaries. Among the examples of GS interesting: Plan orphanages, Aldo van Eyck, especially the futuristic designs Arata Isozaki-I "clusters in the sky." GROUP (born group, France. GROUPE, dumb. Gruppe, Italy Gruppo) 1 The composition of the character. art in which the more body and volume of items in the straight, review artistic whole (in the arch.: cathedral, kampanil, Baptistery and Campo Santo in Pisi). 2. Community architects or artists in general, associated with the same or similar artistic principles or interests. Grouping LAND, Land (Geod.). Grouping scattered parcels of land owners in the same one or two (few) places, through the replacement or redemption. Clustering in the beginnings of architecture as a grouping can be considered the basic grouping of individual cells - House around a common core, as is eg. could be water, or zborište clustering induced specific motivation as it needs for defense, for guarding livestock, and for the protection of other zjedničkih interest. Grouping can be done around a small common prostorta the wells, which also provides communication. Sometimes it is the core of a large grouping free area for the accommodation of livestock. Similar clustering can be monitored and the nomadic cattle breeders who set tents in a circle with free space for the cattle in the middle. In the past, and leads us to form a grouping of two parallel row of houses; space that closed two series indicates also the birth of the street, and also the birth of square. Grouping family house in the horizontal structure leads to the formation of settlements. For rural agglomerations, P. Wolf stated that the agricultural people, first, each family created hut and garden on your land, then the their grouping created village-community. On the it points to some characteristic patterns: 1 village with green area, 2 Village - Street, 3 vertically in the village Street, 4 round the village, 5 village in the series. While the rural population of any agglomeration 

related to land, which is a bit as a result of some extension and wider distribution of groups themselves, in the city comes to a greater concentration of population that is ceases to be engaged in agriculture, and therefore comes and to a greater concentration of space. It also causes the need for new structures and ways of grouping that will allow. As the first large cities mentioned in the history of India (Mohenje Daro, Harappi), Mesopotamia (Ur, Asir, Babylon), the cities of Egypt and others. Some residents of these cities to build your own home others who do not have these options, rent an apartment. Later, due to the limited possibilities of expansion skučenog space within the defensive walls, and more profitability requires the extension of the floors, which We witnessed a number of writers of the time data, eg. Herodotus states that are home in Ancient Babylon had 3 and 4 floors, not to speak of ancient Rome, where housing barracks and were significantly higher. The family home also were not only the ground floor. Development floors which is characteristic of meeting housing about the vertical communication brings so, in addition to individual family houses, double houses, or similar, and series, another new basic form of residential buildings that participate in clustering, which, in addition to formal and ugođajne by combining some of the functions and life communion. Clustering, RESIDENTIAL-term residential group - group a gathering of housing (individual houses or višeporodičnih building) with the merging of some of the feature of life in communion. Is realized in various levels ranging from small groups - neighborhood, or the like., primarily when it comes to housing in the family buildings, to building block (ilidela), streets, square as an element of the city or village. Considering the diversity and the level and content, it would be difficult make a strict classification or clustering its hierarchical division of: continuously develop new and various forms in which, in addition to natural conditions, time of appearance, degree of social development, techniques and economics, size grouping, and much else can have a decisive role, but always implies that the contained in a larger group in a smaller extent of what connects people both materially and spiritually. Each group - grouping - has its dimensions (size and levels) arising from the degree of inclusion function life in communion, which is difficult to be generalized. Basic housing groups are small groups, block, street, square - Square, megastrukture. Group, types There are the following types of architectural 

Grouping: arrays, free groups, carpet group, grouping of vertical, horizontal grouping, grouping in depth, the traditional grouping, tehnicizovano clustering and others. GROUP FORM Name of the arch. form that consists of group of identical or similar architectural elements. Celina, dominated by a hierarchical relationship of the parts greater extent than the inner parts of the nature of directing, the characteristic complex architecture. Group form is the process of forming space grouping of units already in ancient Greece arch., stems from a series of generative elements: how life, movement, climatic factors, interpersonal relations. G.f. is linked to the collective effort of the whole community, and much less for specific actions of individual investors (where the composite structure becomes more "natural response. Group forms for his being and development open. The units are connected or not visible, and make complex circuit. DENSITY development relationship built and not built space (surface) of a city, metropolitan area, municipalities, districts or urban podceline. Expressed different coefficients. These are the coefficient development (area occupied land / surface total land), coefficient of utilization (total gross area of building / land area), the degree of utilization (the ratio of buildings / land area) coefficient of consumption of land, called the field index (reciprocal value of the coefficient of utilization). Density, density ratio Coefficient which expresses the number of people per unit area (km2) in one area. Density Density is expressed for a city, region or state. Density, density NASTANJENOSTI, the coefficient The population represents a population of one in the middle compared to the unit of its area (square km). Density nastanjenosti expresses the relationship between people (population) occupied in a particular area themselves surface. This area can be: - Net grđevinsko land or the sum of the areas designated residential construction, - Net building area or the sum of construction lands which are attached to the surface intended for Traffic, which touches this area, - The gross land area or the sum intended for residential development with trails, streets and roads that are complex, - Gross building area or land in 

within the area earmarked for construction of the surfaces common needs and social construction. Density is dependent on the concepts and solutions urbanistikog height of construction. Density nastanjenosti housing settlements can be calculated as gross or net density. It shows the number of people who come to one hectare of residential work and is obtained when the total population division, with a particular urban area. Density nastanjenosti can express and Index nastanjenosti of gross and net building area, and then it is expressed as net or gross density nastanjenosti. It is planning an indicator of housing units. He conditioned character of construction, percentage of completeness, number of dwellings and population, areas earmarked for housing, recreation, work, transport and escort objects. This indicator characterizes sanitation housing units. DENSITY HOUSING name for the relationship between surface soil built residential buildings and their related facilities, or which is covered with buildings earmarked for housing and the area available land on a defined urban area (city). Density housing also expressed the number of inhabitants per square kilometer or hectare, and in certain urban area (neighborhood, street, part of city, town or region). DENSITY HOUSING, HOUSING DENSITY coefficient Like density, density of housing is the coefficient which shows the number of inhabitants in a residential settlement, per unit area (km2). HABITABILNOST Habitabilan can mark each natural and artificial space that provides human appropriate external conditions for its continuous existence, ie. food, shelter, health, climate, variety of benefits, etc.. Habitabilnost may be the result of natural factors, such land fertility, climate, topography, may be a product conscious human activity, such as a building, eg., city that works well, communications links, installation, etc.., in a coordinated way. Thus, under the h. includes the widest, living in certain space, or the ability of natural or artificial space to provide continuous, man worthy of a given level of development, existence. Habitabilnost is a historical category, which means variable and socially conditioned. What is different habitabilnim considered historical times, depended on of requests and ideas of man's present civilization. Environmentalists distinguish four phases, the historical levels 

habitabilnosti: The first is the "period of Adam." "In this era of man or communities constitute an integral part of the natural ecological cycle. On her more farmers, but maintained dresses and obscure, without leaving the state of nature ". The second period, the period of the Neolithic revolution, according to Gordon Čejldu, characterized by cooperation in opštedruštvenom the man influence on the natural landscape, but maintains the natural balance of rational procedures. The third period is the period of the beginning of the urban revolution. Characterized by: the division of rural and urban stanovništvopremeštanje social centers of gravity in lgradska settlements, increasing distance between man II zvora his survival, agricultural pretvranje land in the object of exploitation and a means for enrichment, at the same time to the period of human enrichment figures, the increase of urban culture and growth frustration and instability. The fourth important period of the capitalist period. Habitabilnosti these characteristics are: 1) revolutionizing the structure of human settlements under the influence of growth mechanical power of man, communication and neslućenog accumulation of population, 2) cease dependence of from surrounding villages, 3) develop a dynamic city centers, 4) urban people do not realize it enough dependence on the environment, 5) social structure is intensive dezintegriše. HABITAT name for architectural Cellular structure consists of many different cells, often different shapes and different compositions, which have function of residence (but may have other functions: schools, hospitals, museums). The main feature h. is composition of each selected functional areas in horizontal and vertical level. Constructive, H. is made up of independent constructive elements, and terms of traffic, access roads, corridors and pretprostori can be constructed from elements different from the basic cell of the system. The most famous examples h. was designed by Moshe Safdie (habitat Porto New Orleans, Habitat in Montreal, was built on the occasion of the World exhibition in this city). Habitus (Latin for tree) in the architecture, the term means corpus, the body, the central structure of a constructive object or architectural element. Habitus of a pillars of the tree pillars. Habitus of the building is its constructive core. HAOTIZAM IN ARCHITECTURE (born chaotism) Haotizam tendency is especially characteristic for a modern architect. United States, arising within the concept Classification arch. which does not cover a wide range of 

tendencies that can not be classified under one or style, but, are the confusion of many styles. Thus understood, the confusion of styles is presented as haotizam. Haotizam, according to the understanding of many camp Architects of the architectural style (ie, each architectural style), according to some, H. a eklektizam Camp. Representatives h. mid-sixties were: Johansen, Rudolph I Johnson (Clark University Library, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1966 -- 69.g.). HARD ARCHITECTURE claims Architecture (U.S.) heavy, impersonalna, architecture buildings without windows, with walls resistant Graff, usually related to facilities prisons, hospitals for mental patients and others safe structure. ARCHITECTURE harmony in how much they care efforts to figure out the harmony of certain tones, so old and connect with the legality of these acoustic optical phenomena in the visual arts, especially in architecture. Since the Pythagoras (540th BC) in top made sense "the science of harmony," are the best Search Titles minds in the world to discover, in faustovskom sense, »Which is the inner connection of the world". We know that Heraclitus (about 500th BC) developed aesthetic considerations in Pythagorean sense. Vitruvius writes about a Aristoksenovom part (born 354th BC) on the elements harmony and rhythm. Kepler's laws of music Video harmony with the laws of the universe connections that are harmony of the spheres. Leibnitz is the music video secret arithmetic exercise of the soul that does not know or work with numbers. It seems that speculation and knowledge about harmony arrangement of the world, which we see and hear, very interested people even before Pythagoras. Harmony in ARCHITECTURE, today thoroughbass The unit for measuring the number of tons in each roll seconds. The human ear feels tones between 16,000 and 60,000 roll. The boundaries of the basic audio area, which can serve the music and to come into consideration for our consideration, lie round between 30 and 40,000 roll. Musical acoustics is still more mystical, but a bit areas of modern physics. While still part of Plato architecture considered something that is in itself beautiful, because all of them could be measured and the mathematical cover, today of all the old science of harmony remaining the only music that you recognize and consciously practice. V. Monohord the arch., Received arch., Seconds arch., Terci the arch., Quint in the arch., Sextus in the arch., Septim in arch., Octave in the arch., Small tierce in arch., Small Sextus in the arch. Harmony, achieve economic harmony, according to Hegel, not 

refers to what is quantitatively, but the essential qualitative differences that should not be left to each others in relation to permanent contradiction, but it is necessary to be brought in harmony with each other. In kombivacijama with geometric forms of architecture are often forget and ignore their basic human meaning. It is less a kind of symbol, image or reflection of life or its performance and materialized reflex, but I just živort his frame, his base. Harmony architecture is actually a harmony between man and the space that surrounds it - ie. harmony of the life. Giussepe Terragni believes that the difference between architectural works and purely technical part should be sought precisely the balance and volume ritmici which both serve, because they are properties that account can not be predicted, but that can be attained only artistic intuition. Pierre Francastel provides balance and harmony of the new dimension of the movement when he says that "the dynamism of gold the law of our time. Everything moves, everything flows and the shape shifting; society as well as objects and forms. The balance is no longer at rest than in motion. " In art, as in life, after all, the unity and balance are the primary laws of integrity - without them would architectural creation was dead. Some theorists of architecture often found close links between religion and harmony in the arch. in old people. In all primitive theology encounters the symbolic application numbers, geometric shapes and measures in general and they were seen as inseparable from the laws that determine nature and the universe, therefore, considered as only deity. And the most ancient architectural Monuments can notice a similar symbolic issues. But, if they accepted the possibility that primitive religion became the basis of observation of nature and its phenomenon, it is nature itself is probably a common Source symbolism of numbers and harmony in general, in religion and the architecture. Harmony, which is in the nature of man zapažao mall is given reason for research ways to apply it and express in art, especially in architecture. The simplest way of expressing harmony founded on numbers. All the ancients had a numerical system that was associated with religion and cult, which explains the idea that mankind is having on the world. According to this idea matter is the inherent spirit of which she was painting and revelation. The matter, however, must have the form and dimensions, the world is therefore the sum of dimensions. So it corresponding figure, and each thing has its own figure and 

its shape and its dimensions, which is the basic elements of harmony. Harmony DIVISION (architect). The division performed by law harmony. In architecture, it is the proper layout and proportion of parts. In the ancient architecture was based on modular system - a module (see relative measure). Harmony DIVISION OR PROPORTIONS relation suksesivnih numbers in the series, whose reciprocity in aritmetičkoj progression, numbers that are proportional to the wire lengths which created their sound vibration harmonic. Rooms with measures of 1:2, 2:3 and 3:4 were considered by the harmonious Renaissance theorists. Some theorists, including Alberti, believed that this was the basis of satisfactory relations between dimensions and form in classical architecture, and above all it was Key razumebanje Nature and the Universe. Palladio and other architects of the period, developed further the complex the proportion that included 5:6 ratio and other .. Harmony PROPORTIONS system proportions that connect architecture with music. In antiquity it was discovered that If the two tight wire recoil excitation, difference in pitch will be one octave, if shorter wire length than the second half. Quint (one fifth) will be obtained if it is two thirds more wire, and quarter (one quarter), if their relationship 3:4. From these relations is retrieved in the architecture that rooms or entire buildings, whose relations dimension follow Relations 1:2, 2:3 or 3:4, are called harmonic. Ranorenesansni architects, especially Alberta, are considered discovery key beauty of Roman architecture, as well as key to the harmony of the Universe. This idea was later developed Palladio, who, together with the contribution of the Venetian music theorists, developed a much more complex scale proportions based on durskoj and molskoj Terci: 5:6 and 4:5, etc.. Scale of harmony or music theory harmony of the old proporcijskog system, based on the theory of music intervals, applied in the arch .. According h.r., scale 1:1 receive appropriate, high 9-8 seconds, 5-4 large Terci, 4:3 clean quarter, 3-2 is pure quint, 5:3 is great Sextus and 2-1 octaves. H.r. will be practically applied in the time renes. Alberti, Francesco di Giorgio, and especially Palladio. HEKSAEDARSKI Cellular Cellular SYSTEM arch. system consists of a basic unit-cells that are in the form heksaedara. This is one of the simplest ćelijastih system that allows the upgrade in three directions. Heksaedarske cells need not be mutually equal, but may be different in size. Hexagonal RASTER Name of raster in the form of hexagonal 

network. Hexagonal SYSTEMS (born hexagonal systems) Name of urban network structure. Plan a city that constructed in the form of Hexagon. H.s. represent centripetal system, with central and local center centers in the core system. Hereditary PLAN (Latin hereditarius) plan a building that contains the elements: composition, shape, structure and all. that are inherited from such plans types of buildings in the past. H.p. are very often rigid and burdened with a traditional shape. The most common Examples h.p. in ecclesiastical architect. but finding and numerous cases in profanoj construction. Hermeneutics ARCHITECTURE It is interpretation, ie, skills of interpretation or performance of an arch. Forms or character, especially the biblical characters. Architecture in the history of hermetic philosophy and religion, hermetičari are preaching their doctrine within the insider svojuh students and their knowledge was the secret to others. Hermetical architecture, the similar principle was learning within the closed circle dialed. Unavailable to a wider circle, protomajstori hermetičari are strictly guarded secrets of his craft, not allowing access to them ignorant. Master graditeljeske skills are transmitted from generation to generation, within a closed circle of master associations. According to this principle the transfer of architectural master knowledge, most of the buildings built during the the Middle Ages, is an example of hermetic architecture. HIGH TECH (born high technology) concept represents used mainly in the arch. that marked the arch. works created since the mid-1960s, Mr. and karakteristšu that a small group of architects, including Norman Foster and Richard Rogers. Their ideas are partly based on the proposals for a radical design that is brought about Buckminster Fuller, with whom they both worked, and architect. group theory archigram. Concept h.t. the arch. and design should substitute for the meaning of the same concept in the industry -- electronics, computer industry, robotics and others. In arch., the term includes a paragraph about the rejection of Use "Nezgrapnih" construction materials (eg. Stone brick and wood) and use non-traditional materials and synthetic components (eg. asbestos board, Fiberglass, steel elements and plastic windows). The resulting forms, which were mass produced associated with mechanical elements. Sometimes the use of these spontaneous elements, nesračunata, and these facilities are examples of architecture. design and ad hokizma. 

HIGH TECH STYLE IN ARCHITECTURE expressive style structure, technology, and their support through their exposure and even emphasizing, or through presenting the structure to look tehniloški emphasized. Some theorists believe that the high tech originated in the architecture, along with glass and iron structures in the nineteenth century, as it was Paxton Crystal Palace (1851), but his aggressive imagination owes more later constructors - architects, as well as that were Fuller, Freo Otto, Archigram group, even Futurism and the new brutalizam. High Tech Architecture represents the aspiration, often passionate attempt to use of technological spirit of early modernism and partially ethos of its pioneers, as it was Mies van der Rohe, who believed that modern architecture should reflect the technology of its time. After the Second World War growing criticism of modern architecture concentrated is its systematic failures of the time. International Style modernism has not dealt much tehmološkim and technical aspects of architecture, such as the effects of excessive heating, and similar, with constantly missing elements of technical functional architecture. High-Tacho initiative can be considered that should compensate for these gaps in modern architecture, although it is basically set the assumptions of modern architecture in its essentially correct and acceptable. High-tech is often considered for widespread British phenomenon in architecture, continuing the proud adaptation of the tradition of industrial mass production needs of the construction industry. Arguably among the historians, the origin of high-tech movement, but is generally considered to take roots in architectural schools London from the period of the late 1950s, specifically Ragent Street Polytechnic and the Architectural Association, which genrisale magazine "Polygon" and "Archigram". Rudiments high - tech-a, however represent the functional building that his character had expressed in the architecture of the nineteenth century, and promote them as lecturers were Jama Stirling and Peter Smithson, both enthusiasts for engineering design from the nineteenth century. They were the who inspired architects such as Richard Rogers and Nornam Foster. Rogers and Foster, who refuse to be classified among the high-tech architect, but represent perhaps the most famous representatives of this movement, and both were the product of British architectural schools of the period, from Foster Architectural Association and Foster for many pragmatic Manchester school, and both have studied same time at Yale University, USA. On them are in the U.S. 

impact made Charles Eames, Raphael Soriano, Craig Ellwood and Pierre Koenig. Most paradigmični examples of high tech architecture certainly are: the Center Pompidou in Paris (1977) Architects Piano and Rogers; Sainsbury Center, University of Eas Anglia, Norwich (1977) Norman Foster's, Lloyd's Building, London (1986), a Rogers, Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong (1986), Foster's, Schlumberger Research Laboratories, Cambridge (1985), Michael Hopkins-a; Docklands, London (1988), Nicholas Grimshaw, a work Richard Horden, a Ian Richie, a Von Gerkan-a, Eva jircna-e, Future Systems Group, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris (1987), Lyons Opera House, the restoration (1987-93) Jen Nouvel, a Fifteen projects Decq and Benoit a; Ménil Collection Gallery, Houston (1981-6), Kansai International Airport, Osaka (1988-94), Renzo Piano and dr. HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY Cottage (born high workshop technology industry) is the first term used the American historian Charles Sabel to economy to describe the effects of small group workshops produced in many small towns of central and northern Italy. Since the 1970s, these workshops are taking business as subcontractors of large producers of household white mechanical engineering and industrial construction that were concentrated in large cities. The result of this relationships among producers very quickly was that the small workshops have become very innovative and technologically sophisticated and developed, that could respond high technical requirements, and to assume the role of leading in some areas. This led ramified to very significant, particularly in the area design, because many small workshops have become highly quality, specialized for particular types or elements of the product, so that they were much more flexible the requirements and changes in the market, but they were giant manufacturers. In this way, it is possible produce products of different technical sophistication in small production series, in accordance the market demands. HIGH TOUCH (born high touch) represents a concept that was introduced in the early 1980s by the American John Naisbitt, High Tech as a counterweight. Representing trend in the design which combine color, form, textures, surfaces and materials that would be obtained visually strong object, with its inner meaning. H.t. nekonvencijalnih includes the use of materials: raw raw metals, plastics, rubber, laminates and cement, which replace conventional materials: wood, glass and steel. Colorcore a favorite material 

h.t. designers. Roots h.t. we can not find the original use of Bakelite, the examples of Charles Eames use of plastic, to the Italian anti - design and use of plastic materials basis during the 1960s. As an approach to design, h.t. najevidentniji the work of some American designers from period of the 1980s and '90s, such as, for example. Jay Adams Don Ruddy and Robert Robinson, and find it in art furniture (Art Furniture), rather than within the serial production. HIGIJENISTI in the architecture name for the representatives of the paragraph in architecture in which the most important determinant of the architect. and Urb. enabling high hygienic conditions. Were created together with the early period of industrialization, which carries pollution living conditions. Higijenisti urban life are considered for the lowest possible level housing, which has aggressively exercised terror as the psyche and the physical aspect of human life. Since the industrialism destroyed most creative aspect of life in the city, others are just the effects of industrial pollution and destruction of the environment. Among higijenistima, most significant were: Chadwick, Florence Nightingale, Louis Pasteur, Haussnann Baron et al.  1st Geometric curve in the plane which Hyperbole ( has the property that for each of its point difference otstojanja from two permanent points always the same (constant). 2. Exaggeration, excessive enlargement of what should be say, or excessive reduction of what is spoken. HIPETRALAN (from the Greek. Engl. Hypaetral, Italy. Ipetro) No roof, open to the sky. Hippie architecture name for the architecture that emerged in period of emergence and development of hippie movement, mostly on the ground United States, but also in Europe. Represents the ephemeral architecture shelters - habitation that are raised during the life of a rock festival or other large-scale assembly. COLD colors (born Cold color, cool color) color that sugeruše kineastetičku cold sensation (mentally feeling cold), such as blue and its analogue colors, derived from the blue - green and blue - purple. Cold colors, by rule, the case of feeling: deep space increase in space, more space. Hallway (architect). Long and relatively narrow space in building, which serves as an internal connection between multiple rooms in an apartment or between any other premises. Lowest width is 1.10 m, which goes up to 2.00 m and more. Also, corridor. Hallway, hallway HOME (German Fluri, hausflur) predprostor which is located between the house entrance and stairs at spratnih residential houses, between the front door in housing 

part of the room and individual houses. Also, it can be and home resting. HODOLOŠKI SPACE (Greek hodos time) "The space of possible movement. Hodološki space contains, instead of the real path, more convenient routes, which are compromise between several different components, such as "Shortest path", "safest", "at least fatigue, "Common path", etc.. All this, naturally, and adjusts adjusted according to the topographical conditions in the field. If these various requirements more or less equal, and no no the human activities that would impact on situation, then h.p. closer to Euclidean space. However, in h.p. I usually follow the directions that are not consistent with the geometric directions of the water right to a research carried out in the cities, show that many people often choose different ways to ostog reach the goal. Bollnow by the same stresses that choice of directions of movement of a person changes the current mood or spirit of the given situation. Eg. If is very hurry used shortcuts. Hall, meaning (architect). 1. Larger Central and representational space in private buildings and villas, similar to the hall, from which it goes in the other the main room. Hall can go through one or more floors whose department consists of one whole, when can be illuminated and ozgo. 2. The main room of the medieval home, or large common room in a college, etc.. It can be an open hall, open to the roof or closed above the ceiling. 3. United prostoeija in public buildings intended for performing business transactions, Hall in the courts, or any other public building, with sretanje destination for people or their entertainment (music - Hall). 4. Construction of an intended or Gilda fraternity, as the London Livery Company-Hall, or needs of the city administration (Town-Hall). 5. Residence territorial rulers. 6. University buildings that built as a separate building, with the purpose of education students or their residence. 7. Shared rooms in a castle in which eat together staff. 8. Any large covered space. 9. May also have other, specific meanings, such as: hotel Hall, then the castle tevtonskog chiefs, or Manor-house British landowners, or town hall, etc.. HORIZONTAL PROJECTION draft basis, showing a vodoravnoj body surface drawing of France. tickets at which we imagine to find any point at which the Earth surfaces, and paint the surrounding country as them with the see point. HORROR VAKUI (Latin horror vacui) Fear of a blank. In art, all surfaces need to be in some way, 

decorated. HOUSE OF THE FUTURE (Ford House of the Future) Concept which means projects and architect. Studies for a house that has characteristics as they should have a house in near future. K.b. often represents a significant conceptual shift in relation to the time of its creation and shows the possible direction of development houses. HOUSE OF SCIENCE (born house of the future) for Title futuristic projects of houses, who they should architectural objects to be in the near or distant future. HOUSING (U.S.) concept of the urban and architectural sense refers to the principles of mass housing and their implementation by raising residential zone or urban residential quarters in which is the basic function of living, while others, incompatible features extracted. The problem of housing, mass housing, the podstavkao the most massive and najparadoksalnije applying the principles of division of the homogeneous, monofukcionalne parts. "Rest" concerns the spread of the street so that they become Play, bezoblični spaces that separate one block of second, replacing the links with the urban fabric of chaos peripheral-dormitory, where buildings were deployed to logic nerazumljivoj their residents. HOWELLISM name for the style of architecture that represents Charles Jencks, whose name originates from the surname Howel protagonist, who, along with Stirling and others represent the architecture in which the primary pedestrian flows, and the roof structure as "raised skin, "the architectural object. The roof is made of construction which carries panels that protect the pedestrian zone and object in the whole of the atmospheric, primarily from the sun. H-PLAN Architectural plan that is shaped like letters H, as in elizabetanskih house, eg. Montacute House, Somerset (completed 1599). Represents the variation of E Plan so they looked like two letter E, set back on the back, with wings that is extended in symmetrical both directions. Humanistic approach in the architecture approach arch. and architectural design through the prism of relations arch. to man. Ratio arch. the man has the different elements. The first element is čovekomernost space - a space dimensions agree with dimensions of the man, as opposed to grandiose areas in which the human dimension of the reduced minimum. The second element is the use of human arch. Materials: Natural materials are human material (wood, brick, stone, ceramics), as opposed to the use of artificial and industrial materials that are not saobrazni 

man (glass, steel, concrete). Then, the geometry of human space is derived from natural, free forms, versus large flat surfaces brutal architecture. Color code h.p.a. is strong, warm and expression, as opposed to cold, steel color natur concrete. H.p.a. is naturalistic approach is contrary to the inhuman purizma. Concept h.p.a. Vezija for Architecture and the Alvar Aaltoa His approach to monitoring arch. general. Aalto forms are natural, saobražene with man's conceptions of space, surface and mass resulted from man's awareness of space where the. IDEAL IN ART one unique art form that in itself combines the best of different forms of individual form the same type or category of the same nature. "Ideal" is, consequently, more sophisticated than anything that can be see in reality, but also arises from the artist's own vision of perfection. The notion of a roots in the Renaissance neo platonizmu, and most impact on the artists had the second half of the eighteenth century. Preliminary ARCHITECTURAL PROJECT, Details, in particular ratio presented the concept of a project architectural object. Preliminary design is usually done in ratio of 1:200 (or 1:500 - 1:100) and is based on for further elaboration. Preliminary Draft, preliminary design in architecture design, preliminary design plan object in mind but definitely original sketches, which includes basic elements of the projected object: object orientation, disposal of premises, shape and layout of rooms, basic functional characteristics, trends and scheme basic constructive characteristics of the future facility. Preliminary design is starting to draft the basis of which is done further design and further elaboration of the solution. Next degree in gradations of architectural design the preliminary project. Preliminary design (General Project) project resolve placed preliminary construction task. In project are to give a definitive forms and the main dimentije object, without detail required for the performance. Serves to compare the variants and for making investment program. Preliminary design is the basic architectural project technical documentation, on the basis of which is done on design in the form of capital and Implementation. Preliminary design is more detailed and more specific project in relation to the feasibility study or preliminary draft, because they include finally defined the dimensions of the object, its constructive system, definitive functional characteristics and materials of which the object bududći be derived. Preliminary design is suitable in scale, 

but often not more than 1:100, rarely 1:50. Representing basis for the elaboration of the main architectural and Performing -- construction project. Feasibility study (German Schaubild, Vorentwurf) V. Draft. Layout presented the concept plan and project a building or part of the building. IDENTITY architectural FORM entry arch. Forms which gives it character and distinguishes it from many similarities. I.a.o. depends on: its structural skeleton, specifics of its implementation, purpose and functions and dr. The shape is determined, among other things: tones, colors, composition, it is by definition quality for themselves and provides the basic characteristics of identity, according to which one element, ie, form, can be recognized. IDENTITY IN ARCHITECTURE (born identity) we can talking about the following forms of identity in architecture: identity of places, location, identity of the city, the identity old or new core identity of the plan, or base, identity of the facade, interior design identity, identity designer. I.a. in different terms appear as genius loci, spirit of place, urban identutet. IDEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE (born ideology) The term includes complex system of interrelation of architecture and ideology, which results in a characteristic arch. forms, buildings of special stylistic features. Impact ideology of the most robust architecture is presented examples of architecture. Movement made in times of extreme ideological influence, eg. Constructivism has emerged in time after the revolution in Russia, a fascist school architecture during the occurrence of the Third Reich. Illusionist DECORATION IN ARCHITECTURE represents architectural decoration of buildings using iluzionističkih funds or effects: painting effects, sculptural funds or effects or using Small plastic. Masters of illusionist decoration in architecture certainly were painters and architects -- representatives of the high Renaissance and Baroque. Method, and theme Content mirroring ceilings velelepnih Baroque palaces represent high achievement illusionist Decorations. Tiepolo, Veronese, Michelangelo, and many others reflect the ceiling and walls, creating incredible illusions sky, with fantastic scenes from mythology or the Bible. Paintings domes of churches in general is an illusion of infinite sky, which imposes a visitor to the church in which the firmament or dome painted. Illusionist decoration appears in both the sacred and the profane buildings (villas, palaces). ILUZIONIZAM IN ARCHITECTURE (Lat. illusio deception, illusion, causes, phantom; franc. trompe l'oeil) in character. Arts 

general skills of creating the illusion of more accurately seen reality. Can be achieved by using linear and air perspective, and using chiaroscura (in painting), color, luminističkih effects, reproduction and other details. Linear perspective is achieved the illusion of depth and space, with directions that clearly intersect in one point, and reducing the size of objects in proportion the distance from the first plan. Air is perspective achieves a similar illusion of depth using gradual loss of intensity tones, omitting details and mitigation plans contraposition the depth of the image. About iluzionizmu can one speak of Vv.pne in Greek. architecture and painting, when the known use of iluzionističkih effects to achieve extraordinary effects on the lines of a Greek temple - entazis. The Age Renaissance, definitely formed perspective as a method building space. In the baroque to the fullest potential exploiting promising and luministički effects, which the walls and ceilings completely dismissed in the trompe l'oeil. Shortening and bold contrasts of light and shadow increases the maximum depth of the impression space; that have the role perspective composition set architectural elements (pillars, arches, balustrade, architrave). Illusionist paintings on the walls and arches and domes of the apses of churches and led to possible end-Italian border. painters Pietro to Cortona, G. Lanfranco, A. Pozzo, GB Tiepolo et al. IMAGE, IMAGE (born pictures, image, idea) 1 The notion that the arch. terms of the architectural concept, idea, arch. imagination, a space architect. object or sometimes the whole town. I. is transferred to the arch. plans, sketches, drawing, picture or through another medium. 2. Concept i. It is also used to indicate particular details or line of each arch. building or architect, which gives basic characteristic traits, and architecture are those particular elements that are recognized and characteristic compared to the other arch. objects or protagonist. 3. The term is often linked to typical urban image that provides a city. In a time when the image changes, the govorino "New urban image. Imagination, ARCHITECTURE (born imagination) Concept which indicates the architect. vision, imagination, inventiveness. Also, the ability to architect a. form a presented at the various possible ways, or contains ambiguous elements and complex content. Imaginative traits of a case and characteristics his wit, originality. Imaginative elements are unique, unique in its idea, though 

are made as the subject of mass production. Immanent (L. immanens) Internal, which remains inside an essential, inseparable; Phil. method it is imminent that sets itself the object of research; immanent critique she thought that one or system of thought with the estimated his own assumptions, the theory of knowledge: which remains within the limits of possible experience (Kant), or limits of consciousness (Fichte), by Spinoza, God is immanent cause of the world, therefore I am the world (deus sive natura, or God nature), supra. transeuntan, transcendent. IMITACIJE (Lat. imitatio imitation, imitation) in the character. and arts in general, the existing povođenje forms, formatting the existing model, unlike the creative source formatting. In ordinary speech, i. means the same as imitiran object facility where the material replaced skupoceniji simple ( "mramorovanje" ordinary stone, glass "Gems", etc..). Name IMPERSONALNA architecture for architecture that is not contains significant characteristic features of both the architect individual, also features a particular style or movement. Also, the term may be a general feature in the modern style of architecture., who was deprived individuality, tradition, the specifics, but his arch. is a simple principle of satisfaction human needs of technically and economically correct way. Impersonalne styles are: International style, functionalism, brutalizam, contrary examples personal styles and individuals: Mannerism, expressionism and others. Implications, ARCHITECTURE Name mixing, insertion, intricacy of architectural styles in one architectural form. Improvisation in the architecture concept obihvata process design and construction, with basic features doing without preparation, offhand, adapt new conditions during the process design or construction. According to Venturi, in his the process of creation, "one architect adapts equally as they impose. He thus admits, "Control and spontaneity, "" correctness and ease "- improvisation within the whole. He tolerated and fences, and compromises. No solid laws in architecture, but will not all be productively in a building or a city. The architect must decide, and these estimates are subtle among its main functions. He must decide what should have effects and thus can make compromise, where discounts can be and how. He does not ignore nor preclude conflicts of programs and structures within the order. 

IN ABSTRACT (Latin abstractus) Latin term, applied to the arch. and urban., is designed space, space that is separated from the material cases, mental space, Michelin. Space in abstract there is only a concept, only in the mind. Indian CONSTRUCTION MEASURES All the old Indian buildings were related to the exact measure of Systematics. It is worth equal to the main building measures and for details. Numerous discussions on these rules collected in SILP-Sastre, a kind of construction Rules for Indian architects. There just are not listed measures and proportions of different structures, but also rules Ceremony during the construction, the architect's fee, the as construction materials, etc.. According to tradition SILP - Sastre is composed of 64 books, and to 32 "major" and 32 "minor", and their names are mostly in line with the names of saints that protect particular types of arts and crafts. Of all these books most complete is stored Manasara which contains rules for architects and sculptors, established mainly on the basis of religion. How it but I no SILP-Sastre book shows (64 = 82), and prepolavljanje the side and the main books, (by 32 of every 82 / 2, the architectural proportions established the Eight, which agrees with the construction our building measures (125 = 1000 / 8). It was more clearer when more accurately examine the system of proportions, taken from the ancient writings in Sanskrit. The construction measures, the system shows a rare single gradation Eight, what is not found in any other place, or by another nation. In the architectural sense of individualism is characteristic of one arch. object or attitude and approach designing an architect who has a strong line personality designer. Individualism in the arch. occurs in almost all styles but is not related to style, but for personality of the architect. Strong line individualist architect. find the Frank Lloyd Wright, and the most common example individualist architect. represent objects Antonio Gaudi. INDIVIDUAL domain of the relation of units and many solved and appearance, position and function of individual and collective sphere. Whether or sets of units circuit, we are always able to between these two poles achieve the required territory organization. In the same typical unit can notice this efforts to establish the desired balance of these two spheres. In the family to the decision on one or two Center housing, or even more generally, is contained in the decision about how family planning units. When closed, so. atrijumskih houses, individual spheres is more 

possible organizational forms represented in indoors and outdoors. Family here presented as individual units and the urban family as an individual, which today is certainly a the highest possible level within the individual sphere. INDUKTIVIZAM IN ARCHITECTURE (born inductivism) method or the sum of the architectural design and methods urban planning to start the process design based on input data: available area, needs analysis, functional requirements, aesthetic point of view, that from such a set of elements led to the final goal. This method is used as opposed to deduktivnoj methods, which starts during design the desired final goal (of form and content). Industrialism in the architecture represents the architecture that for its basic principle is the use of industrial predfabrikovanih elements and building components that are manufactured. Industrialized arch. is built by an industrial process, which is identical process work in a factory, using high technology. BUILDING industrialized prefabricated construction, name method or system for the construction of facilities using principles of industrial production. I.g. assumed so. predfabrikaciju or production of a arch. building in the factory or workshop, which is then transported to the construction of place and there concluded, ie, connect the unit. I.g. was created as a logical part of industrial production and development of mass production, because of increasing work efficiency and economics of production. Buildings built methods i.g. are called. typical buildings, and are manufactured in large series. Cast iron Greek Doric columns (cheaper than stone and easy to create as Liu in series), were used in the nineteenth century, and designed them Nash in Carlton House Terrace, London (1827-33), then Barry used a mass-produced metal window il cast iron frames of the roof panels on the Palace of Westminster (1839-60), and Paxton Crystal Palace London (1851) was almost completely built from prefabricated parts that are assembled in modular system. Projects curtain walls, panel systems, predfabrikovanih elements and many other aspects accelerate the process of industrialized building construction during the twentieth century. Charles Eames, E.D. Ehrenkrantz, Buckminster Fuller, Gropius, Nervi, Perret, Prouve and Wachsman were supporters of the development of industrialized Built in the twentieth century. INDUSTRIAL iconography What is more important in modern architecture of Miesovog "forgetting" decorations 

is its function "barracks", ie. performance Association of troops instead of building facades. Architects of modern movement, during its early over several decades and their masters, developed a dictionary forms based on various models of industrial whose conventions and proportions are no less explicit but the classic lines of the Renaissance. What did Mies linear industrial buildings in 1940-ies, Le Corbusier was done with plastic silos for grain 1920s, Gropius and the Bauhaus to the 1930s, to mimic own earlier 1911.g. from factory, so. Faguswerk. Their buildings, like factories were more than "the the influence of "construction industry vernakulara recent past, in the sense in which historians have described influences among artists and movements. They are building explicitly derived from these sources, and a large part because of their symbolic content, as industry construction of European architects represented brave new world of architecture, especially science and technology. Architects of the early modern movement, rejecting recognized obsolete industrial symbolism eclecticism, replace it vernakulara industrial symbolism. In other words, still as romantics, postigl a new remote invocation of sensibility in the area - ie. contemporary industrial quarters on the other side rail, they switch to the civil parts of the city - rather than to invoke, as the earlier romantics, remote in time through repetition of stylistic ornamentation of the past. Ie. modernists have used the method of design based on TYPOLOGICAL models developed and architectural icons based on the interpretation of progressive technologies industrial revolution. Kolhun about "ikoničkoj power" which attributed "those from the design that are preached - and still make - Clean technology and so. objective method ... design technology works, in which love measured nepojmljivoj for scientists. "He also writes about" the power all artifacts to become icons .. whether or not they are created specifically for this purpose, "and said the nineteenth-centuries steamships and locomotives as well as examples of cases which are apparently made with the utilitarian purpose "and that "Quickly assumed the status of Gestalt, which is characterized by ... aesthetic unity and symbolic property. These objects, with factories and grain silos have become explicit typological models which, despite what the architects say, significantly influenced the method of modern Architecture design and serve as sources of its symbolic meaning. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN, DEFINITION (industrial design) Prudent use of aesthetic criteria and artifacts 

in serial format - machine-made objects from the middle of the nineteenth century. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN, INDUSTRIAL DESIGN (U.S.) Visits with areas of modern industrial production, a common use the original name, but gradually introduced Free translation: ndustrijsko formatting. I.d. is complex concept that includes an organized chain of professional activities in the production process, and occurs in countries with highly developed industry. I.d. includes technological and artistic analizuprojekta individual industrial products, examining factors traffic, advertising, commercial effect of production and more or less a series međuakcija, the preliminary design of industrial products to Consumer reaction mass. The ultimate aim is the largest possible physical and psychological usability produced nr. I.d. occurs in almost all branches industrial production of consumer goods, especially its application is evident in the industry tehničKuh accessories for household appliances, textiles, glass, etc.. The importance of cultivation in the form of industrial production has already observed in the period between two world wars (Bauhaus), and after 1945 it became larger and gradually takes the universal scale. I.d. is particularly developed in the Scandinavian countries, USA, Italy, Germany and Japan. I.d. the industrial design objects for mass use, their functional and aesthetic resolve to improve their use and visual characteristics. Objects of industrial design can be najrazličijtiji: objects for the home use, human food items (packaging), transport (cars, etc..), garments, machinery and assemblies, boxes, jewelry, items from a broad area media and others. The design is a natural product of science and Art. At the beginning of this century occurs with far-reaching aims to make the renewal and improvement of human environment. The first writings about the need for scientific approach to design coming from Ulm, from the high school industrial formatting, known spiritual continuation of Bauhaus. Research review of developments foundations design thirties reveals the time in which to accept the best elements of modern design. This style is sophisticated, disciplined and balanced. So it was in Interior design room Brojera and Toneta, buildings Mies, Gropius and Le Corbusier. Modern understanding of design in its science character. D. are no longer considered only an artistic activity related to aesthetic problems, where Research beautiful just the objective and privileges 

Art. Urban design is a relatively new area design, intended to introduce the aims and structure id in urban whole. The foundations of contemporary design set are: Bauhaus School between 1919-1933.g. in Germany, works Vhutemas in the USSR and the famous De Stijl. After the first wave of industrial revolution in XIXv., J. Ruskin and W. Morris kept, the general industrialization of the evil against which to fight. At the beginning of the XXV. Henry van de Velde defines the craft school in Weimar some of the fundamental principles of industrial formatting. Later given the important issues contribution Hermann Muthesius a turning point in this area of the operation, and Walter Gropius his associates in the "Bauhaus" (1919-33), and and "Institute of Design" in the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; "Instituut voor Industriele Vormgeving "Amsterdam (established 1950) and" High School for design "in Ulm (founded 1952). Among the workers and theorists i.d. especially emphasizes the Swiss architect Max Bill. I.d. involves interdisciplinary approaches and mutual dependence as the architect. Science and skills experimental work, design and research, so economic, sociological, anthropological and ecological, psychological and aesthetic aspects. Activities in the area i.d. develops in the direction of all opširnijeg scientific foundation of all phases of the whole formatting process. In the development of theory and practice transitions from the hands of individual specialists in laboratories, studios and workshops in experimental where teams of experts operate, coordinate their work scientific management, finance and industrial units or groups in the state or privately owned. Finally, i.d. becomes decisive factor in the development of industry opštemokviru as well as the social environment in which cherish. I.d. contrast, there is a unique design. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT Format industrial products, containing more related terms: project plan, drawing, composition, a property of an object or process (his idea, the process of shaping and achievements). The name comes from the English word design (draft, idea, samples of fabric, construction). Expressions Formgestaltung or Formagebung in German and esthetique Industrielle in French-speaking area leaving the because they could successfully replace the concept of design. Term Design is an internationally accepted term. Often stated definition of the International Council of Organizations for Industrial Design (ICSID-International Council of Society for Industrial Design) from the sixties: 

"Industrial design is a creative activity whose aim is to determine the quality of formal industrial produced items. These formal qualities include and external characteristics, but primarily those structural and functional relations, which transforms system coherent whole, both from the standpoint of manufacturers, so and users. Industrial design encompasses all aspects human environment that are caused by industrial production ". This definition gives the most important determinants design, but does not include today's understanding of design and refers to the product as a subject that is not connected s production process is different communication activities (video, audio, etc..) that are often important an integral part of their structure and function (eg, traffic lights, TV). Industrial technology early and all zrelijeg capitalist society splits human labor; disappears very artistic work and occupation and are formed technical areas. Mechanization and inventions nineteenth century realize the hope of unlimited possibilities of progress that lasts until today. Most of the mass of products ( furniture, home accessories) emulates the style characteristics past epochs separating the technical construction of symbolic-decorative ornaments. Art and Crafts Movement in Great Britain, and many other movements seeking the return craft production with artistic aspirations. It takes until today, and limits on bid items applied arts (ceramics, hand woven textiles, processing of precious metals, etc.).. At the same time the beginning of the twentieth century perception that the task design humanizovati entire human life: the space in which to live and to utility objects to which every man serves. In industrial production, which was mastered in Europe and Severe problems related to quality, sight is a need for increasing the value of products already formed international market. Werkbund, which was founded in the first tithes of the twentieth century in Germany, is the first association brings together technicians, artists, bankers and manufacturer of new task: a high quality industrial products as eksportnog strong argument. Mechanical design production relieve the unnecessary visual ornamentation. At the time the first time in economic activities appears, and in particular the title designer: P. Behrens to the AEG factory in a variety of tasks: formatting electrical devices for consumer, formatted regulation of production facilities, and design of safety character and different business documents and correspondence propaganda. Functions of qualified technical experts (from technicians to engineers) differ from the functions 

designers, which are set tasks connected with sale and use of the finished product, with increasing productivity in operation (organization of the production environment, machines which are working, working clothes and accessories), etc.. Thus, on the one hand, the design maintains the stability and growth capitalist economic system, the delajući more successful production and favorable placement, and the other hand, deals with the problems of how to satisfy human needs. Institution Bauhaus in Germany (1919-1933), with which are related eg. Walter Gropius, Hannes Mayer, Mies van der Rohe, Laszlo Moholoy-Nagy, Paul Klee, etc.. center of the creative design. Experience Bauhaus transferred to the eve of World War II in the U.S., where then build the foundations of modern organization design practices, that after the war spread in Europe. At the high school in Ulm adopt new knowledge and set new goals (interdisciplinary research approach, working on actual tasks of industrial enterprises, the demand for social change). INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE Some prototypes in Architectural critics have mentioned "machine aesthetic" others have adopted this term, however, Le Corbusier was unique among the modern masters of architecture. in that which gave a description of the industrial prototype developed its architecture, in "Towards a real architecture." However, even he excelled and steamer grain silos due to their form rather than associations, because of the simple geometry rather than the industrial character. Significantly , on the other hand, that Le Corbusier building, shown in this book, physical person, steamships and grain silos, not the Parthenon or the furniture in the church Santa Maria in Cosmedin or Michelangelove details Cathedral of St. Peter, which are also shown for their simple forms. Industrial prototypes are become a literal model for the modern architect., while historical and architectural prototypes were simply analogous examples selected because of their characteristics. To drugačđije place, industrial buildings were simboliđčki correct; Historic Buildings not. INDUSTRIAL - BUILDING MEASURES - IGM IGM is the basic measure of industrial construction. S it should count but when setting up a general plan izradnje, limiting the length and width of site, to determine the gap between the neighbors, predbašte width, size yards, distances of buildings, wide roads and other measures in relation to site and method of construction. In this IGM serve as guidelines for action, according to the size courts or the desired fineness network division of land. INFLATABILNA ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE name of inflated 

architecture that has entered the fashion to such an extent that its application, and too often preuvaličana, overstressed. The protagonists of postmodern architecture are often representatives inflatabilne architecture, which is prenaduvana, emphasized in its use. COMPOSITION inflection in the architectural orientation. The term was introduced by Trystan Edwards, to describe the action complex compositions. Namely, Gestalt psychology shows the nature of components, and their number and location, affect the perceptualnu whole, and it has also brought and a further distinction: the degree of integrity can be changed. Components may themselves be more or less full, or Expressed another way, they can be more or lesser degree of fragments greater whole. Properties of parts may be more or less pronounced: the properties of a whole can be more or less accentuated. In complex compositions special relationship to a whole encourages fragmentni part as it is called Trystan Edwards, the term usnerenje -- inflection. INFORMATION THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE The IT theory, the architectural object is the sum different visual information that causes a series of different reactions by the user or viewer. Thus speaking, an architect. object is nothing other than a series of different signals that cause different, konrastne or similar effects. I.t.a. gives najgeneralnije explanation of the principles on which function of these signals, as opposed ekspresionističkoj theory, which carries the idea that the meaning of architecture. forms contained both in the observer, and within the signal. I.t.a. Colin Cherry has developed, and among the architects who their buildings designed to these achievements theory, the most important is Alvar Aalto.INGEMINACIJA, architectural name for repeat and reproduction of architectural motifs, or elements spatial characteristics. Common in almost all architectural styles - Inclusive architecture, complex architecture (born inclusive architecture) concept is introduced by Robert Venturi in his book "Complexity and contradiction in architecture "and a paragraph about architecture that means for its expression can use any kind of element to be achieved the desired goal. Venturi used as an element of arch. expression in his project for Football hall of fame great Las Vegas area advertising billboards, which represents the center of its arch. composition. This attitude towards architecture, caused their arguments reaction purističke representatives, cleaned architecture. I.a., no matter how provocative or was free, but has influenced the course of the arch. and had their 

significant followers among those who reject the idea arch. purity and other restrictive elements them previously impeded in its expression. Among them Charles Moore is the most important. Incorporated (L. corpus body incorporatus) united, incorporated, associated with, admitted to the composition of which, eg. incorporated into the country. Insignia, architectural name for the characteristic signs, medals an architectural object. Architectural Insignia can be a sign or a heraldic emblem or other feature that sets the building facade. Insolation (Latin insolatio) Solarize one construction field, arch. building or part of the arch. Property (apartment, rooms). I. an important feature a building ground, which largely decides orientation of new buildings. I. it is possible to present exact scientific methods. First of all, it is Solarize a result of the measurement field, or city (area) for a period of one year. Certainly that is one of the essential elements of the components of health pogleduna properly placed in the problem of labor, housing or recreation, is insolation, osunčavanje. It is depending on natural conditions, climate and configuration, as fixed factors in setting the scientific-medical cognition and development. Diversity of geographic latitude and climate affect today to study the problems of individual objects osunčavanja different purposes. Due to temperature differences places and their fluctuations, that depends on the height of the sun latitudes and climate depends on various factors, This is the problem osunčavanja be examined in the present region, as would be given to other functional factors could affect the proper choice of orientation object to its use. The installation project plan and details for making installation of structural (and water supply project sanitation, sewerage, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, electrical and gas INSTALLATION, phone, etc.).. INSTANT Architecture (born instant, immediately, at once) The principle of "instant" in design and architecture includes basic uses fast editing, fast development and rapid implementation one object. The term is borrowed from the terminology cooking, where "instant food" is what food which is prepared within 10 minutes. Instant Architecture is the architectural objects or materials are prepared, the record zgotovljuju short time. The problem of raising the house as soon as term originated in parallel with the creation of prefabrication and introduction of industrialization in construction. 

Instant home can be in various constructive systems: tent construction, prefabricated systems, light prefabricated constructions, construction of plast, metal, prefabricated structures, wooden prefabricated construction and others. Application of instant architecture in almost all types objects, such as sports facilities (covered courts, sports hall), residential buildings, industrial facilities, agricultural facilities and others. Method of mounting an instant architecture is entering into or installation elements, passing the construction site in concluded condition, inflatable (creating overpressure) and others. INSTITUTIONAL SPACE represents the product and the result najopštijih global level relations, therefore najapstraktnijih, but still important: capital market, policy space. It therefore reacts more and better napraktično-visible and immediate. The global both social (policy) and mental (logic and strategy) is projected to one of the built areas: buildings, monuments, urban planning projects large range, the new cities. It is also projected and the undeveloped area: roads and highways, general organization of traffic and transport, urban tissue and neutral space, protection of nature, landscapes, etc.. This the level of the institutional space, with its consequence, institutional urban planning. This presupposes the existence, if not one or more systems very specific actions, and that at least one systematic action (or so-called "contractual" action, guided systematic). The only possibility of such logic, such unitarističkih system at the state level, shows that the separation of the old "town-village" on the road to disappear. This does not mean that it is outdated. We can even ask whether the state, which wants to receive the best the mission personnel to implement well. INTEGRATION ARCHITECTURE AND Representing Landscapes architectural view that architecture must be part landscapes in which there is and with him a unified whole. Introduction of postulates Ecology in architecture, many srhitekti are harder to establish unity between architecture and landscape. Among they are most characteristic: Emilio Ambasz, lucille Halsell Conservatory, San Antonio, Texas (1981-83), ACROS Building, Fukuoka, Japan (1989-95); Peter Noever, The Pit, Breitenbrunn, Austria (1971 -); Gustav Peichl, EFA, Radio Satellite Station, Alfenz, Austria (1976-79). Intelligent building, INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS (U.S.) Buildings that contain extensive use of IT technology in their function as well as during their 

everyday use. One building can be classified the notion of I.Ž. only if it contains the basic characteristic changeability in relation to different needs. In practice, this often means that one administrative buildings, for example, requires centralized information technology services (and others, such as heating, air conditioning and telephone systems), which are connected to cable system that is integrated into the structure of the building. Some section of the building can be extracted so that the information technological system can be applied to any part of the building. The development of this system is made partly conditioned The development of computer technology and development needs during the 1970s, Mr. The development of cable networks high capacity, which are integrated into the building, led until their application within the service system building, applications such as gas or water supply system electrical. In this way, small office and company iznajmljujući space from, thus can to have access to strong information technology system, which can significantly affect their activities. Companies ATandT, Olivetti, Pilkington, Honeywell and IBM, developed the technology equipment from "Universal" or "structural" cable systems, that significantly applied when designing the Light intensity animate shapes and gives them time its dimension. No effects of light, rich world color and shape would be dead. Under the beam of light forms penetration, the surface of the shadow spaces they move. Play light and shadows reveal the dimensions and introduces us to the depths space. Architecture is a game of space under the firmament of the sun. " Intensity is the amount of light surface shape and provides immediate impression of things. The degree radiation intensity of light moving on a wide ranging from light to dark. Color is a special kind of reflect light and has Valeri intensity. The intensity of the primary element of differentiation spatial forms. Name of the interdisciplinary approach to the joint work of different disciplines to the study of one arch. or urban. phenomenon or a solution of one arch. or urban problems. In a series of disciplines that together participate in study of specific problems, each has its proper research and their own methods applied during the research. The fact is reflected interdisciplinary character study of architecture. and processes urbanization and urban planning in general. Intersection of architectural elements (Latin intersectio, 

Engl. intersectio, cut) The name of each intersection of two architectural elements, space or object. Intersection of two roof planes is roof ridge, roof ridge, or bays. Intersection of two ornamentation on the capitals Edge ornamentisanog capitals. Intersection, cell (Latin intersectio) Internal division of one cell, a space or arch. element. Intersection, geometric (Latin inter sectio) Mutual geomentrijska intersection of two characters or two erhitektonska element or space. INTERSEPTUM (L. interseptum) party wall, septum; Anat. rung, vetrila, dijafoagma. INTERSTICIJALAN (L. interstitialis) interstitial, which for the spaces, which is related to the spaces; interstitial tissue Zool. poduporno tissue in đivotinjskom parenchyma (connective, cartilaginous and bone). INTERVAL interval is spatial or temporal "gap". Arts are used first, the other kind of music intervals. The architecture also includes both sight. Interval the distance, space, distance, gap or time. Void defines voluminosity. Pune and blank are equivalent architecture; without it would be impossible event fragments as part of a whole, on an kind of interface elements all other elements composition. Empty space, cavity - Illusion with nothing, according to N. Dobrović, got between the full plastic does not mean more undeniable artistic void, an absolute ... the introduction of controlled vacuum cavity in the art world as an equal partner with full plastic bodies and not only as interface elements, contemporary architecture indeed gets a new and defining the contribution of external izobrazavanju free space ... This loneliness, ie. oscular forms is introduced and the infinite nature of the initiate projects in his plan. And it has its a compositional roles. And she finally gets right to survival. In this new function of its nature blank forms and integrate the composition and structure of spatial composition. Urbanism is actually the compositional ratio, ritmizacija full and empty volumes and intervals. Interval is primary element of open space, the apparent "Nothing" becomes the content and meaning of physical formats. INTIMIDACIONI architectural elements (born Intimidation browbeat, intimidate) Name of the arch. elements, usually elements on the facades of the architect. facilities, whose function was intimidation of observers, or enemies. I.a.e. meet in Egypt sakralnoj arch. in the form of sculptures "Guard" or "guards" holy places. In the period 

medieval arch., i.a.e. meet the regular ornaments facade of the cathedral, castles and towers, as garguja, stylized animal and mythological creatures, console placed on the facade. Intimism in the architecture concept is linked to the architecture closed within the personality of its creator, isolated from external influences and self-sufficient within their hermetic reality. Intimism meet with Adolf Loose which he transferred to form its interior and residential houses. Strong intimism find the Alda Rossi, who retreated to his lab to also developed elements of theoretical thinking and design practice that it was among the first to draw from shoal. "One of the rigid world of a minority of cases, thus formulate a program through which the reduction will be stubbornly accrue during fifteen years, the world elementary forms which are taken from geometry, but through the filter of history and try to identify which can be realized only by reference to knowledge, or mental images: the archetypes of which are built collective memory. Introspection (nl. introspectio) Watching in, zagledanje in themselves, introspection, observation of their thoughts, feelings, etc.. Introspective (nl. introspectivus) Samoposmatrački, samoposmatralački, which examines (or: watching) their interior, which expresses the self-which is refers to introspection. Predictive TRADITION IN ARCHITECTURE (born Intuitive tradition) notion that the arch. introduced by Charles Jencks, which describes the architect, architectural movements and styles that were made based on individual creativity and imagination of the individual involved within the traditional relationship to architecture. Jencks said representatives load, such as Art Nouveau movement, and architects such as Gaudi and Van de Veldea, Bauhaus in its ekspresionističkoj phase of the 1919th to 1913, with Gropiusovim founding manifesto, which Novembergruppe belonged to Gropius, Mies, Bruno Taut, and Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier and Alvar Aalto. Fifties and sixties, significant were: Felix Candela, Frei Otto and popular again today Friedensreich Hundertwasser. INVESTMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE V. Minimizing investment. Name of investment in the construction of architectural objects. Also, call and investment in real estate. INVESTOR (German Bauherr. The person in whose name, for which account in which benefits are made architectural and construction works. Intentions and desires i. often significantly affect building or architectural work. In the history of architecture., 

mostly in the ancient civilizations (Egypt, Assyria and Babylonia), i. are known, while developers often remain almost unknown. I. can be and social organizations: management of cities, guilds, or guilds. One most striking among investors throughout history, was the church, which has left most of the human mind. In the Renaissance, i. were the benefactor, who have money built many buildings of a general character. Architectural projects that have investors behind them, remain at the level of plans, ideas or drawings. Among these most projects are ideal plans and fantastic architecture. INVESTOR, INVESTOR TYPES represents a person or company or financial organization that is directly invest in the construction of certain architectural object. There are following types of investors: the customer direct user, developer customer, the customer Society, procuring institutions. INVESTOR-Client Client and usually the owner or body management facility that will be constructed. Invocation, architectural concept is associated with the property one architecture to its form or elements evokes certain feelings and memories. I. is often toponomastici contained in a city or an architect. period. ENGINEERING Building represent, together with technical architecture construction XIXv interesting phenomenon. Their peculiarity is the use of modern products mechanical industrialization first hand and finding new constructive elements appropriate these materials (products), as well as new shape. They performed the technical inventors, and inventors. They but at the beginning of industrialization give, especially in Bridge, interesting units in the area of technical arch. The first hanging bridge built in America over Jacobs-Creek, but 1797 plans to Finlay. This construction, mostly artifacts, technical and refractory objects that have long had Access to the area of public monumental, residential and other facilities serving the artificial materials, which , as iron, steel, cement, glass and others, but passed through the previous process of homogenization and represented thereby, by themselves, high-quality material. Artificial materials are more in the aggregate state. Such material is, unlike the natural, allowed resolving those tasks that are in greater capacity, resistance, range, speed of construction and durability placed new demands of life. Unladen istorizujućom arch., Engineers -- constructors, following a purely rational, constructive 

line before the historic architecture (De l'Orme, De Caux, Rondelet and others), creating the structures that are match purpose and material, producing forms harmonized with the structure of these constructions as simple and logical reflection of the used materials. These new structural elements employed in the passages and eclectic buildings - such as roof attic tier - Post Time November representational phenomenon. As result of previous industrial work but also in the polutovaru new higher quality material hide determination, which will soon influence the final industrial processing - predfabrikata - became apparent in engineering achievements in architecture and some revelation in the aesthetic sense of the spiritual over many advanced people. For the study of contemporary architect. it is necessary to follow the development of the engineering building, and technical architecture through XIXv whole. and in those countries is kijma actually led industrialization, as is the case in Germany, England, France. North America, and so they can find or that are connected with today's aspirations of modern construction. The development of a chain of continuity, which is in use of iron and then reinforced concrete, despite eklektičkoj arch., consistent in France than in England, the original homeland of industrialization, or in any other country, which means that in most French prevailing feature of rationality. Historians of the modern movement have focused on engineering design XIXv. and early XXV. but significantly bridges Maillarta not architecture, and Freysinetovi hangars are barely architecture. As engineering solutions, their programs are simple and without internal contradiction as in the architectural program. Everything is demanded of these structures is to direct, safe and cheap prmosti abyss or protect a large area of rain. Theorists of modern movement ignored the inevitable symbolic significance and even such, simple, design artifacts, and inevitably use what is called Kolhun typologies. Often these forms of decoration is justified in terms that are still held in architecture, typical of the period. But decoration artifacts typical structure for any time. Defenders of the medieval city walls were were terminated diverse shaped battlement, and them are incorporated rhetorical decorated gates. The applied decorations of classical industrial structures revolution (which, we believe, rather than the classic innovative) are another example of "decorated 

barracks "- for example, the nodal plates with grid bridges, or modified Corinthian capitals kaneliranih pillars of cast iron, or eclectic styled Inputs and imaginative parapet facades. Mies van der Rohe was looking back only factory Albert Kahn, developed its minimum vocabulary of steel "I" profile that open frame industrial buildings. Facades Kahnovih barracks are almost always hiding administrative offices, and because they represent products of early XXV. were in graceful Art Deco in the historic rather eclectic style. Processing of plastic facade, typical of this style, magnified in a way contradicts the skeletal character background. ENGINEERING IN ARCHITECTURE name for the application of techniques and technology in all areas of architecture: the composition, construction, technology, materials and others. Irrationalism in architecture, Irrational ARCHITECTURE Name of the arch. position, principle, or arch. movement that suppresses the reality of an arch. plan and put it under irrational methods of design and construction, often empirical models, senzualističkih and inductive. I.a. is reflected in the unrealistic arch. Plan the use of građ. materials, constructive system, shape, color, meaning of architecture. et al. Sometimes irrationalism is proceedings within the arch. creation. Irrationalism is often present in nadrealnih architects, and architects in expressionist. Representatives to express irrational architecture are: Antonio Gaudi, Ferdinand Cheval, Friedensreich Hundertwasser. A special type of irradiation optical illusions is the problem irradiation as a result of the relationship and mutual effects osvetljenih different surfaces and shapes. Irradiation is in fact, "Milling" which is performed by light edges shape. This has resulted in the impression that the same values the dark or light background apparently different in use lighter surface. The old, classical masters architecture and sculpture are well known problems irradiation and is very skilled and professionally corrected through entazisa pillars or other corrective interventions that are applied in their realizations. Ironically, in the architecture irony can often be a tool which oppose and combine diverse values in the architecture of a pluralist society, and that beyond the differences that originate between architects and client. Social estates are rarely connected, but if may temporarily join together to design and construction višeznađčno valuable architectural community, sense of paradox and irony, and something of the spirit will be necessary from all sides. 

EXPERIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE represents an element of historical or in traditional architecture, which is an integral part construction of a building. Experience can be: traditional, historical, gained, technical, empirical. ISOTYPE (International System of Ford Typographic Picture Education, International system of typographic pictorial learning) represents a system which represent statistical information through repeating unit symbols, and was used in graphic form to allow comparative Statistics of different elements. I. formulated Otto Neurath with his colleagues, including Laura Reidemeister, at the Vienna Museum of social and economic (Gesellschafts und Wirtschaftsmuseum) 1925.gi named "Vienna method picturesque statistics" ( "Wiener Methode der Bildstatistik "). As the term I., 1935, appears after the group moved to Hague. Concept "Transformation" of ideas and information in visual form, whose predecessor was the isotype, represented the important turning point as a graphic designer. HISTORIAN OF ARCHITECTURE name for the scientific discipline history, especially art history, in history and theory of architecture, which is engaged in studying, analysis and data processing in the field of historical development arch. I.a primarily engaged in: a general historical and social milieu within which is formed arch. certain period, stylistic features of the architect. certain period, constructive characteristics period, the artistic features of the architect., functional and utility features, typological characteristics and types, some arch, monuments details of specific arch. and styles of architecture. monuments, written information describing specific arch. monuments, measures and dimensions, proportions and harmonic systems and others. ISTORICISTIČKA Architecture (born historicist architecture) architecture that is based on the elements of historic character, which affect her. Roman architecture can be fully considered istoricističkom, because it is based on the arch. determinants and rows arch. ancient Greece, whose elements abundantly used, zasnovavši on them their own style. Renaissance architecture in the same way can i.a. considered, based on the ranks of Rome. arch. Even much later arch. Styles are i.a., which often called "historical regression", such as the eg. "Arab villages," Frank Lloyd Wright, neo-gothic works Minoru Yamasakija and Paul Rudolph I Neo-Liberty Gabettija and Figinija. Partially i.a. find at MIT 

works of Eero Saarinen, who is Bruno Zevi identified as a "moral crisis" in Saarinenovom "neo - klasičkom ideal. HISTORICAL symbolism in modern architecture architects have created a form of modern critics iznalazili architecture mainly from the standpoint of their opažajnih Quality and on account of symbolic meanings derived associations, the extent modernists recognize symbol systems that meet our environment, they načešće speak banalization symbols. Although they were modern architects largely forgotten, there are historical precursors of symbolism in the arch. and complexity iconography and still make the main subject of study art history. Early modern architects are despised reminding the architecture. Rejected the eclecticism and as elements of architectural style, and each Historicism to reduce the dominance of evolutionary revolutionary character of their architecture, based almost solely on technology. The second generation of modern Architects recognized only "basic facts" history, as they were separated Sigfried Giedion, who historic building and the square abstracted as a pure form and space light. Preoccupation of the architects of space as the basic architectural quality has led them to that "read" the building as a form squares as a space, and graphics and sculpture as well as color, texture and scale. Circuit became an abstract term in architecture in a decade abstract expressionism in painting. Iconographic form and višesmislosti medieval and Renaissance architecture are limited to the polychrome texture in the service space; symbolic complexity manirističke architecture valued because of its formal complexity contradictions; neoklasicistička arch. was not appreciated zbpg Romantic application associations, but the formal simplicity. Architects are like the "lrđa" railway stations XIXv .- literally barracks, while their persons tolerated as insignificant, although the fun away of historical eclecticism. Systems of symbols that are distinguish commercial artists centers and metropolises which are symbolic environment prigrađa, did not confess. Name of the historic heritage of cultural, opštecivilizacijsko heritage left to us from all previous period of human civilization. Architectural historical legacy is a legacy of architectural facilities and other buildings that remained from the period previous cultures and civilizations. Each civilization left a legacy of architectural. The research and analysis of this heritage is concerned with the history architecture. MARKET RESEARCH (born Market Research) represents 

of weapons techniques available to modern business. Is a set of data and analysis that related to the markets, starting from sample individuiteta or group of markets that are in relation to certain products on the market. These data were to: poytrošača characteristics, their behavior, attitudes, opinions, profwsije, then the economic power market, the level of spending, organization and change. I.t. includes all forms of marketing and social research, such as consumer and industrial analysis and reviews, psychological research, opservacijske and panel studies. Ivic, EXTENT linear edges are those elements that observer is not used, even not considered as a path. They distinguished different phases and are interruptions in continuity, such as: banks, railway useci, limits of construction, partitions or walls ogradni. Limits before sidelong references, but coordinate axis. Such edges may be barriers, through which are harder or easier passing, that surround the region and separate it from neighboring all, and may be stitches, so the line on which the adjacent regions touch and connect. Edge elements - Though not be as dominant as paths, Yet for many people important organizing factors, especially in its role of maintaining the group of general urban area, such as the cities iokruženih water or walls. SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS represents a commitment to certain materials for construction, among which are: brick and clay products, reinforced concrete, prednapregnuti concrete, steel, wood, plastics, sandwich construction et al. SELECTION OF TREATMENT CONSTRUCTION represents a commitment to one of the following construction: monolithic building, classical building, building sliding shutters, prefabricated building, special technological processes of construction, special mounting methods. SELECTION SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION represents a commitment to a the possible construction of the system: skeletal system, the panel system, surface systems, spatial Cellular system. CHOICE technical system of construction on the selection of technical affect the construction of the system: a sociological data, architectural characteristics, technological characteristics, technical aspects of the system, the structure of employment effects, economic data. CHOICE construction technology represents a commitment to one of the available construction technology and includes: procedures of construction, building systems, partial actions construction, construction materials. Built AREA (architect). Area urban terrain or 

a building plot, which is occupied by horizontal dimension built building. This is the area of regulations determined, for certain types of buildings and for the location. Built AREA AND TOTAL HOUSING developed area Building was constructed residential area is the sum of surface dimensions of the ground floor of residential buildings in the area or complex, including external surfaces of the walls, along with built annexes. Total developed area of residential buildings is the sum area of all floors of residential buildings, calculated by outer edge walls. For calculating the population or the number of beds at Gross developed area of all floors of building housing and the determination of the total sum of facilities, should assume the following gross construction area per capita in one floor: in a purely residential 20kvm areas per capita, in mixed areas per capita 24kvm. Built ENVIRONMENT Hence the name, built environment points to the more specific activities and needs of these environment. Dejstvovanje urban environment, we can show, observation of everyday life, but here more often to the point jednosmernost markedly since the intent is not showing mutual dejstvovanje organization: the urban environment to specific organizations and vice versa. The jednosmernost is reflected in the determination of some very - in form -- means of connection, but that are by nature far from the organization of its needs, or some of its desirable relations that she realized the flow and relationships with all types of units built. Thus the For example equal ranges in one street does not bring in Relations old and new organization of qualities that define these links. This is only made formal attempt to this organization - in one form - and manifestations in relation to the often imaginary, stop, Wednesday. Problem event - movement is determined in each stipulated unit sets. It is possible to observe at all levels of built environment. So in unit job already known zoning movement or in the city fabric, where a series of events connected with the also its zoning, meet and organize needs and interests of existing or planned collectives. All the established needs and interests in istraživanoj middle educate our notice events in this area, from which the form conclusions about the needs and types of organizations - ie. content and form of space. Built territory in the urban territory is covered traffic and other infrastructure, and 

where there are facilities for work and life of people. In ancient Rome, built in the territory located within the castrum (castrum) or within the city (civitas). In Middle Ages, built the territory is located within the city walls. In contemporary urban planning concept built the territory is equal to the notion urbanized territory, which is one territory, or less densely covered with urban structures. LAND development, density of development for the Title ratio of surface soil that is built, or who is covered with buildings and areas of available land in a defined urban area (city). BUILDING, CONSTRUCTION OF OPEN SYSTEM (architect). Way construction of building blocks free buildings set the distance between each other which allows osunčavanje and proper ventilation. This system construction has many urganističke, social and hygienic advantages and provides a small density. INSULATION OF SOUND means of postizava to sound that occurs on one side compartments, transferred to another with a reduced volume. It's the sounds that Airborne and sounds that result vibrate mode itself compartments. For the first, are suitable dense material with little pores, the other compartments of soft material with a small weight. The most effective are the partitions from two or more different layers. INSULATION AGAINST FIRE (Zgr.). Are protected from fire structural elements of wood and iron, first because which is easily inflammable wood, the other because the iron temperatures of fire soft and loses its capacity. Inflammability of wood decreases smooth Planing, water glass coating, impregnisanjem solutions salt, which makes it difficult inflammability, coating of lime mortar in Mesh Cane or iron wire, coating plates of asbestos or the like. Iron is protects against fire covering the brick, clinker, or best, a layer of concrete or arm. Concrete 3-5 cm thick. INSULATION proofing layers of a water neprobojnog material, which should prevent the spread of underground moisture; horizontal insulation, placed over thickness of the wall and under the floors, they have to prevent climbing walls and under floors, are climbing to prevent moisture; vertical insulation protect the walls from penetrating moisture from the side. All these funds mainly from bitumen as asphalt, bitumen paper and jute, solutions and emulsions. INSULATION, PROTECTION (Konst.). (1) protection structures and of structural elements from moisture and water materials impervious to water, such as bitumen, tar, cardboard from asphalt and tar, jute soaked tissue 

bitumen, sheets of metal (lead, copper and aluminum), etc.. (2) protection against heat - heat insulation - the building of pipelines and bad conductors heat, such as hemp, tow, the mass of the float, etc.. (3) Sound insulation. Isolationism in the architecture name for the appropriation of stylistic features and character of a specific type of architecture. within a closed system, which does not receive from outside influences, or develop from within. Isolationism occurs in specific conditions of social isolationism, when a closed community within its spatial and separate cultural system that realizes almost no any contacts with spoljašnjošću. Strong elements isolationism find in ancient Greece, for example Sparta, and in Latin America, isolationist example is Machu Picchu, the Inca city, whose existence was not known until 1912.g., when it was found American explorer Hiram Bingham. The city lies on the cliff high above the river Uramba and dates from around 1.500.g. City was unknown Spaniards, who destroyed the culture Andean civilization. IZOMETRIJA (German Isometrie) axonometric view one object, without truncation, so that eg. unique form of cubes, receiving hexagonal appearance. V. Projection, isometric axonometry. Isometric axonometry (German Isometrische Axonometrie) Projection of a body, for example, the cube, the projection plane which is vertical to the direction of secondary diagonal of the cube. In isometric axonometry only vertical edges are represented without truncation, while the horizontal edges given under equal skew angles compared to the vertical, with the same shortening. Isometric axonometry shows symmetrical seen geometrical body with the edge of his hand. Isometric projection (isometric projection Ford, Ital. isometric proiezione) In architecture, the geometric a drawing showing a structure in three dimensions. Plan is set so that the horizontal lines of the building shown placed under the same angle to each other in relation to the horizontal drawing (usually 300), while vertical lines vertical and the other in certain scale drawings. This gives a much more realistic effect of axonometric projection, although the curves and presented false diagonal length. IZOTOPIJA (Greek) represents the name of a place (topos) and what surrounds it: the neighborhood, the immediate environment, that is what makes the same place. If there someone else homologous or analogous to place it into the isotopes.  Izotopija is determined as a whole which is full of 

semantic categories and that allows droningly Reading the story, what follows from partial reading expression after the resolution of their ambiguity, since only this solution looking for a single run reading "(Greimas). The concept is thus tied to one reading of urban space (and time saved in this space). This space, more or less readable in the picture and the plans of the city, can be read in many ways. He encourage more lexical units, several types of speech, as stated in several ways. The term "izotopija and its correlation "Heterotopia" indicate that it is necessary together, placing them, a lot of speech and lexical units. Among the speeches that can open the roads, record forms, functions, urban structures. Description izotopija Heterotopia and will go, then, together with analysis of the situation of these entities and their relationship with the entities that inhabit urban space. SPACE expressive, artistic space, aesthetic SPACE Expressive abstract construction projects seeking to been described, therefore, such a construction area, which systematize possible features expressive (expressive) space. We could call it, and aesthetic space. Creating i.p. gamin has always been in the field of action specialized people, so builders, architects and planners, while the area studied aesthetic theorists architecture and philosophers. Expressive and aesthetic projects represent the theoretical basis of architectural space. In a sense, every person who chooses a place in his environment to live and settled there, is the creator expressive space. It attaches its environmental certain sense, asimilujući his needs and goals, while adjusting itself conditions that it provides the environment. ARCHITECTURAL ART EXPRESSION Introduction and studying architecture requires knowledge of the ways expression of architectural art. It is about understanding material forms by which the nations through the centuries expressed their arhitektonskekoncepcije. It is known that the arch. art space: any architectural work is artistic idea is expressed in real space frame. Architect not his artistic conception to achieve regardless of the material resources - material and construction, and in his artistic creation must always bear in mind the ultimate goal, which imagines the object, so that reconcile the principles of his artistic ideas with the mathematical principles of design, whose mediation only and may to give artistic expression to that idea. The construction of this dressed artistic clothing creates architectural forms. Clearly, if the structure itself on a higher level skills, even those architectural forms perfect. 

Architectural expression through art facility in area, shown through all epochs of development, especially in ancient times, less if more complex geometric bodies. In its general concept that includes three main parts: the basis on which the building rests (base or foundation), then the main part of the building, which rises over the base and finally the completion of the building, its cover (ceiling and roof). In its long development of these particular parts of the architectural building, receive various forms of which are dependent on, as the available material, and the skills design and tools, and, finally, the very artistic imagined. The base has suffered the least change: the rocky soil it just means leveling rough terrain, quarried stone. In the flood plains and terrains Stand in the form uzdignutih terrace, often huge scale, as in Mesopotamia. However, the main part of the building and its završrtak provide us a rich repository of artistic conception. Vertical part object above the ground appears in two ways: with full of the masses - the walls - which supported the ceiling, or free braces, columns and pillars in place full walls. These two methods have created the third is the most common: a combination of walls and pillars. There is no doubt that these two basic structures moraleu oldest periods of humanity to come to the thought of man, but especially interesting is how this simple man structure evolved and how she forms given by century of his architectural work. Basic Principles arch. formed mainly from the two constructive elements: m wall and pillars. Their development in design and art, their relationship, expressed through the centuries different architect. and architectural styles that are gradually improve as elements in the processing and general harmony. It is not proved that the architectonic prapočetku creating a pillar of any kind played a significant role; ceilings, usually wood, lay it over the walls. But from what moment when a man zaželeo to create a more closed space, and unique, he had to use the column, and then appear in the hall where the columns supporting ceiling. From the primitive pillar that was only a constructive element for supporting the ceiling, develop the artistic processes, decorated pillar. Completion or cover architectural object in its najprimitivnijoj form, was probably made of wood. However, when a man asked for stable and better material for his monumental buildings on the accept the stone construction of the first stone of the ceiling were 

are modeled on the timber - a large stone monoliths here and beams arranged with one another. When the stone has become the main material in the monumental arch., when the skills of its process has reached a degree of perfection, arch. more a very old civilization is trying to low stone blocks replace monolithic beam and covers the entire premises. Appear then, the port and vaults. These two ways of covering the space created by two different systems: a linear or arhitravni and arched. Although the arc system known to the oldest epochs, arhitravni is still much more applied and it is Greek architect. led to significant constructive and aesthetic perfection. Real arc system with radial couplings ashler perfected, however, only Roman arch. and left us such a structure which still undoubtedly have to admire. Incredibly SPACE (German: Der Raum gestimmte) Name of space is determined affective identification. I.p. has a variable nature, such as eg. variable character of the forest as a natural space, we feel like closed, but also as an open, moreover, otherwise feel the night, and it is changing under the influence climate and seasons. PERFORMING PROJECT Architecture - Construction projects one building, built in detail, that to him possible performance of the object. Performing a Project architectural object contains: program object, situation, all the basics, sections and facades, static calculation, construction details, building physics, protection project at work, electrical project low and high power, water supply and sanitation project, project heating and klimatizaije. Performing project sadrđi project geomehaničkih testing of soil and appropriate, details of the interior. Depending on the size of the building and detail required for the performance, the project is performing working in different proportions: 1:100, 1:50 and smaller. JAPANESE HOUSE, routine BUILDING MEASURES IN JAPAN The architect Hinder, Japanese carpenter used for good and solid home rule, column square section, uniform thickness of 4 Sunna = 12.12 cm. Hasure length is therefore: 1 Ken - 4 sun and 1.818 m - 0.1212 m = 1.6968 = 1.70 round. Width is equal to half the length = 85 cm. The minimum is Room 2 hasure. Area of such rooms is fully covered by normal hasurama of 85 x 170 cm. JAPANESE CONSTRUCTION MEASURES and geometry arrays prepolavljanja are generally basic base Japanese construction industry, particularly in building houses. Thus explains the advantage that gives the numbers 2, 

4, 8 and 16 In addition occurs and the number 6, and especially numbers 10 and 5 The proportion of the golden section appears to have were known to the old Japanese. Certainly there is no no markings in the Japanese language. In all this has Japanese buildings are often the proportion of the golden section One book I found even proporcionisanje console beams by the golden section, marked with triangulation. On the basis of available data did not, however, could determine, for there is a later finding "key" old proportion of old or surrender. General to take, Japanese, and Chinese, was not known to use geometric figures for proporcionisanje buildings. On the other hand says plenty of corneal and beams, especially for frequent eight corner building in favor of exact knowledge geometric solutions. JAPANESE CONSTRUCTION MEASURES FOR HOUSE The main measures determination of the location of walls and pillars of today's general adopted "ken" = 6 "henna hand", which will continue shortly called "ken" and "hand". Japanese house is almost always built of wood columns. Among them are easier to meet, especially windows and sliding doors. The distance between the pillars or the walls of the pillars of the top terms always means the gap between except their. The distance axis is always 1 or 1 Ken Ken, and less 1.5 Ken. And the space environment of the walls of larger rooms set in kenima. Smaller sharing, as well as Ken / 2, are very rare in the main rooms. JAPANESE Residences - Measures True Measurement House performed in Japan, the Japanese unit "ken" (= grip, spread hand). "Ken" is divided into "hand" (rates), "sun" (thumb), and "bu" (lines). The measures are: 1 ri = 3890.88 m = 36 Cho = 216 ken, 1 cho = 108.08 m = 60 ken, ken 1 = 1.818 m = 6 henna-hand, 1 hand-Kane = 0.303 m = 10 Sun, 1 sun = 0.0303 m = 10 bu, bu 1 = 0.00303 m = 10 rin, 1 rin = 0, 000,303 m or 0.303 m. This gradation of the Japanese rate, Kane - hand, the above is quite improper and starts from 6 to 6 x 10, and the 62nd It gradation, that the lower, however, purely dimensional. Japanese rate = 30.03 cm, the basic measures for decimal sharing the lower, is very similar to the old European rates, and especially the English rate. Besides "henna hand" exists in Japan »kujir - hand" = 37,875 cm, which according to Kane - hand referred to as 5:4. One of 6 kujir ken - hand has therefore 2.2725 m. JAPANESE measurement system name for the linear measuring system was created and which was developed in Japan. This measuring system is based on anthropometry, model-based measures the sizes: Ken or rastegljaj 1.818 m, or henna hand or rate, 30.30 cm, Sun, thumb 3.03 cm and bu (lines) which is 1 / 10 Sun. 

JARDINIER Ingenieur (franc. gardener - Engineer) French name for the garden - the engineer, especially in used during the XIXv. in France. Against name, j.i. were designers and builders of roads and bridges. These are primarily a technically educated persons, that are owned sentiment for art. The most j.i. was Jean Alphand, Koge was "found" in Hausmann Bordeaux and brought to Paris, where he transformed the old parks and established new: Boulogne forest, forest in Vincennes, Champs-Elysees, Park Monceau, Buttes - Chaumont Park and Montsouris. JARDINIER PAYSAGISTE (franc. gardener - landscape) French name, especially in use in XIXv. the garden - Landscape, which is like an architect or urban, represented the professional person that is designed primarily gardens, from the late Baroque period, and later it was the people who were made urban city. Public spaces represent the city or the open closed spaces, which are dedicated to public use all citizens. First j.p. find within the plans Ant. cramp. cities, from which the developed form of square, which will play a significant role in the development of the city. Peak urban processing j.p. reached during the Renaissance and Baroque, when they designed and built with detaljnošću and attention as the interior of buildings. Today j.p. represent areas of commercial character as well as spaces and urban parks, an oasis of modern zekenila metropolis. PUBLIC Gardens concept is linked to the city's gardens, which are raised and taught to enjoy and use city residents. It is believed that the first public gardens originated in the seventeenth century, primarily ua France. Converting the former private gardens of the nobility and monastery in public parks and walkways, to begin in the seventeenth century, during XVIIIv. expanded as a movement, raising promenades and parks in urban areas destroyed zasipanja forts and trenches. The first garden planted and arranged for the citizens of Paris was Botanical Garden (Jardin Royale Plantes), on the outskirts of city. This garden has existed before, of 1599.g. in Montpellier. Large, properly composed, with a garden Luxembourg Palace, which was raised and uređivan the 1615th to 1620.g. was during the seventeenth and XVIIIv. occasionally opened for the citizens, and imprisoned, until, during revolution eventually turned into a public, Luxembourg Park. In France, when the city remains determined, were created promenade on the old, neglected dams and battlement. Movement for the exploitation of "brisanih field between fort and settlement, for raising the promenades and parks spread 

by France during the XVIIIv. PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE represents the domain of architecture., Space is open to the public through public use or represents a useful public space. Public in arch. we to look at areas: public transport, public squares, parks, and to the public indoor space: museums, galleries, botanical gardens and the like. Public in arch. can also be found in buildings mikrourbanizma: public clocks, public fountains, fountains, public lighting and dr. UNIT neighborhood, the residential MIKROZAJEDNICA architecture and urbanism, the term refers to mikrourbano immediate area surrounding one or a small number of individual residential buildings. Neighborhood Unit consists of two or several residential houses with an appropriate terrain around them. The houses are oriented towards the inner square, courtyard or pjaceti. Unit neighborhood has a common access road, garages and green areas. Neighborhood is the basic unit of urban units composition of individual residential buildings. Wider communities in relation to the unit neighborhood street, block or a quarter of the city. The uniqueness and continuity of space according to Patrizzi-ju, "This is the first among all the natural reality, and it is clear that the science in the science of continuum and discrete transcends matter (...), it is clear that the continuum nature before each podeke: its divisions and cut, which made violent human thought, leads to creation of ". Giordano Bruno in the dialogue "De L'Infiniti, Universo e Mondi "is:" We should not, therefore, to explore whether there is a place beyond the sky, gaps or time, because one thing is commonplace, vast space that we can freely call "Emptiness" (vacuo), and in it are countless and endless planets, such as this where we live. Such projects called infinity, because there is no reason, opportunities, heard or nature, which should define it ... because we have sky in which their respective spaces, landscapes, distances have the worlds, and it spreads everywhere, penetrating and contains all, borders and continues to all, not leaving no gaps. "These pages are written in the last decades XVIv., but the discovery that they contain become effective in the art, through which the connection it is difficult to observe. Only many years later, contemporary arch. in winning naturalist ideology potđčinjena Counter-Reformation, focuses his research on two opposite sexes: the manirističko razgrađivanje classical order and functionally related to the search vanumetničke goals, which uses the architectural language 

Masters at the beginning of the XXV. The sense of unity of space, organičnosti performances, achieved by taking space basic parameter, the discovery was prepared by Research mannerist, but that only konkretizovala masters from generation 1590.g. JEDNONAMENSKA SURFACE term jednonamenske and we introduce multifunctional surfaces for expressing real importance of possible units in the disposition, as well as their variability. V. Multipurpose surface. SIMPLE represent the views of the structure, these systems consist of a small number of elements among which are the unique relations. They have small number of possible states and the elements are unified interface. Provision of their behavior has a uniform value, and easy to express mathematically. ESSENCE OF BUILDING constructive sense, is the central area of high base object that is ukrućenje constructive purpose and object of ukrućenje case of seismic force. Cores are projected at tall buildings, especially skyscrapers and include: staircase and liftovsko core. The core of the building can be square or circular base, ie, triangular, multangular etc.. but the most regular, symmetrical geometric shapes. JOINT VENTURE (born joint work, joint venture) English concept, which came into general use of international agreements in the field of construction. It represents a contract, an agreement the two sides of the joint Work on the construction of a building. Joint ventures are implemented in the field of finance, the use of joint working power, materials, and to the joint exploitation construction of a building. Juxtaposition (nl. juxtapositio, Engl. Juxtaposition) Name of the position of other things besides. Putting (or: metanje) next to one another, contiguity with something, Stacking the outside, adding. JUNK ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE DŽANK (born junk waste, junk) concept originated and is most often used in the U.S., indicates that the architecture was created using waste materials: bottles, sheet metal, car wheels and Fig. There are architectural masterpieces derived from the waste materials. The pioneers of junk architecture considered a French postman Ferdinand Cheval, who was over the years, returning home from work, with time, finding stones and other materials suitable for construction and built them in his "palace". The term is also used to be an architectural object presented poor, uneducated, ineligible. JUST IN TIME (born just in time) notion that used to describe the system of production and distribution 

at which the products supplied by order rather but to keep in livestock. This system requires much greater flexibility in terms of labor and production technologies, because continuity of the production line is assured. J.i.t. production is the result of computerized production (Computer Aided manifacture), which is aided by sophisticated informacijsim technological system. Data to be related to the demand of certain products effectively entered into the system, which was computer adapted to each individual customer's requirements. This is especially sisitem developed in recent years XXV. to manufacturers meet the needs of a highly competitive world markets, while reducing production costs (due to retention of products on animals). J.i.t. system developed in parallel with the serial production and other aspects of the industry who have outgrown the framework fordizma. Within the production process according to the principle j.i.t. done regularly use computer technology, but it can also be accompanied by elements of low technological production, such as the high Cottage Industry Technology. OFFICE SYSTEMS basic systems composition area of administrative buildings are closed office system, open system office, pejsažni system, boxes, system administration Halls et al. Closed strings is allocated offices which are located along the corridor or gallery. Open system is a series of Office interconnected, with simultaneous visual and other connections to the corridor. Pejsažni system Group makes more jobs posted within the single space. The system boxes, jobs are each separate light barriers, while in the system administrative jobs halls set together, all within a single hall.  kanonos tubular canon, from Greek. KANON (Greek  staff, rules, norms) set of accepted rules proportions, symmetry and relations which, in certain periods, subject to the artists (architects, architects) to achieve "perfect harmonious form" their works. Egyptians share the human figure to 21 1 / 4 part of (name their basic unit of measurement is not known). In Ant. arch.  embanes) basic unit, the module (Greek  radius of the lower part of the pillar. The architectural symmetry about the canon and wrote, according to the ant. tradition, Iktin (Vv.p.n.e.), Philo (Ivv.p.n.e.) and others. Peak systematic study of the canon of the human figure is 

Polikletov tract (Vv.p.n.e.). The proportions of the human body, and problems color, light and shadow wrote cramp. painters Parasije (Vv.p.n.e.), Appel (Ivv.p.n.e.) Eufranor (Ivv.p.n..) And others. In the other periods of development Art us more so strict as in the Greek canon. arch. and sculpture. Byzantium. art observed through the centuries firmly fixed norms, the monk Dionysius from the bakery (XVIIIv.) collected in its traditional manual technical and iconographic conventions kasnovizant. school s Mount Athos. In the West suglavni sources srednjovek. Education writings Isidore of Seville (V-VIv.) that treat problems and architectures. Cistercitski abbot Bernard of Clairvauxa (XIIv.) stands for the simple shapes and spatial concepts in a clean architecture. Completely represents the opposite view Suger (XII-XIIIv.), abbot of the monastery St. Denis, who gave the abbey church, lavishly decorate sculptural decoration, gilding, wall paintings and stained glass windows. Almost simultaneously, and Thierry de Chartres Guillaume de Conches, philosophers school in Chartres, put its principles: fidelity to natural forms. Scholastic Albertus Magnus (XIIIv.) assesses the Gothic arch. forms and sets K. ideal of female beauty. Essay on painting C. Cenninija (XIVv.), last srednjovek. technical manual, which contains the author's aesthetic ideal. In Renaissance (XV and XVIv.) more theorists and artists trying to set the canons of architecture. and for "the perfect nice figure. " L. Ghiberti writes about architecture, proportions and optics; arch problems. deals Filarete; Leonardo da Vinci also zaokupljuju problems proportions of human figures; L.B. Alberta sets geometry as the backbone for painting, drawing, as will images, and gives the definition of beauty in architecture. The problems of norms in the arch. deal with S. Serlio, Vignola, A. Palladio, V. Scamozzi; write about painting problems Piero della Francesca, P. Pino and L.G. Lomazzo; A. Duerer also seek the harmony of the human body. In XVIIv. deal with the problems of canon R. de Piles and G. Audran, and in XVIIIv. F. Milizia, J.J. Winckelmann, A. R. Mengs and C.H. Wtelet. At the turn of the XIX XXV. Beuronska school tries set strict canons of ecclesiastical art. New relationships in architecture - in the sense of canon - fixes in Le Corbusier his "Le Modulor" (1950). Arts and non-European countries have their own canons, especially the arch. Far East (China, Korea, Japan).  katalogos bullets, list) CATALOG (Greek  A systematic inventory of objects, which is the permanent fund some galleries, museums, libraries, collections, or temporarily located at exhibitions, auctions and shops art objects and antiques. In addition to data cases, K. are often illustrated and contain 

bibliographic data.  Add (or enter) the Catalog (gr.  list in the catalog; katalogirati. CATALOG BUILDING Building an architectural object or furnishing of any interior by ordering elements from the catalog, delivering them to the scene and mount. In architecture, especially in the U.S. are created Catalog building systems that are permitted construction a home through the execution of elements komponibilnih ordered from the factory through the catalog. Catalog construction , however, much more used in furnishing interior (furniture, carpets, curtains, pictures and etc..), as well as external (fountain, pergola, benches, garden box), but in the construction of buildings. The term is used also in terms of performance of a object on the basis of the project, which was taken from the catalog house projects. CATALOG DESIGN name for architectural designing buildings and interiors through the use of building materials and architectural elements (windows, doors, etc..) from the Catalog. In largely contemporary design can be said that catalog design. DISASTER AND ARCHITECTURE the influence of disasters: floods, fires, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wars and conquering campaign, epidemic plague the development of architecture. and urban. During the history of urban planning, we find many examples of the impact of large disasters in cities and population and even whole civilizations, which are under their influence disappeared in a short period. Renewal of a destroyed city was very difficult and they are usually napuštani, that completely disappeared or to a new boom experienced much later in the next historical period. In urban history., large fires experienced many cities (Rome, London), volcanic eruptions destroyed the Pompey, earthquake is used to destroy many cities (Lisbon), while conquering campaigns consequences caused almost all European cities. Great disasters in recent history occurred during the world wars, particularly during the World War II, when many European cities were destroyed by bombing difficult, and some destroyed to foundation (Dresden, Hiroshima, Nagasaki). Name Kibernetička architecture for architecture that is based on the use of computers as an architectural means. Using computers in k.a. present in all phases of architectural design: the analysis and preparation, Synthesis, preliminary plan, the elaboration of the project, construction Performing projektai details. The use of computers in urban. it is very important within the preparatory phase of the urban. 

planning, particularly in data processing so. urban statistics. CHINA ARCHITECTURAL MEASURES ancient China, arch. measures are antropomorfan had character, but were different in different periods (dynasties). Measure equivalent European rate was the message, which was different length (31.32 cm in the Sung era, which is 1 / 3 or more than in the era of Wei). In the Sung era module was a chi = 31.32 cm, such as European rates, and CUN = 3.2 cm, which corresponds to a thumb and a hair = 0.32 cm. In the era Cin, the module is a hairdryer. KINESTETIČKA ART (born Kinaesthetic Art) It works of art that stimulate the viewers' physical sensations rather than visual. Kinetic Architecture (born Kinetic Architecture) The architecture resulting from the belief that static, permanent forms of traditional architecture are no longer appropriate for use in times of great social and technological change. Kinetic architecture is dynamic, adaptabilna, capable of upgrade or reduction, and even for the rejection. The protagonists of the kinetic architecture movements are, as a group Archigram, Futurism, metabolism and works of architects such as Friedman and Fuller. Kinetic CELLS cell that transformabilna, ie, folding, changes form. Kinetic SPACE Name space for movement, kinetic area, which includes continuous change. Space city center, is strongly expressed k.p.. KIT HOUSE name for a house made from kit parts. Houses in Keith are made from the typical elements and sell in the kit. On the basis of instructions, it is possible quality perform this house, without the use of particular tools and without highly skilled workers. The idea of home in Keith was born simultaneously with the idea of instant house, instant house, in the USA. However, this idea has never lived completely. ARCHITECTURE OF PARTS KIT, Kits OF PARTS (born architect. In Supplied) Name the type of architecture I've done, or ad hoc arch. which is designed for industrial and produced a house so that all its folding parts into a whole house, and are supplied which is on the market. An interesting example k.o.p.a. Project Ezra Ehrenkrantz, from 1970 Classic design name for a design that is visual peak, ie, the ultimate achievement of its time, whose emergence as such immediately assumed his historical context. The main prerequisite to a subject to obtain design feature classic design, is that he receives official confirmation of an institution or individuals (ie, design historian), and / or 

become extremely popular through their mass production, reproduction or publication in the form of mass Photos. Posthumously or not, he can also gain epitetdobrog design. Concept k.d. is often relates to the design of the car, such as the Volkswagen "beetle" from 1945.g., or personal objects, as well as Zippo lighters, from 1932 Concept k.d. is extended to the field of furniture. This progress is certainly encouraged Museum of Modern Art in New York, where exposed specimens k.d. Furniture Mies van der Rohe, Marcel Breuer, Le Corbusier, Alvar Aaltoa and Charles Eames. Since the period of the 1970s, grew the requirements for play classics that are its form, functionality and quality survived their contemporaries, but also representatives of the new design. Great companies like Knoll and Cassina, just how much less producers, as Aram and B.D. Ediciones de Diseño, enter are making this request for the case of classical design. This often led to a critical attitude towards newly classic design products or copies copies of classic design, primarily to the criticism their low technical quality. Class architecture represents the architecture in the context of class community, especially related to modern architecture that is based on class social system. According to Manfred Tafuriju "modern architecture is marked paths their fate when became the holder of the ideals of progress and rationalization which the working class party and which was included only in within the Social Democratic perspective. Will be able to recognize the historical inevitability of the phenomenon, but when to recognize one, will not be possible to hide one the last choice a reality that "leftist" architects it seems so futile painful. Needlessly painful because in vain the wiggle in the closed desperate territory. "recent testimony of bourgeois uncertainty is the "fall" of modern art spread between "Positive" goals, mediation between the contradictions, and bespoštednog samoistraživanja own objective commercialization. Since it is unlikely that a pessimistic diagnosis on the fate of architecture, convert all architect "baiting" in the class of critics, and even more likely to provide an alibi for the diagnosis of linguistic and active neangažovanost, we still We believe that the specific objective of architects that critically arhitektirom used to analyze, and perceived change reality. Hard target assumes that the ability to enable new orders for new and critical resources that will, one by one, check out the links between operations and 

programs and work places within the production relations. But the goal that is worth fighting for and that before him has the area where the checks role of a generation, objective that directly political engagement can d supplement but not replace or compensate for that, except in a concrete and revolutionary proverljivoj situation. Stone-masonry DRAFT draft in the form of a detailed plan, workshop drawings, which show detailed stone-masonry details and elements. Often in times of development got. When are mostly made in the ratio 1:1. Klis in architecture, CLICHE (franc. fingerprint images, hackneyed phrase) stable, often reproduced and used architectural elements, motives, plans, which are copies of well-known and frequently used architectural styles, lines, or lines. Clichés are also used in architectural criticism, that fluent method of clarifying the arch. attitude. Codes CODES systems are expected in the sphere of characters. Ideologies are systems expected in the sphere of knowledge. There informational messages that lead to disturbance of the system expected in the sphere of signs, and there are procedures, deepen thinking, which lead to disturbances in systems expected in the sphere of knowledge. Architectural work, as well as any other message contains own codes. Thus in the area are keys by which to establish the relationship between the messages and codes that is created. Interpretation of (architectural) by Umberto Eku, flows in a continuous oscillation, in which is part of going to discover that the original codes it suggests, and from there to try to loyal interpretation works, from which, again, we return to our present codes and language to help them try to message, then continue with the continuous comparison and merge different ways to access, enjoy the area and because of that his ambigviteta, which occurs not only in informational labels applied to the basic code but in the informational labels applied to the codes that determine our acceptance of messages. Any interpretation of the work, filling the empty and open form new meanings of the original message (the physical form which remained unchanged for centuries), creates new messages - meaning that enrich our codes and our ideological systems, restructure them and prepare observers or analysts for the new interpretacionu situation in relation to the arch. work. It is one continuous process that is constantly renewed and that semiology to analyze its various stages, but can not predict the specific forms that will get. The coefficient of land use Percentage of use 

construction land depends on the density of development, number and size of housing and density nastanjenosti. This coefficient shows a developed gross footprint building in relation to surface parcels. Oganičenjem this coefficient through building regulations created possibility of implementing the concept of free urban regarding the disposition of buildings and spaces formatting pronounced high altitude dimension. The coefficient of land use is important factor the concept of free urban housing construction complex. This coefficient as the basic element of housing complex becomes an influential factor in Small objects in free space, and is dependent on the length and height of buildings, number of floors and allowed međurastojanja zgradan given the hygienic conditions, osunčavanje and ventilation. However, it does not matter as factor in shaping the housing block oivičanog streets parcelisanog and the surface of certain size with established way of building. In urban concept of such housing units affected: size plot, height and layout of buildings, corner osunčavanja, roof slope, etc.. The coefficient of land use can be defined as number that indicates the relationship of the sum of gross floor povtšina building the sum of the surface lots or the area corresponding complex. Coefficient of Use a measure for the use of maximum allowable surface of all floors of buildings in relation to the total surface certain lots or on the surface of the block or on the surface complex. In determining the coefficient of land use can be assumed gross or net area of the complex, but Since the streets are traffic-Utility surface, it would be applying for or computation of this coefficient was recommended to take only the net surface complex. This ratio can be at most: - In a purely residential complex: 1, - In business and residential complexes: 1,2. The areas of buildings may exceed the net building Land up: - In a purely residential complex: 30%. - In a mixed residential complex: 40%. The coefficient of utilization of soil (K) multiplied by the net construction area of residential areas (PN) gives total developed area (PE) of all residential buildings on a specific construction area: Pe = KxPn. Coefficient CONSUMPTION OF LAND, cross INDEX Represents the reciprocal value of the coefficient utilization of land. 

KOLAUDACIONI PROCEDURE procedure which checks the buildings constructed under the terms of the contract. Performed by the commission following the construction and technical reception facility. The kolaudaciji usually determines: that whether the object corresponds to the plans, whether the quality of work and material in accordance with the provisions of the contract and all and applicable technical standards; stability of the building (by necessary to examine structures); final accounts value of all work performed under contract with the account surplus and shortage and subsequent works; warranty period for durability and quality of work, proposal and the deadline for removal lack. In addition to documentation, which is an integral part contract, the commission shall make available all Documentation that the regulations must be taken to each site (construction books, construction Diary, etc..). In kolaudacije done in the same way, and superkolaudacija. It is a procedure by which the following the warranty period determines whether the derived works and objects held in working order and that the defects responsible for any performer. Superkolaudacijom finally receive papers and objects. COLLECTIVE FORM represents the complex system of architecture. forms which consists of a number of bvećeg arch. elements that may be identical or different, but who placed together according to certain laws architectural composition. COLLECTIVE SFERA represents the characteristics of a architectural or urban space that it serves, or has the purpose of multiple individual users or more types of user group. In architecture, collective sphere includes a communication facility, lifts, sanitary Blik, halls, pretprostore, sale for meetings, etc.. In urban terms, collective sphere includes everything that does not belong podtučju individual sphere: squares, streets, public buildings, public green spaces - parks, gardens, public transport funds and others. In an architectural object, relationship to the collective sphere is realized in all anticipated, planned contacts - all planned architectural organizations to satisfy the needs and interests architectural environment. Lack of mutual contacts often degrade the environment in its full effect, and not only due to lack of technique or technology. Thus known statements about city-hotels, dormitories and similar. One of the cases, the immediate and complete technical reasoning for this, key areas organization of space and the Unite d'habitation a'Marseille (1947-1952). where is the very present economic criteria (the order of units, etc..) ratio of 

spheres placed and resolved within one building whole. All the consequences of this intertwining of anticipated sphere I autol Le Corbusier with a few drawings display. COLLECTIVE PSIHOTIČKI ranks in the architecture represent collective acts of architectural or initiation establishment of a goalpost, the foundation of buildings. Such acts are carried out before the community that builds building and its contents often have a victim, sometimes human sacrifice. Known as the establishment of the rites of the ancient Etruscans, and in particular were over-represented the Middle Ages, especially when raising the city gates and cathedral. Today, rarely meet collective psihotičke ranks in architecture, most often they contained a ceremony of raising or village hut, before all the primitive communities in Africa, Latin America and the Far East. Known as rites of American Indians, who still retained in its representative form of folklore. Coloring (from Lat. Color color) color, status and expression architectural object achieved by applying the ratio colors. Kolorisati, paint. Kolorizam, in painting, but and arch., the manner of expression focused primarily on action color. Colorist, an artist who is most expresses color. KOLORITNA USE OF COLORS (tal. colorito) Skill staining, action skills and use of color, natural color shine; Local, local color, the way a writer or exposure poet; husband. way instrumentation composer. PROJECT Name of the colossal arch. project object very large size or very extensive construction venture, whose dimensions exceed the technical capabilities and operational knowledge of the period when he emerged. Example k.p. Dinokratesa the project, the architect of Alexander the Great, which is proposed to Mount Athos in iskleše colossal human figure whose one arm contained a huge reservoir with water from which water is provided to the city built in the bosom of this kolosakne figures. KOLUMNACIJA (the lat. Column, pillar, Engl. Column) Title of composition, setting one or more sequences columns on the facade or interior of a architectural object. Kolumnacijom expressed Arrange the columns, their spacing and relationship. Kolumnirati means to establish the relationship between columns in series on the facade or interior of a building. Similar kolumnaciji, fenestracija establishing relationships between the windows on one facade. KOLUMNARNO I TRABEIRANO (born columnar and trabeated) Type structure consisting of vertical columns or posts carrying horizontal beams or lintele, 

versus arc zasvedenoj construction. Combination (nl. combinatio) Composition, structure, connection, merging two or more things, compound, combination, concurrence; log. binding of related concepts; fig. calculations, calculation, coping, anticipation, plans, intentions; combine Combinatorics (L. combinare) Mat. part of higher mathematics exploring kompleksija given number of different things or elements (sharing the permutations, combinations and variations). COMBINED PHYSICAL structure is a natural and The most common type of urban morphology. Removal and Building some form of physical structure remains significant enrichment in the process of urban form, research quality environment, creating conditions for true overcome any proceedings in DC shaping the settlement, which would not, after all, suit or complexity of the historical moment and urban settlements, development and contradictions of the world in which we live. KOMENZURALNE DIMENSIONS name for a characteristic dimension of buildings that they can be measured in the full amounts different units of measure. Eg.: A cramp. rate contains four or palm of the hand and sixteen or daktila finger. COMPACT COMPOSITION IN architecture, the name for a condensed, condense, compact plan of a building that was created due to its spatial constraints that uslovljuje ground on which it is built. COMPARATIVE GROUPS IN URBAN PLANNING in urban planning, sometimes in urban statistics, introduces the notion of comparative group, to be expressed and the level of relationship certain changes in one area. Comparative group urbanism in the group on the basis that it is possible calculate and express the level of change or deviation in one space. Using a comparative group expressed level density of an area, the level of urban equipment, level of development of an area, etc.. In Assume statistics, with comparative group determine changes in the statistics of certain areas of based on them are defined in relation to the deviation established data, which are defined as patterns of comparative groups. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES, Urban in Urban analysis, performed a valuation of urban novoplanirane comparative methods, through its environmental comparison with other, existing urban areas and drawing appropriate conclusions. Comparative advantages of a urban environment can be: functional comparative advantage, transport, visual, social, technical and technological, 

cultural, environmental, economic and others. COMPATIBILITY IN prefabrication for the two systems prefabricated architecture - construction is said to have compatible when the elements of a system prefabricated elements correspond to another system. Featured prefabricated systems are designed to be compatible each other, to complement each other and replaced. Compatibility can be in several levels: compatibility of connective elements, compatibility modules and modular measures, compatibility of components, or, highest level, the compatibility of spatial units. Compatibility may be on the level: the addition -- addition, substitution - replacing, superposition -- interposition, or superstructure - the insertion point. COMPATIBILITY IN ARCHITECTURE Two architectural space they are compatible when their possible mutual substitution, addition, upgrade, etc.. Compatible spaces in residential construction, for example: daily room and bedroom, and kitchen and dining room. In the constructive sense, compatibility is achieved the ability to use more elements of different structural systems in the same facility. Compatibility constructive in terms of achieving the greatest extent by the use of universal construction elelenata. Compensation, compensation of certain URBANA lack of space in other urban plan elements space that give a new quality. Thus, for example, lack of rapid urban roads is compensated network of pedestrian and other roads that the city provide other quality. Computer Graphics Mode graphic display of a building or space, with axonometric projections, perspective view or a third graphical display using computers as tools. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE name for the application computer hardware and software in architectural design, architectural and urban analysis and synthesis, the development site and model, three-dimensional animation, reconstruction objects, making models of the interior and exterior, creating static and other calculations in the architectural design and others. COMPUTER DRAWING, COMPUTER PLAN Type architectural or urban plan or drawing that upotrbom was created as an instrument and computer computer program as a means. K.Č. gives much precise and detailed view of the architect. building, contains more information and it is possible to quickly and easily change (was flexible). The most popular computer program for making arch. project called CAD. 

COMPLEX (L. complexus) crowd, the mass that constitutes whole, eg. houses, land, complex, complexity, Phil. complex concept, in Psychoanalysis: contents of consciousness, most Čuvstveno (emotional), the repressed unconscious and hence, leading to abnormal mental state. Complexity and contradiction in architecture, complexity and Contradictions in Architecture (born and Complexity Contradiction in Architecture) concept in the theory architecture introduced by Robert Venturi in his manifest which under the same name published 1966 This book the way the inversion Le Corbusier book Vers une Architecture from 1923.g., but avoids technical arguments and leads a discussion on the level of architectural history and personal taste. In the book, Venturi gives his emotionally charged image of the architect. "I love complexity and contradiction in architecture. I do not like incoherence or arbitrariness or bad architecture sophisticated plots imagery or Expressionism. Instead, I am talking about complex and protivrečnoj architecture based on the richness and duality of modern experience, including the one which is inherently Art. Venturijev mild "manifesto" has had remarkable impact on certain architectural circles, perhaps because the fact that the Venturi was then the only architect who realized in practice those views that are theoretically advocated and spread. Venturijev theoretical contribution is completely different from contribution to the movement of Modern Masters. It does not consist in systematic demonstration of what an architect should work or in the poetic confirmation of universal principles followed, but offers a key to reading a series of architectural texts taken without prejudice to the architect's repertoire. and broadest sense, feel free to stray from the Greek to the present civilization, of a separate architectural works to najsloženijeg context where the different architecture connected in a complex weave and produce aesthetically result. According to Venturi, if the purpose of the complex architecture that communicate through different levels of meaning, then the becomes the primary architect to know opštevažeće convention based on which the process of communication. "Today's architects for their fantastic needs for inventing new techniques ovuy neglected duty: to be experts on the current convention. "architect must to use the conventions and to make them live, his messages have even more opportunities to be received If more "familiar" elements into the context of his work, and if these elements of the user and may to cause a series of analog elements. The power of classical architectural lines consisted precisely in its high 

degree of conventionality in its setting in terms of a set of rules that are acceptable to them or to contradict. Complementary colors (born complementary colors) Relationship primary and secondary colors that are opposite one second in the color wheel, which consists of mutual intensification and illumination, if you are an end other. Their mixture always gives a gray color. COMPOSITION (l.compositio) The construction, composition, structure, assembling parts into a whole; in aesthetics: artistic processing of a single thought to the demands and laws of artistic display; husband. Find and artistic creation musical work, musical work; images. work, usually larger scale, which has been shown to more people and things, skilfully pvoezanih in Delini; most modern art, so called. abstract: the image without any motive, which is najglavnije beautiful arrangement of colors, the. name for various metal alloys, alloys; hem. compound, compound; all cars (or: all cars) a train. COMPOSITION architectural elements, DEVELOPMENT Composition architectural elements and its three important details fencing, direction and motion, are interpreted in different ways, but always in accordance with the laws social environment in which the architectural structure is created. Thus the design of individual components architectural components in accordance with man's perception of their physical capabilities and social action and meaning. This confirms and realized architectural composition. Example: The entrance to the Egyptian temple, but confrontation size of the man and the element that distances itself ritual place, trying to act and spatial relationships dimensions. Elevation of the input is equal to half of the pylon width of the entrance of the temple. The ratio of the height and width visitor and unconsciously register. In Egypt architecture mathematical relations policy formation. Mathematics, namely, a science and privileged part of the ritual mysticism, and some numbers have a sacred meaning, and some can see and transracionalno meaning. Many oddly accurate relations obtained by comparing certain size to Keopsovoj pyramid. Many often meets the rectangular triangle, which has sites in than 3:4:5 (squares are integers). Some authors attempted to determine the legality of the relations of Egypt buildings, particularly in building foundations. Frequently are integers or the square root of integers. Zanimljvi result obtained survey of Greek temples. Ratio of the Parthenon, for example. corresponds to the golden intersection (0.618 ...). Also important are the representational and compositional sense optical proof that the Greek 

developers in order to perform proper image dočarala temple. Greece has experienced builder dokučio laws promising reduced, and therefore space columns on the corner less than fine, and the pillar was tilted toward viewer. Pillar on the corner is less height, so the whole front of the temple rounded (curvature of the temple). Architrave's convex at the base. Entazis pillars of the Parthenon, its poluobličasti mild form, is also made with the intention to achieve an optical illusion the desired effect. Especially interesting relationship between the modular building elements of Greek temples and irregularities that because of these corrections arise. Greek architecture, especially the works created in the V century BC, long time has been a model of beauty. At various ways attempted to interpret construction structure or composition. Proven use of color in the fronts of Greek temples as it confuses the separate problem. Architectural activities in the Roman Empire based tehnoločkim to equal opportunities as those in Greece. But while in Greece the relationship between the individual parts of buildings, and only the formatting details are often understood as a sculptural problem in the Roman architecture much more present in the prescribed ratio, and some subtleties of the Greek way of building understanding and buildings threatened with extinction and disappearing, as entazis or different optical proofreading. Thus, for example. Vitruvius (the other half I century BC), the main Roman theorist architectural shaping, in his "De architecture libri decem "does not even mention the horizontal curvature lines and elements. Forms of architectural elements remain very similar, and composition, although introduced a new functional components and different spatial opinion (round the walls at the base, or completely new conception of space as Hadrijanovoj villa). Basic Relations 3:5 or 5:8, which is near the golden section. Throttling elements of the building becomes the rule in Roman architecture, but there are many formalist shvaćenih interpretation. Many architectural solutions, even if it najgrandioznija like Pantenona in Rome, reduced at the elementary geometric shapes. In all buildings is always a sense of rational. Purposeful use of arc construction and engineering combinations for a long time were not Transcended. Middle Ages is one of the most important period history of European architecture. Cathedral made in this period were built according to the same concept of abstraction space. Basically the plan all retain the same cathedral kanonizirani schedule, the narthex, the entrance to the apse s altar, but countless changes, as of such floor plan enclosed space. Discovered a new 

system design, which handle cargo weight horizontal force, so called. kontrafori. Wall fabrics, after razdovlja Romanesque, were denied system holes that ensure interior lighting. With rasvijetljeni the central vessel (the cathedral most bazilikalnog type, shape najfunkcionalnijeg basis for collecting a variety of people, or three-nave peterobrodne) is an unusual height in relation to man and Be your system composition and meditative spiritual association. The facade of the cathedral and their the interior are covered in plastic black letter, which story of salvation and the afterlife according to merit (Gothic versus Romanesque sculpture frescoes), which later in the Renaissance, leads to high skulpturalnog expression. Reflections people Renaissance faces were ovozealjskom life. The source of all man and the opposite spriritualnom Gothic period and its architectural aesthetics, architectural models are seeking to antiquity when the man was a measure of all things. The man turned and seeking solution of the existential questions of human and izmerljivim relations, the Renaissance architect appointed man in the center of his research and his entire action. Impressed knowledge of ancient architecture, architects and developers begin basic search legality, according to which one or architectural artistic work could make or declare a beautiful and believe that the secret lies in the relations between the size of individual architectural and art of ancient works. These two grounds, ancient art and architectural legacy of the Vitruvius manuscripts found, and man as the main measure of all, bring fruit, with a happy circumstance that appeared brilliant architects. Osetivši to, for example. For determination of the wall panels should be emphasized regulatory and harmonious relations, Renaissance architects seek and set the basic principles of building. L. B. Alberti developed in his writings, and performed exactly ancient principles of the relationship of parts to the whole building, as Primary legislation harmonious whole architectural complex. The influence of Alberti's great and lasting. Starting to report and deliberate optical distortions, as Michelangelovom the Capitol, where the Trapezoid shape negate the perspective shortening. Especially in A. Palladija apparent ancient models, the constant index numeric relations and rules of the deployment of architectural elements in the whole composition to models in shaping. Some architectural works are the anticipation of future Hours: Michelangelova axis composition Farnese Palace Rome, imperial approach to the Basilica of Sts. Peter's in Rome, curvature of space in front and Borrominijevim 

Bramanteovim projects, break-up of Arna Uffizijima etc.. Such constantly sizing and run architectural masses leads to Guarinijevih or later Neumanovih projects and implementation and to, for example. tordiranog pillars, which are then not trying to express virtue pressure. The architect then decorate and Kitty. Later, with the technology and choice of building materials as in classic Greece, returns architect models from other, younger period until the nineteenth century were not ripe for a new and different architectural sensibility and composition, along with new building technologies and application of new building materials. Architectural composition and design by experienced change in the twentieth century. Large models of antiquity and the Humanities Renaissance vaskrusnuće again desire to be a measure of a man all things. From the Renaissance attempts to build the man's body proportions or rolled determine the number of body proportions, to Le Corbusier modules, there is a constant effort to find humanizovanih canon, that the composition of architectural elements had to be content. COMPOSITION architectural objects (born composition) 1. The composition of architectural mass that is harmonious, balanced whole. 2. The combination of architectural elements of the object (types, materials, ...) that their balanced relations are harmonious, and emotional physical balance works. 3. Composition and design in the architecture composition indicates relationships that are established and create or establish and reconstruct among architectural elements, and shaping the way in which architectural elements presented and formulated. Concepts composition and design have been taken from art Art, where the composition usually mean refers to the surface of the image. Integral poosmatrani, composition and design are integral two basic parts of the process of architectural activities: architectural design and architectural analysis, but executed architectural work. Architectural design is a process during which the different architectural elements and their inter - coordinate relations so that the new architecture of the be the best united. Architectural analysis of already executed part of the process during the which they establish the architectural elements and relations between them are important for understanding and evaluation work. Architectural elements of physical, cognitive and social the fact that unite the architectural work. It the programmatic and functional and technological requirements with 

Given the use of architectural works and course of various processes in it, the construction building and its components, and analysis of available selected building technologies, spatial layout individual components and parts of the building, their mutual link, connecting the inner and outer space, and design of construction details. Architectural design and architectural analysis, but Built of tie - with many types of mutual update - and the general definition of architecture, according to which the architecture category, certain regularities professional activity and behavior, which seeks to satisfy human needs for the region the course of their life events and activities. Thus defined architecture is also the social sciences, and its action is directed toward the humanization of social and individual space. Relations Society and the architectural expression poniklog it interprets the theory of architecture. It is a specific scientific disciplines of theoretical and elaborate compositions and formatting, as well as determinants and components of design and analysis. COMPOSITION IN ARCHITECTURE (Lat. compositio of componere agree, usklađivati) the arch. and in character. Arts Generally, the formal structure (composition, structure), artistic work, which is reflected in the mutual relations of some elements (lines, volumes, lights, colors) of which achieved a certain architectural (or painting, sculptural, urban) unit. Načešće the notion of k. applied to the artistic realization given in area: relief, grounds and building sections and facade. Understanding the composition is subject to the laws of each style and is determined by the general artistic normative attitudes in particular time (symmetry, mathematical proportions, pyramid K., izokefalija, golden section, linear perspective, colouristic differentiation plans, etc.).. This perception varies from the past efforts to k. scientifically formulated and extract as method (Antiquity, Late Gothic, Renaissance) to modern treatment k. as a form of spontaneous expression artists. First assumed knowledge and understanding application perceived legitimacy, and often takes the rigid shematiku; second point negates the composition as isolated phenomenon and recognized its existence only as semblance of legality internal expressive individual work. COMPOSITION, Art Art SOLUTION solution and an architectural design task based on aesthetic, functional and constructive practical requirements. The success and quality of the composition depends on the degree 

harmonious connection of all parts and details in a unified whole, with the satisfaction of functionality. Title of invention composition for architectural inventiveness in the field of composition, when the architectural composition entered a new, hitherto not used architectural elements. Numerous kompozicionih invention as is constructivism, such as composition Jacob invention Georgijević Cernik (1933). Composition LAWS IN ARCHITECTURE, GENERAL LAWS Architectural composition. Method of arranging complex space, or spatial units, which consist of more spatial elements. Composing the establishment order and legality in certain related elements composition as the basic factor structure architectural space. We have seen that the architect organizer of the new spatial values, it is the same during the composer of new relations between elements in a unique whole. When composing his spatial ideas architect to serve a specific means, the elements composition. Character, and the number of elements within the composition depends on the very character of the work. Towards some theorists, there are five basic laws architectural composition. These are: symmetry, module, harmony, rhythm and proportion. Predominacija some elements that build the composition gives the composition basic property expression. Adjustment elements achieved harmony, and the red shift gives rhythm, opposition to make the contrast, emphasis and accent dominant, and so on. Thus, the character of the architectural composition is result of quantum mechanical elements, but primarily depends on the ways, methods and principles of the constitution elements in the compositional whole. Hence the elements and "Principles" of the composition of its main attributes constitution. The elements here appear as assets and principles as the procedure and method of their combination. Same elements, more or less the principles of their harmonizing may be regarded as a fixed asset formation and a number of norms by which we can solve complex spatial process of creating ideas and concepts. Hence is outstanding and the conclusion that in the creative act is not There are no forms that preceded it, and provide success. However, this does not mean that the emerging artistic ideas and the concept of government is absolute "freedom" accidents and arbitrariness. Composite structures, the firm architectural and urban structure, where the process of designing a generally two phases - a functional diagram, which is rarely given in three dimensions, and "composition independent 

elements of "facilities, with or without veznih elements and parts. Compromise Architecture in its essence, architecture represents one or a series of numerous, very complex compromise. To organize a space, architect enters into a relationship, a relationship to him, an environment in which space is, building your idea through compromise and restrictions imposed by him. The most common compromise arch. are also the major constraints which are imposed during the process of architectural creativity. There follows k.a.: relationship to historical legacy, economic conditions, a compromise with social and cultural structure, with compromises immediate surroundings, compromises imposed by traffic infrastructure, trade-offs associated with legal urban planning regulations and others. Compulsive ARCHITECTURE name for one architecture that not occurred, or will the designer of investors, but primoranosti formed as a product to be built just one object at a particular place and just in certain representational and constructive manner. Compulsive architecture is close to the architecture of disasters (floods, earthquakes, cataclysm) and war destruction. Utility Infrastructure There is, first, the widest infrastructure concept, which assumes that the infrastructure systems, large technical systems, with the following basic features: 1. infrastructure is a complex space system; 2. infrastructure space is a condition of development user space, the assumption of Physical Planning; 3. infrastructure is the prerequisite for the use of space natural resources, revitalizing the area, prerequisite for the circulation of people, goods, information; 4. The first phase of infrastructure arrangement of space; 5. since the assumption of existence of all subjects space, infrastructure is "natural and inalienable feature of society 6. in our time, the infrastructure is gaining vascular function in the body region, state, continent. Her presence is a prerequisite for expansion; its absence causes anemia territory. Such infrastructure included the concept water systems, roads, rail networks, energy systems. The second concept, there is a difference between spatial infrastructure in the broadest sense, and the city infrastructure. Under the urban system should be subject to a city agglomeration and its internal structure of the subsystems that their connections and relationships are 

the content of urban systems. In larger cities such subsystems in the city as a complex dynamic system character, a hundred, among which include, for example. following: energy, space, water, housing, floating (transport), infrastructure, information, seprastrukturni (culture, education, health, recreation, etc..), security, etc.., then the system production and goods-monetary transactions and others. Special features of communal infrastructure networks facilities and equipment are: 1. Active factor in linking all the activities in celinske aggregates; 2. The immediate factor in the economic and social development; 3. Factor in site selection economic and non-economic activities; 4. Factor in the formation of regional units. The city's utility infrastructure, plan established elements of a network of individual activities may be considered: equipment, buildings and facilities and rail car traffic of all kinds and types of boundaries certain urban locations, devices for air transport facilities with only local significance, hydro technical facilities of individual importance for water traffic in the area of urban units as ports, shelters for aquatic vehicles, workshops and dr. urban heating devices, the organization City utility services with supporting facilities, Waste Management facilities, slaughterhouses, strvodernice et al., silos, warehouses heating the material, social and health care facilities, cemeteries, and all kinds of devices urban utility services and others. The macro elements of communal infrastructure network system complex activity, as well as specific institutional systems, can be specified: general network of rail and car roads, a network of canals and navigable waterways, the network aircraft line and ports of all kinds, the network PTT traffic, radio and television and others. network devices Irrigation and drainage in agriculture, the network embankment for the defense of the occurrence of high water, systems and tracking devices for water supply and their networks, network of channel waste water systems, distribution networks transmission of electricity from thermal and Disposition hydropower plant, hidrouređaja spatial systems, networks utility equipment and facilities and other broader interventions.  Since the development of communal infrastructure and the degree of planned operation depends on the progress and activity urban units and the wider area. Communal infrastructural aspects of conditional links between areas of different structure, area, the gravitational influence of spatial units, urban 

units and others. Development of the functioning of communal spatial elements of the infrastructure network of individual activity or activities of complex network systems, regulation establishes the speed of transport of people, transfer materials, goods and news, as well as regulation of transfer artifacts and energy products from the production to the place of use, etc.. If the utility infrastructure elements of the conduct consideration and, if more complex work in space, insofar as social relations and living standards population at a higher level. The degree of compliance and network rationality of utility infrastructure relocation elements affect the uniformity or dissimilarity social economic development of urban units. By its activity and importance, utility spatial infrastructure elements may prerastati of individual and to the associated social, regional, regional, provincial and state. Communication is an important factor that caused urbanization and a withdrawal of settlements. K. can be land and sea. K. are two ways influenced the development of settlements: their route can determine directions of movement and the basic orientation of urban space, and will often its constitute part of the newly formed city of one of major urban communication. On the other hand, communicative convergence of a position only usloviće growing settlements in such a favorable location. Significant changes in political and economic circumstances change hierarchy of communication. Communication ZONE What directly affects the ability physical movement within the zone is communicative. Solving the form of face with two groups of problems: a) introduction of the necessary data for the dimensioning number of people involved in the process, the density of the human mass in flow and the time required for their evacuation and b) principal consideration of this zone and its relationship to the entire part. Within the canopy, we move the horizontal and vertical (oblique) planes via mechanical funds. For all cases the main problem is evacuation: normal evacuation, by which the object leave for 10-15 minutes, or fast (disasters) that the less secured the building by fire some time 2-3 minutes, and better secured by 4-7 minutes. In literature and national recommendations are usually encounters the data about the size of door or passage in a facility measured for 100 people. But that is precisely come to the results - especially in buildings that are communicative (in relation to the type of movement and load), it is necessary to examine the flow of human mass 

taking into account not only the number of people, but the time evacuation, stišljivost, ie, density currents. In determining the charge or discharge a space need the following information: number and width inputs, human mass density and speed of movement in one case, or in another time and thus desirable evacuation results are realistic. In large facilities operations before control and determining the size of communication area presumably making preliminary studies of movement in projects check theoretical conclusions. The ultimate form of roads evakuacionih obtained only after their experimental proof. Horizontal, or corridors appear as strips measured solely by passing a number of people. Another type of extended as horizontal bars, which are moving with more purpose and got the third guy is when the surface to move multiple dedicated organized. Then the surface or form a wider significance -- holsku, which may not have to be sredotežna, or in community with other areas, primarily with the working zone. It is impossible to define all phenomena in this area part, because these three basic forms appear in many possible combinations. Lucky change of several types of live connection can be achieved extraordinary interior design, so that the choice of dimensions, but more certain means breeding, affecting the difficulty of decision making. Further, considering their possible impact on the external form, especially with freely composed forms, where Articles pattern almost independently develop, we see that just the basic form of mobility obtained through choice type of horizontal connection. Directly with the horizontal bar, develop vertical links - vertical nodes. They are in visual spatial orientation of the user - such as indivisible part of the general scheme of movement - can be considered the most sensitive part of the settlement of relations and joint zones in part. Stairs can be arranged in any of the zones: the communicative and the input area is his usual place, formed as a result of well-measured and prostudirane full scheme and special developments in razmatranoj zone; in Radoje zone as part of its indivisible within the community jobs or related to work zone within its range of constructive, or as separate areas in the block of auxiliary and other hygienic ukopčanih space in the appropriate place for the area work zone; in pomoćnij zone as part of the block and auxiliary hygiene and communication pattern of the surface. Today especially popular central location - the core, where staircase is usually set between communicative 

bar or in their very center. Other aspects of the communicative elements of the ramp, cranes and mechanical stairs - esklatori. KONCENPTUALIZAM (L. conceptus term) Phil. direction between ii realism nominalism according to which general concepts are forms of real actions and thoughts, and not simply means that equally applicable to many individuals. Concentration represents the ability of certain mass to serves as the "center" or "center". K. function main forms, whenever and treatment details. Generally, it increases the constant by limiting the area and symmetry. Therefore, the ball expresses the maximum concentration. K. points and loneliness: when a mass rise above their surroundings, then there is a material vertical axis, and around it is organized space. Isolation of the Athenian Acropolis, and isolated uzdignutog of their everyday profane environment not only highlights and emphasizes the character shrines, but from it also creates a center of the entire surrounding local world. In the case says the concentration is primarily on such character of the task that allows a concise and unique abstraction of space, as in the case of classical monuments Rome, to the modern dome and spatial structures Filler, Nervija and others. Other examples of concentration based on the whole scheme of urban agglomerations where elements of structures grouped around the nucleus or toward him. Concentrated SPACE name for the architectural and urban space is summarized, respectively, formed about its Physical or core urban center and on the thesis. In geometric sense, the notion is simply that formed in circles or regular polygons around common center, or nucleus (also concentric space). In the urban context, urban predtsvlja space, a town formed around the town or city center. CONCEPT (L. conceptum, concipere imagine, to understand) 1 plan, draft, sketch, the first written composition (a part, records); 2nd (L. conceptus) concept, the ability of understanding, power of understanding, come out of the concept of loose connection of thought, confused in the mind, become confused; remove someone from throw one's concept of line of thought, confuse him. CONCEPT, the notion of concept in Arts (Italian concetto, Engl. concept, concett) 1 Initially, the Renaissance, and especially maniristički term, which refers to the basic idea or concept that gave meaning to the entire work of art. The term is similar to the expression design - Disegni (Italian), but with the implication that his interpretation of some how paradoxical and disturbing. 2. Today, generally, the concept is any system of drawing 

or a combination of drawings and written text that elaborates the basic meaning of the future work of art. KONCEPTIRATI (L. conceptum) Develop the first composition, to make (or: do) plan, draft, draft (work, writings etc.).. Conceptual art (born conceptual art, concept Art) Art 60'tih, 70'tih, 80'tih, which occurs in accordance with one or more of the following principles: 1 Arts consists of the basic idea, which may not have to be incarnate in physical form. 2. Language becomes the primary art materials, and boundaries between art and artistic theories are deleted. 3. Art Activity Research becomes the very nature of art, and each concrete results of such research must be watch (accept) a casual demonstration general conclusion to which the artist during his olazi artistic work. Conformation (L. conformatio) Composition, structure, materials of a body; getting, saobraženje, setting the which, the customization. KONFORMIRATI (L. conformare) Saobraziti, saobražavati, configure, tune, featuring; konformirati the conform. KONGLOMERACIJA (L. conglomeratio) Stacking, accumulation, gluing, integrating everything and svačega. Concord (L. congruentia) consent, agreement; match, similarity and equality, identity and forms equality of surface; kongruentnost. Projection HORSE, HORSE the isometric projection, KAVALIERRIS (German Isometrischer Kavalierriss) Name of kind of isometric projection that comes from showing the object from the point of view that is sublime in relation to the object that is shown, ie, view with height horsemen. Horse projection display area in the front plane in its true size, without shortening, as and the longer horizontal lateral projections. Advantages Horse projections is that the true dimensions shown measurable object, without truncation, on the projection. Unlike the military projection in the Cavalry projection of the geometric shapes are butt, ie. with the butt surface parallel vertical plane projections. Concatenation (Latin, Engl. Concatenation) Unity elements reached their merger as the merger chain, eg. the architectural separatnih elements of a long facade (each with its own roof separately and composition), where the fronts discharged into the field or were withdrawn on the inside. This composition also called Staccato composition. 

Konkatenirane facades were favorites in many architects, especially in William Kent and others palladijanista, and the purpose of articulation. In contrast ARCHITECTURE connotation denotation, which indicates a specific meaning, connotation suggests a general meaning. One of the same architectural element can carry and denotativna and connotative meanings, and this can be mutually contradictory. In general the extent denotative meaning, the element depends on its heraldičkih characteristics, the extent konotativan, element depends on its physiognomic quality. Modern arch. tended to dismiss and Heraldry in denotativno architecture and preuveliča fizionomsko-connotative. Modern arch. use expressive ornament and rejects explicit symbolic ornament. KONSONANCIJA Harmony 2 or more tones that causes pleasant feeling. These are the tones with a small ratio oscillations, so the ratio ½ octave, quint 2 / 3, districts 4 / 3. KONSONANTAN (L. consonans) Unanimous, suglasan, harmonious. Construct (L. construere) Build, build, create, build, report (building, machinery); together, develop a plan (for the building, machinery, etc..) from basic concept (the basic idea) to develop (learning, Science), Geom. draw (vrstarom and nurses) picture body; gram. arrange, to agree the words in the sentence, compose a sentence, write, draw, draw up a sketch (literary works, paintings, films, etc.).. CONSTRUCTION (L. constructio) building, construction, creating, building, raising, building way, way construction, materials (or: material) for building, composition, way of compiling, editing and layout of some parts whole; consistent, logical development of some thoughts (in learning in science, in the system); gram. composition, structure, order, arrangement of words (the sentence); Geom. drawing (or: Drawing vrstarom and nurses) of a geometric figure (or: body) for presentation of evidence or resolution of kind task. Construction, general concept (St., konst.). The general name for all types of engineering constructions or parts thereof made of wood, stone, brick, concrete, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, aluminum or other suitable building materials, whose purpose to carry external loads and to transmit the foundations and the ground. If construction, and all loads lie in one plane, we have a flat construction, unlike the spatial structures that has the spatial form and receive loads of arbitrary directions. When oslonačke reactions caused by load 

can determine only by the conditions of balance, we have a static structure, otherwise it is static vague. CONSTRUCTION, CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION Construction is can be classified according to the type of elements, according to raspodeljenosti space, according to the type of dominant strains, according to how the merger of elements construction, according to the direction of bearing force due to vertical and the amount of load bearing and internal link. The type of construction elements can be: a) construction of štapnih elements (jednodimenzijski elements), which may be linear, and polygon arc, b) construction of surface elements (dvodimenzijski elements) that can be plane or spatial; plane is called the drive element if loaded in its plane, and if the plate is loaded just in his plane, c) construction of the massive elements (elements trodimenzijski) id) construction of two or more types of elements. The spatial distribution of structures can be: a) plane structures that are loaded only in his plane in which the axis of rods, medium surface drives and all attack and ripe force in the same plane, b) plane structures loaded perpendicular to their plane in which the axis of sticks and secondary surface plate in the same plane, and all were attacked and ripe force perpendicular to the plane and c) the spatial structure. The spatial structure when considering trying divided the plane. According to the dominant strains vary: a) fleksijske structures where some or all elements dominant strain of bending (eg, frames) and b) lattice structures where all elements of the dominant longitudinal strain forces. The type of connector elements, the construction can be: a) design where all elements of joints connected (eg, bars), b) design where all elements solid connected (eg kontinuinirane beams) and c) structure with elements, where it is part of the joints, and part solid connected (eg, frames with one or more joints). Under the direction of bearing force due to the effects of vertical loads vary a) structure with only vertical forces ripe b) structures with oblique ripe powers. The amount of bearing and unutražnjih connections exist: a) static specific structures that are all ripe and internal forces can determine the equation of equilibrium and b) static vague construction that all mentioned force can not determine from the equation balance. 

Constructivism and theory of architecture (architect). Understanding and learning in the theory of architecture on the expiration of the first plan importance of design as important background arising from and which must conform to all forms of architectural formatting, while rejecting any decorative add. Constructivism is a starting point in understanding functionalism in architecture. Constructive RASTER Raster used when construction of an architectural design or building facility. V. Raster. Structural raster is within the raster which is set layout and spacing pillars, ie, floor level. K.r. depends on the purpose - ie. function object. No matter whether the building is residential, administrative, or, some industrial buildings - warehouses, workshops light industry, etc.. Each of these facilities has otherwise the need for daylight (in connection with this the depth of the tract and the floor height), the size the useful load and the required space columns, will select the constructive system - a type of mezzanine design, layout, beams, ribs and underscore. The most common raster višespratnih skeletal structures and at a time and most logical, is orthogonal constructive system. Spaces columns in longitudinal or transverse direction, the usually higher than the steel-reinforced concrete facilities, and an optimal range between 4.0 and 9.0 m. Dspratna amount depends on the height requirements for clean premises, selected mezzanine construction, type of floor and ceiling, as well as any requests for accommodation installation in the ceiling. Storey height of the optimal ranges between 2,8-4,5 m. Constructive Experimental Architecture for Title architecture that is the product of a constructive or another system, the innovation in relation to traditional architecture in terms of building or typologies of architectural space. Experimental architecture is built as a prototype or protomodel to be put into use, which monitors and analyzes the to discover possible defects such architecture. KONTEKSTUALIZAM, contextual ACCESS V. Architecture in term in the context of postmodern architecture used in sense of providing opportunities for subsequent growth of the facility and the desire to connect to on direct environment. Together with the contemplative romantic naturalism naturalism is the kind of architectural naturalist who was facing the man as a thinking being, his inner being, the world's contemplation. The architecture combines kontemplativnih Naturalists 

elitist philosophical misaonost with sophisticated attitude the nature, architecture and natural environment use istančanih natural building materials. "Artist man "- he wrote Paul Klee -" and he himself is nature, fraction of the nature of the rule of nature. " Dialogue with nature is generally accepted as a requirement for every artistic thought. Representatives kontemplativnog naturalism are, like protagonists of romantic naturalism Boullee, Ledoux, Gaudi, Steiner, Wright, and Aalto. KONTIGVITET BUILDING (nl. contiguitas) contiguity, touching, touching the building in space, spatial limit building in the urban sense. Continental and Imperial measurement system Inequality between continental and Anglo-Saxon system of measures, which represents a major obstacle to any international technical work, may be removed by introducing building measures. It is expected that, with the consistent implementation decimal system in Anglo-Saxon countries, primary measures 4 feet = 48 thumb to be determined with 50 palace, that would suit American normnom starting number of 40 thumb = 1.016 m ≈ 1 m. Increasingly seeks about that in England and America introduce the metric system. The introduction of measures in construction the meter system, which is awarded in all countries, uprostiće works among some countries. Meaning we can not predict any more today. KONTINUACIJA (L. continuatio) Continuation, extension, continuation. Continuous Architecture (born continuous architecture) The term means the arch. with current space, which can be linked or copied without being disturbed her The basic concept of form. K.a. the "open architecture ", it runs from the outer space and objects in it. Concept k.a. is associated with the arch. Frederick Kiesler and his project "Endless House" from 1933-1960.g. Kiesler not accept rectangular form and "Box house", but is designed round "current" continuous forms. Inside his house is like cave, with the curved shape of floors and walls room houses and furniture, which is integrated into skulpturalan form home. Continuity in architectural urabanističkom sense, the continuity edge or surface (as in a street corridor, near the horizon line or the hinterland); closeness of parts (as in the group of buildings); recurrence rhythmic intervals (as in a very similar street angles); similarity, analogy, or the harmony of the area, forms or use (as in the case of ordinary building materials, repetitive rhythms window 

axis, the similarity of urban activities, the use of general characters). These are the qualities that make it easy observation some complex physical reality as a unified whole or the whole, a complex of inter expendable parts - ie qualities that donating a unique identity. Continuity and physical structure all forms of settlement developed as an expression of natural-geographical, socio - economic, spatial-physical and cultural-historical continuity. Past and present cities and physical structure becomes necessary social and personal dimensions construction environment, its historicity, which is the world tools moved into the world of the highest social values. Historicity is not only the buildings themselves, but also in a series of social and internal continuity, memory, and memory, names and traditions, myths and processes, which retains a village and its forms and peace through his time in the new areas transferred. Parallel to the existence and replenishment of urban form different times and epochs, their adjustment and changes, confirming humanistic dimension of space and settlements. At the same time and many spatial images and ideas about space settlements will be transferred to contemporary approaches Planning the environment, so that the planning of physical structures as "Urban Review" has permanent, development basis. This multi-layer continuity (spatial-physically, conceptual, historical, psycho-social, etc.). not based on the urban and the remnants of the past "than the essential human need for layered historical meanings of their surroundings, which she received two important characteristics: contents and identity. Contradiction in the architecture concept of contradictions in architecture introduced postmodern theorists architecture, primarily Charles Jencks, in order to present architecture as opposed to what many internal contradiction of their styles and tendencies. Architecture is in its be contradictory: it solves the one hand, the function of a user space but also the space, built by requirements of style and form, deeply dysfunctional, even in some cases unusable. The very architecture exist within these contradictions and survives largely thanks to them. Only the functional architecture is dry, neinventivna, bezvoljna, and the stay in such areas uncomfortable. Contrast, architecture razigranih form, often without solid content and composition, can be very inspiring and pleasant for human residence. Sam is a space sublimation these architectural principles, and from their mutual relations will depend on the final success of the architectural object. 

Counterrevolution in the architecture every revolutionary movement in the history of architecture at the same time and causing Kontrarevolucionarni movement. Requirements for the introduction of new in architecture at the same time they were accompanied by demands for return to the old. CONTRAST feature an arch. elements (surface, volume, shape, etc.) through which makes the opposite neighboring arch. element, to thus come to expression. K. can be: k. area, K. Mass, K. light and shadow, K. colors, K. texture. k. static and dynamics and all. Contrast ratio is the equivalent of unity. Unity is the result of razrešenih contradictions. Equality is not the same as unity. Unity allows preovladanjem dominant equality and not dead. Only through the dominant as something that was emphasized in the general integrity work. Contrast to modern architecture modern moral rule movement, as advocated Le Corbusier and Gropius,, prohibits the design of the historical ugledanje examples. These examples were rated as "disingenuous" because were not in line with what the architects were closely to define the "spirit of time". Thus, avoiding historical forms, modern architects have not had a choice when it came to placing the new building addition old. They could not predict the relationship between objects sjedinjujući style them, but they had to "Oppose" the older architecture. During the past half-century texts in the field of architecture. were overwhelmed phrases as "openly oppose" and "sharp contrast between ...". This direct opposition to old with new, it is expected that we will be very shock encouraged to enthusiastically accept. When there is no doubt that, when skillfully and boldly done, can act strongly. But the power of such obvious contrast decreases with increasing frequency of examples, and they, in fact, have an impact only when an exception. At Unfortunately, they have become the rule. Our cities are overwhelmed them, and the result is chaos, but before the drama. Contrast, as opposed to harmony, and still continues to be very attractive to architects. One of the reasons is because represented the only "professional" choice so long years that today the only known solution for many architect. But there is another aspect of the idea of creating contrast. And he refers to the benefit of this approach for designers. Without fear of being declared irresponsible and vague hope that it will be considered creative, architects can circumvent the difficult design problem and to argue that the established relationship through the creation of contrast, regardless of what the project. With 

this paragraph, are often passed over by habit, stupid, Bad examples of estimated contrast, and on account of general confusion to the public. Those facilities that are often not establishing any relationship with the environment, valid for aesthetically acceptable alternative. Contours (of the franc. Contour, Engl. Outline, dumb. Umriss, Ital. contorno) Profile, oris, which marks the line shape figures or objects. The painting exists as a line bojojm drawn or determined, and in plastics, especially in architecture as the border between the shaped material and space. Contour, profile (architect). 1. The appearance of sections through a Construction of the transverse and longitudinal direction. 2. Contour or a section of architectural members, the Cornish example. 2. Delineation of a building showing its height, and similar projections. KONURBACIJA (lat urbs and con about the city, Engl. conurbation conurbation, Italy. conurbazione) Concept originated with the emergence of a tendency to spread large cities, which was created as a result of demographic expansion and settlement of towns newcomers to the village. The term is used in planning cities to designate a group of cities linked together geographically and according to their possible function. It was first Keyword konurbacija used Patrick Zedes about 1910.g. K. the name of planned and unplanned developments and processes that occur in urban environments and that the akspanziju result in one city. K. also term that is used to mean a large area suburbs that have arisen with the development of certain large cities and which today are also significant urban problem as only the core city. The concept for the settlements that form a city and its suburbs or neighboring cities are connected. Conventional architecture architecture can be ordinary, or conventional, in two ways: by how as built or how viuđena, ie. in process or means to build znaačenju.KOnvencionalno obiđčne use materials and construction, accepting the current organization and customary construction industry and its financial structure, with order to provide fast, solid and economical construction. This is good in the short run, and most clients and architects engaged in this way. Architectural theory of short trails and more difficult ideaalizaciji generalization expediency. Architecture in the long run requires the creation and not the customer, and addressing advanced technology and complex organization. It is relies on fundamental research that may be able to be 

initiated and conducted in the architectural office, but had to be funded from the side, because the price you user pays is not appropriate nor is it intended for that purpose. Although the architects did not want to admit it, the largest number of architectural issues including the issue of expediency, and the more architects interfere in social problems, it becomes even more accurate. In Generally, the world can not wait to build its architect utopia, and basically the main concern of the architect should is what should be there, but what is - and so that now contribute to the improvement of that which is. This is a more modest role for the architect than the Modern movement wanted to accept, however, the role of artistic more promising. Wealth can be found in the conventional architecture. During the 300 years of European architect. was made of variation of the classical norms - such as rich adaptation. But until it can get moving and measures or context known or conventional elements to produced an unusual meaning. Pop artists are so unusual compounds used in everyday objects tense and picturesque games old and new associations subjected to mockery everyday interdependence context and meaning, giving us a new interpretation cultural creations of the twentieth century. Conventional architectural elements for Title usual, traditional and standard architectural elements that are used for many years. Contrary to conventional architectural elements are called. "Advanced" architectural elements, which the product innovation, technological developments and achievements of architectural invention. Conventional elements of architectural elements Name are common, which adhere to accepted habits or customs, which are established by mutual agreement and as such apply to arh.objektima. Towards Venturi, k.e. in the architecture represent one stage in evolutionary development, and they include in their the changing use of terms and some of his earlier meaning, and its new meaning. Convergence, geometrical (nl. convergentia) Geom., Fiz. getting closer, acquisition, fig. pursuit (or: desire) the same order, agreement. Convergence, convergence (Latin convergentio providing one another, dumb. Konvergenz) concept that has contrary to the meaning of the divergence. Representing a name for approaching each other (accession) bounds walls, fences, pillars and all., in a passage, stairs, space, square or street. Convergence naglašenje impression of the architectural perspective, 

ie, potentiation of finality of a long direction using the skew of its lines, which are usually performed parallel. Convergence is often used in the theater (Palladio, Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza), when it is necessary to achieve deep space, on a small and limited space. Famous examples of convergence from the Baroque period, as eg. in Rome, Vatika, Scala Regia. KONVERTIBILITET, architectural possibility of a architectural space that, as necessary, adjust different functions. Convertibility in the architecture of the same as Multifunctional. Thus, for example, in residential architecture, there is the possibility of converting living room in the bedroom, or converting the expanded communication in the bedroom, as needed. Multifunctional hall is essentially convertible room: needed can be used for concerts or Screening, in one occasion is the place for dancing sometimes it is also a sports hall. Architecture konvertibilitet is very important for architectural objects with very many features that are clearly expressed, but one does not exclude another. Conservation of the architecture, archeology and urban planning name for the permanent protection, prezervaciju architectural, archaeological and other remains of a building, its parts or the whole complex. The goal of conservation is: preserve the existing condition of one arch. Property and Prevention his further degradation due to the influence time, erosion, human factors, floods, inadequate use of space objects conservation, violations of unauthorized building or space adaptation. Conservation is carried out according to conservation conditions, which define the manner and scope permitted construction in protected areas. Methods and procedures k. are methods of building protection architectural elements of the closure of open places walls, ceilings and all. and disabling the erosion object to "open element" objects K.; exercise k. plastering, painting, building, upgrading, reconstructive building, covering the entire facility or complex that is the subject of conservation or production protective roof which protects it from atmospheric, sometimes the entire complex, which is the subject of conservation of places within the space of a building. K. archaeological objects is carried out various archaeological methods. Conservatism (L. conservare save place) Wind opinions and aspirations of those who want to maintain and keep old, what is inherited and found (in private, social, political, etc.. life). CONSERVATION REQUIREMENTS name for a set of standards, rules and 

norms that define the conditions under which it performs a conservation architect. object. Also present conditions under which the construction is done within the conservation significant sites or on the arch. building case conservation. COORDINATE K. determine the position of a point in space, its measurable definition in relation to the three axes coordinate system. In the same way, determined by a geometric or architect. form in space. Geometric, every point in space is determined by the intersection of two lines, which can be very accurately measured and displayed, and coordinates with first-degree importance for understanding a space. Parallel bundles of real lines, in the abstract meaning, form at different points of mutual intersection of arrays that define the coordinate system architect. shapes. COPY (Lat. Copia Plenty, plenty) in character. arts, the faithful reproduction of the original, preferably in the same material and technique. Its importance and value of k. lost after the discovery of various fotomehaničkih and galvanoplastičkih funds. Retained it is mainly used when the studies, and when s original - direct observation - manually carries not only the way (the technical process: preparation, namz and move) but all the essential characteristics and ingredients works such as harmony, form, line and color, and characteristics of the composition with its main accents and the core around which it unfolds, develops and node rhythm of the original. A copy of the architectural work is primarily copy of the compositional elements and spatial units, and up to the level of detail of an arch. facility, either in ornamental and artistic sense, or as a copy konstruktcije and constructive characteristics of the system. STEP, PASSUS name for the architectural unit of measurement length, size from 72 to 78 cm, which is used in different periods (from the Middle Ages until the today) in different places (rate, rate of Venice, Dubrovnik rate, etc.).. STEP, RUSSIA In Russia, the name of the architect. measure the size 76cm. KOREALIZAM (born correalism) term was discovered in 1939 Austro-American Frederick Kiesler. He rejected functionalism as a "mysticism of hygiene" and advocated for alternative visionary architecture that zasnovama the spirals, infinity and eternity. Forms that he opažao as important, were able to partially known, invisible, secrets, spiritual, and the reality was only reflects the interaction of these powers. The nature of the interrelation and their relationship with people, form, space, time and 

world in general, he called korealizmom. KOREALIZAM IN ARCHITECTURE (born correalism related Realism) term related to intention to Frederick Kiesler create a style which will be intended to demonstrate compliance different aspects of reality, such as elements, life and space. He even wrote a manifesto in Korealizma which, in contrast to Le Corbusier and the Bauhaus, he denies his utopian character: "We created enough bookish architecture. We do not want to bring back or final edition. We want buildings that are sufficiently flexible, such as life functions. Proofreading (from Lat. Correctio Repair) Correcting art work done by the author himself or others. CORRELATION (L. correlatio) Suodnosnost, reciprocity, mutual relationship, mutual presupposition; also: Report koreferenta; in teaching: bringing in mutual connection objects that have similarities and common points, eg. pedagogy and psychology, history and geography, geography and ethnology, mathematics and physics, etc.. Corridor (tal. Corrida) Arch. porch, hallway leading to the door pokrajnih rooms, lodges, etc. .. Runnel, time, narrow streets and the air passage. Corridor, passage between two rows of rooms or each passage that separates the two parts building. The political geography: part of the country or the line that connects one state to the sea. Usable area of an area of architectural building (residential, business, etc..) limited the walls, which serves as the basis for the calculation of the selling price of one object. Usable area is not always the absolute surface an object. Area open terrace housing object is calculated ex. as 50% useful area, and lođa area with 70% useful area. In Western European countries, as the usable area sales area is not calculated, but is calculated useful volume. USEFUL HEIGHT interval reinforcement of extreme gravity pressed the edges of concrete in reinforced concrete. USEFUL VOLUME, SPACE useful (German: Raum Umbauter) Built space is limited, walls, floors and ceilings, certain volume, which represents residential or employment the space of a building, used as a basis for calculate the volume of space, on the basis of which the determines its price. USER user, your acting Multidimensional measured in space, directing, shaping both ideas, social and other characteristics of space, so he and his movement and physical shape. The lack of any criteria - How to prepare the building and in land use is an opportunity for the emergence of undesirable consequences in their individual and collective status. Wider 

Studies of the impact, and participating in the program tests apply to user behavior and the problem of its mutual communication. Corps (L. corpus) body; whole, ukupsnost, set; class; Proceedings; Ba. higher detachment forces under one commander, corps; type. types of printing the letters of 10 typographic points (named for the fact that they printed Corpus Juris); in basket (L. in corpore) list all together. HAIR Projection (German Schraegriss) Front axonometry, type of hair axonometry, developed from Hair projection basis and looks of a building. Display an arbitrary object from the eye point (the direction viewing). The main types of hair projections are: Cavalry projection and military projection. Building frames (Zgr.). Supporting construction of walls in skeletal buildings of wood, steel or reinforced concrete. It consists of vertical elements (columns) and horizontal (underscore, "rigli") and Slab construction. With wooden frame and come to the hive ukrućenje. BOILER point or set point that determines the horizontal or height dimensions of a field or architectural object. In geodesy, the court designated high altitude kotama. Lines which are longer with the same high altitude kotama surface terrain called Contour line. The architecture of each space or structural element a building plan, determined the kotama. Point may elevation to be sized object, or the Axis shaft elevation, building elevation, elevation carpenters, absolute, relative, elevation height, depth elevation (the facade). Listed Projection (German Kotierte Projektion) Graphic gledanog view of one object with a horizontal plane, that point is located above the object, so that the horizontal long the object shown in their the right size, while the vertical long date in mind points. To be indicated vertical dimension longer that is not perceived in kotiranoj projection, in addition to the points which they appear, are inscribed with height elevation, ie length of their given numbers. V. Projection. Listed projection has a great use in making maps, and skill development screenings listed was preceded by the development plans in the Gothic era. Dimensioning is the process of determining the dimensions of a Object typing point. Proper iskotiran object to plan contains complete information about its dimensions. Dimensioning DRAFT (architect). Enrolling in various designs measures related to the length, width, height, depth, thickness, diameter, etc.. Measures are the individual and cumulative. 

Quoted (Location COTER) mark, mark, mark (digits, letters); Stock Exchange. record (or: determined) value (rate) of securities (cf. kota1.) topogr. determine altitude point (cf. point 2). Crane URBANISM term used to mean a the emergence of urbanism, especially in the mikrourbanizmu construction of residential buildings, in which attitude and disposition architectural objects determine the technical characteristics of cranes used for construction, before only the length of the crane arrows. Limit the length of arrows crane used to be considered for a true urban limit, so the situation is a building block projaktovana so that the crane can reach up to all parts of buildings that block. Originated '50. ies Twentieth century, urban planning crane is lost very quickly, as as such and came into use. Explosion CREATIVE IN THE EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE (Ford, dumb. creative explosion) notion that Charles Jencks called the state of mind in the European architecture dvedesetih year. The architectural scene in Europe then appeared large number of creative movement that carried the new views: De Stijl in Holland, purism in Paris Constructivism in Russia and Hungary, and Expressionism Utopijanizam in Germany, Dada and Surrealism in large cities, including non-European cities (New York), New criticism and poetry in England and the United States, formalism in Czechoslovakia and others. In the period between the 1917th and 1925.g. conceived is much different than the creative movement any time in this century. It was vividly told explosion events in the European spirit, which was launched chain reaction that will leave a deep trace in the history of modern architecture. CREATIVE EVOLUTION IN ARCHITECTURE (born creative evolution) The term means a complex system međupovezanih phenomenon, directions, trends and changes in arch development. awareness, theory and practice, which resulted his action has the overall creative development architecture as art and its application during a certain period. K.e.a. skokovito sometimes occurs in abrupt changes and shifts, and sometimes hidden tinjajućeg within the long maturation process. She certainly contributes to the architectural vanguard, that their ideas is in the light of new saznjanja and new achievements. CREATIVE eclecticism for eclecticism in the name architecture, particularly modernism, which contains basic characteristic creativity of the author, the primenjanu such a way that almost lost the original eclectic character object. The most important representatives of the creative eclecticism presented F.L. Wright and L. Sullivan, in 

early phases of architectural work. Creative process name for the process which created the idea an architectural work. Creative process ahead design, but the architectural design of the the overall creative process. Credibility in the architecture to speak of credibility of certain architectural forms or credibility of an architect. Architectural Form have credibility when applied over a long period of years and thus has already entered the architectural canon. Application of these architectural form is not subject to doubt or criticism. MOVEMENT series of points in space is determined by human movement. He is also an observer and active participant in the perception of space. If you think that it constantly changes places or retain a short in one particular time, from one point of the adopted geometry. forms experience through the perspective shortening. Change like point of view, these forms are quite different see. CRITERIA IN ARCHITECTURE V. Criteria in the art. The term "architectural" includes much wider scale values than is the case with the term "art" ie, "aesthetic" that is only part of the "architectural" value space, or space the value of architecture. "Architecture is not the mechanics," said Geoffrey Scott, "she art, architecture and all the theory that the text output creation or critique of the plan carry in itself its own condemnation. In any case, the value space, which is čulu speak to our movement, will always be the priority importance to the beauty of the building ... " Spatial - architectural value becomes a kind of Expanded Thesaurus artistic value. On this basis and should establish a systematization of the important criteria in architecture. Bruno Zevi insists on the establishment of such criteria that allow spatial utilization for njaga important topic and the resulting architecture. "For us," says Zevi in his interpretation of architecture, "not so important to place the relations that exist between content, psychological effects, and formal values. But who engage in a deeper study of the organic unity of man and architecture, knows immediately that the starting point integral, it is conceivable vision of architecture that related to the spatial integration, and he will judge each element of the building in light of the spatial values of the ensemble. " Standing on the point of conception of organic architecture, Zevi it very clearly presupposes the normative method aesthetic values, which draws from the formal relations his artistic expression. 

Despite the impressive time period of two thousand years, the historical range between Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio) and Mumford world is fantastic changed in terms of the degree of civilization. However, in to some basic understanding of architecture and art differences are much smaller. Look in that sense Vitruvijevu categorization criteria in the architecture of which most of today has životvornost. Here you svijstava scale, which amounts to Vitruvius in his treatise on architecture: convenience purposes, the appearance of the building, economic convenience, aesthetic purpose (euritmija), the ratio of parts the whole, outstanding performance. In our presentation we will further attention to a number of criteria which are grouped into several related Group: Efficiency, social justification and utilitarnost work. Functionality, rationality, logic and structural utility facility. Integrity, integrity and unity of conception. Čovekomernost, humanitarian art, and psychological properties of space. Immediacy, originality and authenticity of expression. Data categorization is more one of many possible examples but the form of concrete used in the procedure valuation. The above criteria should, therefore, seen as quite variable and limited register, perhaps necessary but certainly not sufficient conditions, which considered work as the subject of evaluation, must meet. Criticism in the architecture attitude towards architectural movements, actions and projects that analytical and necessary distance considering their content, influences and changes. Critic always occur at the outset of new arch. movement as a reaction to their new direct sdržaj as kontraargumentacija new concepts and views in the period when new ideas have become accepted by the architectural establishment. Unfortunately, criticism is often made him a strong negation new ideas on how it seemed counterproductive, regressive. Criticism in architecture should distinguish of architectural criticism, which often has constructive and progressive nature. Critical regionalism strategy to achieve a more humane architecture in the light of the observed universal abstraction and international clichés. The term they coined A. Tzonis and L. Lefaivre 1981, and was adopted after criticism Kenneth Frampton-who argued that architects should looking for regional variations to their buildings instead of to continue to design in the style of global 

uniformity, using the "konzumerističku icons, making the masquerade of culture, and rtakodje, should "build influence" universal civilization with topics that are indirectly taken from individual "special characteristics of the place." While accepting risk industrialization and technology, it does not represent any great revival of historical styles or skromnijih vernakularnih types of buildings. In fact, on the global video deconstruction of modernism, criticized by post modernism because of the reduction architecture to a mere "communicative or instrumental character "and proposed the introduction of others in the paradigm indigenous genius loci. Quoted the work of Aalto and Utzon - as examples of critical regionalism in which local and generally synthesized in one. GUILT TECHNOLOGY ecological equilibrium of the historical overcome the situation in the natural and socio-economic ecological system. Basic movement related to environmental equilibrium is its constant violations and efforts Nature, on the one side and society on the other hand, to establish at least some or at least on some level of balance. There are two complex "attack" on the environment: A) degradation of environmental pollution, congestion and noise and B) the destruction of natural resources. A. The degradation of the environment affect three processes: pollution of water, air and land, congestion in space and noise. The index of damage to environmental influences: 1) the extent of the population, 2) the production or consumption per capita, and 3) the sum pollutants expressed in the unit production or consumption. Another manifestation of environmental degradation is congestion in space. Emergent forms are: 1) increasing the density population, 2) increased traffic congestion, 3) expressed competitive relations in capturing land, 4) increased use of unproductive soil. B. Another complex impact on the environment is destruction of natural resources. Peneplain caused the disruption of natural cycles and external technological influences, excessive neregenerativna exploitation of natural resources caused by needs of a growing population and the profit economy, ignorance of the specific environmental laws unforeseen consequence of technical development, etc.. just some, significantly, the event "another attack on the natural ecological system. KROJNI PLAN, PLAN Tailoring (German Werksatz) Workshop plan, drawing a wooden roof construction which includes: 1. gredni plan. Plan setting beams (vertical and 

horizontal), which displays the type and kind of wooden roof construction, and how binding these beams construction. 2. Plan horns. Scheme showing the dimensions and grednoj horn arrangement on the construction of a wooden roof. ROOFING NADGRADNJA (German Dachaufbauten) Building roof of a civil engineering so that the roof space function object (housing, work, etc.).. Frequently k.n. the raising of the attic, the space for housing or work, which is located directly below the roof construction. Very popular roof superstructure of the cockloft, built roof in this way to ensure placing a high window. Penthaus also a kind of superstructure, roof, where it rises representative housing unit on a flat roof, placed in the gable of neighboring buildings. Roof terrace (Zgr.) 1 Slightly sloping, almost horizontal roof surface floors and railings. Supporting construction is usually performed as a ceiling reinforced concrete. Must have insulation against moisture and thermal insulation to protect the premises of the last floor. Under of asphalt, cement mortar, terrazzo, cement or ceramic tiles. 2. Name of the flat roof which is so derived that passable and has a function terraces. Flat roof in the function of the roof terrace is known even in times of ancient Egypt, Babylon and Assyria. Known as called Semiramidini gardens, which were placed on system, roof terrace. In ancient Greece, the housing facilities were also built so that in your flat roof had a roof terrace. In modern architecture, roof terrace is special attention given away. Le Corbusier's notion of architecture as a roof terrace "fifth facade" of a building, smestivši her plenty Content: garden, playground, swimming pool and all. Designing terrace house meant the application of roof Terrace in the organization of residential buildings. In contemporary architecture, roof terraces are used for different features: sports fields, tennis courts, basketball courts, as garden area for swimming, penthouse, parking places and dr. Color wheel (Ford color circle, color wheel) Common how the settings of primary colors (blue, red and yellow) and their basic mix - the secondary colors (orange, green and purple) to obtain a basis their systematization. Colors that are located within the directly opposite one another, are called complementary colors, and color of the circle between the two primary colors analogous colors. HOUSE OF THE FUTURE (Ford House of the Future) The notion that 

indicates projects and architect. Studies for a house that has characteristics as they should have a house in near future. K.b. often represents a significant conceptual shift in relation to the time of its creation and shows the possible direction of development houses. HOUSE on the corner of Common themes and common motif in architecture, especially in the urban architecture. Represents the solution problems of one corner of the block by solving disposition mass and facade of the house that is located there. As an art -- architectural theme, the house on the corner has always been a problem which attracted developers to deal with it. The medieval architecture of finding solution problems by raising the angle of the angular towers - towers round grounds at the corner of the building (v. Donjon). This solution was created from the requirements of defense fortifications or established home, eventually crossed the aesthetic characteristics of object. Baroque corner house is often solved by pulling the facade in relation to line the streets, thus making pjaceta different forms and niches in which they are located fountains, drinking fountains or sculptures. With modern architecture and modern urbanism dropped the street as urban form, and with its disappearance disappeared and treatment of problems at the corner of the house. Emergence post modern architecture and historical return architectural tradition, the problem of the house on the corner again actualized. Today this issue a source of inspiration of many Architects, which he solved in different ways: pulling, cutting, superstructure, the rotation axis building on the corner, forming squares, placing angle input in buildings. Almost no modern architects are not dealt with the problem of the house on the corner. ROBOT HOUSE concept houses which predstavvja structure for housing built in the form of a huge robot, a high technology, with built-in programs meet all possible needs of its inhabitants. Famous models k.r. are shown at the World Exhibition Expo 70 in Osaka, which was designed by Arata Isosaki (model RK and RM). HOUSE SCULPTURE name for a house that was derived using sculptural principles, such as huge skulptorskog works. Vacation contemplation term is associated with the surrealist architecture houses sculptures from Herman Finsterleina 1920 which was to be built as a marble pyramid, the top of the sphere covered by pink majolica, with windows made of zadimljenog quartz. House, home to most fully represents the concept of sense for private spaces that are in ordinary urban level. K. we receive in themselves, inside and meet our need to know where I belong - to have their 

residence. However, there are k. public character. Other words, the concept of "home", "home" or "flat" may have different stages. Some forms of life really attach primary importance of shared, public life environment, the residents live together as one big groups, while the second family home basic human element of housing. In both cases there is full expression of his fundamental functions Istanovanja. Heidegger says about that: "What does it mean when you say build? "Old German word for building a media" buan and meant "live", which means stay, Germany to spend ... the word "bin" (I) comes from the old word build, so that the "I" or "you" means "I stamujem, "I dwell." According to Heidegger, housing the basic principle of existence, and the house is his tool. So, K. remains the central stage of human existence, it is a place where children learn to understand their existence in the world, a place from which one starts and where returns. K. Structure the primary structure places, but k. as such has its unutršnju structure that divide and differentiate to more subordinate place and povezujućih roads. In K. develop multiple activities, and coordinated their totality expresses form of life in it. Looking generally, K. a, physically, the construction of buildings - apartment, but it contains its very comprehensive psychological aspects. She imagines as a system designed activities, as well as concrete space that contains diverse nature of the place. When Alberti K. called "small town", he is likely to said, because he felt that we live in the city, not only in K. and to take both elements of the space. However, the analogy is not valid in its entirety. City primarily live with their streets, while K. feature places. HOME STYLE, STYLE HOUSE (U.S.) concept design, which indicates strike and prmenu constant stylistic labels not only to all products of one company, but also transport and sales packaging, and all of its Additional means of propaganda ranging from listovnog paper to the trademark. HOME SIGN (German Hausmarke) Figurative or geometric symbol of recognition of one house, at first ASKING on the surface of the key stone to the transom of the input portal. Based on a home once they sign given names some houses (home name, eg. the swan "), even in cases when the houses were inns. Home sign is the forerunner of today's home number. KULPOZNA Architecture (nlat. culposus sinful, guilty) Name architecture that does not contain a general architectural 

principles, but built as opposed to them. Also, the term refers to secular architecture, as opposed to church. Housing culture name for a set of norms, standards, behavior in a residential community or residential unit, which determine man's relationship to space, and other users of the mstanovnicima prorstora, actively participating in it. We speak on k.s. as urban culture, the culture of housing in the countryside, in the city, the culture of housing in individual housing facility in collective residential building. Also, we talk about the traditional culture of living, related for some areas and different time epochs, as eg. k.s. in prehistoric cultures, ancient cultures, Middle Ages, k.s. the Renaissance or contemporary k.s. K.s. Today predtsavlja significantly developed system norms that determine the behavior of individuals and groups in one residential community. The k.s. affect the external conditions: development of infrastructure, the general level of standards and quality of life in general. Cultural context and architecture in the modern sense concept, the architecture is direct and inextricably tied to the cultural context - tradition, history, philosophy, sociology, an area in which is being built. There are many directions that turns to the architecture in its cultural context, and among them are the most characteristic: vernalkularna architecture, traditional architecture, folklore architecture, historical architecture styles, classical architecture and others. In modern terms, there numerous attempts to design and building architecture related to the cultural context: Among the most important representatives povog movement, include David Lea, Gianni Patten, Hans Hollein with Vulcania ", European Center of volcanism, St. Ours-les-Roches, Auvergne, France (1994-2001), Municipal Museum Abteiberg, Moenchengladbach, Germany (1972-82), a group SITE, Forest Building, Richmond, Virginia, USA (1980), "Rainforest Showroom, SITE, Hialeah, Florida, USA (1979), "Avenue Five ", World Expo, Seville, Spain (1992), Museum of Islamic Arts, Doha, Qatar (1997), David Arkin, Mary, Star of the Sea Church, Gualala, California, USA (1995), Van den Ryn Architects, Real Goods Solar Living Center, Hopland, California, USA (1996) and Fay Jones Associates, Thorncrown Chapel, Eureka Springs, Arkansas, USA (1979-80), Antoine Predock, Rio Grande Nature Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (1982), Renzo Piano, Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center, Noumea, New Caledonia (1992-98). Curvature (from Lat., Italy. Curva curve, arch, curl, 

dumb. Curvature, Engl. curvature) V. Curvature. Saddle, bending, curvature. 1. Subtle, although the overall appearance of building a complete proportional very important basic horizontal curvature lines of a building (Stylobate, beams, etc..) usually the ancient temple. 2. Curved main projection svodnih ribs, mainly in the late Gothic period. Square RASTER Name of raster, which makes the network quadratic fields. Square raster is raster which is formed from network of squares. Him we see more of the Egyptians (necropolis of Thebes, hatorski Kapitel) in the form of a network of 6x9 squares. Italy. renes., k.r. primenjujeCesariano, and in France. renes. Filiberto Delorme, drawings classic lines of the architect. Also, we see examples of when k.r. also a modular network. Quadrature in the architecture (from Lat. Ital. Quadrature, dumb. Quadrature, Engl. Quadrature) 1 The concept is Proporción key to determining the proportions of parts a building set one above the other in relations parts of buildings, the total building and its overall proportions. V. Proportions. Size is srednjev. proporcionisanja system which found in horizontal and vertical projections ROM. I got. buildings, more like a structural principle. K. is very simple system of separation dimensions starting from image proportions, square or octagon in a way as they did the old Catering builders. Relation side and diagonal of the square root of 2 square occurs in various combinations in the works builder middle. v. and undoubtedly has general application. One of the topics is a rectangle 1: root of 2, sharing the half of the reserves base proporcijsku feature. 2. Trompe l oeil architectural painting walls and ceiling. In the seventeenth and XVIIIv. Often they are traveling is performed painters, specializing in painting squaring, which are were known as kvadraturisti. KVADRIPARTITAN made of four parts, from four whole. KVADRIPARTITNA BASE basis of one architectural object that is designed in four composition, constructively and functionally separate entities. QUALITATIVE IN ARCHITECTURE name for a feature architecture, the nature, qualities form a architectural object. QUALITY SPACE difficulties about this concept is always growing, because it can not be separated from its immediate users, for whom the modern philosopher, says: "Modern a man less it makes sense for the simple life 

values .. in fact, the preoccupation with the means to kill joy in life and every creative spontaneity. " However, the current user according to their belief, live in "Ordered the houses, in cages, etc.. And his ancestors of all times, urbanization, expressed their dissatisfaction with living environment. Physical and psychological uneasiness of users, with different consequences individual, and group manifestation, have become the subject of many research disciplines. Their situation caused the need for finding better models, a better society and organizovanijeg of Robert Owen's by Martin Heidegger in Europe, while none of these theoretical approaches could not rid set of constraints, or are the biblical how developed their dream of a lot of power with few resources. To be within the arch. understand this concept, explain the need is to comment on the following: 1. that recognize the need for the broadest areas of work for definition of the concept and its quality in its activities the arch. observed as part of dejstvujućih fields; 2. if we modify our previous ways of studying this problem; 3. whether we can Shun usual amateur, where disciplinary issues in trying to solve encroachment other disciplinary fields. There are more answers in determining the concept of quality space, especially housing, which are the following point: 1. In the area, especially housing projects not different from any other social space. Thus kavlitet be recognized in the general problem, the development of space can easily be considered and quality of housing. There are it means the number and ratio of the sphere of action in grouped activities, allowing planned and all variables of communication in the future environment. Estimated its activity pages, form and meaning - the performance the affected area and all the degrees of inclusion; the meaning of his existence, measured quantity variable position, the layout of the entire environment, the hierarchical environmental conditions. 2. The problem of the territory in the broadest sense, especially as city, ie village. All social actions which cause of mobility in these regions, in terms of Organized space are disturbed that the main balance of the natural environment - the abolition of the grounds - it happens, in one case its abandonment, and second, that the grouping of people and resources to exceed any such territory, the development of established border. Širenbjem urban territories perform such utcaji on it, that the consequences of this in pažaju 

insurmountable problems in the future. 3. Gap apartment and housing development occurs primarily as a result of social efficiency - aspirations to achieve the increased number of units, the procedure is done division of labor between the space in large and small, this boundaries is very strong, which were abolished all the possibilities for testing, forecasting and other necessary places for intercourse of individuals and groups. The border is also ukočila themselves and Development Unit. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY demonstrates primarily the relations individual and collective spheres, they are able to This user its two polar paragraph in the space meet and that among them is secured by a series of transitional forms. This is determined at all levels action including individuals, families and various types of collective communication. Surfaces are the individual or collective strictly or partially shared with opportunities and mutual penetration, substitution, etc.. If something in this direction can be characterized as human, then it is certainly just, and what that all phenomena of individual and anticipate the collective manifestation or how it is S. Giedion formulated: "the right of individual and community rights are mutually conditional. QUANTITATIVE IN ARCHITECTURE feature architecture as the quantity, size, measurable space and spatial elements. KVINT Quint in the architecture, as well as interval C: G (no roll 256:384), with its ratio = 2:3 match rough gradation sequence than the golden section, which begins with the 1st The building measures she answers: 500: 750 50: 75; 1000: 1500-100: 150 etc.. LABEL, LEJBL (Ford) 1 In today's terms of ECI, labels, label which contains the name of the manufacturer, description products and instructions for use. 2. Bar or a roll with dedication. 3. Type of ornamental piping in the form rectangular boards. 4. Tegular profile in late perpendikularnij and tudorskoj Gothic architecture, which extends horizontally above the guns of wall openings, turning in the final points down at an angle of 900, ending on the places that nazivalu label stops. Often very decorative ornamentisan drafted. While the term applied to rektangularne droplet profile (which are often formed between the lower spanrele četvorocentričnog or tjudorskog port and labels), also may apply for certain curved tegular profile. 5. Rektangularan tablet, shaped or straight, with wedge shaped turns out to opposite sides of common neoklasičnoj in architecture, but with origins in the Roman architecture, where used for the inscription. EASY BUILDING, PREFABRICATED BUILDING EASY Construction 

constructive system that includes elements for building that are easy to manipulate because they do not require the use of cranes or crane. Elements are also easy to install, because it does not require the use of special machines or tools. Light construction is easy in the real sense, although it is not meaning of the word easy. Easy construction can be prefabricated building or construction on site. Often the easy construction related to the construction of the ceiling or roof construction, while making the ground often is not possible performed in the system construction easy. Easy construction can be applied in the design of the interior, through the use of light wood or plaster board for making walls or ceiling. Houses made of light construction called barracks or wooden houses, or are simply prefabricated home. Elbow Title primary measure in the architecture, antropomorfnog character, arising from the length of human elbow. The first examples of the use of L. such measures are known to građ period. ancient Babylon. Ancient Egyptians, their building measures of national or royal elbow, and 45cm 52.5 cm, or 52,3-52,85 cm by Laver. L. in Russian architecture is 54cm, and so. less elbow 38cm. Vitruvius l. called Cubitus. In the period renes. meet modular division where 1 cubit = 6 palms = 24 digit. LAMELA, Urban In urban terms, the lamella a facility separate from other separate entrances and internal communications. In one residential block, lamella is separated from other residential units housing whole. Construction in phases involve special production lamella structures in different time periods. LAMELNA BUILDING includes construction of an urban units per lamelama. Landscape Architecture, Architecture PEJSAŽNA name for architecture, in which the subject of open formats space, garden, garden, park or garden, park resort. L.a. landscape elements used for its expression: free surface zatravnjene surfaces, hills, habitus trees, flowers, freshwater streams, ponds, fountains, fountain, hedges, rosary, alpinarijume, oranzerije, greenhouse, gazebo-e, Tit, pavilions other arch. elements. LARPURLARISTIČKI formalism V. Larpurlarizam in architecture. It represents the most popular example the spread of formalism, and demonstrates the application of istorizujućih various stylistic motifs, predfabričkih products plaster, artificial stone, terracotta and metal by faithful footprints of the original model in which the stone structural walls easy izlepljuju as: ranges, zuboredima, caryatids and Atlanta, consoles, capitals and pediment, the heads of people, lions 

and other animals, vases and motifs from plant Empire. A similar kind of formalism presented facade buildings designed in imitation of various styles and models. Formalist architect. mortar, and surrogate malterskih predfabrikata gives one city over the facades of some Building false representative character. LARPURLARIZAM IN ARCHITECTURE (franc. l'art pour l'art art for art) is the fruit Larpurlarizam academic immunity. In the field of art Creative indicates the kind of action that does not direction nor for any functional justification used parts and his svrhovitosti as a whole or certain of its detail, but elements of his work, or just set best work, specifically in order to deepen the artistic Impressions, allegedly deep. Since their products as peak of artistic creation, L. is in fact term of art for art, self purpose, without any ideas or content of the substrate. Coincidence ideas and contents when little is achieved. Larpurlarizam the strong showing of the extent architecture in which entering the architectural, ornamentalnih and figural decorations, and of actually non-functional, running a real triumph of the Dead scenes and narrative supplements without which everyone can possibly valuable architectural work to the general. Sami you fancy elements, namely, almost always are not any for themselves vrednosrt as architectural, ornamental or figural plastics, and if it may represent, in most cases do not come to the fore. L. has its prey, not only in the details buildings because of their investment pozamašnih costs, but also by raising the entire facility, pavilion, mausoleum, šturih scenes in the sign of the total decorations without any functional role, where his products do not serve to any actual need. LASSEZ FAIR (franc. leave as is) The notion that represented the essential principle architect. and urban. during Romanticism, according to which the area that is performed building a house or villa, left in its natural condition and character of wild nature, nedirnutog green with less intervention in the floor. This attitude is emerged as a reaction or a negation of that paragraph Baroque obrađenost involved and the smallest part of one partner Property and represented the preuređenost a court. Also, the term is used in architectural reconstruction, when the left part of the previous status of a building in a state of what they caught, to would be achieved or contrast in order to provide information appearance of the former building. Latent structure of the name of the hidden, inaccessible to the eye 

Assume one of the present structure, which can not to be seen with the naked eye. Such strong performances carry the impact of historical periods and are expressed in reconstruction and restoration of an urban environment. Lateral (L. lateralis) side, collateral, with the hand, side, lateral to the collateral heirs of the heirs lines; lateral kinship relationship by the side (or: Supporting) line. Labyrinth, ARCHITECTURAL SPACE, Labyrinth (Greek ) Labyrinth, in architectural terms, the name  for an architectural space that is made in a very complicated scheme of walls and passages between them, that visitor extremely difficult to navigate it. Known labyrinth in ancient Greek mythology, which led to the place where the Minotaur who lived their proždirao victims lost in it. It is possible to form a labyrinth transferred from the meander form of ornamentation, which is again formed zamršenog from a very complicated and the river Meander in Greece. Basis maze is often applied in tilings floors of ancient Roman palaces, and There were attempts to design cities in the form maze, which is supposed to disable and confuse potential invaders. Later use of the maze related to the garden architecture, especially in the period Baroque, where they raised Labyrinths of hedges, which representing places for leisure walkers. Noble walkers have lost abundance of passages in the maze, and there remained hours seeking out. Many labyrinth, built in Palace gardens of European dignitaries and rulers, kept until today. Fake Architecture (Scheinarchitektur) illusionist painted or relief shown by architecture, which space does not exist. False arch. first of all find the church building in the Baroque era, in the form of architectural painting, which has characteristics iluzionističkog deepening or expansion space in which located. Fake FACADE (German Blendfassade) Name of the frontal facade of a building, usually during the Renaissance and Baroque, which has its own independent spatial composition, independent of the composition object buildings behind it. L.f. were built mostly in church facilities that should have their appearance and magnificent ways monumental, but inside they were not. L.f. they built magnificent, precious and precious material to dočarale splendor and wealth building behind them. However, this principle architect. design is modern arch. rejected as unnatural, false and disingenuous approach. Modern arch. stressed free standing building, in which all four facades were equally 

treated. False facade of an architectural object, usually Church, does not reflect the internal shape of the object, nor constructive structure, but is derived entirely independently, regardless of where the building is located. L - f. was built to fulfill the stylistic and aesthetic characteristics of some buildings, and gave it a monumental character, regardless of the actual form and its actual dimensions. If we look at this cross section building and compare it with the facade, is prominently discrepancy of these two dimensions. Even today, in contemporary architecture, are often examples of false facades, most of facade so. "curtain wall", where the proportions and façade divisions often do not match the same building space. Fake Building (born Sham) term from the period of the eighteenth century, fake "ruins" or other structures built only for effect. Faux gothic is the name of "Gothic" buildings Batty Langley. Butterfly PLAN (born butterfly plan) type plan popular during the period Arts and Crafts with wings that symmetric stretch at an angle outside the central corpus architectural object, resembling the butterfly. Liberalism in architecture, architecture Liberal way understanding of architecture, primarily the architect during the process. design that contains the basic characteristics free to determine the target object that wants to achieved, so that funds are used to do it occurred. L.a. essentially represents the intention of the architect or her vision to help others, despite their željma, which in many cases leads to a rigid compromise. Libertarian Anarchism in architecture, SLOBODNJAČKI Anarchism in the architecture pojem is associated with the architectural concepts of individuals, who have nothing to do with known or current architectural concepts and styles. Architects libertarians implement their individual concepts in a way known only to them and represent them in their audiences are often unusual and unusual splendor. This architecture is exempt all the constraints and limitations and often brings a whole new understanding of space and man in it. One of the pioneers Libertarian anarchism was an Antoni Gaudi, and Representative of this understanding in recent years of the twentieth century was Hundertwasser. Auction Bidding via direct or ofertalnih Bid for a job over the execution of some buildings. As a basis for conducting the auction is bid study, which usually includes: the main project, predmer, Prices of works and estimate construction and general conditions and technical requirements. 

LIFE CONDITIONING concept in urban planning and architecture introduced Cedric Price, a thesis on the determination of norms behavior, knowledge and training skills and ideas about which are not discussed because they are no doubt. Is a set of norms of behavior in the urban tissue, in conjunction with him and his demands. LIK, the form (Latin form) shape, appearance, figure, foreign side. Also the name of the object, with which the gives a certain form of matter (eg. devices, negative, mold into which flows liquid metrijal: metal, wax, plastics and others.; iron framework, with which the printing pages, etc. drawn. In art, metrijalna concretize compositional ideas, important elements of expression is conditioned by the content; izgleg, in which the matter indicates the sight and awareness, all means of artistic expression. E. Claparede is defined as a form of "autonomous unity that manifest internal solidarity and which has internal laws, and H. Focillon states that "the artist in a way they think and feel directly in forms such as others feel the words. " Linear (L. linearis) liny, which has the form of lines or drawings; linear equations mat. equations whose unknown, or unknown, in the first degree, linear Ba tactics. way of fighting with the layout of troops in long lines, linear drawing of a drawing made in the lines, ie. sketch, draft, outline. Linear DRAWING Crtez in which the subject displayed performed only line, outline, or contour, and without shading. Oldest character is a means of expression. In painting as a linearity that marks the way expression, which gives the advantage line, delete surface. Linear perspective in linearnij perspective, etymologically "Clearly see"-objects are on a flat surface presented as look, regardless of their actual shape and their absolute spatial relations. The whole image or the entire project goes only one point of view of observers. Linear scheme, linear SCHEME BASIS, linear SCHEME FACADES name to view the facade of a base or građ. object through šematskog basic contour drawing object, ie, by contour lines. Linear structure in the architecture, and mostly in urbanism, are common procedures in forming architectural or urban environment where the movement and linear transport system itself and determine the morphology (Soria y Mata, Le Corbusier - Algeria, Park Hill in Sheffield, Toulouse-le-Miraj, Candillis / Josic / Woods, etc.. In many solutions the form of "urban wall" (Broek and 

B. Bakema the polder, Tange for Skopje, etc.). Linearnosrt elements is not based only on the motion but also closing the space and symbolic "protection". We should say that the linear forms are often combined in the radial, as been observed in some studies and examples of variant developmental analysis of Washington earlier projektma Comey - for "radial city. LINE (Latin linea, Engl. Line, France. Ligne, dumb. Linie, Italy. linea) 1 Drawn, move, direction, range, order, thread; mat. ideal propagation in length, without thickness and width; the mat. France. equator, in the genealogy and learn about inheritance: a series srodstava who comes from a common father or founder of the family (right, collateral, rising, falling line), Ba. tactical schedule of troops in front and long with small depth; standing army (except Guard), fig. direction and principles which man abide in the life (he stayed on the old line, ie. He remained faithful to its principles) such understanding is on the line = is not in accordance with the principles, eg. parties. 2. Strain, the primary means of expression in drawing in architecture, painting, sculpture, and almost all the applied arts. Lines are visual achieve a wide variety of forms of figures and objects - either dimensional, either as an illusion of space, they can express and static balance and movement. By definition, the line is a geometric series of categorical defined points. In fact, the line is only the result of other geometric categories - Projection sectional area. This is a straight line intersection of two plane, along its limited value. Her svostva have continuity in motion uniformity in all points in the direction and constancy. These properties straight line and transmits the forms that constitute a over these gives a basic character of the area. The power its sublimisana expression in its severity. Hence, of orthogonal architecture and characteristic just by its severity, uniformity and simplicity that it imposing presence and dominance of straight lines. "Straight line is blasphemous. A straight line is creative rather than reproductive. It does not stay divine spirit of man, but lazy desire for ease, lack of reflection on the crowd. " It is the position of negation in purizma relation to architecture and real lines, which expressed Friedrich Hundertwasser. Broken line occurs sudden change of direction movement. This change reflects the suddenness and the works architecture in which the dominant presence of very dynamic form of broken lines. Gothic Sale are occurred in the game izlomljenih lines and provide basic character of its ekpresije. 

Curves express certain laws of motion points and the wealth of their occurrence forms submitted by formed. Architecture curve suggests movement, symbolizes the vibrancy and optimism. Baroque, and especially Rococo, represent the culmination of the use and abuse curve. LINE Walking real stairs are everywhere the same width threadguards. In zavojnih and zavojitih stairs stairs are wedged shape, and their width is larger in spolljnoj and less on the inner side of the stairs. The width of the stairs is determined to walk the line. line walk the imaginary line by which, generally, most tread on the stairs. With the right steps, since they steps across the length of the same width, the line indicates only the direction of the streak and climb in the middle. However, the wedge-shaped steps, ie. at zavojnih and zavojitih stairs, walk the line indicates line and the best walk on it and razmerava width of the stairs. Because this place has its particular significance. In smaller branches 90-100 cm width of the line walk zavojnih go in the middle of the stairs, ie. at 45-50 cm from external width. For larger line width of the walk nakih the opinion of the author to 45-50 cm from the external width, and others from inside the ropes. Any way to adopt, it is necessary to maintain account to a narrower part klinastih stairs not less than 10 cm. Lines of the court in the longitudinal profile of the road etc.. line developed a cross-section of the vertical plane, withdrawn usually through dry times, with the ground. This is the line irregular flow which shows us the configuration of the terrain the axis of the road and all. LINE, Urban Urban limit lines only clearly reduced line narrow "corridors" of natural structures that do not involve or include little environment. A typical model of the urban lines London's Regent Street. LINES Isohypse curves on the maps and plans connecting points of the same height. CONSTRUCTION LINE SYSTEMS These systems are usually transmitted load in the plane that cuts in one section of its axis of symmetry. It is much more general load which lies in any kosoj plane. Load is deployed along the axis of the system by a certain law, continuously or batchwise. In principle, it can be any direction and direction of the axis system. The calculation is implemented design load to the axis and taking and administrative components of the axis system. Linear systems have the height and width of the same carrier veličinskog order, his length is significant compared to the other two 

dimensions. LITERALIZAM, architecture in architecture, the name of literality, bukvalnost, ignoring the spirit and spiritual work due to rigid and blind adherence to written. Architectural literalizam appeared when the faithful transfer descriptions of ancient cities and their embedding projects and architectural compositions uperiodu Renaissance. Characteristic for the transfer of the canon of classical models and their embedding in classical architecture. Remained until today, when is present in the faithful copying of the principle of the postmodern architecture and design. LIVING CITY (born city living) concept of a living organism of the situation, which shows the different activities, mutually connected, create a event or a system that is greater than the sum of its parts. The concept was created after the exhibitions group Archigram 1963.g. at which is a group show in trenutnost urban production: the group has collected images of any part city and show them through the accepted pop - icons: astronauts, Superman robotmena and women, but the presented in a manner and with the message, which was new for architecture. The city is seen as an architecture (hardware) but as its inhabitants, in their daily "Situations" (software). Although this group Archigram exhibition is not produced any radical shift, it which is still successful, was set up and expansion definition of what the architect as soon as they could be considered their origin, source: the consequences of which are mutually connected and which thus produce any possible situation. CITY LIVING IN URBAN PLANNING concept in urban planning introduced Frank Lloyd Wright with the consideration of a living organism, an organic whole. Living City is not just a "city life, "he and city living." The city is an organism that is born and develops, changes in accordance with changes society, technology or changes in requirements population. Comparison of living organisms with dates from ancient epochs. Ancient Egyptians believed the cities for living organisms that evolved along with her mother and the mother country - the River Nile. Ancient Etruscans their cities Established in ceremonies of birth, such as ceremonies growing a living organism. Many pagan cults believed Mother Earth for all praizvor cities - living creatures that are born, grow and die. LOFT (born loft, loft, loft, Dovecot) 1 Name of the residential unit in the attic or in the top floor of a building. Also, housing space that has characteristics of the hall, ie, space 

large volume. Loft is space-like hall, high ceilings and simple spatial organization. In the city tissue, it is possible to get a loft space reconstruction space of a warehouse or factory halls. Loft is suitable for a studio, painting or sculpting workshop. In Generally, it is often housing - the workspace. 2. Raised platform, or gallery within the large room or Hall, as a guard or excuborium loft (as eg. in Abbey St. Alban's, Hertfordshire). Also, known and orguljni loft in the church. LOGICAL TRADITION IN ARCHITECTURE (born logical tradition) term in the arch. introduced by Charles Jencks and the arch. based on structural, constructive, funkcionlnoj logic. The nearest understanding architecture in terms of its logical tradition, were Japanese metabolisti: Kenzo Tange (Pavilion Expo 70, Osaka), Kiyonari Kikutake (Landmark Tower, Expo 70, Osaka), Kishu Kurokawa (Takara Beautilion, Expo 70, Osaka), and Peter Cook (Montreal Tower project, 1964), Buckminster Fuller (Union Tank Car Company, Louisiana, 1958.) Pier Luigi Nervi, and Ezra Ehrenkrantz dr.  mind, speech) in the design, the LOGO (from Greek.  linguistic or graphic terms, the name of a company, a product or a protective characteristic character in a marketing campaign. Logo graphic trademark name of a company or a product. Title logo for a company name or the name of a products, patents, etc.., which is protected and Projected use of specific types of letters, fonts, color, etc.. The logo can be a sprite and general, and can contain a characteristic picture: animals, graphic symbol and the like. In this sense, we talk about safety sign or graphic trademark. LOCATION, LOCATION ANALYSIS heath following analysis Location: analysis of site characteristics, analysis specific locations, analysis of restriction sites, spatial location of opportunities, development opportunities location, location analysis of links with other urban tissue, analysis of communication, analysis standpoints; supply location, the greenery on the site, inherited building on the site and others. LOCATION, LOCATION THEORY author of the first general theory of location was Alfred Weber. Under significant influence (Tinena, Launharta, Rosser and Šeflea), Weber has created theory of the five strata determining lokacione structure. The first is agricultural stratum, which produces necessary means for survival. This stratum is geographical basis for the second stratum. He predodređuje in first instance the location of the primary industrial 

strata, which produces the agricultural stratum. Primary industry stratum serves as a consumer secondary market with industrial sytratum. Third stratum consists of numerous substratuma. These three strata constitute the core, the core of the economic system. The fourth stratum, middle stratum is independent of the first three. It consists of government and business actors to organizational and managerial functions, then people learned professions and the like. The fifth stratum is the central dependent stratum, which is related to previous stratum.Lokaciona structure of the strata is dependent forces that trigger or inhibit it. For example, if agricultural stratum first appears, the formation of cities orijentacijomna with industrial development requires restructuring of agricultural production. In the framework of current theory saznanjau location Weberovarazmišljanja act modestly. But, in the period when among economic theorists, especially those in Anglo-Saxon school, the prevailing attitude on the priority factors of the time factor space economic development, its contribution to the formation of Physical aspects of modern economic development is indisputable. Followers of Weber, especially representatives of the general theory balance, enter the new elements in the theory of location. Area insists on supstitutarnim elements. Starting from the assumption that all sites except the fixed location companies, the area is considered to navigation companies towards the periphery leads to the substitution between costs of labor and capital on the one hand, and costs land use, on the other. Possibilities of substitution are among the factors of production, namely land, Labor and capital, whose combination of analytical mogućosti numerous. Englander, Vajgman and others putting the focus on transportation costs as factors of location, questioned the relationship between the site and change. Olin extends this principle of inter-regional and inter-operations. Les (Loesch) is considered the theorists who first gave complete system of general equilibrium in which are shown Interrelations in all locations. On this basis he developed his theory of economic regions. He did not konceptovao economic regions based on the mobility factor, the existence markets, sources of raw materials and transport facilities. He developed structure of the region, in which the interdependence of all relevant variables.  Ajzard (Izard) for his contribution to the theory site says: "In fact, my approach is eclectic, because it stems from different elements of different authors. His goal is to establish principles for a general theory by reducing 

basic elements of different theories in lokacionih common simple phrase, beginning of Weber dogmas. "By Ajzardu theory of general location and spatial economy include a total space area economic activities, while taking into account geographical distribution of inputs and outputs and geographic variations in prices and costs. Hoover (Hoover) considers that the theory is subject to the site changes: changing attitudes about the location criteria under the influence of technological development and organizational institutions; change research instruments of knowledge acquisition and verification, etc.. Main changes are: 1. Changed the conditions of objective reality, the final and intermediate products have become more complex, increased the number of alternatives for technology, speed and diversity of supply are decisive for the market. This stressing the importance of the facts causing the site. 2. The great changes in the availability and cost different types of transport services, which affects location. Development of communication facilitates mobility investment and expansion of new technologies, but it is increased risk of arbitrary decision-making for location. 3. Changed the "indices of progress." People freely chosen place of residence and place of work, depending on factors such as climate, cultural level of protection, beauty. 4. Factor that affects the whole range of factors lokacionih is water. Until recently the water is treated as a "ubiquitous input. Today, the current lack of clean and cold water. Increase water use in industry, increase Household consumption, chemical and thermal pollution water supplies, have negligible water factors become one of the most important location factors. LOKACIONI RELATIONS General issues lokacionih relations najplastičnije showed Loesch, his "triangle relations from which the stem and the characteristics and lokacionog access problems. The first feature lokacionog approach is that the goal of humanization of the site location. Analysis of each Law site shows that especially at the base of each legality, and even regardless of socio-economic system, which undoubtedly affect the certain content, the is objective - human location or humanization of man sites of man. Another characteristic lokacionog approach is spatially time continuum. He was given through two dynamic relationship factors: production and man and a static, prejudiciranog factors - location. Time-space 

continuum subject to constant influence and aglomeracionih deaglomeracionih factors. The most important economic and aglomerativni deaglomerativni factors. The two processes include aglomerativne economic factors: localization economies and urbanization economies. Among deaglomeracione factors include porst annuity and urban costs, increase the cost of living and changes in ecological equilibrium of the settlement. These factors affect the at first appears a need for the deployment of industrial activities, and residential areas, etc.. The third approach is geographical karakteristikalokacionog distribution of input and output a. She talks about the third place points - the location in a given system of relations. Location is static size, geographical data. From this arises above all the necessity that a man with his activities adjusted location. Man lives wherever they may work, Where has the water, where the climate suits him. However, location not one, they have as much allows geographical structure. Hence there is a choice and location. The choice of locations affected, the legality of the site, special legality of the site for industry, for intraurbanu for interurban location. From the point of all regions laws can be reduced to two basic requirements: 1. the first is to maximize efforts and factors in creating certain social output, and 2. the other is to maximize social output with a given amount of effort and factors (inputs). Essence lokacionog approach, which follows from the triangle relations, is in demand for decentralization activity and dispersion of people. From this stems the regional significance of the site. It can be viewed with three aspects: 1 as important for the population, 2 as importance for economic development and 3 as the importance of regional urbanization. LOKALAN (L. localis) Meat, spatial, which is tricksy the one place that needs or circumstances of a place and its position, which belongs to one site, located or used in a site, which has relevance only to one place; local local government authorities, local newspaper local paper, ie. one which mainly deals with situations in which the place out; local patriotism love of home, in the narrow sense, and everything in it and what comes from it; local traffic internal traffic of a city or municipality. The site (nl. localitis) Town, region, end (as to its particular circumstances, its location, etc..). Localization (nl. localisatio) Limitation on certain place, the narrower the space, eg. disease, fire, war, etc..; 

determination of the place where something happens. Localism in the architecture of creating architectural appearance elements and characteristics specific to the construction local environment and culture, which originated from properties a closed environment and Nemanja flow information. For the medieval residential architecture Generally we can say that was lokalistička. Longitudinal (nl. longitudinalis) longitudinally, that is refers to the length required, longitudinal, longitudinal waves Fiz. longitudinal waves, ie. waves that propagate in the direction of balance disorders of slices elastic environment (supr. transverzalan). Longitudinal PLAN, LONG PLAN (German Langbau) Method construction of the building with pronounced longitudinal direction, as opposed to the central building. In longitudinal plan dominates longitudinal axis. Longitudinal Building Architecture Building in which is the space formed in this way, the dimensions its length substantially exceeds the width dimension. In this central area is usually built within the basic scheme plan rectangle. In the narrow sense, the term l.g. bazilikalnog includes the object type, the which the interior space consists mainly of one or three longitudinal ship. The appearance l.g. tadira of prehistory. In fact the Megaron-oriented conception of the Neolithic in nizanju access, pretprostora (zaštiđenog side walls -- antama) and the main room dwellings in longitudinal sense. The same characters are drafting approach paved roads that lead to a prehistoric cult facilities. In the development of architecture. ancient Egypt explicit longitudinal character of the composition of the temple, at which the Crescendo with the basic time series of movement spatial elements of the access dromosa (flankiranog sphinx), peristila, hipostila and a series of further premises to the nave. In Ant. Age cohort character of a spasm. Stadium and predominantly part tipoloških kink solutions. Temple, of which most perfect - peripteros - A unique harmonious composition oriented experience and longitudinal relationships proportion of the whole corpus;. In similar terms defined and Rome. Temple of the longitudinal structure. Rome. Antiquity knows the concept of the typical longitudinal structure intended for public purpose - the Basilica - which because of the need covering larger areas, which increases its dimension in longitudinal sense (due to limited technical possibilities prektivanja room wooden roof structure); s In relation to the Basilica gets time three ships of which the medium increased, this allows the construction of window lighting in the walls of medium ship. 

Special meaning given l.g. at the time of development starohrišćanske arch. In connection with the initial development liturgical functions attend believers favorable for religious purposes longitudinal oriented projects basilica with the visual focus of apse (which is located inside the kitchen altar). Thus in starohrišć. time raises a number of facilities bazilikalnih equal to the cur. provinces (Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, Basilica Turmaninu) and the Mediterranean (St. Peter -- old and Sv. Paul outside the walls of Rome, S. Apollinare in Classe and S. Apollinaris Nuovo in Ravenna). Ranosrednjovek. arch. in Central and zap. Europe also is developing longitudinal type of basilica in Carolingian times (St. Gallen) and Romanesque (the church in Speyer, Worms, Clunyju, Caen). Bazilikalni type of sacred objects seen the widest swing in the Gothic period (the cathedral in Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Strasbourg, Cologne, Vienna, Prague, Milan). After the dominance of the central objects in time Renaissance (Bramanteova and Michelangelova concept central plan church Sv. Peter's in Rome), longitudinal space again dominant in the Baroque era (Il Gesu in Rome). This type of construction and maintained during the XIXv. In contemporary architect. build the structure in longitudinal when required by the function object. Longitudinal OSA (German Laengsachse) Osa, designed base line around which extends a longitudinal side buildings. Contrary longitudinalnoj axis differentiate transversal axis or transversal axis. LOW - COST ARCHITECTURE (born with low cost) for Title low budget arch. which is designed with the aim of mass production and meeting the basic needs of the lowest and lower middle class social population. L.c.a. uses a large series production (although not necessarily), cheap građ. materials, simple constructive systems and simple arch. form. It is the architect. resulting from the limited, but necessary user needs, rather than from the intentions and affirmation of the designer. Example l.c.a. a apartment village Bruchfeldstrasse, Frankfurt, which is 1926-8. raised Ernst May. LOW-TECH (U.S.) antithesis high-tech, including recycling of materials and components and use traditional construction, insolation and natural means of heating and ventilation. High tech knowledge environmental damage caused by high - Tech through the unfettered use of resources, and applies especially in poverty-affected areas, where is called the alternative, indirect, and even sometimes utopijanskom technology. It can include new use of traditional energy sources, such as 

solar energy or the use of human waste materials for generating power and improving soil fertility. Architecture arch architecture in which the main constructive system of supports and arches over the arc ceiling. The shape keeps the aesthetics of arc lines lines. Lumen (L. lux, lumen) Light, glow, fig. great head great spirit; lumen naturale (L. lumen naturale) Phil. natural light, ie. natural, original, man innate power of cognition, Fiz. light units of electricity: light by sending electricity in all directions, dotted light source that lights up light unit volume in a solid angle. LUMINIZAM (from Lat. Lumen Light) A special way emphasizing the use of color and light effects. The that the color is treated as a holder of contrast and expression in the game of light and darkness. In određemno sense, L. is a synonym for clair-obscure (chiaroscuro). LUMINOZNO in the architecture of Light, bright, shining, clear architecture. Architecture clear form, bathed in light. The term is also used to describe the great architectural idea, a clear, inspiring, so far not seen. Model (franc. maquette, Engl. Rough model and sketch model, dumb. Modell, Italy. macchietta) plastic model Sketch showing one arch. object or a urban composition. Generally, the model of gypsum, wood, cardboard and the like. regularly in smaller scale and by needs and colored. M. There are the following: M. Monuments, M. architectural ensembles, M. regulation project basis, m. urban areas, M. theater.  l. circuit structure, composition) Macrostructure (gr.  Materials and composition of a natural object, eg. stone, who can see and identify with the naked eye. SMALL BUILDING MEASURES - MGM, CIVIL SMALL PARTS 1 MGM = minor construction measures ¼ = m = 250 mm = 25 cm. MGM / 2 = 1 / 8 m = 125 mm = 12.5 cm. Small building measures are at least building measures that are used to measure mass of small parts and to further divide the length of large building parts and other construction materials who holds the stock, according to a dimenzioniran industrial construction measures: IGM and IGM / 2 According to MGM, and MGM / 2 determine the extent of all brick, tavanične pads, cement stones related to floating and other materials, and fewer plates of pumice, panels for flooring, wall panels, roof panels, panels for pavement, etc.. (taking into account all the necessary joints). Then: the size of all rooms in the mass višespratnim buildings, thick walls, the size of panes 

(elevators), built-in cabinets and furniture, kitchen devices, such as stoves, laundry, refrigerators, etc.. Finally: the size of windows, doors, gates, etc.. SMALL IN ARCHITECTURE Small Sextus Sextus s interval E: C ' (no roll 320:512) has a proportion of 5:8. It correctly corresponds, after a large proportion of Sextus = 3:5, the following proportion of the golden section number that begins with the 1st This relationship, as previously mentioned, the proportion of golden section, which is common in the construction practice. V. Harmony in architecture SMALL IN ARCHITECTURE Small tierce tierce s interval A: C (no roll 426,7:512) has a simple 5:6 ratio, and corresponds with the approximate accuracy of the practice upotrebivom Triangle II / 4 Drache is used as a figure for proporcionisanje. V. Harmony in architecture The architecture of small groups, gathering in small groups often is organized around a small common free space to close the space created by this suitable for intimate contacts between families or create opportunities for the development of some of the initial content of life in communion, such as, for example. previously water, defense, team work, and now particular needs of children playing and creating good mutual relations and the like. Small groups in contemporary residential architect. often resembling in some small American hotels - resorts. In these free around the central area with swimming pool, grouped in ground and first floor of the small apartments, which consist of living rooms, sleeping rooms, bathrooms and kitchens. The same atmosphere, intimacy and closeness, can provide and short blind alleys. Also, small groups can be involved in the fabric of the town or village as inicijani elements of the set of hierarchical multiple a gradual increase in levels of common content. Joining small groups as well as the possibility of establishing a hierarchical system to higher levels, which achieved by gradual enrichment of common content, often the case in the modern residential mikrourbanizmu. MALI incidence (German Kleine Eingriff) The concept is linked to the Architecture of Adolf Loos, and later several Architects of the postmodernists, including Boris Podreccu. The expression small grip, Podrecca used to mean basic idea of postmodern arhitekturalnog assignment. Explanation of these ideas are important because, if left the first respect, it may seem that we are dealing here the internal architecture. First, it can be determined to the idea of small interventions focused on the impairment of a false alternatives, taut between the sexes, which determines allegedly old and new things, mostly because it only different from the previous one, on the one hand, and do-construction, the 

the other side. Technique of small interventions, as I said Podrecca, "enables you to respond directly and varied, to ispretura zbrinutost that past and reach specific. " In this way, these are done, painstaking work of building, which takes shell Episteme yesterday or tomorrow ogoljava core, but Make sure that today, in which they have already, only it should be aware, and it contained yesterday and that tomorrow. Theory of small interventions, therefore, is primarily in form of construction that foster architectural "plants, but and raising those buildings that the newly emerged not interfere with the authentic appearance of a city (physis). Thus, the procedures shows little meaning as plodonosnije, because It is only the core of Episteme, leaving the care of the shell life of the nucleus, and the means bring, and keeping for himself the care of memory (MNEMOSYNE) art, as it is understood Warburg, which is the one place he wrote: "The gods hide in details. Plastered Architecture (German Putzarchitektur) Geographically limited architecture, with primary characteristic plastering external surfaces architectural object, to achieve aesthetic effects, to protect the building and construction ensure its better isolation. Plastered arch. vary by region (Mediterranean architecture, architecture Continental) and ways of building (building brick, building stone), to freely modelovanog stucco work (plastering). MANASARA MEASURES - BUILDING MEASURES Hindus are still in the distant the past were great mathematicians. As is known, They found zero and shaped our present Arabic numerical system that the Arabs of them downloaded. Safe not the case that the Indians, by measuring their buildings, particularly in its proporcionisanja temples, they went from dekadnog system, but the oktavnog systems, which are determined to place the number 25 combined with the decade, then again to continue gradation octave and quarter. Measures of the Indian system of architectural proportions represent a parallel system described earlier building measures with the primary measure of 1 / 8 m = 125 mm = 12.5 cm or 1.25 m, and ¼ m = 250 mm = 25 cm, respectively 2.5 m. In this setup is, plugging the number 25 = 52, interrupted gradation eight and four in order to measure "YAVA" = 12.5 and measures »angula« = 50 again appear in the higher local values, the actual building measures prijapathya hasta (53 = 125). Here we find strange match with building measures, ie. same connection 

gradation with four and eight gradation petition or with the decimal system characteristic of system building measures, the primary measure 125, or with a series prepolavljanja the 1000th base Take you, to compare both systems, the Indian measure "prajapathya hasta" = 12.50 mm = 1.25 m = 1 GM, surprised us in the following gradation association, which may be more practical measure, to the largest unit for surveying the Earth: 8 paramanu = 1 ratharenu = 0.025 mm (grain dust), 8 ratharenu "Valagro" = 1 = 0.2 mm (thickness of hair), 8 "Valagro" = 1 U.S. = about 1.6 mm (U.S.), 8 ears YAVA = 1 = 12.5 mm (grain), 4 YAVA = 1 angula = 50 mm (finger), 25 angula = 6 prajapatya hasta = 1250 mm = 1.25 m = 1 GM, 2 prajapatya hasta = ½ Danda = 2500 mm = 2.5 m = 1 IGM, 4 prajapatya hasta Danda = 1 = 5000 mm = 5 m = 2 IGM (lath measurement), 2 Danda = 10 000 mm = 10.00 m = 4 IGM, 4 ½ ryju Danda = = 20 000 mm = 20 m = 8 IGM, 8 Danda = 1 ryju = 40 000 mm = 40.00 m 0 16 IGM (bar measurement). 53 = 125 = 1000 / 8, 52 = 100 / 4, 200 = 1000 / 4, 125 x 10 = 1250 mm = 1 GM, 52 • 10 = 250 mm = 1 IGM. We built their building measures, while we have not yet knew the old Indian measures. The fact that our building measures in such perfect harmony with this system proportions, which we preserved in ancient script, it seems that is, so to speak, the historical control and excellent proof that our construction measures and their systematics correct. MANIFEST in the architecture declaration, proclamation, notification of a architectural ideas, an attitude of architectural or movement. Fashion (Location manière, Tal. Maniéra) Path and behavior or treatment in some things, the way that processing changes in uniformity and pattern; nice way of life, behavior, posture, artistic move, in literature and Art: pointless imitation or permanent repeating itself one good and original style, artificiality, nakinđurenost; manners pl. customs, behavior; musical decorations, a man of fine manners man ponađanja beautiful and behavior. Fashion the ARTS (franc. maniere, dumb. Manier, Italy. maniera) In art, the manner of expression peculiar particular artist or character. school, reflected in the technique, invoice and implementation of special features. Also character. expression of a certain period (eg. maniera grecaI). Vasari's "maniera" romanticism of nature, only in writings G.P. Bellorija in XVIIv. This term used critically in terms of "far di practice, therefore, manual skills. 

Work in one's manner, in architectural terms, it means design, compose, ornamentisati povodeći, in terms of external and formal characteristics, certain model. M. is also synonymous with mannerism, pose and routine, therefore, for all that, which is contrary to the concept spontaneous creation. Less is more paradoxical term which is of architecture. Theory introduced by Mies van der Rohe, in order to present Majesty minimalism in arch. and the process rationalization that leads to the magnificent final results. Mies buildings are excellent, thanks minimalnij use of materials, severity and simple arch. kopozicije, leading to simple solutions. However, this minimalist § criticized many (Paul Rudolph) because often ignored the demands and needs of the office building. Mark (born Mark, Franc. Marque, dumb. Marche, Italy. Marc) at first sign of ownership, and trade mark, seal, arms, factory sign, some indication of origin of goods (trade mark, trade mark). M. the products of artistic crafts (china, faience, manufacture of precious metals, furniture, tapestries, watermark paper -- filigree, etc..) indicates place, workshop or factory, master or artist, sometimes the owner and the degree of purity of precious metals. Very often m. indicates monogramom. MARKETING (U.S.) Represents the name of the process through which coordinate all elements of product sales the consumer-oriented companies. Advertising, packaging, new product development, market research and presentation products - items sold through M. is presented idealized in one way as it is be most acceptable to offer a market. At this way, M. predodređuje a trade mark products within a sector of the market. MAS CULTURE Culture massive layers of the population, it manifested by a large number of people. Housing Culture a kind of mass culture. Also, urban culture is a mass culture. MAS PRODUCTION name for the production of a product large number of copies, intended for mass use. Mas mass production follows the design. Production Car the example of mass production. Solid construction (German Massivbau) way of building in which features are wearing and closing the space contained within a single, homogeneous structure, as opposed to skeletnoj construction. With massive construction, the walls are made as massive, bearing structural elements, the ceilings are also massive, derived casting on the spot, rarely are prefabricated. 

With the massive construction of almost all construction elements function of carrying rhitektonskog object, unlike skeletal system, in which certain construction elements, such as columns, the function of structural elements, while other elements of a partition or Decorative. Solid CONSTRUCTION V. Load-bearing. Type of construction in which walls, blind, or point to open, carry ceilings, roofs, etc.., as opposed to the structure that is based on ramovskom or skeletal principle, as in bondručne construction. Construction of stone, natural and artificial concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. Solid Skeleton mixed system. If the skeletal buildings appear massive walls that replaced entire row (array) columns, can no longer be discussed "Pure" skeletal system, but on the other hand pure massive system, but on any area between the solid and skeletal system. This system is often applied with modern facilities. Usually the objects trotraktih intermediate tract with vertical communications, installations and sanitary facilities is between massive construction of walls, while the facade of the skeleton with a series of columns. Name of mass culture for the cultural concept that is intended for the use and implementation within the broad popular strata, of the masses. Mass culture is, versus elitističkoj, available to all layers and social strukturma, easy, simple, understandable, neopterećujuća. Concept m.k. the product postrevolucionarnog period of the Soviet Union, but encountered much earlier in works of social theorists - Utopian. In architectural terms, is one architecture that is accessible and understandable wide masses, ie, large number of its users. M.k. in koarakteristična architecture for various periods development, and significantly comes into play in the period realism, neo-realism, and in particular in terms of modern period arhitekure and functionalism. MASS CONSUMPTION Cases of mass consumption are those that man used daily and continuously. Concept mass consumption in the industrial design is base design products that are used daily in large quantities (newspapers and magazines, shoes, clothing, food packaging design, cars et al.). MASS PRODUCTION, MASS PRODUCTION (U.S.) Name for industrial production of utility items, arch. elements and objects of design for mass use, ie, mass use. 

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, mass production, as a consequence Industrial Revolution, inspired the creation of the first mass market for all types of products, including Art. New Market was a custom high class, since it had the highest purchasing power. Merchants typically have not been at all interested, for items that can not be sold, and whether it was an hats or paintings. Artists from all areas were forced to they fulfill the wishes of newly dictator of taste, and romantics rebelled against such vulgarisation their art. One part of their revolt got subtle form mentioned in the definition of Art, and such, relatively unchanged, and to reach us. Romantics were attributed unusual significance and originality creativity. Harold Osborn also writes: "For the first time in history, regardless of some early indications of Chinese theory of art, originality is accepted as the inevitable quality of a great work of art and artists. Much of modernist buildings, built before and World War II, with a strong intention of massive achievement production, were the industrial buildings. It is bolo mainly because it was considered that the objects mehanicistički shaped the way most appropriate industry; some users were brave enough to risks this new architectural style in an environment with is intended more for people than machines. The most significant example of MP Walter is a project Gropius and Adolf Meyer from 1922-23.g. mass production of housing units of construction elements "Large scale". MASS Architecture (born mass mass) emerged alongside with mass culture, whose main characteristics throw -- Away aesthetics, aesthetics of machines, adhokizam, industrial construction, mass production. MACHINES FOR HOUSING (born machines for living in) Le Corbusier metaphor, which is marked on the concept of home and residential houses as "machines for living", ie, stressed the importance of technology and techniques in modern housing. Le Corbusier residential units or houses for housing, but its form and content, function, associated with a technical circuit, a complex but useful, invented and built to serve man. Engineering Aesthetics (born Machine Aesthetic) Architecture which suggests that something is made with or the use of machines, which recognizes the industrialization mass production and engineering, also, Architecture which uses elements of metal structures (ships, airplanes, cars, etc.). eklaktički the way, as before 

manifestations of things, but as objects to the function they really have. Machine aesthetics sets contradictory demands for honesty and truth in architecture, and rejects the logic of structural principles. International Modern had a tendency to use polished surface of the walls and long bar window metal frames that are influenced by prekookeanskih ship as it was MATHEMATICS SPACE name for the space that is defined and mathematical provisions. It is euklidovski space, the geometric space and all. MATHEMATICS IDEAL ARCHITECTURE ideal architecture is Mathematics samerljiva and it is possible to define mathematical principles. They were understanding of Architects epoch of humanism and the Renaissance, when mathematical and geometric methods used to reach the goal: ideal architectural object. MATERIAJLIZAM in architecture and materialistic originated dvedesetih years as a consequence of and reaction to revolutionary and social events. Representing Marxist approach to the architect. with basic social utopijanizma. Materialistic architects have long been target of criticism as an architect whose works inhumane. Representative m.a. is Hannes Meyer, who is between the 1928th and 30.g. led the Bauhaus. MATERIALS IN ARCHITECTURE Certain materials have certain properties that are of special importance for construction. In addition to composition, technical and physical properties, construction materials have a specific structural properties, such as resistance to the effect external power, durability, workability, texture and taktilnost, nepropustivost, flexibility and, ultimately, very important property, the special expressive power. Focillon says materials entail a certain predestination or how he expresses "a certain formal vocation "... and thus be, restrict or encourage life forms in art. In various historical and latitudes the materials are, in some sense, determined the style of the epoch, climate, people and culture. Gothic rock is adored and from it are masters klesači realized fantastic constructive and decorative variation on the kind or earlier or later techniques could not even dream of. Alvar Aalto was in love with wood, Luigi Nervi in reinforced concrete, and Mies van der Rohe says only britkim tongue of steel.  From the hand of a true master of the material radiates rich its spatial spectrum of tones, in unskilled hands dies. The architectural transformation of the material in design and technical design remain inexhaustible 

opportunities. The old, classic material in new techniques get a new role and character, new materials create new epoch arch. future. Materials that exhibit their texture structural and physical properties such as hardness durability and special features of their "soul" as sincerity, warmth, intimacy and power. His taktilnošću materials are related to man and the people - are rough or intimate, spontaneous, or cold, repulsive, or humane. Their material properties of space that teach grade. From classic to plastic materials and sintetičnih wealth of their application and technical processing of the inexhaustible the field of architecture, which should continuously and repeatedly win. Materialization materialization in the architecture of essentially represents building, realization of a architectural object to the architectural plan. Materialization is the process of architectural achievements ideas through its embodiment Building materials. MEDICINE HOUSING name for discipline related to medicine and architecture, which studies the hazards and benefits of particular influence in the area housing. Medical housing deals: navigation residential buildings and units, insolation, ventilating, air conditioning, noise protection, insulated housing units, interior ergonomics housing units, the possible harmful effects different materials used in construction and architecture (plasters, roof coverings, paints, varnishes and etc..), to study and analysis schedule furniture and its ergonomic features. Medical housing is very important especially in those cases where the housing units located in areas who are permanently polluted due to the factors of industrialization neprilagođenog or due to rapid development and traffic. MEGA FORM Name of the architectural form of very large dimension, which is complex from influenza and podkompozicija form. Mega forms we see in the field of urban planning, and so can say that a big city is a mega-complex form. MEGASTRUKTURE 1st In architectural terms, consist of constructive framework of large dimensions in which the allocated to different buildings and different Poreba feature. In the widest sense of visionary move was Kenzo Tangea project for the construction of Tokyo Bay, 1960.g. For our time the term is often megastrukture distorting the normal process of building a city, among other things, amend its urban character. Modern 

architects are themselves oppose you support functionalism and megastrukture. Megastrukture the 1960s and 1970s, Mr. propagirane through projects and conceptual drawings, notably Archigram, which rejects the architecture, but whose vision City-scale wall drawings and nadživljavaju last megalomaniac recoil of those who defined the late Beaux Arts. Unlike the architecture of the suburbs, megastrukture are given to fit the total design and are very beautiful models, which operate on zasenjujuće architectural magazines, but were unrelated to any or desirable to achieve the then social or technological context. Occasional humorous application predstavnih funds in the style of visionary Pop Arta megastruktura fine as a goal for himself, with more literature, but the architectural intent. As architectural theory, M. do not correspond to real needs then the moment.  Modern megastrukture can be regarded as structure resulting from the evolution of skyscrapers - skyscrapers. The process of evolution has passed through four characteristic phases in the period after the Second World War II. The first phase is characterized by applying nternacionalnog style of modernism in the business towers, among which were the first examples of Lever House in Park Avenue in New York (1952), Gordon Bunshaft a company from SOM -- Skidmore Owings Merril ANF, and Seagram Building, also in Manhattan, who designed the immigrant Ludwig Mies van der Rohe with Philip Johnson-om (1958). The second phase lasted from the late 1950s to mid - 1970s, and represented the first phase of sophisticated taking advantage of technology - such as fast elevators, visokootporni steel and computer software - Which allowed the study of the structural system that will extend the capabilities of high construction. Typical examples for this phase of the Mies van der Rohe's Lake Shore Drive apartments, Chicago (1948-51) or Charles Correa-in kanchanjunga apartment block, Bombay (1980). The third phase in the evolution of high-erected business towers resulted from attempts to regain the audience that was alienated by using high invest in glass towers. This is mainly achieved using post-modernist forms of expression that are Derived from the types of building smaller, but which were widely accepted for commercial buildings, when post-modernism is accepted as a favorite commercial style of the 1980s. In essence, this phase antropomorfizmu the return of the famous Art Deco skyscrapers from the past, such as the Chrysler Building, William van Allen's (1930), or the broader State Building, 

Shreve, Lamb and Harmon's (1931). This may be characterized as "basic", "medium" and "top" design phase of postwar skyscrapers. The fourth phase is characteristic super-tower explosion, which occurred primarily in Asia, but you can see a much broader as the architectural expression of the global economy transforming cities around the world. These new megastrukture are monumental icons of this economy, international reprezentujući power electronic Finance, in which super-towers replaced by super power. Parallel to these economic imperatives, this phase in the context of its environmental and social interaction - as well as its conceptual expression -- in the development of type buildings, which should dominate the size of its form, structure, detail and service. Megastrukturalista most important representatives are: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York (1954-8); Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, John Hancock Center, Chicago (1965-70), Minoru Yamasaki, the World Trade Center, New York (1972-3); I.M. Pei, Bank of China, Hong Kong (1989-90); César Pelli, Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur (1992-97); John Portman, One Peachtree Center, Atlanta, Georgia (1992), Hugh Stubbins and Associates with Emery Roth and sons, Citicorp Center, New York (1976-8), Philip Johnson, Pennzoil Place, Houston (1976), Kohn Pedersen Fox, Ken Yeang, Pat Cobb Freed, Norman Foster, Century Tower, Tokyo (1987-91), Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong (1979-85). Proposed Millennium Tower, London (1997); Helmut Jahn, Messe Turm, Frankfurt (1991), Christian de Portzamparc, Credit Lyonnais, Euralille (1996); Kenzo Tange, Tokyo City Hall Complex, Tokyo (1991) and others. MEGASTRUKTURNE BUILDING toranjska Hong Kong Bank Building of China has 76 floors. In the lowest part of the square - prismatic, with a side length 48 m. Basically up omitted one by one quadrant of the square, and in the highest part of the building remains the only one quadrant. Applied bearing structure is composed of 8 čeličlnih bars at the side and diagonal plates prism. Heights of bars are different in some high altitude areas of the building. Each of the 8 plane bars have their own belts, so there trodimenzijskih steel nodes, and columns and belts adjacent bars coupled envelopment are reinforced concrete. So performed very easily achieved spatial Interactions plane bars. From the top of the building down every 13 floors of the gravity load transfer horizontal grid plates in bridne posts tower. Bridni pillars carry almost the entire weight of the building. Stub axle in the lowest part of the building dates back to the top of the 25 floors, and floors below him, a great free 

space for the bank premises. The building is based on the caisson to reach granitnog layer. MECCA architecture, soft ARCHITECTURE (U.S.) Architecture formed from the soft components: pneumatic cushions, THERE burlap and soft, natural and artificial materials, with which, various methods can build architectural structures. MENTAL HYGIENE term that refers to the urban agglomeration from the standpoint of its effects on human behavior. Authors such as Bowlby and Anna Freud, showed that m.h. not the same as physical hygiene, that it often causes, but it never conditional: the harmonious development of personality and its social relations is indispensable only the affective climate. The paradox is that unhealthy slum may prove to be healthier than those that are urban rearrange according to the principles of hygiene, psychiatric and court statistics relating to the development of mental diseases, alcoholism, crime and offenses, provide plenty of testimony about it. In France, the initiative R.H. Hazemanna, was founded criticism of the application CIAM urban principles from the standpoint of a lack of m.h. His conception of space and the key concepts resulting from such urban planning (standardization, Reproduction of green space, zoning, the abolition of the street) postalki are also subject to deeper analysis from the standpoint of their consequences on human behavior. Mental concept about the city is linked to Kevin Lynch (b. 1918) in which the image idea of our surroundings. The play is created both direct feeling and experience from past, collected in memory, and it is this that we allows you to process information and to direct their activity. The need for recognition of our environment and her ability to form such a significant and provide its roots so deep in the past, that the performances of the individual takes a very practical and emotional significance. MEASURES SAND fifties and sixties XXV. so. "Abstract expressionist" modern architecture are admitted one dimension of a small mountain town of canopy and its square: measure and so pedestrian. City life inspired his architecture. This interpretation medieval town planning encouraged megastrukturalna thinking - in this context, the small mountain gradovau technological process - and the support of bias modern architects against the car. Measure pedestrian became the primary measure of spatial orientation and a urban and urban structure in general. MEASURES, the concept of dimension is one of the primary surface data 

its determination. Physical samerljivost expressed units of length, width and height, while the area may compare a number of units. In addition to the measures, a measure of -- space measured in relation to man, landscape, atmosphere and Fig. In relation to the nature of viewing and movement appear the optical or time dimension, which will limit a spatial idea of the size derived from these conditions. Dimensions will be seen as the need to define position and the basic flow objects in space. At the same time, it provides realistic conditions for the control and measurement caused by the size of a process. Measures also determines the systems - the size and relationships elements that make the material basis of our scheme space. Further, highly possible measures determine the size usability of the surface in some processes, and architect time acting coordinating technical and spatial able with the material constraints, ie economic, social nature. Sovereign vladaanje measures in terms of the above claims require the need to introduce system arising from the nature of the process, and this in two ways: - Adopted on the size of the basic building material - a system known as modular coordination; - On certain size and their interaction, often geometric relationship. Both systems are characterized by the introduction of jedinačne values kojaomogućava that all measures terms as the product of a selected size and whole number. However, today the first system has far-reaching consequences in development of architecture and construction in general, because the basis for the standardization of construction elements and introducing the necessary conditions for industrial production. Slogan "faster, better and cheaper" feasible only in terms of changing trade production industrijskom.To will introduce new procedures and methods in building a common language in the form of modular coordination shall create conditions for internationalization construction. The second system - the adoption of certain quantitative units and multiplying by their geometric or procedure simple duplication, or halving, We find in the entire development of architecture, of course highest in periods with extreme tendency to establish control in the organization to create space. Renaissance architects, each for itself, in terms of individual specific size certainly the most left the world. Japan weighing room in the house 

Residential number hasura (Assur) - tatamija also belongs to this group efforts as well as an attempt to explain kompozicionih procedures in the past using some proporcijskih scheme. Most dimensional system (before the introduction of meter) shows the obvious connection to the needs of users, resultant from the characteristic size of his body: finger, hand, feet, elbow, step, etc.. Incurred as a the most obvious and most natural elements of comparison and gained universality of use. In modern dimensional systems in our time the same are starting values that were decisive in time before us. Space as its most obvious product saobražen according to its basic activities: sitting, standing, lying and moving. This four-paragraph in conjunction with use cases consists of dimension of space problems. Analyzing such typical surface situations easily come to dimenzionalnih conclusions that can be smaller getting to express one size. Produce systems, which have practical consequences of its expression. Given the same starting scheme - in the units of measure of human body - so we can identify similarities in different author. The adoption of international measures jedinačne importance - international modules - and the expression of this units through the proposed scheme, certainly stand before time that all of these preference shares try to express a hjedinstvenom scheme. The previous work in the internationalization of construction is more focused on the establishment of national standards, the problem građ. operative and approved elements, which is understandable, but the problems these unique scheme were ignored.  Metron) Complex MEASURES IN ARCHITECTURE (Greek  architectural structures requires, among other conditions, common term of size, a comprehensive system of measures. The original m. a. It is derived from parts of the human body, rates, elbow, hand and thumb. Such measures are in period of the earliest civilizations. About Vavilova. measures can be judged Discovered by a metal rod old 2000 BC, where the imprint of commas length feet, elbows and square brick of three palm. Ancient Egyptian royal or national measures of lacto 6 or 7 palms, 45cm or 52,3-52,85 cm. In Ptolemaic period, measures were also derived from parts of human body size and body is divided into 22 work. For the Greeks rate is gravna građ. measures, consisting of four or palm of the hand and sixteen daktila or finger. In its "Ten books on architecture, Vitruvius will 

anthropometry write about character building, "General building measures are necessary and are taken from the body, as thumbs, palms, feet, elbow, and divided the complete number. For complete the number of ancestors took ten ... and mathematicians six .. later, these two numbers combined and made number sixteen, as the number of the most complete ... That comes out to rate has sixteen Palace, to the elbow or a cubitus twenty-four and that man is a high 96 palace. Rybakov is perhaps the most complete systematized folk measures antropometrijskog characters: hair sežanj (216cm) prime sežanj (152cm), half sežnja (108), step (76cm), elbow (54cm), small hairpin (38cm), feet (27cm) and Small inch (19cm). Italian renes developers. accept rate and elbow and I find them in many drawings, particularly Palladievim plans for villas, which are listed vićentinskim rates. Ruskoni (1590th) and Cesare Cesariani (1521st) give their measures analysis of anthropomorphic characters, based on rate and elbow. Vasari, Leonardo Da Vinci and Gaurizio, give the harmonic scale systems, and Francesco Giorgi certain proportions of the body equal to the ancient musical intervals. Alberta represents the arithmetic system the more empirical way, recommending rate as base unit. Duererov approach is also empirically, using harmonic and arithmetic scale, refusing 83izmišljeno canonical savršenstvoI that are not can be found among ordinary people. Leonardo served alikvotnim body as fakturalnim measures emerging movement figures. It is an interesting Schmitov canon proportions, based on the fixed points of the joints and the whole parts. In India, the aesthetic principles are as religious regulations, and the Indian measures are based on oktavnom system, contrary to previous review measures antropometrijskog character. In China, developers are building for each anticipated four sides of the god in her heart, then 4 and 1 equals 5, or understanding the world of four elements: land, air, fire and water, four seasons, four times of human life (childhood, juvenile age, adulthood and old age), four finger more thumb and all. The Chinese were among the first developed the decimal system. Japanese developers are once again returning to anthropometric measures: ken (rastegljaj) 1.818 m, Kane hand (feet) 30.30 cm and the sun (thumb) 3.03 cm. In the Adriatic area and Central Europe used generally the rate or the elbow, and the Serbs, Bulgarians, Russians and Poles, among other measures, and there is ell known in Arabs. world called Dhir, or the Turkish Zira 

mimary, (75-75,8 cm) as the only neimarska measures prescribed by law, used from the sixteenth to the other half of the nineteenth century MEASURES IN THE COUNTRIES WITHOUT USE OF METRO AND RATES If explore measures in other countries that are not based on any the meter in any rate, we find often in agreement with »Building measure", however, such an agreement with other even numbers of meter is very rare. Egypt: 1 Baa = 4 Dhir mamari = 3.000 m, 1 Dhir mamari = 6 kabdaha = 0.750 m, 1 kabdah = 4 USBA = 0.125 m, 1 USBA = 6 Haba sair, 1 fersakh = 2.250 km, 1 Mila hahmi = 1000 Dhir mamari = 0.750 km. Ethiopia: 1 though = 5.00 m, 1 KINT = 0.50 m, 1 sinšer = 0.25 m. Greece 1 pik = 0.75 m. UK: 1 Pace geometrical = 1.253 m. Italy: 1 palm d'hours = 0.125 m, 1 Palma (Genova) = 0.25 m. Morocco: 1 quam 1.25 m. Ionian Islands: 1 trabucco 2,50 m DETERMINATION, PROCEDURES triangulation procedure by which large areas of land share, for the purpose of surveying, in a series of interconnected triangles, whose vertices are called trigonometric points. The procedure is measured by one party one triangle (base, base) and all angles, and sinus calculated using the other side. Trigonometric points form a network and, according to mutual distance of these points, the network may be higher and lower order. Network and provides order to a distance of 20 and more km, second row of 10-20km, second order of 3-10 km, IV the order of 1-3 km and V lines below 1 km. Mary, MODUL (L. modulus measures, criterion) Arch. measures determining the size of certain parts of pillars and arches buildings; unit of measure, measure, diameter metal coins, medals and all., figure or image of a seamstress and weavers; mold to make bullets; Fiz. Module elasticity, modulus of elasticity reciprocal coefficient of elasticity; model. Mercantile INTERESTS IN ARCHITECTURE primarily incurred in Severe late XIXv. That would later be extended to Europe. Is a set of inter expendable interests customers and architects who themselves result in specific character of the architecture. These interests depend on the economic factors and the desire of individual investors. Understanding the arch. by merkantilnih interests, it gets sometimes economic determinants that are more important than stylistic and other fine features. MEASURES Mesopotamian mathematical principles on which the Mesopotamia established the whole science of measures and relationships, it is clear perceives and the monuments. Based on these measures and relationships 

are determined and the proportions of arch. elements, and units measures the proportion of this match with the unit for length. The arch. this ratio measures imposed is primarily dimensions of material: brick, in the best periods, had for the length of the unit - rate. Length construction expressed by the number of bricks, level number layers. Dimensions of rooms in the palace also scheduled određivene the number of bricks. In Korzabadu, eg. one paved courtyard covered exactly whole bricks, ie. true dimensions of bricks consist of dimensions premises. This number is also perceives the relationship to proportion to the height of the building foundations: the stepped temples tower base has a length of the first degree equal to the entire height of the tower. Finally, in the grounds clearly saw the geometric regularity. It is implemented in both the temples and palaces, and regulation of cities. However, there is no symmetry, no shaft layout, there is no balance between the individual parts of buildings, in relation to their disposition, and no walls, no decoration of equality of division.META DESIGN Name design "design about design" which is characteristic of the Italian anti-design representatives from the 1960s, Mr. especially Ettore Sottsa-by, who investigated the cases as objects of mass culture in relation to his concept of "taste". Metaphysical Architecture (Italian architettura metafisica) Architecture that is conceptually rests on the metaphysical painting, which was inaugurated G. de Chirico time his stay in Paris in 1911-15 as a reaction to futuristic dynamism. M.a., like the metaphysical painting, introduces geometric regularity and symbolism paints, building space with a pronounced and trodimenzionalnošću achieves a specific atmosphere of internal tensions. Elements m.a. sometimes take on an ironic meaning. Like metaphysical painting, m.a. its ideas and resources found in the works of A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzschea. The most representative and most characteristic representative m.a. the Italian architect Aldo Rossi. Metaphysical SCHOOLS IN ARCHITECTURE The basic element m.š.a. is set up and observe the architecture level cosmic scale, ideal cosmic principles transponovanih within the architectural model. Main leader m.š.a. Louis Kahn was a significant were Aldo van Eyck and James Stirling. Often, in the sense use arch. construction, representatives of this school considered and Luigi Nervi and Buckminster Fuller.  metaphor Metaphor in the architecture (Greek  transmit, transfer) concept of the poetic metaphor means sense, the figure in which the word, the place of his original meaning, a second, because the speaker in his 

spirit used two subjects; abbreviated comparison in which not explicitly kazano that a thing compared to the second, that is, place the word that should be compared, just got the word with which it compares; picturesque expression, meaning of transmission, transmission of meaning. In architecture, metaphor is characteristic karikirano naglašuju characteristics of a particular architectural style or form or urban plan. The earliest plans were metaphorically represented: earth as a living being "mother" "Tree of life", the surface of the planet as a "turtle shell" and dr. Sometimes the plan of the building called "snake" because typical winding base and the like. Charles Jencks metaphorically shows three examples of camp architecture: the house Bruce Goff (Bavinger House), Herbert Greene (Prairie house) and Paolo Soleria (Desert House) as "snail" "Armadillo" and "lunar landscape". METAR - TRUE "COSMIC" LENGTH DETERMINATION meters accurate physical measurements of "dust-meter" is incorrect, because subject to external influences thermal shrinkage and stretching. The fundamental measure of morality is therefore determined otherwise, independent of changes in our Earth. Theory must be everywhere in the universe, the kind planet in any time, be able to determine the length of a meter, and even when he collapsed whole country with all its parameters. Only thus would accurately determined fundamental measures for all natural sciences. There has been invited to the aid of astronomy, which is the determining the length depends on the light (ie years lights). Thus it was established that 1 m = 1,533,164.03 wavelength of red cadmium line spectrum, the dry air temperature at 15 º and 760 mm air pressure. In this way, the length can always determine meter, using a special device. Earlier determination meter, based on the size of Earth, it was long, variable and therefore too inaccurate. Many are searched is a question of usability meters whose length of 10,000.000-that part of the Earth quadrant determined by intricate way. No man can not present itself the size of Earth quadrant, and even less his 10,000.000-you part. In particular artistic the world is to this day held a negative attitude towards This "nečovečnoj" measure. Just in the circles of architects, the debate on the measures, always again indicates a clear and natural measure of the rate that everyone can in itself advance somehow present.  measure, measure, L. metrum) 1 METAR (gr.  units (meter) measurement system, a unit of length: approximately desetmilioniti part of one Earth quadrant, calculating it from pole to equator (of Staff to equator); meter is the distance between two point of the SIPC 

alloy of platinum and iridium, which is stored in one international institution in Paris. Metric MEASURES Assuming that in our country only the Earth itself unchangeable, taken the country as fundamental measure, and this was determined by dividing the length of a meter. It was said that, in the event that one loses prototype meter, you always accurately determine the length of meters, on the unchanging size of Earth. It turns out, however, that this assumption is incorrect, and because the meter now measured by prametru, preserved in In Sevres near Paris, and his follower in the main cities of all countries that joined the metričkoj Convention. Metric RASTER Raster network in which individual square field data in a specific ratio of the size 1x1 meter. METASPACIJALNA Organization of name that is used for the organization of a space, most of which are considered ideal, a higher, sublime, ideal and perfect. Metaspacijalnu organization encountered in space, but also ideal plans, such as cities or ideal Palace. Metaspacijalnu organization encountered in understanding the organization of ant. city, where they often considered for pvorođene and kosmocentrične. Each is, therefore, was in the middle of one of the world, one version of the world. Speculation of this kind would not be at all possible to not the first, very noble delusions that the city entity itself vajkadašnja creations, made with universe, at a time when the existence of shared the absence, the line of the disorder.  research, testing, time and METHOD (gr.  way of research, L. methodus) deliberate and planned treatment at work for the achievement of a success, Truth, knowledge, the time and manner of testing, thinking and work, in research methods or heuristic methods include: analysis and analytical method, synthesis or synthetic method, induction, or inductive method, deduction, or deductive method v. dialectic and metaphysics, in particular: the way teaching and lectures; Socrates method of teaching in a way which comes to knowledge through skillful questions and answers. METHODS network PLANNING Network planning refers to the technology and time. Planned works (below activities) to be classified in those works that are uninterrupted time each connected from start to end plniranog building facility (critical activities), and which determines the duration of construction, and those who be given the free time "to move" within the certain limits, ie. who have called. "My reserve. This knowledge provides methods of network planning 

Given the many advantages hitherto developed methods. The technology of network diagrams shown, use of graphic labels that depend on the applied methods. There are two ways of displaying technology work: to focus its focus on the moment of the beginning and the end of the work, or to focus on enforcement activities. In first case is a network diagram described and shown nodes of the event. In the second case is described and show arrows activity. Another case may be in network diagram type and to show otherwise: activities using nodes and links among technological these arrows. Except by way of description and view of technology, network diagrams are differ in how time connecting consecutive activity: normal temporal relationship linking the moment the end of the previous activities with the start of the next moment, therefore called temporal connection end-start; time connection start-start (St. connection) connects the beginning of time previous activities beginning the following, which enables its freely moving in time, end-time connection end (Ft connection) connect time undergraduate previous undergraduate activities with the following, which also allows its time moving. Microclimate microclimate of an area or residential places ekemenata and a set of factors: soil, water, sun, wind, humidity and terrain relief, which determine causes of climate space in the characteristic climatic conditions. Special local climatic conditions in populated places much different from the climate uskova environment, and even differ among themselves with respect to purpose urban areas, location of settlements, relief and altitude. Land use and urban zones development of the suburban area with local factors climatic conditions, constitute the basic causes of mikroklimata city. Klimat depends not only on the impact of natural factors, but it is because of physical-biological phenomena changes especially in the village and city economic and business zones. The climate in the city is different from the climate of their environment, and this difference is especially expressed in temperature and humidity. In the town there are substantial differences between mikroklimata urban areas, urban districts and apartment blocks. Favorable mikroklimat the green areas, mild ozelenjenih slope and saddle, compared slopes of the forest, lake and rivers, and is unfavorable in the densely built closed urban housing blocks, paved squares, streets and similar surfaces, and closed a ogolelih valley, which are exposed in summer and winter osunčavanju brunt of wet and cold winds. 

As mikroklimat with favorable and unfavorable conditions for the housing formed by local or natural factors, as well as the climatic conditions may partially change and improve in certain remodelacija and reconstruction of existing cities and urban agglomeration. Greenery improve the living conditions of their environment as protection from wind, dust and noise, and it improves mikroklimat cities. MIKROREJON (architect). The main urban housing unit, in addition to housing, to meet elementary needs of the urban population in terms of supply, educational, cultural and social needs, physical training, etc.. Moving into residential mikrorejonu is generally pedestrian, where the transit traffic switched off. Depending on of system construction, the population is usually ranges from 4000 to 8000th MIKROURBANIZAM contrast makrourbanizmu branch of urbanism that deals with studying, testing, analysis and projecting the smallest urban units, such as microlocation are: immediate residential environment, part one street, one small urban area or neighborhood, pjaceta, square, right neighborhood, the old city core and all. MIKROZAJEDNICA Unit in urban neighborhood sense, mikrozajednicu is just one environment or small groups of housing units. Mikrozajednica is separate groups of residential units, each make immediate neighborhood. Problems mikrozajednice mikrourbanizam deals. PAPER particular graph paper printed with graph separation of the boxes. It is suitable for fast rendering of charts, podužnih and transverse profile etc.. Transparent graph paper, in the absence of planimetra, used for determining the area of the plan. The purpose of graph paper and sketching the design, just so I can use normal millimeter Papers with thicker outlines centimeter network, which I can buy everywhere. Centimeter squares fit in ratio of 1:250 = 1 IGM = 2.5 m. Square millimeter appropriate in scale 1:250 = 1 MGM = 0.25 m. For building measures (GM) and small building measures (MGM / 2) worth half each time. At the scale of 1:500 refers appropriately pomiču. Centimeter squares correspond to the ratio of 1:500 = 2 IGM = 5.00 m. Graph squares correspond to the ratio of 1:500 = 2 IGM = 0.50 m. Prepolavljenjem these metric divisions receive previously described IGM and MGM numbers. 

IGM / 2 and MGM / 2 For further sharing IGM / 2 worth ¼ cm, which the criteria easy to determine. Even the tag measures MGM / 2 = ¼ mm is not anything on the road, as the drawing scale marked and ½ mm. But in practice these are not common detailed measures in the small scale, but indicates the in a larger scale, 1:100 or even more in scale 1:50. In ratio of 1:50 Mhm / 2 = 2.5 mm, and therefore also easily indicates the IGM / 2 of the criteria 1:500. Millimeter RASTER Raster network at which smallest individual square fields of dimensions 1x1 mm. Used details when designing circuits. MIMIKRIČNOST ARCHITECTURE term refers to the arch. that fits in nature, making a synthesis of traditional architecture and organic forms. Arch. which is similar in shape and other external characteristics and the nature of the immediate surroundings. Minimalism in the architecture position in the architecture that the least possible use of different elements of architecture. material composition and achieved maximum compositional and aesthetic effects of a building. The most important representative of minimalism in the arch. was Mies van der Rohe, that his minimalist position expressed in the famous paradox "less is more." V. Rationalization. As continued product of the modernist movement and earlier, as well as its manifestation in other arts, sources of minimalism can look in the beginning Arts and Crafts movement, which diverge from Victorian culture. Find the beginnings of minimalism works of William Morris's, among others, for which the believes that the foundation established modernist the principles of honest use of materials and structures, as and totalan artistic work. " Minimalism,-so as to appears today, it is evident that pulling resources in philosophy and the work of Mies van der Rohe and the tendency reduktivističkoj which finds ultimate expression in his work. In order to achieve extreme simplicity of his works, as as such Pavilion in Barcelona (1928-9) and Farnsworth House (1945-51), Mies was intended to maximize the feeling of flow in the space between zones interior, as well as between external and internal space. Mies's reduction of detail is not represent his personal act, but was represented expression of fusion of architecture and nature. Certain changes An in reduktivističkog sensibility when minimalism as the position was accepted by many architects throughout the world, which are harder to find the answer to own questions of relations to nature and architecture. Among these architects who sought a balance between architecture and nature through the strict simplicity of form, area and details were: Tadao Ando, Antoine 

Predock, John Pawson, Alberto Campo Baeza, Donald Judd and Ricardo Legorreta, who followed the trail Luis Barragan's. The most important among them, Tadao Ando, does not accept the thesis architectural minimalism that is built equivalent of artistic abstraction and anti-representative reduktivizam that results from it. Positive contrast in the strategy of Tadao Ando's use of the refined version of the modernist language to won its context. Pillar, wall and window were taken as a weapon to be used against homogeneity, which they sometimes combine to create. Examples Ando-ve minimalist architecture are Koshino House, Tokyo (1981), Nakayama House, Nara (1985), Chikatsu - Asuka, Historical Museum, Osaka (1990-4), Water Temple, Awaji Island (1990), Meditation Space ua UNESCO, Paris (1995). Among other Japanese minimalist Characteristic: Shiro Kuramata, Yoshio Taniguchi. Among the most minimalist sculptures Lewis Barragan, the Plaza del Fuente y Bebedero, Las Arboledas, Mexico City (1958-61). And Towers, Satellite City, Mexico City (1957), with Mathias Goeritz-om. Minimizing INVESTMENT, LAW Minimizing INVESTMENT Rational spending of available investment funds is a general requirement of economic development. Through his influence the diffusion effect accumulation effect. Although the request is placed in each volume of the reservoir, but if the "availability capital "limited, accumulation effects of rational Investment spending is higher. Home and decisive stage in the process of rational Investment spending is a phase of site selection. It is home and opting for manufacturing and non-production investments. However, participation directly productive investments barely exceeds 50% total investments, the problem boils down to saving investments to: 1) finding the source of cost savings opportunities within the direct production and 2) the savings intenzifikaciju non-production investments. Immediately productive investment objective are determined technical characteristics production process. Nevertheless, the possibility rationalization of investment spending there. The structure of productive investments constitute investment in construction of buildings, in construction of facilities and procurement of equipment, machinery and tools. For functionality are the most important productive investment those that were made in procurement techniques. In addition to a number of factors, including some even psychologically (tendency toward a representative architectural appearance) location can affect the economically irrational 

structure investments, particularly elements of its geographical characteristics. Far more possibilities for minimizing the area provides neproizvodnih or indirectly productive investments. Before all, it is necessary for several reasons: 1) investment savings in this area increases the realistic scope of investment for production, 2) savings in construction neproizvodnih, especially infrastructure capacity, allow saving of funds for maintenance, 3) the principle investment savings states to respect the order of in the construction of industrial facilities. Two areas of savings are especially significant: the area infrastructure and housing-communal areas of the economy. Main railway lines, road bus, the main Electricity transmission networks - must be followers of economic activities, not "transit" character. The second area is the residential utility investments. Their importance arises primarily residential Quantum utility investments. While the non-production investment in education, culture, health, tightly related to territorial arrangement of the population, housing-communal disperzivne building has features that significantly affect the dispersion in investment, which automatically reduces rationality. Finally, an area housing utilities investments with their periods aktivizacije investment, housing and a complementary function communal economy, provides opportunities for some savings. MINUTES (Greek, Engl. Minute, Italy. Minuto) 1 In classical architecture, a unit of measurement is the sixtieth diameter of the pillars at the base of his tree. It can be the thirtieth or sixtieth part of the module. Minutes is the name for the modular unit of measurement length, popular in the Renaissance period. Part uncije, respectively, vićentinske rates. 1 vićentinska rate = 35.10 cm = 12 uncija = 48 minutes. 2. Sixtieth of a degree, which measured one corner. Right angle MIT thesis on the myth right angle is set Iannis Xenakis (b. 1922nd). He actually criticized plans right angle, because planning based on this tradition can not be solved or a simpler problems, such as the raising of new cities, and even even when urban enjoy the full support of their governments, as was the case with Le Avrom, Brazil or Chandigharom, who are now born dead cities. The present how architects and urban education it is impossible for individuals to succeed, on paper, a priori, that solve the problems of birth, construction and development of a city, problems which are a thousand times more complex than 

problems of a flat or an apartment complex. The lack of urban water solutions on paper, and they are just the right combination of poor line and rectangle, placed in inappropriate izvijugane spaces (= green spaces). Venice measurement system Medieval system dužinskih measures originating from the Venetian Republic, which is applied and in areas under Venetian influence. It comprises a elbow, little elbow, Venice feet, ounces, line, line. V. also: elbow Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik rate, Dubrovnik paragraph (PAS), Dubrovnik span, Sežanj.  color) MNOGOBOJNOST, POLIHROMIJA (gr.  Mnogobojnost; dyeing and plastic parts of the building art various colors (especially any of the usual Old and Middle Ages, in recent times re-enter mode). MOBILE ARCHITECTURE (born mobile architecture) Name of movable arch., one that can run, and mount dismantled. M.a. is also the architecture of wheels, house trailers. But, basically, the concept is refers to the movement in modern architect. which came at the end sixties. Representatives m.a. members French Utopie group, which was founded on political doctrines of Marxism, and which presented a series of satirical collages that represented an attack on bvladajuće arch. ideology of liberalism and futurizma. She it is however, made of the pneumatic elements inflatable: walls, floors, furniture. Even mechanical equipment houses were inflatable. MODEL HOUSING V. Housing. The name for the form, type, model for urban housing in one popdručju. Model urban housing is a model that assumes and proposes a specific type of life -- living in one urban area. Models of Housing depend on climate, environment, social aspects population, cultural character (education), economic opportunities and many other factors. Basic models of housing can be: urban housing and rural housing, individual and collective housing housing, housing in downtown and living in periphery, with high living standard and substandard housing. In relation to certain types of housing, we can also vary and some models housing, such as: a model of collective housing, model of urban housing, rural housing model, model of housing in the center, a model of housing periphery and others. MODELACIJA sculpture, design volume; obradoma materials, shapes, space, spatial elements, interrelation "full" and "empty", colors, rhythms, light and 

shadows and all. Modeling, modeling (Ford) 1 Two-dimensional presentation of three-dimensional forms. 2. Format Reduced three-dimensional form, according to the model, and using plastic materials. MODIFICATIONS (L. modificatio) Preinačivanje, alteration, predrugojačavanje, predrugojačenje, amended; alteration, preinačenost, predrugojačenje, predrugojačenost; determining measures, specifying, eg. a concept; limitation, mitigation. MODULE (Latin modulus, lat. Mn. Moduli) Measure relations scope for learning about the ancient form of which is the unit measure the diameter pillar, which is further divided into 30 parts (minutes). Height, width and length of propagation of a ancient buildings were shown units module. In ancient architecture, the unit measures which are determining the relationships between individual parts of the building. In Etruscan module was the rate, the Greeks and Romans radius of the pillar base. - In contemporary architecture module is taken as the dimensions of a man or a constant space axis pillars supporting skeletal structures. The new dictionary, the definition of m. is reduced to a narrow technical meaning that the module is analyzing classic lines of the architecture. According Vitruviju, the module is designated part of a determined size and the proportion of the unit. Various architectural canons determine the size of which depends on the main design module with temples, monuments, or the width of the column. In Facade dorskog tetrastila Delic to 27, and the temple in form heksastila width is divided into 42 parts, etc. Thus, M. is variable and measures can be a major or extra m. for different elements of the building, or corrective for the modification of the characteristic proportions compared to the dimensions. In the late srednjovek. arch. provided a more disciplined modulation, which is developed by interkolumnijuma ship the great cathedral of the structural elements got. svodovai their horizontal projections. In contemporary architecture, the module is any unit measures that facilitates prefabrikaciju. MODULE, constructive - step. Representing multiple amount of the project module, which determines the regulatory space - the range between two constructive elements. Module, or the basic amount 1M M = 10cm = 1dm, primary unit. MODULE, the project represents a permanent regulatory multiple amount of basic building module. MODULE, Rego HOMOGENEA (Latin) name for the module from which developed an organic structure (the Witkoweru). MODULE, MODULES TYPES basic types of modules are the basic 

module, project module, the modular ratio, constructive module, modular measures, modulated measures. Modulation name for the process of exercising a measure of relations, scope architectural elements and their determination by module. The modular concept means DISCIPLINA plan or project developed in a modular system in all its elements. The most important representative of the MD is Le Corbusier. Modular coordination "Module" is an English or French word came from the Latin source word "Modulus", which represented a small unit of measurement, as diminutive of the word "mode". In classical arch. modulus is half the diameter of the pillars of his base and proporcionisanja a unit in the classical line columns and entablaturi. Its actual size is not pre-destined, but is determined for each project separately. In modular coordination module is not a unit proportions, but the default standard measure that used for coordinating the dimensions of components of a buildings (doors, windows, panels, beams) with dimensions projected building space within which to set of components. Modular measures (oli main measures) expressed the same components of whole numbers module that determines the size of their projects within the building. However, the actual, Performative measures components will be ubek less than its modular measures opposed by creates space naleganja and its tolerance (manufacturing and handling). Confusion in the understanding "Modules" as the unit of standardization and its ancient use as a base arch. proportions, continued on eg., at Le Corbusierovog Le Module ". It is, In essence, the method of application of the principle of the golden section and no connection with modular coordination. Modulor Us nothing in common with the modular. Module in a modular co-ordination is sometimes smatraza "Basic module" that would razlikovan of its manifolds, which are used as modules of the plan, "Derived modules," "project modules and TD. Nevertheless best use of the term when it is limited to use the term "module" in terms of marking the "basic module, and from it to bring other expressions, such as "Network plan" for its multiple. This is needed from reasons because the size of the basic module international limited to 10 centimeters for metric countries and 4 inches for the countries that use inches and feet. Logical Background of the measure of choice for the basic module is not supported use any other measures, more or less, which would be multiplied and perpetuated as a module. In short, there is only one module: 10 cm or 4 inches. 

The international definition of this module was 10cm/4inča result of two causes. First of all, it was the efforts manufacturer to the module methods as possible from the larger reasons of simplification and mass production. On the other hand, the architects of view, there is nastojanjr to get as little as possible because the larger module aesthetic and functional possibilities of designing. The adopted principles m.k. unique for all regions world, where this issue debated. M.k. is entered the national technical standards of many developed countries, from France (1942.g.) and USA (4 inches, 1945th), Belgium (1948th), Italy (1949th), Germany (10cm and 12.5 cm, 1951.), and then the other developed countries. In many countries there are associations under construction modular standadima (USA, UK, Australia et al.). Modular MEASUREMENTS All those measures which appear simple division Project module, and as such rezultet give the whole division, decimal number. Modular NETWORK name for the network, set up in dimensions of selected basic modules, which are used the arch. design, construction architect. facilities or during archaeological excavations. M.m. can be: strip, rectangular, square, triangular, hexagonal, concentric circular, radial and circular dr. Modular auxiliary networks use a proper network different forms, constitutes one of the usual procedures that simplified the work process architectural design. It is used in ordinary plaid paper or specially drawn according to the network purpose. Architects are used in such a way solving moves general plan, and engineers, often, set their skeletal structure through drawings such networks. This procedure also facilitates job project office and positively affect the mental discipline. Only recently came the idea of the general use of networks not for the main set of structural elements and move general plan, but also to coordinate the position and dimensions of all materials and dimenzionisanih elements that are installed. This imposes their rationalization based on a specific network or combination of several networks, not only in the sense that simplify the work of the bureau, but also to facilitate assembly materials on site, with as little cutting and trimming. Networks are Used in the same manner in all countries, nor of Engineers in various one and the same country. To avoid any misunderstanding, you should resort to the sources and examine, at least elementary basic principles. Bramante's plan for the church of Sts. Peter's in Rome, is based 

network, and various structural elements, arches, columns, pilasters and niches, coincides with moves network. The purpose of these networks is twofold: they represent, first of all, auxiliary system, which allows situating facilities in relation to the permanent lines and points and thus the them; this network also establishes dimensional scale the studied area. In the chart, the horizontal and vertical distribution, defined lines, the auxiliary network correspond to each individual, the ratio of a certain size. Also, on a map, a sub-network serves as scale and allows to determine the position of any objects in a particular zone. During poskednjih years, some zamlje stepped up use of auxiliary network at set construction plans. Sometimes, as in Denmark, all evolution modular networks based on local or national traditions. In other countries, the use of networks is developed in parallel with the introduction of new building methods. Dimensions networks are different, but generally use square networks. Mutual position individual elements and their place in the collaborative plan some are unambiguous manner selected auxiliary system. When the elements are determined depending on the auxiliary network then reducing the number of possible formats and simplification trandardizovanje details and composition. In these circumstances, the use of network allows coordination position and assembly elements, especially if their size carefully coordinated with the basic dimensions of the auxiliary system. Modular auxiliary network or part: MPM are orthogonal system of lines where the distance between them, in both directions, as expressed in modular measures. Distance between the line network may be different, but always expressed in modular measures. In addition to orthogonal, we can use other forms of Network: diagonal, polygonal, combined, etc.. Advantage of MPM: 1. The process of designing a more rational and efficient; 2. Allows you to review, and easy kompariranje control of all lines of size at all stages design; 3. Directs the design process in the direction of structural disponiranja specific functional units and sets; 4. Facilitates and simplifies the choice and commitment constructive systems; 5. Discipline the thought process of design; 6. Allows dimensional coordination elements and parts of buildings; 7. Predodređuje industrialized construction method, 

prefabrikaciju elements or building. Position the selected MPM and adopted constructive system can be twofold, namely: a) continuous b MPM) batchwise MPM. MPM is a constant set so that the network moves pass through the axis of structural elements and thus define the measure (from axis to axis) as a pure constructive range. Batchwise MPM sets so as to places where the propagation of structural elements begins MPM interruption, and measures the volume element is added. Modular structure of the urban view, modular structures are developed for several thousand years, to the latest urban dispositions. Course modular structures are not only orthogonal but also Hexagonal and many others, as it shows Bakenonov proposal, while Lynch (Lynch) and modular structure square raster divided into "network" and "Chess." The combination of different modular structures, as well as "Discharge" individual "fields" and their use in otherwise, intensify the pace and physical changes structure as a whole. Projekt new German uuniverziteta Kandilisa, Josic and Woods (Candillic, Josic, Woods) pokaazuje features modular structure for the complex programs. Modular architectural elements for the name of the architect. elements that are made so that its dimensions correspond certain modular measures. Modular elements modular product design and is usually applied the prefabricated arch. facilities. The main arch. Module adopt a particular unit length, which determines all elements of modular arch. system. Modular design (Ford modular design) design based on established dimensions of modules, usually as a result use of prefabricated elements. V. Industrialized construction, but also supported theoretical interest. V. Modulor. Modular known size ratio is expressed as a whole number which multiplicira basic building module. Celebrated in the projects with (n). Modular RASTER Raster network at that square Field data in the size of the module 1 (1 M). 1 module is a measure of adopted for the primary measure of a project area, architectural element or elements of the interior. 1 module can amount; 10 cm, 60 cm and others. SYSTEM modular system of measures and dimensions of an arch. object that is designed and carried out according to the basic established measurement rules - module, which is derived from the unit of measurement of the human body. Modulated MEASURES name for all the measures that have arisen 

space or any other division of the project module, as resulting in measures that are not whole decimal numbers. MODULOR (franc., Engl.) System, which is the proportion improved Le Corbusier in his work Le Modulor (1951). Modulor is based on measures of male figures, and was used to determine the measures and proportions of the units and elements construction. Modulor in the theory of architecture name for Proporción scale set by Le Corbusier with its associates, which according to Albert Einstein "did bad difficult and good light. " Modulor I based on two lines, arising from the golden section and given in relation to human tell. Initial dimensions of the 226 cm (7 ft 5 in), which represents the amount of standing man with one arm raised, and which is polovona 113cm. In fact, human height is considered the height from 183cm. Event when the human height of 175cm, initial dimensions m. is 216 cm. Modus vivendi (Latin way of life) style of life, the way life. The concept is characterized by the manner in which one person or members of a social structure they live. Modus vivendi , in the architectural sense, refers to the manner and style Housing, Planning interior apartment or house, style clothing, in general, living. Modus vivendi, in sociological terms, is a way behavior characteristic of an individual or group population. The modus vivendi greatly affect the process urbanization, which determines the way of life, work and living in one urban area. There are different models of housing: a civil model, rural or rural model, tehniciziran model of housing, shematizovan model, the collective model, individual model et al. Molecular structure buildings made in the form of tubes and balls, arranged to resemble the diagram of molecules, as in Atomijuma, which was built for the Brussels exhibition (1958). MONOHORD in the architecture it was quite natural that seek appropriate numeric values for tones, as elements of musical harmony. Pythagoras was the purpose used a wire to the resonant surface, the so-called monohord. Titrajuće total length of wire = 1 octave, Pythagoras is divided into 8 tones, and tones the distance pripadajućoj determined by the length of wire. V. Pythagoras the science of harmony. MONOHROMATIKA Jednobojnost.  Chrome monos alone, and one Monochrome (Greek  color) Jednobojnost. The arch. a monochrome object or composition it, which is the final processed only once color or a material (natur concrete), but with 

thin crossings and shades from light to dark. The opposite notion is polihromija, višebojnost, mnogobojnost. Monochromy is also present in interiors, stained glass windows, tiling, decoration and dr. Flat architecture name for the uniform architecture, whose elements are continuously repeated, making uninteresting, nedinamičnu, and still neinventivnu composition. In the urban context, the monotony characteristic parts of a city containing identical, uniform, neinventivne elements. There prostona monotony, tedium or monotony koloritna arch. and urban. content. EDITING (Location montage) 1 placing a widget on place of use, rigging, assembly, assembly (machine guns, cannons etc..) 2nd Ba. Filling cartridges, shells, etc.., 3rd selection of certain fragments, parts, drawings, paintings and all. and writing into one harmonious artistic whole (in literature, music, radio, graphics, photography, etc.).. PREFABRICATED HOUSE, the origin of the idea originated more home montažnoj from the time of Leonardo da Vinci-I, which is also its author. Around 1500th In the universal genius yen designed the house of flexible elements, which are wooden parts were processed before they arrived at place construction. Making prefabricated houses began in England in the seventeenth century, while the production Americans start. Immigrants in the New World had fast and cheap to come to the roof over your head, so but 1900th Started production machining. In the nineteenth century prefabricated houses in Germany are raised primarily for military purposes. PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT Construction of the previously elements that are produced on site set up and connected (mounted). Unlike conventional construction, when the wall of brick, stone, stone blocks and when betonira on site, prefabricated building construction assembly occur previously made major construction elements. And manufacturing prefabricated building elements (prefabrication, predfabrikacija) is the main industrialization of construction. Previous experience s prefabricated building shows that there are no buildings that could not build the editing process. Building cash elements is not new. The oldest Age building elements are prepared on the site (stone blocks in quarries), are often transported to great distance and there incorporated in the pyramids and temples. From the seventeenth to the nineteenth century were built prefabricated wooden buildings accommodation for men in England, Germany and Austria, and 

accommodation for the colonial administration in British colonies. The first time was 1838th The organized industrial elements of the production of cement, and 1849th The industrial production of reinforced concrete elements, when the French gardener J. Monier (1823-1906) developed differently shaped containers for flowers. After several years (1852) produced the first aircraft assembly in the form letter T for rolling mill hall in Germany. At the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, is increasingly applied pretfabrikovani elements: the supporting structure of the casino in Biaritzu (1891), the first velikopovršinski concrete roof elements (Brooklyn, USA, 1900.) Prednapregnuti concrete roofs and ceiling system (Lund, 1905), reinforced concrete grid construction system (Visintin, 1906), the first glued wooden konstukcija (1910), the first mounting residential building in Europe (1918), serial production carriers of prestressed reinforced concrete for the ceiling and roofing system (Hoyer, 1937), prefabricated reinforced concrete supports for the bridge (span 33 m, 1938) and the hangar near the Rome (range 36 m, 1939), a prefabricated bridge over the river Marne (range 78 m, 1942). R. Camus (1953) made the Fracuskoj idea of construction of residential buildings previously made of elements that are on site only mounted. PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION, PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION PURPOSE The primary purpose of the transition to building industrial action, because also achieved greater productivity. In addition, such building has many advantages: a) prefabricated components produced in optimum conditions, and achieves better product quality, better utilization of materials, and ensures a successful quality control, b) realizes the continuous production of the elements regardless of weather conditions (trestlework, the height and replaced by a free performance under the roof), c) craft industrial production is replaced with a better utilization of machines and devices, with the possibility of serial production and application of mechanization and automation, d) reduced the use of scaffolding and sheeting to snizuju construction costs and save the forest, e) reduced the contraction construction, because the prefabricated elements, but stable before the assembly, f) components are usually mounted dry procedure, and less moisture enters the building, g) build faster and can be hard to achieve simultaneity and finishing works, thus reducing costs site (Work Director) them) need less skilled workers on site, which is now in developed countries are difficult. Assembly building with good organization and with the selection of a suitable mounting system can be achieved by cheaper construction. 

Assembling the building, however, has shortcomings. They are be reduced to the following: a) require the large starting investments (construction of the factory prefabricated elements) that are justified only when the serial production of enough large, b) increased transport costs, because elements must be done to bring the factory to the site; they can reduce transport and good organization production of some, especially heavy, elements on the site, c) difficulties in construction are numerous couplings (joints), but they are approximately 40% decrease influence of temperature changes in contraction and stretch construction d) there is a danger of uniformisanosti building, which should not be equated with standardization elements that always has a positive impact. Often, but one of the aforementioned advantages can be sufficient for the application of prefabricated construction. Thus, for example. In industrialized countries lack skilled construction workers in countries with cold climate, better utilization of relatively short construction season can affect the decision on the application prefabricated construction. MONUMENT CASE (L. monumentum) Art made object directly or symbolically serves as a Memories of when ilišto, monument. Monumental (Latin monumentalis, dumb. Monumental, Engl. Monumental) Name of the building especially large dimensions of buildings or those that cause the reviews and monitors special feelings. Also, the name for a very significant building. MONUMENTALIZAM an entry arch. direction, style or single object that refers to his grandiosity in physical or preliminary sense. Strong features monumentalizma imajumnoge arch. epoch, and many Styles: Egyptian epoch, Hellenistic architect. style of architecture. Ancient Rome, Renaissance, Classical and others. Monumental architecture name for the architect. whose dimensions huge in relation to man and that is the basic character of its physical size. However, it is not always necessary to m.a. be physically grandiose: monumentality of an arch. object is also achieved monumental, grandioznošću his ideas, concepts and importance. During the history of architecture., Gain countless examples m.a. Old civilization on the soil of North Africa and Latin America is left behind the most important examples monumental arch.: Egyptian pyramids, and Pawukon Latin American pyramids. Far Eastern Civilizations also abound m.a. in the form of numerous temples. Arch. Old Greece and Ancient Rome can be considered conceptually monumental architecture, whose arch. rows and styles prevails intentions and ideas monumentality. In 

Gothic era, the monumentality of the main characteristics and purpose construction of the cathedral. In the Renaissance period, there monumentality of the most sacred architecture. Contemporary monumental arch. present in physical arch dimensions. objects, rather than conceptual and preliminary sense. Modern Skyscrapers representatives new concept of monumentality. Monumental building (Latin monumentalis, Engl. Monumental) 1 Building which was built to be monument, or like it. 2. Construction is formal, impressive, very large and constant, probably built in order to impress and intimidate the viewer. Morality residential architecture question of morality residential architecture is related to the question of morality architecture in general. Residential architecture is the kind of architecture that is most related to man and his needs, which is the effort to satisfaction of the needs in the most appropriate way. If housing architecture not meet the needs of its inhabitants, comes to the creation of pathogenic elements that are transmitted the inhabitants. Morava rates is called the modular unit of measurement corresponding unit rate, which is used in the period Moravia school. 1 m.s. = 30cm = 4šake = 16 fingers. Name of the morphological structure of urban and architectural structures that are related to the geographical structure of the terrain and areas where the urban environment, or architectural form are. Morphological structure represent the areas and positions, houses, streets and squares, monuments, environment and četvri, associated with natural oblicime terrain on which they are located. Contrary to morphological structures, social structures that distinguish include the division of the population, age and gender, household, active or passive population, the so-called socio-professional categories, those who manage or guiding. MOTIV (srednjovek. lat. Motivum move from launch) In character. arts, the landmark work of art by shown the content, form and characteristics of ornamental purpose (decorative M., ornamental m.). Physical the name M. differentiated from the name issue that is used when talking about the composition with the mythological, legendary, historical, sacred, allegorical, etc.. content. ARCHITECTURE motif in the motif is possible to determine in any level of organized space, if the course does not work the emergency shelter. But it is reasonable to međuakciji level and mark the forces that act on specific motivation. In principle, it is possible to accept that the motive constituted 

as form and technique influenced many reasons. Hence motivation should not be viewed as the sole form of the problem, because often in organizations can speak about the sociological motivations which structured basis to space. At the level of built (urban) environmental motivation are often combined: social, economic, political, organizational, etc.. For example, the right to vista as adopted the principle and motive of many cities in the past there its consequences, as a motive, only in the organizational sense. Motif does not act only in the urban fabric, but the motivation predodredila and an inner side of life units: the distribution of social, family relationships, rights of indoor and outdoor life and the right to meditation and enjoying the sight. Such action motif finding thesis developed in the area represented by 1934.g. Gropius: "High buildings are surrounded with as much as possible greenery, proved to be the only type of housing area of major cities. "Le Corbusier shows the same motives building Unite d'habitation and Marseille, 1954.g. Both the thesis consists in the reduction of built space under the influence of various possible techniques, and suggest that the significance and consequences of multiple motives are combined. At the level of the urban environment affects the level of motivation ograđenosti and involvement in the environment, determines the next general regulation of all kinds and types of mass flows with direct consequence of its organizational structure. At level fenced-involved premises, three cases of modern architecture such as the German Pavilion at Miesov exhibitions in Barcelona, 1929.g., Le Corbusier Villa Savoie from 1929-1931.g. and Herbert Jacobs House F.L. Wright from 1937 are the best examples of the different motivations inner space, which each have the same principle characteristics in relation to landscape and environment. German paviljn in Barcelona shows the existence of close and general motives mobile connections built environment and landscape. Mobility is its internal, built, organized, and it is created a technique of "liquid space" (flowing space, espace courant). Expressing the basic theme of overlapping environmental, Villa Savoie and Herbert Jacobs House, the same theme in question and built stronger effect fenced own world in the middle. At the level fenced, it is possible motives to tie the "chain" interrupted him, and thus determine its various "Depth". In a typical unit is obviously possible the three basic degrees to make the merger motives or their interruptions: 1. Orientation in the direction of movement - no access doubt, be "deep svezivanje" motives; 

2. Sagledljivost and the possibility of movement - orientation the groups - relationship to the outer space. 3. Analysis of certain groups - and the relationship Interrelations the outer space. NETWORK IN ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURAL NETWORK name does not a construction perspective, but they tool for three-dimensional organization of a abstract space, its anatomy and structure and basic concepts of network theory. NETWORK, modular auxiliary networks are used when design to determine the elements of the definition space, and from them is still determining a constructive spatial elements and functional elements. There following modular auxiliary networks: continuous modular auxiliary network, batchwise modular auxiliary networks, transformed modular supporting network, superponovana modular supporting network, miniplicirana modular auxiliary network. MULTI CENRIČAN SPACE, SPACE polycentric space in architectural and urban sense, which is formed deployed more about the centers. V. Multi centrični city. Multi-functional, multi-purpose in the architecture, called for One area that has more than one purpose. Almost all types of architectural space can have more than one function, regardless of their purpose. In housing, multi-functional kitchen area and receives function of eating, while multi-functional space living room can have function libraries, and sometimes and feature a bedroom, in exceptional cases. There are multi-functional buildings designed with karakeristikama predicted performance more related or different functions. So eg. multifunctional sports hall may have a course of several functions various sports, and even has the function of cinema or congress, concert halls. Multifunctional squares are not intended only for the gathering of large number citizens, but often had the role of urban markets and Hall (in ancient Rome), and functions of the courtroom, a place executions. Multifunctional is a very important feature of one space and as such represents an advantage urban environment. Multifunctional in certain cases may be a fault space (as eg. Multifunctional living room), but usually it advantage (sports hall). MULTIPLE (from Lat. Multiplus multiple, Engl. Multiples) Artworks designed for mass production, which theoretically can be derived in unlimited numbers, without erosion of quality content. Multiplication, architectural name for umnogostručavanje 

the same architectural elements, units or buildings that are in jedinstvenojh whole. Multiplication is distinctive residential architecture, as well as architecture of the administrative building, where offices multiplied around the core of the building or corridor. MULTIVALENTNOST SPACE (born multivalence value importance) Name of ambiguity, or the importance of multiple multiple values of a space. Also, the term is one area that has more space characteristics. According to Jencks, M. is within one space valued the presence of different levels meaning. Thus speaking, MP consists of four different quality: imaginative creations, or ways set of composition elements fill the space in November way, the quantity of parts of a composition that is so transformed, the way attachment between the parts represents a source of creation and which allows the parts modify the composition between them. Theory multivalentnosti we present a concrete example two types of architecture: one is the architect. Le Corbusier, which shows imaginative fusion, and the other is the architect. Frederick Gibberda, showing a set or composition which is essentially univalentna. Mutualism (born reciprocal mutual, reciprocal) Characteristics of architecture, architect. ideas, concepts or arch. attitudes that are derived from more diverse ideas, and that within their structures bear more ideas and influence. Gropijusov founding manifesto Bauhaus carries content the idea of socialism itself Gilda, Movement Arts, and Krafts and mutualizma. NATIONAL ARCHITECTURE name of the architect. objects, ideas, movements and general cultural, ethnological and other examples Construction and Architecture, who founded, originated from sources, traditions, culture, social, economic and other conditions of a nation, country, singled out the region, territories with detached and rounded features culture. N.a. we can observe in many levels of development and context of several important factors: the historical development, period of history from which they sprung, conditions predodredili n.a.: geographical, regional development craft, the level of development of culture, tradition, usage particular build. material needs of the architect. meets; typological characteristics of the arch., socially regulation and its impact on, the faith and religious customs et al. Contrary to national architectures, there movements of international architecture that is architecture formed independently of any national influence. NATIONAL DATA ARCHITECTURE term describes elements of an arch. which are characteristic 

traits of a region transposed to the arch. objects. Arch. objects with n.k.a. do not have to be architecturally representatives of the national architecture, objects often representatives of the modern architect. movement may have national characteristics. N.k.a. can be characteristics, form, construction, disposition and plan basis, ornamenici, use of materials and others. Many modern architects have used the national characteristics of individual countries to achieve the desired architectural goal: Frank Lloyd Wright, the project Villa used his national characteristics of Japanese arch. also in the hotel project in Tokyo. Many years sheath will Kiyonori Kikutake transponovati elements National Japanese architect. and apply them in their buildings (Civic Center, Miyakonojo, 1965-66), Alvar Aalto of Finland will build the traditional elements in their projects (Saynatsalo City Hall, Finland, from 1950). DRAFT (Entwurf German, Engl. Draft) By drawing shown solution to the architectural building or buildings, which serves as a basis, the basis for making architectural plans. Also, also called: predprojekt, Project sketches or preliminary design. V. Architectural project, Plan. PRINCIPLE URBAN Gravity Principle urbanizovanja one areas due to the distance from the primary institution social and health care, education, public utilities and supplies, sporting and cultural centers and the like. WAY CONSTRUCTION (German Bauweise) Urbanism term indicates the construction of building units or group in terms of their mutual relations, dispositions, relationship to the ground, roads, open space and other spatial - urban headings. Way construction is the most common types of urban systems, choice for urban settings and how orientation of architectural structures within a urban unit or separate group architectural objects. Basic types of construction methods in the urban context, are a way of building an open, closed way of construction, Building in a row, the construction of lines, block the way building (open block, a block of half-open, closed Block et al.). Open a way of building the urban structure or group of buildings of architectural slobodnostojećih on their, individual parcels. Objects are usually four-oriented, and every architectural unit is special, a separate entity. Mixed method of construction is a combination of 

open ways of building and construction methods in the series. In this method of construction, architectural objects are: 1. extracted independently on their own plots, 2. interconnected with neighboring facility, forming thus dual object, or 3. interconnected with two or more neighboring objects, forming on the way down. Closed block the urban structure in which objects placed in the form of a closed system, so that buildings were set on the edge of the plot, right with the surrounding streets, leaving a free but closed space in the middle of the block. This method of construction is applied in the construction of the old city core, where the processing of external facade of the block (the streets) richer and plastičnija in relation to the interior of the block. In the construction of a series, was created in the form of the street, along which placed objects, each one leaning to another. In building the ranks of the facilities were built and lamelno placed parallel in relation to one another. In block method of construction, architectural objects are connected to many that its form is open or closed block structure. NADOGRADNA Flexibility V. Flexibility in housing construction Naive ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE NAIVACA represents the arch. arising from the implementation of ideas or naive artist, layman and amateur art, as an expression of their particular person or the realization of their aspirations, wishes and dreams (see surreal architecture). Naive architects join the process of building the internal drive and desire, not the intention to meet its own functional needs for housing, so that their arch. not a functional, constructive, or other characteristics of organized plan. Among prominent representatives n.a. Ferdinand Cheval's, postman from Hautrives in France, who was 33 years build their "ideal palace". His Palace a mixture of many styles: mošeju with minarets, Hindu temple, Swiss Chalet, Maison Carree in Algiru and medieval castle. Another representative n.a. the Simon Rodilla, Neapolitan, tilery, who emigrated in the U.S. and built the Watts Towers (1921st-51st) near Los Angeles, a high metal skeletal structure covered with pieces of broken concrete inkrustriranu glass and porcelain. Further examples n.a. presented Gilles Ehrman (in the book Les Inspires et leurs demeures, 1962.g., with a foreword by André Breton): Maison de la Sirens, covered shells, which was built boatman izVendee, a second house was built and covered mosaic 

a gravedigger and others. Land use (Urb.) Plan land use and the use of Land is the main part of the spatial plan, although the plan in the spatial plans have less meaning than in urban plans. Serve as a base map in scale that corresponds to the area for which the draft spatial plan (eg for municipal plans scale 1:25 000, for regional 1:50 000 to 1:250 000 for the Republican plans scale 1:250 000 to 1:500 000). The plan uses surface areas were specified purpose and the individual location some specific objects Land use, land use PLAN (Urb.) plan purposes surface is the basic part of the general urban plan. It prescribes the use of land, and determining the zone and individual locations. General to plan the content, which have the function city, not a local meaning. Their accommodation necessary to determine the level of a whole, and not at the level of detailed urban plan, either because they affect the overall concept, either as a separate site requirements given the characteristics of the soil or due to spatial relationship with other general city functions. Zone of the individual sites can vary size of the area. It covers a specific area more users of space are largely homogeneous (groups of particles), and accommodation of any of them has importance for the whole city. This means that the zone is actually final units for the level of general plan and it need to plan and the level of detailed urban plan, which will show the arrangement of each particle. Individual site determines the level of general Plan for the contents of which are in the urban area appear isolated, either because they operate under the principle of gravity (centers, schools) or have specific site due to the demands of terrain features or functional relationships. Criteria for determining the surface include: characteristics of terrain (slope, Solarize, humidity, capacity, appearance, vegetation, etc..), the use of surrounding land, existing types of construction, accommodation in the city (due to roads and transport terminals, regional transport system, river or sea shore, the direction winds, the direction of flow and amount of groundwater) and the principle of gravity (distance from the primary school, shops daily supply, local supply centers, public services, greater supply centers, etc.).. Areas are classified according to the use of residential zones, that can only be residential (except housing allowed and retail trade and basic ulsuge) and housing central zone (the ground floor, in principle, intended for trade 

and services), residential and business areas (such as residential areas, and permitted are less productive units that do not bother around the office building), city center or business zone (all central functions with a small part housing), business-manipulacijske areas (trade wholesale, warehouse, office buildings), industrial zones (industrial plants, services, warehouses, manufacturing crafts, etc..) traffic area (streets, squares, promenades, public parking), the surface transport (railways, stations, airports, ports), free surface (public green areas, sporting, agricultural and forest area), specific surface area (cemetery, Fair, dumps, military facilities), the protected zone (protection zone monuments, nature, vodozaštite, protective green belt, functional protection belts), neizgradive (non aedificandi) area (zones and special belts restrictions, spatial reserve zones, etc..) and network individual locations. Take NAPINJAČI IN EGYPTIANS Ancient Egyptians were the important task of determining building special Chekhov, herpedonapte (napinjače rope). From numerous showing all the Egyptian epoch can be seen and their religious cult meaning. The pictures from the 2500th years ago AD, as well as pictures from the 150th years before our era, are always the same napinjači rope that fuzz flown cake. These millennial guilds with primitive means coming to incredible success. According to Borchardt's measurements, were deviations at angles Khufu pyramid, the orientation towards of the world, the most 3 'and 3''. One of the conditions was correct up to 2'', ie. to the 1800th part uglovnog degree. In a symbolic situating buildings participated even I am a king. In so doing they manage the star, as which is visible from one source that pradavnog Cantor said: "The king said: I took a wooden pole and hair shaft. I hold the rope together with the goddess Safeh. The view we go for the movement of stars. When my eye encounters a Great bear constellation, and when we meet certain Weather section of the clock, set a corner point your divine temple. " NAPINJAČI take into Iskolčavanje Gothic Gothic cathedral it was like the building is also symbolic act. "Orientation" the main axis of the cathedral is set up as as the name suggests, the choir to the east. On the east living and died Redeemer and Savior. There is, of course, was governed and respect the community. There, the choir was the altar before which the kneeling priests facing istoku.Katedrala the "smeštala", "getting" the majority Ekvinocijo on the day when the sun is born exactly in the east or at noon the shadow olovnice. Much like today 

large areas of Earth trianguliranjem measures which starts accurately measured from the base, so in the Middle Ages, the measurement of all the details on the building, starts the natural length of the base figure for the selected proporcionisanje. Accuracy klesarskih works in Gothic can be understood only from the fact that applied geometry of the circle as the criterion. ADVANCED ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS contrast to conventional architectural elements, advanced architectural Robert Venturi elements as the architectural elements that are derived from economics and technology construction. NARRATIVE ARCHITECTURE (born Narrative Architecture) Represents the expression developed by architect and enterijerista Nigel Coates mid-1980s and by the used his group NATO (Narrative Architecture Today), which was founded in London in 1983 Coates insists on the point that the narrative architecture before all attitude, approach and not style. He believes that the function an arch. facility has less to do with the architect. structure and more with aspects that are virtually invisible -- contemporary environment largely depends on the electrical cables, telephone lines and radio waves. Zbot all this, the architecture is open to the new definition. Considering that the symbolic functions of architecture. can be layered set, so the restaurant can become stage, Coates believes that the arch. should contain so-called. "Mental dimension," time dimension "and thus and narrative dimension. In other words, he viewed such as interior scenes, where the space is going scenario out of function space as a place of human residence: being read, entereijer also evokes psychological responses. Therefore, if the external world includes features such as energy, volatility and variability, chaos and conflict, then this characteristics should be reflected, even exaggerated within an interior. Also, layers of references to past and future can also highlight features present. If these spatial concepts draw near the film or television scenografskom understanding of a space within which the space - time characteristics of the abstract categories, then we can observe n.a. such as language film or television. This approach arch. can be observed under the general guise of postmodernism, as well as part of a radical design, or anti - design. Also, while Robert Venturi influenced the implementation of signs and symbols commercial world of architecture, n.a. observed suptiliniju much use and re-use of modern 

imagination in which the emotional and experiential aspects played an important role. N.a. represented a working concept which was based on Coates's own works. However, a similar approach we can find in Spanish Alfredoa Arribasa and Javier Mariscala in the period 1980 -- such as the British and Tom Dixon and Daniel Weil. VIOLATION Areas with increased "pomodnosti" ecology and its orientation to the problems of "truncated environment," "Disturbed the ecological equilibrium," "attacked ecological system, etc.., grew and involvement ecologists studying the basic factors that led to konstatovanog condition. A large number of ecologists who studied the causes and the large number of classifications factors. Here are just a few classifications of causes: Gutheim considered to be the main causes are in hiperpopulaciji, the growth of the population that urbanizira and existential limited resources, on the other side. This imbalance causes the collapse of three: 1) breakdown of harmony with the natural environment, 2) breakdown in social system, and 3) breakdown in human psychology. Ylvisaker suggests three groups of factors: 1) the trend growth population, 2) growth of cities and 3) the insufficiency of public city services. May also have three points, but somewhat differently, reasons: 1) akcelerirani population, 2) urbanization and 3) new technology. Johnson believes that the main cause of unfitness technical level of development and conditions of development and its position discusses numerous examples from developing countries. Frequently in this regard to manage the two groups error: 1) to apply the latest techniques can skip the period of research, experimentation, developing a "developmental discipline", 2) that sufficient build a great industry to increase national income and achieve prosperity of the country. Perhaps the best example of good synthesis of Japan, where the Western merge technology and samurai discipline, integration of foreign elements with what is deeply rooted in the cultural heritage. On the other hand, as Examples can include Buenos Aires and Manila. Third živiela population of Argentina in Buenos Aires, seventies, with a tendency to increase this percentage by half in only one decade. Company located in Manila provide over 50% of the total industrial income in the Philippines. Mesthene speaks of "the five guilty of technology": 1) technology has deprived man of work, 2) technology confiscated man individuality, 3) technology has become autonomous, eliminate the need of human control; 4) technology dehumanizirala all spheres of human life 

and labor and 5) the technology has changed social conditions individual behavior. From these considerations stems rather obvious that the the most widely spread understanding of the importance of two basic group factors for disturbances in the ecological system: 1) population growth and 2) the impact of technology. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING (born outrage) Concept was introduced into the arch. theme of the same name magazine Architectural Review, dated June 1955.g., where the specific forms violence in the arch. and urban. It was the final answer to urban chaos that is increasingly taken Maha. Topic Journals grown in continuous column, that was later drowned in a permanent contribution to Ian Nairn and subtopia play "barbarian civilizations." N.a. a impacts on the arch. particularly urban. that aggressive and harmful activities degrade the quality of any architect. and urban. Najrečitiji urban examples. violence are all types of illegal construction, unplanned expansion of cities and construction of substandard urban substructures. Naturalism (the lat. Natura nature) 1 Everyone theoretical explanation, especially philosophical, which takes origination of "nature", ie. human experience accessible phenomena and laws. In this sense, n. is thought position contrary to mysticism (supranaturalizmu). Towards Philosophy, n. nature of reality and is the primary source of all events in the world, all conscious and spiritually, for example. field of ethical norms and social structures, derived from natural material and depending on him. 2. In the area of character. art and literature, N. general means the direction that takes for its subject and the creative model nature. However, the end of the term mnogoznačnosti "Nature", the term n. indicates different tendencies in art. So the arch. sometimes n. called the aspiration according to which potpunijoj and vernoj imitation of forms from nature. In recent years, narrowing the name n. those Art priukaze real world in which he emphasized elemental, rough and wild natural creatures. Naturalism in the architecture 1st The architecture is § imitation of nature in the architecture, analysis and research of natural phenomena and the state and their implementation in architecture. Naturalist harmonize its environmental, especially the architectural principles with natural principles and transpose them within their facilities. Naturalistic § transposing the natural laws and principles within the artificially constructed human life environment. 2. The term is also used to describe Naturalists approach to the use of natural building materials and natural, often raw and rough surface architectural objects. Naturalism in this sense is 

used as a term that means roughly processed facade of an architectural object surface, constructed of natural materials, often in their natural, raw state. Such naturalism is often changes in brutalizam architectural construction, which characterized by the use of natur concrete and rough final processing. Dysfunctional features contrast, the term karakteristiše an architectural building, interior, room or part of the furniture in his sense of difficult use or inconvenience to use. Dysfunction occurs when they are not sufficiently analyzed the characteristics of a utility architectural space or object, so that the result problems during its use. Dysfunctional building is one whose purpose does not correspond to the object and purpose that can not be used successfully and without problems. Non-functional furniture does not match the ergonomic characteristics of users, uncomfortable and impractical. Dysfunction is often caused by the formalism approach to designing and planning, when the designer devotes considerable attention to the format or storage facility, and insufficient to address the use of its features. In contrast to non-functionality, the functionality provides meaningful and easy, comfortable use of a space or object. Based on the characteristics of a utility space, we can speak of functional or dysfunctional area. Functionalism in architecture is a movement or architectural attitude which primarily treats the usefulness value space or the architectural object, and only then treats its aesthetic and representational characteristics. NEGATIVE IN URBAN PLANNING symbiosis represents a symbiosis contrary, opposite tendencies and goals that corresponds within a single urban community to the detriment of On the one hand, but in the end, the historical context, as result brings progress. Almost the entire history of architecture. and urban. the negative examples of symbiosis. Symbiosis strong, nehimane and tyrannical rule over the people, which brought wars, enslavement and death, left the most important architect. monuments and urban organization cities, which had no equal. In this way, negative symbiosis in extreme terms had positive effects. NEGATIVE SPACE (born negative volume, negative space) closed, surrounded by empty space in architecture, sculpture or painting, which is the backbone of the whole artistic composition. Neimarstvo, construction (Org.). Scientific-technical area 

which includes research, design and construction all types of buildings, and all forms of construction works. Share on two main groups: Building and building and engineering or civil engineering. Nameless SPACE (born ineffable space) concept which Le Corbusier described the initial act of every creature for possession or taking neiskazivog or ineffable space, which also represents the first general proof of one's existence. Relation to n.p., Le Corbusier was given in their specific guilty, undefined spaces that shape Ronchamp church, which will enter into icons modern architecture. NEIZGRADIVE SURFACE, NON AEDIFICANDI (Latin) Neizgradive surface. Name of the area on the plan one city or urban agglomerations in general where no construction is not possible. These zones and belts special restrictions, protected areas and land. V. Land use. Unconventional architecture name for the architecture that not performed, or projected on a common, standard, classical, consensually agreed upon manner. Concept n.a. in arch. Robert Venturi theory introduced in mid-1960's, Mr., to be described, presented and explained the architect. which occurred no basis drukčijih point of svakidašnjih and common. Thus, the Venturi in his book "The complexity and contradictions in architecture from 1966 (Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture ") gives a description of the concept of as follows: "Architecture is a necessarily complex and contradictory in its very inclusion of traditional Vitruvijanskih elements of comfort, strength and enjoyment. And today they need programs, construction, mechanical equipment and expression, even in individual buildings simple context, the various and contradictory to the manner previously unthinkable. For me the problems welcome and I use the uncertainty. Including contrast and complexity, I for vitality as well as and validity ... I love the elements, which are hybrid nehgo "clean", rather than compromise, "untainted", before skewed than the strict, rather than double "clearly highlighted, which are equally unusual as impersonal, boring as "interesting", rather than conventional "Designed", which accepted more than exclude, , which are multi-layered but simple, on the trail of the past as novatorski, more inconsistent and enigmatic than direct and jasni.Ja am for disorderly vitality before the apparent unity. I include the non sequitur and proclaim the duality. NEOPLASTIKA term is the science of plastic values of objects in space that stepenuje colors. 

Having discovered the expressive cubism - plastic - force all geometrically-stereometrijskih bodies within a given composition, or in space, is easily observed that the color the plastic has been achieved value can stepenuje and differentiated by rasprostrtosti surface or in depth space. Colors in this may be inherent, innate selected natural or artificial material or subsequently caused. Natural colors are in their mutual relations of certain rules. These rules also discussed neoplastika. Cubism amended neoplastikom this preparation, with artistic point of view, ground purizmu later, the first smelijem experiment in the development of the modern architect. thought, with a tendency toward synthesis. There is no doubt that the preliminary - research primarily Dutch neoplastičara, mainly Mondrian, influenced group of artists gathered in Paris, as well as the maturation the Le Corbusier, Ozenfanta and others, and thus the Genesis purističkog direction as the logical development of things, and the training of basic discoveries of Cubism further combat. While the program Stijovic "substantially incorporated neraspoznavanja to the Theory of Paris purist, he has notes in the work of Bauhaus in Weimar (Gropius, Meyer), and and then in Dessau. NEOSKULPTURALNA architecture architecture that is characteristic for different periods of modern architecture, whose basic characteristics are the use of skulptoralnih new form through which to achieve Different effects of architectural sculptures. Neoskulptoralna architecture appears along with anti-rational architecture, the first time at the beginning 1960.tih, in many countries. The trend in architecture introduced sculptures form so that the entire architectural features of buildings have grandioznih sculptural works. Buildings are built with sophisticated curved contours, like those of Eero Saarinen, and all the sculptural eclecticism Edward Stone (Hartford Museum, New York, 1958-59. Later representatives neoskulpturalne architecture as Charles Eames, Ieoh Ming Pei, Paul Rudolph, Louis K Ahn, Minoru Yamasaki, Kevin Roche and Robert Venturi. Contemporary neoskulpturalni architects: Stanley Tigerman, Frank O 'Gehry, Philip Stark, Zaha Hadid, Hans Hollein, Calatrava and others. NEOZIDANA AREA (architect). Free surface construction parcel that the regulations must remain undeveloped, as Urban-hygienic safety measures in order to securing proper lighting, and osunčavanja ventilation buildings. NESAMOSVESNA TRADITION IN ARCHITECTURE term in the arch. theory introduced Stirrat Johnson-Marshall, which is 1946 

Together with his team designed a system for mass production of school, it was later appointed by English Ministry of Education to centralize their research and formulate an official policy of the construction. Johnson-Marshall will write: "What is poytrebno it to have a team of experts, with the architect responsible for Fortress balance between all aspects, which will ensure that the contribution of each specialist to be properly way connected with the patient ... This approach will build our ... lead to a new arch. which is simple and nesamosvesna expression of contemporary needs. "This attitude will grow into a general tendency in the arch. which will continue functional model of traditional household industrial construction, which was created back in the XIXv. NEUTRAL LOCATIONS name for premises located at scale between izotopija (same place, same place) and Heterotopia (second place, second place). Neutral in terms of urban spaces are the crossroads, a place for transition, places that are unresolved, but vague, is neutral. Often it cuts / stitches in space, as For example, when a wide street or avenue separating and / or connects the two quarters, two opposing heterotopias. Name NEZNAMENITA architecture for architecture that is not toloko well known, nor has the characteristics of monumentality or physical grandiosity, but facing tradition, landscape. N.a. the National architecture, but not a primitive architecture, but its examples can be arch. very značjni, rich in its form and sanzni to its conception. It is a leveling height representation network urban roads and streets and urban areas in within the region, neighborhood, residential communities, agglomerations or group of buildings. Leveling conditions relief of the terrain, which often is not so favorable for nivelaciono and height resolution of urban areas intended for construction, and especially not suitable for solving urban traffic network running terrain. The task of spatial leveling often causes purpose and reshaping of relief because the conditions for lifting urban residential complexes and areas designated squares, and the realization of traffic conditions street surfaces. District consists of leveling preparation of engineering in solving urban problems and building cities and settlements. District leveling includes problem solving leveling the city territory, regulating obaloutvrda, bujičnih catchments, wetlands, urban low plavnih zone otkopa, ditches, notch, embankments, etc.. All these works are related to predradnje spatial leveling to be resolved problem of the mass deployment of the entire territory of the city. 

In the vertical city planning is very important Leveling the streets. Terms leveling influence the position and importance of the street, on its cross section, the disposition uokvirujućih facilities, the approach to stairs and size of yards. Surface drainage squares, urban blocks and Street can be solved by leveling. Uređajne nivelacione base of cities and towns to show: - longitudinal street profiles; - street network nivelacionim tags watershed, bay and climb. LEVEL urbanism development in a number of population or area of objects that are on observed one urban area, compared with foreseen and permitted level of development for area. The level of completeness is expressed or number percentage. Upper level development of the above parameter usability of the physical urban space. In the case of exceeded the upper level of development, there is degrading quality characteristics of space: dramatically decreases the quality of housing, there are difficult premostivi traffic problems. The lower level of development is a lower limit construction, which is enough to be urbanized seen one area. The lower level of development is minimal development that allows the construction of proper infrastructure, proper supply and other urban characteristics. Fields belonging to the group under Lower levels of development are neurbanizovana areas. SERIES Duplicate Duplicate is also simple and important as polovljenje (v.). This is so naturally do not lose worth of words to determine merits of these sayings. Duplicate, which starts from 1, gives this picture: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024th Starting with the numbers 8 different series of doubling, starting with 1, the sequence that begins with polovljenja 1000; these differences should be equal rounded values. NIZANJE in residential architecture The term nizanje in architecture involves placing each housing or other buildings. In the residential architect. it can be individual, separate or connected to your home or snack to be a sequence (assembly) višeporodičnih buildings (buildings more flats) in a series of open or closed any which forms. However, here we nizanje (number) defined as setting up of family homes - apartments, with each other, zabatnim with common walls, or, more specifically, nizanje as individual family house in a 

unique object, and so that some housing -- houses directly connected with the terrain (street, garden, yard) and not to lose the characteristics of individual (individual) family home. This "down", we call it and closed down, entered the terminology of different countries in its true sense, and in England, there is a notion of terraced houses. The main cause of the emergence of this series was zbijenog a tendency for concentration of space, which are influenced economical construction, reducing communication closure, rounding space, easier defense, seeking intimacy (socialization), and others. and his influenced the further development of its characteristics, because he as well as individual (independent) family house, allows direct connection open and closed space. As a result, a number often used as no more "Classic series" but a series that opens wide possibilities formation of new spatial structures. Traces of early nizanja individual family dwellings under a common roof lead us back in time barbarstva. Thus Biskupinskom the lake (Poznan) in XVIIv. BC built on swampy ground more dwellings that are consists of parallel arrays. Of the reinforced embankment settlement the timber, the streets are paved timber, and cells with fireplace and porch are drvenomn barbecue. In the examples beginning grouping includes primitive village Indonesian island of Nias, which consists of two parallel slightly curved array Hut - house and home Chieftain which closes at the end of a common internal surface. Also in the house we come to the Pueblo Indians creation of a series, but this time set terraces cells, where the defense is probably a factor was of no small importance, besides being a way of building under one roof to answer common way living. Application nizanja in ancient times can be seen in a urban tissue in the plan of Mohenjo Daro, from 3250 -- 2750.g.p.n.e. In Olynthosu (Greece) from Ivv.p.n.e. Some parts of the city made in sequences atrijunmskih house. The same, but with a distinct separation in a separate quarter, we see in the city egopatskom Kahuna from the first century, other thousandth BC or in the city Ahetatin (Tel el Amarna) from the end of Xvv.p.n.e. In both cases with a completely separate part of the city workers - craftsmen, fenced from the others. In the Middle Ages can track individual nizanje family houses of craftsmen and merchants within skučenih borders of medieval cities. This is a series of 

characterized by the fact that it adapts to these confined boundaries and often diverse configuration terrain. It is usually formed two types of series: one with narrow face of individual family houses in which the apartment development in depth of the lot, and others with broad face of some houses adjusted, due to steep terrain, shallow lots. These two distinctive types sequences, we can notice in many European cities, eg. in Bern, Basel and others. Similar examples of this are short sequences in Nuremberg, from about 1500.g., which is not appear as an element forming the streets, but are used as an element for forming a separate group (housing for artisans - tkalce) in the tissue of the city. Advantage series but not all the benefits it offers, as well as which is connecting with nature, are applied in some earlier attempts of social and economic approach construction of smaller housing wage from the beginning XVIv. in Augsburg and the beginning XVIIv. in Copenhagen. Although these two settlements are solitary endeavors, they are characterized by the fact that after them and Tel Amarna Kahuna attempt organized approach to building single enterprise, which in the era of industrialization get a broad scale. "A number" is applied to a greater extent when the industrial upswing XIXv, leads to a large influx of workers into cities and industrial centers and cause a great shortage apartments. As industrialists - the owner of the funds for production, need to be to provide cheap workforce, which will also be tied to it, on as the most suitable uses that way to workers more bound to the country, and it was the individual family house to house in the series, as well as economic most appropriate. They are much used particularly in industrial areas of England, and later was accepted in all industrialized countries. As an example can be Mulhausen taken from 1867.g. The development of garden cities in England beginning XXV. also suitable for development "series" as a means of concentration individual family houses that also offers great opportunities for environmental values. Applying "array" is fertile ground in Denmark after the Second World War II, about the fifties, when intensive to build individual family building. In this period of development "series" if the obvious contribution of the architect Ern Hoff and Bennet Windings settlement Sondergaard Park 1950.g. The resort consists of individual independent house, semi-detached in a free treatment, short and long sequences. House is approached from the quiet streets, and facing are free to the green areas that are in utapaju 

large common area for play and rekreciju. Shearing horizontally and vertically and allowed to This "classic series" adjust conditions in the field, to appears as a number put to death, a series of chain, etc.. More free treatment organization schemes and apartment copying the new values, especially in the sphere private, new solutions arise. As for the basics dwellings - houses floor series, developed by the three characteristic patterns that differ mainly in position of the stairs. First appearing with the basics staircase in depth tract that are characteristic for Middle Ages, and later introduced the basis of the staircase vertical walls of the common sequence in the period forcing housing so. Existenzminimum a - apartment minimum of existence - about 1930.g. This solution has their full justification for the simple constructive solution and reduces the range minimum, especially if the bifurcated staircase. Arrays BUILDING MEASURES The proportion of the golden section sequence golden section was founded on building a 125 degree the same rounded value and Lame's series, when this is numbers of construction measures analog numbers ratio as follows: 125 / (multiple of) 1, 250 / 2, 375 / 3, 625 / 5, 1000 / 8, 1625/13, 2625/21, 4250/34, 8875/55, 13125/89, 22000/144. Also worth and for the next series with a construction measure 250: 250 / 1, 500 / 2, 750 / 3, 1250 / 5, 2000 / 8, 3250/13, 5250/21, 8590/34, 13750/55, 22250/89, 36000/144. In particular, practical and upotrebiv ratio 5: 8 in directly related to building measures, on the other side and with the decimal system, because: 54 = 625 = 5 / 8 of 103 = 1000. Therefore not surprising that we all proportion 5: 8 arithmetic progression starting with 250, always give the numbers with all the hundreds: 125: 200, 250: 400, 375: 500, 500 800, 625: 1000, 1250: 2000, etc.. Based on this small example of the importance of particular scope: 375: 500 and 625: 1000, because of them and Minor and Major match with members of arithmetic progression which begins with the 125th NO PLACE (born without a place) concept that has the most meaning close to known čenju term utopia. One place can be defined with many different benchmarks, significant play places, opportunities, and historical connotations, ambiguity, or, simply, all these determinants may to be avoided in this case iamo notion of non-places, No Place, which in essence is the original meaning notion of utopia. NON AEDIFICANDI (Latin) Neizgradive area, name of those areas in a city plan to where no construction is not possible. These are the zones and belts 

special restrictions, protected areas and land. PROJECTION OF NORMAL, NORMAL PLAN, Rectangular PROJECTION (German Normalprojektion) Projection of a geometric bodies with a view of normal (angle 900) in relation to the plane of the body. Normal projection shows a geometrical body with his appearance in three planes: horizontal, vertical and side (horizontal, vertical and lateral projection). Also, can display, and a body from the angle, but from vertical, horizontal or lateral plane. Such projection called downed projection. NORMALNI NUMBERS When, shortly after the First World War II, the German Standards Board created normal numbers (NB), which are used for surveying standardized parts, ordered them from the canopy dozens of patterns and tabla, which both the number praosnova Number Mode of construction of our system. When it was supposed take care and various other, for an important technique mathematical concepts, such as roots, potency,  etc.. value  In normal numbers retained a series of doubling 1 and 1, 2, 4, 8 to 16 It has also retained a number of prepolavljanja of 1000 over 500, 250 to 125th For the next twice the number 62.5 is the number taken 63rd Instead udvostručenog number 32, which was kept as close to Ploughshare order value, the value of 3.15 was chosen and the the exact value of 3.125 is given the number π = 3.14 and other √ 10 = 3.16. Deviations from the exact values are taken so that it nullifies in addition, practically achieved by another deuce deviation from the correct values. NORMS Construction Standards in Construction (building standards) are established regarding the regarding the expenditure of time, materials, energy, money and Fig. unit of final product. If you are time consumption for unit production, then the norms time, are like performance in unit time, then the norms of performance, and for the consumption of materials, energy etc.., we have standards of materials, energy, etc.. All together called technical norms. Distinguish the elementary norms of production norms. First are the norm for some operations included in the composition of the work process, while others are calculated for building processes appropriate measure of unit production. New Architecture concept is linked to the creation of a new movement or style in architecture in general, or promoting a new architectural direction. New Architecture moz be viewed from the aspect filizofije space, the relationship of man towards him, the relationship of architecture the history, environment or the technology. Concept 

n.a. is sometimes used to mean the use of some new building materials or new construction system. By Gropijusovoj gormulaciji new architecture is not set as the modern "style", but as prevaziloaženje every possible style. Technical and aesthetic process tend to are equal and give assurance that the architectural Research will be no deviations and error: correct construction, architectural work related to system of production and value in itself, an absolute quality. This architecture as a metaphysical ideology "Truth" has enabled the functional charter to confirm the midst of the historical difficulties of all kinds in one of the most dramatic period of world history, when free from the chains of irrationality with political power fascist dictatorship, when a war of unpredictable dimensions turned to dust uncertain balance of the entire world. The promise of an absolute rationality, permanent and hard-circuit the development of industrial systems made is that white volumetric architecture postne "The essence of the hope of mankind", the symbol of desperate invoking one of the world returned to reason and brotherhood. Numerical Taxonomy (born numerical taxonomy) method used to be shown mutual relations some representatives of styles and movements (in architecture), so that their affiliation particular style or school is the number that the scale is part of the impact or development architecture in general in a certain period. FACILITY (l. objectum) Subject, matter, what you see or is, subject or person to whom the directed observation, task, purpose, goal of a celatnosti; gram. subject, ie. one word in the sentence which exceeds (or: which applies) action verb; Phil. preldmet or content of a thought, it was real (Real Property) or only imaginary (ideal object); supra. vendor. The object is the name of the subject, limited in space of their contours, defined by its shape, color and texture, which is determined by its volume, that is static or moving, in contact with the man or independent. According to J. Piaget: "The object is a system perceptualnih performances that retain their permanent spatial form of the successive shifts and may be isolate the causal sequence, which takes place during the of time. "Also, he said," The World is constructed as a circuit of fixed facilities, related causal connections, independent of the subjects and placed in space and time. FORM (architect). External synchronization appears in architecture, which stems from the logical order 

ukomponovanih various elements into one aesthetic whole subject of uniting the law - the contents and object - form. FORM evoke function represents Maxim Kenzo Tange a (1913). FORM REAL FAILURE Represents Maxim P. Back-A (1977). FORM ER function represents Maxim Louis Henry Sullivan's (1856-1924). FORM FOLLOW metaphor represents Maxim Ada Louise Landman Huxtable. Shape. Form the functional relationship between man and space. O. architectural space and determines it takes place quantitatively. Done by natural organic samples, changes constantly, and so gets new features. Raščlanjava the proporcijskim relations based on the laws of geometry or the theory architectural morphology. If created from a pre - designed or selected modular procedure include specific tectonic or harmonic relationships, where its individual members, viewed geometrically, cube or poliedri, become the foundation for three-dimensional abstract composition. It is significant for architectural creativity that between form and function is an organic connection. In fact, Formatting is also one type of function. Function and form are in regular use of two separate term, in art - architectural creativity are each organ related concepts, which in functionalism are the same simultaneous process finding a new izdelane representational phenomenon, one new and unique architectural expression. Best izdelana form is a symbol svrhovitosti an architect. shape. Quality forms, but the degree of their svrhovitosti and artistic value, as a senior probuđuje artistic expression fresh experiences and a genuine experience nice and new. Therefore, people interested in the forms because they are not separated from svrhovitosti object whether it is a house, car, aircraft and others. The ultimate quality and value of all individual utapaju functions in the final content of the object, in material and spiritual circuit of new artistic works and expression and thus become an organic part of produced and the final shape, as well as collective marks svrhovitosti. Internal Forces and spojenosti -- composition of content and form - is proportional to creative and spent voltage contained in a artistic work and creative power of the architect. The highest level of functionality is a measure of harmonious adjustment of contents and forms, their 

material and spiritual union. The subject of architecture is concretized through interpretation categories of geometrical shapes. Form is direct means of expression and shaping space. According Focillonu "form of the strict definition space, and new forms of intimation. Form has its own atmosphere, it continues to expand imaginary world ... "Le Corbusier, in love with euklidovske forms, giving, lyrically colored play forms of architecture, "Coupet, cone, cylinder or pyramid great basic ways in which the relief comes clean, correct, without ambiguity, because these types of sticks, to the most beautiful forms ... "Balsac is very short and clear when exclaimed: "It's shape and form of life!" Character shape depends primarily on the character of the elements its constitution. Its main elements are as you already know: line, area and volume. OBSOLESCENCIJA, OPSOLETNOST, obsolescence (Latin obsoletus) is a term often zasterelosti stronghold moral debate about consumerism, and therefore the design. Planned obsolescence appeared in the U.S. period since the 1950s as part of a strategy of large corporations. This meant that a product should have limited lifetime, whether because of his impairment physical endurance, or because the style soon out of fashion. The last reason is represented Strategy styling (fashion). Commitment and loyalty consumers to a brand would be specific and supported through advertising campaigns, strategy development corporate identity (corporate identity) and servicing the product after the sale, so that customers continued to buy within a range of new products of the same company. The range of products would be so planned and designed to serve this "ladder" consumerism. For those who support this system, the So the job was guaranteed for all those who were included in this industry, including designers. Opponents o., as it was Vance Packard, considered this concept for podmuklu manipulation of consumers, who also is not justified with the standpoint of preserving environmental quality. As response, some manufacturers, particularly in Germany and Scandinavia, have begun to emphasize in their advertising campaign planning and product durability their material. Some manufacturers are also began to develop recycling elements of his products. Expurgated Building (born scraped) buildings from which were subsequently removed all the added parts and components. The term was used during the Gothic Revival, 

when they enthusiastically restorers in England, such as was Sir George Gilbert Scott, virtually eliminated all what can create a homogeneous medium building zašiljenog period. In the process, otklanjano is everything which was perpendikularno, Jacobin and georgijansko. This tendency was expanded during the nineteenth century, and has led William Morris to found a Society for Protection of ancient buildings (Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, SPAB) 1877th SPAB was known as a movement for antičišćenje building. RELATIONSHIP WITH EXISTING IN ARCHITECTURE Most modern objects do not fit the traditional, nemoderno, environment, regardless komeperiodu it belongs. It fit some even deliberately ignored. On the other hand, integration of modern architecture in the modern environment is almost always went easier. This does not mean that modern facilities that ignore their nemoderno environment necessarily ugly, or in some cases are more important the environment ignored. But, in fact, it shows samoljubivost schizophrenia and character of modern movement in architecture.  Superficially assessing this indifference, indeed hostility towards harmonious continuity in space, comes from the rejection of completed architectural silovitog form by the modernists. Architecture Code of Ethics modernists believe that history is meaningless, that the their time and unique architecture because must be separated from the past. In the period beginning Modern Movement, modernists assured that almost everyone in the world, liberated under the influence of taste and Modern, soon want to live in the same type of house, in the same type modern cities, in which all reflect the spirit of modern time. While the "time" was always "our", the decision what form it is characterized, it was always "them" -- making architectural elite. Because of this (sonorous) beliefs of several generations of architects feel a small need to adapt their work earlier, theoretical outdated architecture that surrounds their achievements. They have designed their facilities as will exist in a kind of visual space. Devastating consequences of this attitude jeopardize residents of every major city in the world. The irony is that the roots of modernism, almost two hundred years old, came directly from the Romantic conception of artists from the eighteenth and XIXv. RELATIONS AMONG FACILITY ZONES architectural significance of the relationship between zones of one arch. building is such that direct affect the future character of the area. In general, the relationship between zones may be established on the basis of a functional scheme, the simplest of set merging groups. 

This is done either directly or through the transition elements - Joints, no closer to entering the space or flow mutual penetration. Contrary to this procedure starts from mass concentrations and close connection of certain zones, so that the external impression of the building closer to action simple geometrical bodies. Nomoguće count almost all cases in which shows the specificity of these relationships, joints, because also a common procedure and the combination set forth opportunities. In some programs where the highlights and a tendency towards concentrated, public areas interesting for all zone, and the existence of completely separate functional groups only prikačenih easy connections for sredotežnu surface, so the process requires the application of both other ways. Sredotežna surface may allow, in addition to concentration, entirely free nadgrađivanje working zone, both in vertical and horizontal sense. Tu Complete pokrenutost is achieved so that the work zone completely free from the spatial and purposeful action. The most general type of relationship among the zones was conducted in strips parallel to one another. Expansion of communication tapes, her selection for the position of the input and its longitudinally in terms of reducing these compounds in inner space get developed spatial relations. Shift more tapes in combination are possible solutions which act nizmenično belt and concentrated, with where there are great opportunities for highlighting specific parts of the circuit, ie, their own design in all plans. RELATIONS IN SPACE distinguish the following characteristics relations in space: refraction, divide, add, penetration, overlap, distortion. OFFICE 1st V. Administrative Building, Office landscape. 2.U architecture of hotels and restaurants offce the advanced communication, corridor or hall, which is a buffer area between the kitchen premises resztoranske rooms and dining halls. Office a buffer zone that eliminates noise, unpleasant odors, vapors and temperature difference between the kitchen and restaurants. Also, this space is used for disposal dishes, cutlery and food and beverages in the time immediately before or after drinking. OFFICE Landscape (Ford, nem.Buerolandschaft) V. Landscape system. Is a form of business planning premises which was developed in Germany by specialist for the organization of administrative structures, Eberhard and Wolfgang Schnelle, late in the period 1950 -- and the early 1960s. Germany says buerolandschaft 

means "landscape Bureau, and such an organization of business space represented by the research possibilities orvorenog plan offices, for which the interior used garden box with compartments and plants as spatial elements that share the space. This approach is quickly influenced the development of interior office room on the aesthetic - visual terms, as well as improve productivity and improve the general conditions work. This concept is especially accepted and developed in United States, especially among specialists for interior and office furniture, as was George Nelson. OFFICE Landscape, PEJSAŽNI system landscape SYSTEM The name for the system design, especially space commercial buildings in the open field or free field in which the whole area of individual floors as derived single space, without walls and other massive wall barriers. In this way it is made visual and physical mutual contact of all employees on one floor. Office landscape is a system that was first used in the U.S., the interior spaces of the original tower. The system was accepted and applied by Sullivan, to make it later, almost to perfection developed F.L. Wright. Critics landscapea office, where the position in the open loznica consisting of low furniture where light and air from windows replaced by neon lights and openings air conditioning, gives Blake. He notes that the results this system, except waste space and energy, as Given the very adverse psychological impact of mandatory promiscuity, tragically disappointing. "How to" ask Blake is ironic, to architects who invented this absurd system of organizations, continue to live and work almost always in the traditional environment, protected old walls, windows and lit the traditional jealous of your own privacy? ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM The concept of a system environment and the concept of system is very relative (because all links between the system and its environment need not simultaneously represent the connection between the system and environment). All existing links between a real object or phenomenon for which we have introduced the system and actual environment that the building did not and do not necessarily represent environment for the system environment, the system represent only those links that originate from the point of view and research purposes and not to any existing or possible. This environment system and its provisions should be to represent one part of the world that is of interest for observation, and the consider only those relations and actions that affect nature of the whole system with a view very purpose research and its criteria. 

As each system immersed in their environment which influence and how environment influence on the system and so that these influences may change the characteristics of both the environment and the system then the justified question DGE the boundaries of a system in its vicinity. That is, elements that belong to the system and that its environment? As the system and environment for its definition relative to the elements belonging to one or other relative nature. Only determination belonging to the elements and boundaries system and its environment is not an exact nature, but is primarily a matter of evaluation, experience and intuition of what who studied the system and determines its character. Objectives research tasks and determine whether and which forms objects, properties and relationships to be an element of the system or its surroundings. Sure that the boundaries between systems and environment variables and they can move during the research process so that the elements are environmental elements previously found in the system and elements that are at some point belonged to the system can be transferred to its surroundings. The influences of the environment and the environment siistem remind us that between the system and environment is a "Active" attitude that causes a state of dependence from each other. Environment set of all external influence on one arch. or urban form: geographical, natural, traditional, historical, sociological, aesthetic, limited, traffic, economic, stylish, individual, special and dr. Name an oxymoron in the architecture of materials in architecture that can be used for all purposes. Octahedral Cellular SYSTEM Cellular system that is made up of equal octahedron. OKTAMETARSKA DIVISION The architectural design and performed, the name for the partition wall or facade plane or surface of the floor on the principle of division into eight equal parts. Also, the term means the design and performance of buildings in the square or rectangular raster to eight feet apart. Octavio Octave in the architecture is the repetition of basic tons (C) in the reduced criteria (C ') in the proportion of numbers roll, for example. 256:512. This corresponds to a simple proportion of 1:2. Arrays octave continue in proportion prepolavljenja = ½, ¼, 1 / 8, etc.., the corresponding series prepolovljenja our system of building measures of 1000, 500, 250, 125, etc.. Other intervals are, according to their roll numbers, also simple proportions. OKTAVNI system is the system of measures, or mathematical -- 

geometric system that is based on the basic number eight, ie, numbers whose final quotient is the number eight. Building oktavni system was present in ancient India. OLFAKTIVNA characteristics of the city name for the sensory characteristic of a city, especially for characteristic smells of the city, according to which we can recognize and differentiate between individual cities. For example, Moroccan city of Meknes is recognized by a strong smell rosewood tree, since it developed trades development and furniture carved from this wood. Some cities that are located on large rivers, have the distinctive smell of river. Cladding, architectural name for the material or element construction or partitions that are used to overlaid constructive structure of a building. Wrapper object presents his završnisloj, finish, or facade look, and can be of different materials: stone, brick, plaster, wood, glass and others. The shell is final visual facility, with an aesthetic function or function to protect the interior of the building or structure Object of the unfavorable external influences. Perceptional basic properties of the subject o.s.p. are: size, shape, texture and color. Items primarily differentiate according to their size. Then, the shape is the one who differentiate the two objects the same size. If we observe two objects the same size and same shape, Next mogućnist their razlikovavanja is using their mutual differences in texture. Finally, If two objects have udentičnu texture, more the only remaining color as a means of their mutual distinction and recognition. OPEN PLACE (U.S.) Open space. English name for open space, square, undeveloped space. Against "Indoors", which was built and therefore covered, "open space" is not laid space, with or without specific functions. In urban open space area is considered to be square, streets, parks, promenades, playground, pier, or the field. Experiment (testing) on the Model Applies when designing buildings, when due to the large impact various factors is not possible to obtain accurate computational razultate. The method is based on mechanics similarity, where the force acting on the building in nature and the model in the corresponding points are in direct proportions. Opportunism in the architecture in the arch position. which is opposite or negation of a general understanding, style or situation, as opposed to the normal position. Many great architects were opportunists, and this paragraph are 

transferred to their facilities. For example, Walter Gropius for Time phase svogboravka in America, consistently denied and only the existence of something that qualifies under the term new style. GENERAL FACILITIES psychological effect in the general psychological fekat object's properties include the following: possible impact on the psychological condition of the building users, long-term psychological effect on building users, psychological comfort object, the possibility intimiziranja in the building, sretanja opportunity to object. Optical correction variations (born optical correction) Small variations in the form of individual architectural elements (for example entazis) in columns or slightly lintela curved top line to be corrected obvious bulge, sag, or disproportion of the object. Optical proofreading In practice, the design and the construction, it is difficult to use these, by themselves simple features optical proof, because there is no particular stylistic justification for the simultaneous application a number of basic geometrical figures arising from the harmonic relations. No one will not osvrtati the small difference between 123 and 125 = 1.6%, which is barely over notes. Baždarski instruments allow the wooden measure error to ± ¾ cm per meter, which in the worst case means the difference of 1.5% between two extreme different criteria. But where would be the proportion full polish, as a rule are already working with proofreading vertical and horizontal (angle and other pillars of the laminate above the horizontal curvature etc..), and that means adjusted measures in accordance with optical impression. Upper differences may therefore serve the purpose secondary adjustment building measures. Author does anyway intention of the architect inhibits or hinders him free artistic efforts, but on the contrary, these measures must be everywhere provide proof that the free, virtual, relations the "meat" building a "skeleton" leaves intact. Optical refinement (born optical refinements) Subtle modifications to the profile or povrčinama to correct sag, or the illusion of disproportion buildings. V. Entazis. Optical illusions Seeing the time, the process of Direct odslikavanja things and their conceptual translation performances. Man about the seemingly chaotic order search fulcrum, benchmarks that relate diferencirali and values and define the legality and integrity of the world things that surround us. Chaotic space, without Interior legality troubled state of mind. We never doživljavamosvet objective reality in the same way, and if he remained seemingly immutable. Flow respects the time to change the relationships around us and in us 

ourselves. The process of perception and its aspects are architecture of particular importance. In this respect the architect designer is especially important phenomenon of "optical illusion ", which very often, if not as a rule, follow visual perception forms Optical illusions are the result of specific deformation image objective reality and arise due to imperfections of our instrument of perception that does not offend the taste and feelings. The eye is an instrument of visual pecepcije. Accommodation of the eye try to observe the world around us and subjective experience to make it faithful objective condition. For as faithful assessment of things and their defnisanje not enough observations one point - the number needed points - need a movement. Old Masters are extremely familiar with the laws of perception and perform certain pre-correction are otklanjale possible deformation of the objects that are built according to the established laws of harmony and proportion. Hence the appearance of entazisa the pillars and arch erected by arrows bazisa temple, as well as a slight tilt toward the center of end poles. From bezbrojnog spectrum of optical illusions can be determined some common rules which explain them. One of the first law of perception as follows: the size of the exactly proportional to their perception of time. Example with longer the same value (length) and different best illustrates this effect the legality of "subjective perception. This shows that efforts to assessment reflects the quantitative property subject observations. It was found also that the assessment of horizontally easier (and faster and the team) from observing vertically. Hence and explanation of the illusion of different values of the square izdeljenih horizontally or vertically, as well as known For example the so-called. illusions Gaty with circles in triangles. The third "rule" of perception explains the illusion of mutual effect size, so, for example, as a small constant in the larger society seems less than objective is, and vice versa, great looks bigger in the smaller company. A special kind of optical illusion is the problem of irradiation which is a consequence of the relationship and mutual effects of different osvetljenih povtšina and shape. Irradiation is in fact "Milling" of Light done by the edges of shapes. It has resulting impression that the same values of dark and light background seemingly different, in favor of lighter surface. Optical CORRECTION, REPAIR PLAN (born optical corrections) Repairing plan or a surface architectural object that would be correct perceptive distortion. Optical correction include 

entazis, increasing the height nizna stone blocks together with the height of the wall to make arrays look identical in its height, and slightly convex curvature surface Stylobate. Optical COMPOUNDS (born optical MIXTURES) each closely placing small amounts of primary colors, so to get the impression that their pot products secondary color. In painting this effect were used Impressionists, and more systematic neoimpresionisti. Optical ILUZIONIZAM In Baroque architecture While suklasična Renaissance culture and its extension of a posteriori perform controlled optical performance teoretizujući different adjustments and corrections added in function of its visibility, Baroque culture question perception in the center of your interest. According Chantelouovom testimony, I Bernini claimed that "one of the the most important things to have an approximately good grades contradiction, because things do not look just as they are already in relation to matters that are close to them and this relationship changes their appearance. "This conclusion about the complementarity figures and background, which predsytavlja Gestaltpsychologie backbone, was well known artists XVIIv., for which the composition is prediction relations that will be created between parts depending on their schedule and the possible position observers. In architecture, still rezonuje and projected in the form of hierarchically arranged axes and surfaces, but the axial vision has only task is to cover the whole episode of the continuing narrative that takes place along the whole structure of the mantle, which should investigate and experienced in all the smallest details. Architects from 1630.g. do not meet these okušavaju analytical solution and the new synthesis. Facade ending their autonomy, especially the decisive connection with the urban environment, but its connection with the structure before which stands as an intermediary urban re - becomes very close, although the illusion is supposed essence. OPTIMIZATION PROJECT Architecture project after completion of the analysis are optimized to achieve favorable conditions in one space. In one project is carried out: space optimization, optimization spatial units, optimization of structures, optimization of traffic scheme of the project, optimization functional areas of the object. ORGANICIZAM represents the understanding of architectural forms as a living organism, with biomorfološkim karakteristiama. Organicizam occurs especially in the architecture of the Renaissance and baroque, that later appeared in the classic arhitektiri Modern (F. L. Wright). Organicizam avoid any 

kontaminiranje past and preaches break and tabulu race: abandon all traditional codes and by their substituting a new code obtained by deductive procedure organicističke functional analysis. Organicistički code is in fact much less than in November which is believed as the one hand, based on the Euclidean geometry as the other simplification traditional architectural body. However, important was the intention with which the geometric was transposed with the architectural scale: the intention is was to radically change the genesis of architectural works. If a house has previously always been the daughter of another house and ultimately a descendant of cottages, now the house had arise directly from the man's projected needs in space. The rejection of religion and models and analytical design are actually derived from the orientation intellectual avant-garde that are in the Elimination of All decorations and leaving the meaning of representative arch. view process obesvećenja, posvetovljenja, returning architectural operations entirely human horizon, beyond the iconology inherited from ancestors the old world. ORGANIZATION OF SURFACE Making kompozicionih law in one arch. surface: the laws of balance, functional organization, aesthetic organization mass organizations and others. Any complex system organization arch. system consists the method of its organization, ie, organizations its elements. Primary school can be: linear elementary school, concentrated, radial, segmental symbolic, orthogonal, network, modular, free, modular extensive, growing elementary school. Linear Primary school a nadovezivnje linear elements in the series. Radial assumes circular organizing elements of the system. Segment Primary school organizes the system by its components (segments). Mrezna Primary school the organization within the network (matrix), which can be orthogonal, modular or free. Symbolic Primary school contains symbolic representation system, with symbolic meaning. Primary school with a modular extension allows expansion module system, or the growth of a system. Organic GEOMETRY name for base geometric setting an arch. system or an architect. object. Concept o.g. usually is associated with the geometry of the arch. Frank Lloyd Wright. Many times he mentioned to Wright as a child often played folding geometric blocks, Froebel blocs. What sets these blocks was characteristics of their matches in the infinitely many variations, ie, they possessed the characteristics nediferenciranog unity: while they 

represent mass, color, pattern, silhouette, construction and structure. For example, there were no differences between their position to one another, which is construction, or represent their righting, making it a structure: it is all represent unique act. This attitude represented the essence of Wright organic architecture, which was his first and most robust weapon against all other styles, including the Beaux-Arts classicism. Organic complexity in the architecture after the organic architecture, F.L. Wright, the term is associated with the Postmodern architecture, primarily of architecture Italian architects, as a group Grau (Gruppo Romano Architetto urban). Their buildings and projects combine the presentation, the peace achieved balance, one process on the part of one "action" that is not additive and combinatorial organic but, in the sense that this words can be attributed quoting Della Volpea, but also directly to the Alberti, the Palladija and Vasarijevu remark that, in occasion of the Farnesina del Perruzzi, uses the phrase "not built already born." Organic form and cosmic symbolism in contemporary ARCHITECTURE Use organičkih form association architecture with direct ground in a way that is reminescentan primordial construction techniques and shelters covered with earth. Objects individual authors suggest even the elements of ceremony and ritual, especially through provocative inclusion "pozajmljenog scenarios, as the example sračunatog cosmic symbolism architecture Ushida Findlay Partnership-a, and earth architecture Charles Jencks and his wife Maggie Keswick. Generally, their philosophical similarities include integration of landscape as part of the raw architectural material and expressive interpreting natural fluid form language of construction. Typical examples include home authors such as Jersey Devil, "snail house" Forked River, New Jersey, USA (1972), "Hill House" La Linda, California, USA (1977-79); also srhitekturu Ushida - Findlay Partnership, Soft and Hairy House, Tsukuba City, Japan (1994), Truss Wall House, Tsukurawa, Machida-City, Japan (1991-93), Arthur Quarmby, Underhill, Yorkshire, England (1974), Peter Vetsch, Nine Houses, Dietikon, Switzerland (1993). One of the most interesting examples organic forms and cosmic symbolism in architecture presents "The Garden of Cosmic speculation" Charles Jencks, a Scottish (1989 -). ORGANZACIONI represent the overall human action, since the first stick which reach the fruit, Creek from the first that had some meaning, since the first sign uklesanog in tree wood or stone, to the letter 

and through him to the overall mind and cultural fund. The creation of technical systems, a man is through action and organizing elements of nature and create their purposeful systems that have enabled him to sets itself more and more goals. This is more and more determined ourselves and the essence of their existence. The composition of natural elements with a goal man exercised the order of their organization, giving the that new functional properties of this restructuring. Of lines and points, as the geometric elements of the system, created the characters or models of natural reality, image and drawings of animals and plants. Any other new schedule and order models gave new shape and form. Creating new arrangements of the array, sticks, organizing them in new relationships, what is not met in nature, Human power has created new means and tools that are She served and who had new scrhu. Binding in common interface and newly natural systems, human was received and a new organizational system - drawn. It is again, a new prerequisite for achieving the new goal. The motive of every organizational system is a goal as such the theme of creativity. From iznetog to note that the organizational systems or combination of natural and technical systems or biological system. The most common elements of organizational systems are combination of natural-biological and technical elements. In organizational systems with biological elements often include all types of social organizations. Generally, organizational systems are the work of human intellect and his power to master the process. These systems can generally classify the two groups, where there are no sharp boundaries: the simple and complex. Both are determined by two criteria: - Criteria of complexity of structure, - Criteria of impulse control. ORGMAN (born broken. The organization man organized man, organization man) concept originated 1950.tih years at the time when the sociology of urban managed to achieve what we call consensus on the effects of living in large metropolis areas. This consensus was based on suitable concept, like the one about the "economical man," which was necessary to discuss a wide trends in conditions ideal types. Of course no actual model of man never acted according to the ideal types of rules which were formulated by economists based on data which are possessed by statistics. At the same time, sociologists have formulated the character and characteristic of urban man, who was named orgman, oorganizacija man. Originality Originality in the architecture was one of the 

possible measure of artistic success in the past, but never only such measures has become in certain circles in XIXv. and remained until today to the detriment of the visual continuity in today's environment. If you want to is thinking about you as a serious artist, you had to ridicule popular plays nice and to create their own. Moralist to create your own expression, in Otherwise you were just a plagiarist. shabby artist.  That insistence on perfection prior performance buildings of architectural ingenuity and replaced originality. Renaissance artists were not violated in the hands care as the Madonna and child that were already painted previously painted thousands of times. Relied on perfection in performance within a given ograničanja complex. Already in the second half XIXv. for the avant-garde even the traditional theme became suspicious. Some of these romantičarskih ideas penetrated beyond painting and other visual arts, encouraging reform, which started in England. One of its goals was to affect the uplifting taste of the middle class. It is believed that the movement "Arts and Crafts (Art and crafts movement), 1875.g. officially formed, headed by William Morris, most popular types of artistic events ovg pedagogy. However, 1890.g., it became clear that Reformers and missed the taste of the middle class could not to "elevate", at least not enough to reformers were satisfied. Preoccupation with originality, in terms of expression umetnikovih deepest feelings and desires for šokiranjem bourgeoisie together have contributed to the definition of beautiful in architecture turns 180 degrees. At the beginning of the XXV. the factory has already become an object of admiration, and eclectic Villa owners of the factory object of ridicule. So the beast become beautiful, and beautifully turned into a beast. Historians claim that this "Salt" in the domain of aesthetic values occurred as the architect again accepted aesthetic sense and morality as a guideline in their work. But, just as those same principles, (such as rationality, ethics and functionality - economy, which finally led to modernism) were used to justify restoration of the Gothic XIXv. This shift better can be explained as a fierce reaction to what they artists felt rotten bourgeois values. The spearheads were Émile Zola, Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw and Clive Bell, whose sensibility, like which is characterized by Jacques Barzun, expressed resentment. By that time the artists have tried to teach middle class, since then, onward, advance in the attack. ORIENTATION (novolat. orientatio direction of lat. 

Oriens, orientatis east, eastern, Engl. orientation) 1 The very word navigation comes from the Orient - East, with which is born Sun. All Christian churches have always oriented their altar to the east. According to E. Cassirer. "East, as the light source is also a source life, while the West as a place where the restrooms full sun all the horrors of death. " According to some theories, the world associated with the axis mundi, and thus formed a comprehensive cosmology. According Vitruviju: "Nature is proturila one end of the axis of the world through the north point behind the Great Bear and the other end goes through the opposite point below ground, in the south. "Thus, the Roman city organized by two axes Card (axis mundi) that goes north-south direction and decumanus, which stretches direction east-west. 2. Representing the planning, design and construction or placing an arch. building or urban units Given its position in relation to the world. O. influencing natural factors: Solarize (insolation), Rose winds, ozračenost, reaching views, but other factors: the mythological, astrological, religious and many another. O. is particularly important element in raising sacral buildings, churches, mošeja, where special attention devoted to position the object in relation to the world (direction of sunrise and sunset the sun). 3. In a theoretical sense, basically, the man is focused the "object", that is to say, adjusts to physiological physical and technological matters, he establishes a mutual connections and relationships with other people, understand abstract reality, or "meaning", which is transmitted to various languages, made in order to communicate. His orientation towards different objects can be cognitive, and affective, but in both cases it is directed towards the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium between him and his environment. Therefore, the space is not a separate category orientation, but one of the aspects of any orientation. That is, space is just one of the aspects overall orientation. 4. In Etruscan Foundation Templum rank or city, orientatio represents one phase, the procedure, which Templum connected to predetermined benchmarks, and cosmological divided into a number of sections, probably sixteen, because in many parts of the planned haruspicini razlagala liver and sacrificed animals. Despite the enormous differences, and liver and Templum had one common side: it's a substitute universe. The act orientation, are the cardinal directions of astronomical and using an instrument called thunder. In the first phase rituals retreating to first thoughts, and then the actual 

soil is a iscrtavao coordinate cross whose intersection lies intended Templum center, and probably the very future of the city. 5. The position of church architecture in the main longitudinal axis west-east direction, ie. the main parts of the church - with the core apse and the head. altar - as placed in the same. side. The name comes from ranohrišćanskog customs, taken from antiquity, that prayer is the believers turn to the outgoing sun. This is a way of directing the building spread starohrišćanskoj arch. cur. countries, and appears to West, but was never accepted as the only principle. 6. In general, directing the axis of a building compared to the world, primarily to climatic conditions (insolation, wind rose), the microclimate and roads, neighboring buildings and all. The church architecture and the architecture of the temples is a common orientation towards the world. GUIDANCE RASTER name for an orientation urban disperse, in relation to fixed benchmarks. In Ant. Rome. urban. meet o.r. which should coincide with the main world. However, there are differences, because many, disperse when foundations, not knowing the system world, followed the sun, ie its output and support, and to sometimes it was not true to the real east-west. Therefore, a different position during the sunrise ceremony which is very long, especially in the various annual seasons, could affect the orientation of limitations. Raster and orientation of the city with its streets had to be completely, which orientation is concerned, coincide with raster and limes Agere. Even more: a geometrical center city (umbilicus) should be also the center of limitations in Agere, as his origination, but in practice regularly is respected. BUILDING ORIENTATION Residential streets with Framework edge and building and spread, does not provide good conditions orientation and osunčavanja. In these streets, built The building has two blind walls and facades are oriented favorably or unfavorably. Of all the values for the arch. and urban. proper orientation is most important, although its problems created a lot of late. Whether the orientation of the applied south, southeast or depending on the southwest of the local conditions and other climate conditions, but if you want the average value solar light, especially in the period zaimskih months then south preporučljivija. However, if conditions require heat value, then the South East and south-western orientation in benefits. South orientation is the hottest in spring, autumn and winter, and very pleasant in summer due to the height of the sun 

horizon. Sun rays in this orientation is very little space to penetrate the building. Buildings oriented east and west are very cold in the winter time, especially hot days in summer. Regarding the orientation of the north, it is too cold and harmful to housing. The greatest intensity of radiation received facades. Should lead account the temperature of the air, because there are differences between maximum height of the sun (at noon), and maximum air temperature which has a place something about two hours later. Therefore, the position of the southwest, however received the same amount of solar radiation, as well as south, practically hotter in summer, and much less comfortable bedroom where the search evening coolness. Orientation towards the south or the navigation that does not spread more than 25 degrees to the southeast is the best for all housing facilities, including the kitchen. Yet that is expanding more than 25 degrees to southwest is favorable for the premises daily baljenja, but less good for bedrooms. Yet that does not spread more than 45 degrees to southeast is acceptable to all premises, unless does not spread more than 45 degrees to the southwest, where tolerate the living room, but is unfavorable for the bedroom rooms. All other orijemtacije were negative for either daily or sleeping rooms. Finally, should take into account the rainy wind, destructive of health. ORT (German: place, space) 1 Town, region, area. 2. Boundaries, limiting the edge, the edge of a building or part of the building (eg gable) 3. The German name for the place, area, then town, Palanka, a village, region, area. The concept of place (Ort) is F. Bollnow, according to which certain Ort basic directions and directions, such as vertical and horizontally, in front and behind, left and right. Ort is defined center (Mitte), geographical directions, horizon and perspective. ORTOGONALAN PLAN Name of the architect. and urban. plan that is made in orthogonal network system, ie, whose mutually orthogonal components of the composition set. In the urban context, o.p. a plan in which are urban. elements composed within ortogonalnog network systems. Orthogonal projection (rectangular projections) (Matthew). Figure that gets the points from each of a draw geometric figures on a normal plane or law which is projected.  ortos gonos real Orthogonal system (Greek  

angle) Geometric system set up in parallel lines in two directions, which are interrelated in right corner. Primary school used by the network architect and Urb. design. Unlike elementary school, there are also hair systems, where the right set at an oblique angle. Orthogonal PLANNING name for making urbnističkih plans in the orthogonal matrix system. BASE FACILITY, FACILITY PLAN represents horizontal section through the building in his foot above the ground or in the amount of windows. It may be more of the same base architectural object, eg. basis of the foundation, basis ground, etc. osnovasprata. From the base we horizontal surface figure of the object, the thickness of walls, position of pillars, doors, windows, stairs, etc.. But from basis we can not evaluate the space object, or have idea of its internal or spoljačnjoj arch. Tome helping facades and sections. BASIC NUMBER GEOMETRY CIRCLE When examined studies in the direction of harmony of the golden section, it is much This can be found in discussions about the golden section Spitzenpfeil-which were published in various professional magazines, but unfortunately have not been collected and published together. Golden Section Spitzenpfeil study decades as a key measure of the number of different Gothic buildings, all to the Baroque, mainly in southern Germany, and in this respect is very responsible. As Mössel and others, found a foothold on everywhere in the measurement geometry of the circle. It is, however, based on criteria certain epochs found the same group of numbers, independent of mnogougla who served as the basis building measure. On the basis of that came to beliefs, that mathematical poorly shod people Middle Ages, instead of irrational values of the root 2, 3 and 5, which requires a design of squares, equilateral triangles and regular petougla used the proportional numbers that give practical need approximate values with great accuracy. AXLE shift (German Achsenneigung) placed under angle in relation to the axle. Designing, building, or upgrading of some buildings or parts of a building so that he was placed in the plan moved, at an angle in relation the main axis of the architectural plan. Often it attached to architectural elements of the plan which from some reasons, built at an angle relative to ortogonalan Plan primary corpus building. The most obvious example axle divergence is in the plan of the temple in Amonovog Luxor, or plan of the church of San Vitale in Ravenna. AXLE space, axes spacing distance between the two axles symmetry, longitudinal or transversal axis of two mutually distant arch. elements, eg. two pillars, walls, etc.. 

OSUNČANJE represents the degree of exposure to the sun rays of one area, building or architectural construction field. O. depends on: the geographical position terrain, shape and orientation of the field, zakošenosti terrain, seasons, time of day, weather conditions, proximity to green degrees oblčnosti et al. O. is important characteristic of the field scheduled for construction and decisive factor orientation of a building building or part thereof. Increasing the content of free particles in the atmosphere occurs and more breaking and reflection of light in the form diffuse radiation. When the cleaner air layers, intensity of direct daylight, from sunrise to its maximum altitude at noon, is far greater rather than diffuse light, the same conditions. This relationship between direct and diffuse radiation is dependent height of the sun and sea level places. The ratio values daily sunlight to grow with difuznoj upadnog increasing the angle of the sun towards the horizon, as well as increasing altitude. Reflection of the earth cover increases the visibility depending on the upadnog angle and the composition of the soil. Ovoreflektovanje ytla causes and increased warming of lower layers. If the mikroklimata wants to avoid, especially in the days around the summer solstice and the greatest amount of sun, soil reflection due to the increase in diffuse light and warming the soil, done the choice of materials covering the increase or decrease its surface depending on the purpose. OSUNČAVANJE (insolation) (architect). Direct illumination side of the building the sun, as an important hygienic factor, especially for the room in which resides. Air from the sunlit side is hotter, drier and freer of bacteria than neosunčane side. S in this regard is the orientation of buildings and premises to world. Minimum osunčavanje is 2 hours. To properly osunčavanje width of the street in relation to height the front is the direction of the S-J, one and a half times height, for I-Z, three times the height. Brightness The brightness of a surface is achieved when amount of light that falls on every second that area divided by its size. Unit brightness called lux. The constant amount of light each seconds, the brightness is greater if the illuminated smaller area, and decreases with the square distance surface of light sources. If the works are in artificial lighting perform finer, even brightness should be higher and vice versa. If higher brightness, the more work and greater effect, but for reasons of economy for various types of work and premises prescribed mean brightness, which 

Data used for the calculation of the electric lighting. Brightness, typology is the amount of light which falls on a surface is calculated in relation to volume light and the size of the area. O. distinguish the following: 1. o. Outdoor (on the horizontal., vertical o.) 2 o. in a closed room. O. can be: natural o. and synthetic o. O. indoors depends on: reflections of the walls, paint walls, size, position and shape of windows, high permeability, orientation premises, premises type, depth of premises in relation the window, kind of window glass used, Curtain et al. LIGHTING, INDIRECT illumination that is achieved indirect intrusion of light rays in a space on a surface that illuminates. Indirect lighting is achieved through the refusal or refraction light rays of the obstacles placed in front of the room that illuminates. The facades, architectural elements who perform refraction the rays are called brisoleji, the windows are shutters, dampers or škure. OPENING SPACE Skeleton frees and opens space in all directions, it is in fact extreme result of the reduction of the wall mass to account opening. Instead continuous surface points are obtained, the pillar and beam become the basic structural elements of the assembly. System points over the supports projects in the modular network uniform range. This allows maximum use various systems prefabrication, assembly, standardization elements and the introduction of modular coordination in the process design and production of building elements. Skeleton is connected in a unique spatial circuit elements associated construction facilities receive and solve a series of complex power and voltage and allow installation of the secondary closure elements space. Transparency and flexibility of internal space is provided to the maximum. The system is a reflection introduction of order in međuodnode, which ensures the rationality to the maximum extent and severity and suggests some flexibility in same time. Architecture radiates its logic, openness, ease and balanced relations. The skeleton is in the most comprehensive selection of materials system: wood, steel and concrete are best used in skeletal system structures. Application module receives its full recognition in the skeletal system. OPEN SPACE TYPE contrast to the closed type of space name for the area which corresponds to its active environment. Open space to receive the best traffic and other infrastructure, environment, includes trends trends its users, multi-functional and usable 

on all its levels. + Indoor type space is physically isolated from the space environment, inaccessible, monofunkcionalan often untouchable and unusable. Open architecture (born open architecture) The Oscar Hansen (Polish architect, a member of Team Ten), OA it is the architect. that can accept changes and not becomes unclear or obsolete. According to Christopher Alexander, o.a. is one that can accept many spread the positive characteristics of our era. OPEN Aesthetics (born open aesthetic) of Title aesthetics of an architect. object, its parts (eg. facade) that bears the characteristics of different aesthetic sources and trends. Buildings built on the principle o.e. are called. "Additive collection", ie, the sum different aesthetic experience: style, ornamentalnih, using different materials, often whole styles, which are unique in ukomponovani whole. Objects o.e. resemble products concluded elements taken from the catalog of parts, although their overall expression is not compromised. According to the definition o.e. Alison and Peter Smithson, it a formal system that was never completed, who never imposed his limit mogućnistima functional changes and never resembling the previous social order. In urban terms, the principle o.e. find the urban plans that have the character of openness the surroundings and environment in which they are, respectively, which correspond with the environment, as opposed to the possible "closed solutions. OPEN aesthetics in architecture, OPEN IN AESTHETIC arhturi name for the property of architectural objects has an open attitude as to its maker, so according to his user and above all to the viewer. Property with property of an open aesthetic allows superstructure, the space in which it is possible to enter personal touch, the personal element. This facility is not emphasized individual but rather neutral, and finally individual receives after a number of interventions in space by his korisnoka. Objects Open aesthetics are often manufactured buildings, buildings with prefabricated elements, but neutral in its aesthetic character and content, sufficiently clear to allow unrestricted access changes which will make its future users. Open Standards (born open form) Architectural building or sculpture that some part of their conspicuous retractable, window and merges with the surrounding area. Open Standards Kenzo Tange jeveć 1966 indicated term 

openness, "open form" for future changes (Function, Structure and Symbol). Time was marked the difference between functionalism and structuralism, it is was in truth a new relationship and changes to the understanding of the process design space and its products, as well as permanent process, and Herman Hertzberger rightly concludes: "The task of the architect is not made in setting the final and the perfect solution, but able to user provide the conditions for its own upgrade. So Diagono rough house by the same author is the aesthetic principle brutalizma, but it is only a transitional phase "of life" citizens - a great combination of order and limit large structures and behavior of individual units. But already 1959 is in the Netherlands, and before 1952 CIAM congress in Sigtuna-and began discussions on "Change and growth" or about the time the form factor. Van Bodegraven is formulated as follows: "We need the creation of form or structure, which over time can develop "... Ya suspicion long educated the principles between the years 1920-1960. came to the fore and Congress also CIAM in Otero in the appearance of the group "Team Ten "and especially the activities of Kenzo Tange, a metabolista in Japan or a Louis Kahn in America. Within these nasytojanja certainly the Charter and Machu Picchu in 1977, because the "architecture should be the process of creating an environment planned in harmony with the elements of nature. Should clearly point out that the technology means not an end ", or adopted the Declaration of the architects of the world in Warsaw 1981: "Planning, architecture and design not should be treated the city as a series of components, but must strive to create an integrated multifunctional environment. New concepts of urbanization require continuity built environment implying that each building is more isolated object, but an element of the continuum that requires dialogue with other elements to complement own character. The emphasis is not on the envelope, but the continuity of the urban tissue. The conclusion is unambiguous that in this kind of change can not expect nepromenjenost activity in the arch., primarily in design. General correlation of elements of environment and problems of its quality and detail require pomnije determining all the phenomena of the physical framework, the What is the way selection can not be reduced, subject to principles that are deprived of triple features of the structure (generality, versatility, self-management). OPEN AND CLOSED STRUCTURES The concept is taken from sociological terminology and transferred in the area architecture and urbanism. The architectural and urban context, the concept of an open structure a name for structures that have 

Features: direct interaction with the environment, transponibilnosti, transformabilnosti, nadogradivosti, expansion and expansion, Multifunctional, constructive simplicity, transparency, simplicity of his meaning, and others. In contrast to open structures, closed structures represent their opposite: isolation from the environment, the neprenosivosti environment around it, constancy, in završnost composition, the impossibility of expansion, jednofunkcionalnost, often constructively completed, complicated and it is not possible to upgrade a constructive, not transparent, and the complex are within your meaning. Open structures are: modern cities, urban open blocks, open composition arch. objects (grozdasti systems, linear systems, carpet systems). Closed structures are: the old town center, the monastery buildings, fortifications, castles, indoor residential blocks and others. OPEN BLOCK urban term that indicates the block open to its environment: streets square, free, green areas, etc.., opposite the closed block, which which objects are closed to the surrounding streets, and husbandry open inner courtyard. OPEN PLAN athitektonski name for a plan that has basic characteristics of spatial openness, both in relative to the ground, ie, about outer space building, also within the facility, compared to adjacent rooms. Open plan includes a completely new architectural vocabulary: halls, galleries, moving compartments, easy removable and moving walls, central assembly rooms, large holes on the facade. Basic the principle of an open plan is a legal Modern principles of flowing space - current projects "or "Space that flows." The concept of building in the open field or in the "free plan "is often associated with Japanese prototypes they come from. This concept is especially critical Blake because of its abstractness, which indicates, in the form universal solutions to spatial problems, the model who will respond to requests "predstavljačkog and "Kontemplativnog" type. Beautifully nizanje related space, which run one after the other, separated only movable partitions, the typical Japanese home thought is in fact the existence of social order based on inequality, in which it was possible rely on a number of lending in which the women in completely subordinate position, had the task to maintain unimpaired order in the region deprived of their furniture and kojimasvaki subject that is not in place is unbearable visual disturbance. 

Principe largely open plan and will take Modern exploited, especially its basic protagonists and advocates: F.L. Wright, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, W. Gropius and others. OPEN SPACE name for unbuilt projects within courts of one arch. object or an urban whole. O.p. can be disorganized, or shaped parternim arch. or Urb. solution. OPEN SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURE (born open society) The concept is the architect. introduced the theory of Karl Popper, in his book "The Open Society and its Enemies", which was first published immediately after the war, 1945.g. Book represented an attack on all forms of closed society, from tribalism to arhetipalnog platoničkog Western society until Hitler's Germany. This last the case was particularly important because represented a direct and relevant way of illustration that is a resident of the city uprooted moka effectively be retribalizovan, among other things, and therefore which represented a simple and easy sacrifice of all forms progresivističkih myths and historical determinism. Nazi Germany, according to this, in a sense was paradigm of urban problems in the worst way possible: tribalna, closed mythology grafted on time technologically most developed state. Contrary to such approaches, Popper's thesis is laid open society, which is represent a mix of present social tendencies, replacement impersonalne, rational functions of personal contacts and ideology of critical rationalism, which both, placed together, give a picture of an open society . Such a model of an ideal society, o.d. with its basis in constant criticism and "social engineering, a piece by piece, "represented the opposite of all forms holistic, utopian planning, which is fit general tendencies of postwar urban planning. Popper gave the main line of a long revolutionary process, which is History was conceived more in the period of ancient Greece, which more always represents the beginning of creating the perfect open society. Openness SPACE (born openness) notion that open sets, ie, a connected relationship architect. and urban. space to another space, the immediate environment, the user of the premises and other participants in it. Also, the openness one space to the different stylistic influences, possible changes, transformabilnosti, Multifunctional and others. Thumb and meters for the architect is especially important that may inside today but neoborivog metric system, restore the old measures of performance rates and thumb. The 

that would be wrong if after some of the random pending action, for example. of England rate, as many consists of persistent and brokenly fit with what is remaining from earlier times. We must be clear that the English rate, in its present length, also the fruit of self, as they were before long rates in other countries. The length of England rate is determined, it is claimed, the royal rate of Charlemagne. According to another source, determine the king of England Henry first length of England rate to the length of your mace. When comparing rates with the Metro today is no longer justified taking into account the English or the American rate. You must keep in mind the fact that English and American system of rates and thumb do not agree completely. So England 1895th The established legal relationship between yard and meter with 1 yard = 914.399 mm, while the Americans 1903rd The official calculation found in the yard sa1 yard meter = 914.4018 mm. Similar differ spatial extent of these two countries. ), name of unit Palace, dactyl (Greek  antropometrijskog character, arising from measures human thumb. For the Greeks, the rate of the main građ. measures which is composed of 16 daktila, ie finger. Japanese developers have also had a unit resulting from the measures of human thumb, which are called the sun (thumb) and which amounted to 3.03 cm. Palimpsest The architectural (born Palimpsest) 1. The name comes from the parchment from which, in time scarcity, the original text deleted, and written new: using chemical reagencija is often possible to read and previous 2. The name by which the architecture is its multiple layers, ie, a reflection of previous impacts, time, cultures and styles. One arch. a Palimpsest if made in different time periods, or if you have several separate meaning. In the urban context, a city represents palimpsest, as it appeared during the long process emergence and development, under different influences. Example p. the baroque layered urban fabric, printed the most visible, najsazetije and spirit najsrodnije prints. PALIRSKI PLAN Name of building or architectural plan that contains dimensions and measures specific to object displays. Palirski plan is the name that is used to indicate a plan for performing architectural or construction facility. BUILDING Panorama, Panorama Building, which contains a large picture, whether it is arranged on the inside cylindrical surface about which the viewer is in Center (ciklorama, cyclorama) or nezarolana or 

curved, but is made to promote the the spectator to create the impression of a whole landscape. If the image (which are parts of a partially transparent) looking through the hole, then the objects in the picture move in space and time and then the panoramic building called the diorama, it can show changes time. One of the most famous panorama of the "Panorama National, Paris (1859). Panoramic clips (VIEW) (architect). The type of draft where are presented in court and buildings on it from the observed level.  paradeigma PARADIGMIČKA Architecture (Greek  for example, name, model, pattern) Name of architecture that an example for the name, model, pattern or form. In artistic sense, p.a. the arch. that the pattern or model for architects and artists. ARCHITECTURE parade name of architecture which is the meaning of display, show. This is a temporary arhiktektura (ephemeral architecture), which lasts only during one short period. Parade architecture is architecture exhibition settings, scenes, theatrical decoration, decoration of the palace ceremony. The most important examples goose architecture were developed in France in the period Baroque. ) parallel, parallel, same Parallel (gr.  direction, which says, in all points a other equally remote, fig. agrees that a second answer, pari passu. )) Phil. Parallelism (gr.  relationship similar things each other; biogenetički parallel similarity and the congruence between the individual and overall development; Psychophysical parallelism relation between thinking and being, mental and physical, according to which these two groups, one the second match, but not identical; Geom. coordinate the course of true line or area, the property expressed in following: "If a law in the intersection of the two rights formed from the same side of two inner angle which is the sum less than two right angles, and two straight, infinitely extended, will be cut to the side from which these angles less than two rights "(Evklid); theological. compliance, uniformity, similarity of some places in St.. letter similarity of certain verses in the psalms. PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE V. Axonometry (German Parallelperspektive) Invalid name for aksonometriju (see projection), in contrast to central perspective. PARALLEL PROJECTION parallel PLAN, axonometry (franc., axonometrie, dumb. Axonometrie, Parallelprojektion) Unlike the central perspective, also called parallel perspective. Projection of a figures on a plane (projekcionoj plane) in parallel 

projection is a figure that is obtained when in each point figures given the right to withdraw the parallel plane. PARAMETERS Form (born Pareameters of Form) concept in Urbanism introduced Lionel March, 1967, their spatial city organized categories along the hexagonal system plan. This system contained the basic organizational structure of the city: At the macro level A. urban land within the community of the city, B. urban land other urban communities, C. City administration border, D. rural main roads, the micro E. public transport system, F. school. This City system had its advantages: better access, easier development, greater saved space and great free surface. PARAMETERS, architectural name for the size, extent size, units or measuring the characteristics that within jedneog complex arch. or urban. shape and that it is determined independently of other influences. The arch. , especially in urban basic parameters that determine a system are primarily functional parameters: traffic (movement patterns), historical (the historical architectural heritage), geographic, economic, sociological et al. PARAMETRIČKA ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN PARAMETRIČKI School PD represents the logical continuation of upgrades and achievements values reached the logical tradition, and that issues related to solving complex problems with systematic methods of design, with special concentration requires that the properties are set before the designer, Contrary to the model design by the koncentisano the final appearance of the building. Parametrička school was created and developed in the mid-sixties, to quickly become a major movement anywhere in the world. School is primarily directed attention to the arch. and urban analyzes, measures and reconciliation of all the elements that would could be called the parameters of a building or urban structures. In other words, all those elements arch. and urban. design, plan, or construction, which in any way could be the subject of thinking or perception, and even such things as relationships materials and related systems. An interesting example parametričkog principles prijektovanja may in najjanijoj form gave Christopher Alexander, his Diagram form of an Indian village in 1962, which not only reflects the large number of parameters, but showing their a particular structure. Christopher Alexander goes beyond presenting graphical structure compared with the structure of wood, organic structure City arisen over a long period of time under different influences and the opposite tendency of the data is 

as the counterpart of the structure of the modern city, which suffers from lack of diversity and exceeds čovekomerne frames. Parasitism in the architecture 1st Name of the arch. form, sometimes for the whole architectural objects that were created on the grounds, remnants, abandoned or neglected buildings from the previous period, and using convenience of their design and materials for construction. Parasitic facilities may also be illegal buildings construction that rely on existing or constructive general building structure or its neighbor's predecessor. 2. In the urban context, they are parasites of urban groups that illegally use the infrastructure of a location outside of the allowed legal norms. 3. In metaphorical sense, the notion of building a parasite are building and upgrading of existing arch. buildings. LAND (nl. lots, France. Parzelle, dumb. Parzelle) Spot, a fraction of a whole, eg. land, a building site. Of the municipal cadastre premeren part of the soil is intended to build one or group of buildings. Land is usually numbered and introduced in the land books. Percelacija lots of land within the boundaries regulation plan is a technical and legal procedure by which the building complexes nepodesnih forms a large area divided into smaller particles - site (construction plot). The division of land should take account of minimum site areas, the percentage exploitation of land, on the reasonable dimensions, the Installation method and height of buildings. Lots are tends to get the site properly form. Sizes area and length of site-dependent persons use zones building in which the site is located and conditioned amount provided for construction of the block. Reconstructing the existing blocks, the division of large parts of the less, has the purpose of creating a site suitable for construction. Lots can be implemented as the proper and the irregular shapes of blocks. Expansion areas city and urban areas, large and irregular agricultural land included in the composition of the urban tissue, and withdrawal of urban traffic network, this area become city blocks certain purposes. The limits transport network blocks that are made from irregular shape, parcelišu the less correct certain parts of the site area for the purpose of those zones which belong to the purpose. Use lots as conditioned by the site only then, if lots of land carried out by regulation plan and if they provided all the technical 

utility measures for the realization of hygienic and technical conditions for housing. PARTERNA Architecture (franc. parter parter, area fields) Name of architecture that deals with analysis and free design and other areas within the arch. objects directly with them, the surfaces of streets, squares, parks, green areas. P.a. gives solutions architectural treatment of small, open or closed area, public or individual, through their processing floor area, equipping urban furniture, flowers and green (horticulture). Parterna architecture contains variety of architectural elements that apply, as eg. garden decoration, arrangement terrace, garden, garden, parks, etc.. Within the concept p.a. There is a notion parterni Urbanism, less mikrourbanizam. PARTERNO ORGANIZATION Architecture and Urban Planning floor, ground floor area, arrangement of green surface terrain around the facility, terrace, the access roads, the floor squares, Piazza, walkways, etc.. Project parternog arrangement usually includes: project tilings floor partner, plan ozelenjavanja, horticultural solution, surface transport plan, plan parternog urban furniture (benches, fountains, fountains), projects stairs, ramps, approaches, timing and all. PARTICIPATORY DESIGN (U.S.) participating design. In the 1960s and 1970s architects and planners, the most in the public sector, have begun to involve the public in consultations regarding the planning and design residential buildings and areas and the environment in which they located. In the United States and Britain have carried out numerous experiments in this field. Paternalism in the architecture characteristic of the architecture strong personality, supporters of arch. thought that their ideas and attitudes strongly utisnuli in their architecture epoch and environment. Arch. their followers or students bears strong architectural drawings of their teachers. P.a. is clearly expressed in the Renaissance (Michelangelo), or contemporary architect. (Alvar Aalto). Pathogen SPACE, SPACE URBOPATOGENI name for architectural space that contains elements of unhealthy housing and general care of people in it. Pathogens spaces are those spaces that are contaminated, exposed impacts of pollutants, unhealthy influence of noise, insolation, heat, unpleasant odor and other impacts that adversely affect humans. Common sources of spatial pathogenicity are chemical substances that are used for finishing walls, coatings for floors, or are materials kancerogenog characters (eg asbestos).. Urbopatogeni space is the space that the urban 

area that contains elements of unhealthy living and working people. Urbopatogeni spaces are spaces of industrial cities in which is located a dirty industry, polucijama exposed areas with roads, or they who are exposed to strong noise sources. Pathology and rehabilitation BUILDING The building is a system that old, who resist outside influences and that adapts to environmental conditions. If the building does not have the necessary resistance to external influences, and if it does not can adapt to changes in conditions in the vicinity, it is damage and decay, and so it reduces the lifetime duration. Interior room in the building were formed using obodnih and razdelnih structures, and peripheral construction except that they must resist external impacts and loads to maintain mirkoklima Interior space in desirable condition. Therefore, peripheral structures, mostly outside iložene influences and most are damaged. Under the rim structures include the roofs, facades and construction in the soil. Many old buildings have been preserved until today because their massive peripheral structures were resistant to external influences. Today's construction technology and new materials, however, allow the use of lightweight layered structure consisting of different materials that have specific functions in the system building. Layered structures consisting of two basic structure: primary, supporting structures, which takes any mechanical load, and the secondary, safety construction, which meets all other requirements which must satisfy the peripheral structures. Damage secondary structure obodnih construction are much more common than damage to the primary structure. Damage secondary structure increase the cost of maintenance, shorten the life of the construction and reduce the practical value of the building. Damaged peripheral construction does one function to which the built since then does not maintain a microclimate in the building, because in these unfavorable Health conditions of stay, because the increased consumption energy for heating and because the increased possibility of damage to supporting structures. Pathology obodnih structure is therefore a great economic significance. PATRONATSKA ARCHITECTURE Name of architectural objects that were made under the financial patronage of Maecenas: veledostojnika or king. Today p.a. occurs often as zadužbinska architecture, the patronatstvom society. Cobweb RASTER In Greek. urbanistici there is at least in theory, zamizao about the city spatially organized 

system spider web, which is attributed Hipodamusu Miletus, and the allusion to it in its relation Aristophanes "Birds." However, there is no confirmation that the concept implemented in Greek. world. PAVILION Building (architect). Free buildings special purpose and a characteristic appearance. Examples: exhibition pavilion, pavilion on the sports fields, PAVILION hospital pavilions in the system, etc.. PAVILION SYSTEM (architect). Decentralized manner construction of some major institutions (hospitals, institutes, schools and etc.). with a larger number of smaller pavilions rather than one large central. PAVILION Construction System (German Pavillonsystem) Urban construction system that consists of more isolated or only weakly associated construction of the body. PAVILION system construction is especially present in building schools, hospitals, scientific institutes. also, common is its use in residential construction, where used for omogućenja insolation, and provetrenosti sound protected sites. PEJSAŽNI SYSTEM building in urban planning, the term is used to would indicate urban architectural composition slobodnostojeće objects placed in an urban space. Pejsažni system construction of housing assumes residential units or lamellas which are set in the greenery of its own, independently of each other. Pejsažni system construction is characteristic for building hospitals, schools, universities, where they were placed isolated pavilions within a single urban composition plan. PEJSAŽNI SYSTEM IN ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS, OPEN System, landscape SYSTEM V. Office landscape. As with "Closed" bureau system, and here is the task, above all, adaptation to all the functions imposed organization of business buildings. Basic functions include: 1. Rational flows of work. This means that the time of circulation transmission of information and documents must be reduced to a minimum. 2. Optimal working conditions. It is necessary for proposed decision to offer the best working conditions of all services. These working conditions have two aspects: physiological (acoustic insulation, air conditioning, lighting, etc..) and psychologically, that the problem of optimal izkazuje Planning enterijerskog space in this system. This called "natural regulation" which includes: disposition furniture distribution space, coloristic purposes etc.. For these reasons, in the process of planning is necessary implement the full integralnost all participants: architects, organizers, enterijerista, installer, 

sociologists, etc.. The main criteria for good organization of the Bureau of landscapes are: 1. Work flows and changed information. The main factors for studio offices and work flow. Because all or almost all operations in one bureau to perform not one but to more jobs. Bureau Landscape allows to locating jobs provides closeness and contact influence to avoid unnecessary movement of employees and material. Open floor area offers the best conditions for setting the optimal scheme of work flows. The division of administrative work imposes a constant exchange information between all the jobs and related services. The working process of a group of necessary connections that allow the execution of work tasks. The organization must to minimize the time of circulation of information. The main requirement is the design of circulation paths minimum length. In each case, work flows and modify the information remain the main criterion organizations in the study landscape Bureau. 2. Fleksibilitet the second criterion. Administrative structure under the influence of new mechanical condition or nature of business subject constant change. Therefore it is evident that from this derive modifications work flows and then the new location of jobs. The organizer has to impose Bureau of landscape conditions, ie. to preserve flexibility articulation of space and opportunities and regrouping changes the location of jobs and arrangement of space. Bureau landscape is flexible when a series of later enables adaptation in accordance with organizational modifications nature, thereby not causing a new, higher costs constructive changes. Therefore often provide back surface more during the study of such offices. Modular system favors the flexibility of space. PENTAGONALAN SERIES represents the arithmetic sequence of numbers: 1,5,10,15 ... i.t.d. Perception in perception of architectural ARCHITECTURE facility is quite a complex process between work -- consumer, where the quantitative values of spatial relations, given an objective, transforming the subjective experience of reality. Therefore, the objective truth reality is relative, as soon as the subject appears factor perception. For us, the subjective performance objective reality, the only "real" truth about her. No Actually, for us, as they are objective, but what them we see and experience. The prospect for us, "objectively" exists because we, without suspicion, seen as a perspective - relationships and the size of the administration with the square of their distance from the point of our 

observation. The personal relationship we experienced equated with the objective existence of things (which objective is different). The prospect does not exist in reality, it's just pictures, "deformed" reality limited due to perceptual abilities of a man. Two parallel never cut - even in the imaginary infinity they remain parallel. The process of perception is not simply a mechanical odslikavanje objects and shapes the material world into our consciousness. Live man and photo camera is not "perceived" spatial values istovrsno. Man, among others physiological advantages, including space through time as fourth and his psycho-physical reactions and reflexes as fifth dimension of space. Despite its superiority over other aids knowledge instruments and observing the world, man is not omnipotent and perfect. Only through direct experience of the man manages to obtain accurate (or at least roughly accurate) idea of relations in the real world of objective reality. "The essential element of the space, as now understood," says Sigfried Giedion, "is its versatility, infinite potential of its internal relations. If wants to capture the true nature of space, the viewer must in his designs. " There are a number of conditions without which the visual perception disabled. Essential elements include: space, time, Light, object and subject. Space is the precondition for existence of all things, he necessary environment in which to place all events in the world and life. "Space is no longer a mere the case of a purely tektonskog process ", defined by W. Woringer, "but on the primary, he is actually starting architectural point of conception. Time is an element of perception that allows "Observing" the other, in a measurable interval values without which the world was only one skamenjeni existing moment. Time and space are indistinguishable duality of the world. Minkowski says: "From now on I'm only time or space sentenced to destruction, kind of their unity is what they can to preserve their existence. "definition time gave Henry Focillon formulation: "The time is, alternatively be interpreted as the unit of measurement as movement, as well as a number of fixed factors as continuous termination. Light animates values, it reveals shapes, opens the depths of space. Without light, the world existed as the absolute rule of darkness. Light entering the inner space of the architecture that we gave him dimension, color and life. 

Property, as the object of perception is materialized spatial concepts. The building is manifested their space, their basic attitude mass, form its structure, color and invoices material, size and arrangement of elements ... Form, according to Focillonu "just the idea of spirit, one Speculation about the area reduced to geometric inteligibilnost, until oživotvori material. Entity - person who is experiencing the space through psychophysiological perception of their instruments. Things exist independently of the presence of man as subject of perception, however, only its active U.S. participation is achieved and the process of perception. Around the direct instrument of power of visual perception. Around receives objects and images from reality and through the pupil and the lens is transferred to the inner part of the cornea. From there image, through an exceptionally sensitive nerve čepčića, transferred into the sphere of visual cortex of the brain. In this way the Our performance reflects the awareness of the subject perception. Subjects different remote and illuminated view is accommodation of the eye and the convergence of light rays. The fields include a clear vision of different parameters values in relation to the direction of fixation. There are four border vrenosti angle: 50 degrees, above 70 degrees, below 90 degrees to the external side and 60 degrees to the inner side of the fixation point. It is interesting to note that the resultant image visible field diagram outlines the golden section (1:1,618) and sought confirmation that the magical properties and universality of the golden section proportion. PERCEPTUALNI SPACE name for immediate, perceptional space-so it kind of direct knowledge of the man using their senses. Perfection in the architecture effort to achieve architectural ideal in composition, harmony, conformity, function of the architectural object, color, movement, volume and others. Striving for perfection in architecture were present in all cultures, from ancient cultures Egypt, in ancient Greece, Rome, the Renaissance until the today. Architectural lines are high achieved perfection in architecture, which is used today. In urban planning, perfection is present in the aspirations architects to achieve idealnig plan of the city, especially during the Renaissance. Perforation (novolat. perforatio drilling) in architecture, the term is used to indicate drilling or sell inside a wall or other architectural area. Perforations on one facade wall consists of a system window, until perforation in one partition wall made ornaments 

or decoration. Window perforation can be: rosettes, transformer, while the perforated ceilings and walls can be: cassettes, etc. tranzene. Time periods, architectural alignment of architectural objects in a particular style, then in certain time periods. Architectural of predication can is done according to the stylistic features, constructive features, historical features, geographic, socio - economic, general cultural civilization features, shape and all. Thus, periodizaciju distinguish style, constructive periodizaciju, periodizaciju historical, geographical, cultural and others. According to the same characteristics and elements, it is possible to carry out urban and periodizaciju. Permanent Name for the architecture and architectural urban structures that are permanent and remain in place long many years, as opposed to ephemeral architecture or the architecture of temporary facilities, which built that would last a short period. PERSIAN MEASURES Persia used simultaneously two units: elbow (0.55 m) and rate (0.33 m) but There is the exact relationship between these units of measure, ie. 5 rate = 3 elbows, and all dimensions of the Persian monuments also contain a whole number and rate of cubits, which means that these dimensions expressed product of 3 elbow or 5 feet. Persian brick was 1 long rates, which is in the walls allow easy reaching this relations, and general use of brick, for example. for lining walls or paving. For the construction of stone unit is usually the elbow, divided in 24 parts. But in the Persian architect. encounter on another unit - module undoubtedly received from the Greeks, and by which is expressed in all parts of a relationship spomenika.Persijski module expressed a high column radius, ie. those contained in the half height of the tree pillars. In this module, determined measures are all other parts of pillars, all proportions and spaces columns. Also characteristic is the relatively constant ratio of the diameter of the pillars of his height. Personality characteristics in the architecture of one arch. to contains elements of the personality of its creator. Perspective CASE (nl. perspective) perspective is science of displaying items on a plane as them to a certain point of view, our view about; image objects in the distance, fig. look to the future, the prospects for future; Polish perspective, when the eye point lies in altitude above the horizons of man: a bird's eye imaging (or: draw, sight) of an object from a height of bird Rule, ie. obliquely and from above; žabja perspective imaging 

(or: drawing view) and obliquely from above. Perspective construction with TERENA represents LEVEL perspective view of a body (eg. cubes) to the way to see what looked to level the field which is. The characteristics of this perspective structures that are located within the Skyline dimensions of the body, and the eye point is on the line horizon, also within the dimensions of the body. Infinity is are left and right of the eye point, the various distance from the place where the layout (projection) lateral point on the skyline. This is the most common Perspective construction. FIFTH FACADE The contemporary architecture of the period of Le Corbusier, introduced the notion of the fifth facade. Title the roof, usually flat roof, designed and arranged according to the principles parternog Planning and Planning facade. Fifth facade often include: terraces, level, place furniture, swimming pool on the roof and the like.  PIKTOGRAFIJA (from Lat. Pictus painted and Greek.  grafein write) symbolic language, thought and expression concepts using pictures. In general, the signs of the letters shematičnog shape, the What is art element of more or less subordinate. Through the last stage systems are ancient songs civilization (vee, Egyptian, Cretan, Chinese and etc..) predkolumbovske letters in America and Native tej the system the most. The form različnih review tables and instructions on trade items, which are intended for people different linguistic areas, p. in Recently frequently applied. PIKTORIJALNA higher level of perception above the ordinary perception, experience "second-hand", ie, the process of through which individual work of art becomes aware something. Image perception of a space architect. Property or shape. Pythagorean thoroughbass can not be established in which is much more older Pythagoras served Egyptian knowledge. In any case, found in processed all of its science with these objects items knowledge of the ancient world, which he introduced when two Academic Travel to Egypt. Pythagoras, as well as the whole of his school, called Pitagorovci, believed "numbers" praelementima construction worlds. Even the terms was based on numbers. That opinion was = 2; fairness = 4; perfection = 8, etc.. PITAGOROVSKI rectangular character PROPORTIONS INTERVAL Pythagoras, who is still almost 2500 years found all proportion of intervals, found at the same time and solution of harmony in the geometry of the circle, as the root 

all central laws of harmony. He found that all the right proportions of the interval can be found in pitagorovskom Cartesian circle. The proportion of intervals and chords get to the top picture of interconnected relationships of certain categories characters so natural and clear that we can understand why Pitagorovci this character see the entire praizvor musical harmony. Second, you do not feel like punovredan harmony and Septim that no simple proportion of numbers, without missing the remainder of this character proportions, which only increases his value. ER - NON Place (born "place - no place") term in architecture introduced by Charles Jencks in his book "Modern Movements in Architecture ", by which one given place its antithesis is not - place. Man is the organizational nature and he strives to create a place of residence and manage it. In relation to the level of his creations, is feasible projects that will be a "place" or "No - place. "No - the place is urban ambivalent, without character, paragraph, vague nature and content. To given the character of "place", it is necessary to his urban reidentifikaciju, which returns via the identity one place. Urban identity is a category that raises value in one place and raise it above the level of "no -- places. PLAN (L. Planum) 1 plain, area, flat space, flat land; 2nd design, drawing, building, Cartographic showing a smaller area; 3rd plan in economy consciously regulated distribution of the total production of the various fields of production. Form of regulation and achieving the overall play, which corresponds Socialism (communism), 4th social plan. Annual regulating the distribution of national income - which determine the general relations in the economic development and other activities. PLAN DEVELOPMENTS name of urban and architectural plan that is derived based on the analysis of movement through certain space (the object of architect or city). P.k. contains key points of importance for traffic through the zone represented. The arch. sense, it is the analysis of movement through an arch. object marked with the all important routes, frequencies (frequency) of movement and places where the structure or changes the direction of movement. In urban sense, p.k. a system of roads drawn izmađu significant ziljnih points, analyzed by type of traffic (pedestrian, school, metro), type Road (pedestrian, school, cycling, rail), frequency of movement, intersections, and changes direction movement. P.k. is the basic element predodređuje a plan. 

PLAN WITH executed triangles characteristic arch. Plan where the rectangular base object dijagonelno cut two triangles which are mutually executed, or where architectural compositions made of two triangles mutually executed. Frequent compositions arch. sixties and seventies. Significant protagonists p.s.t. is I.M. Pei (Mizej of Modern Art in Washington). ZAROTIRANOM plan with the axis of symmetry concept was introduced in the arch. seventies, together with the development of post modern architecture. The architectural style of architecture. design with the basic concept of proper geometric form of the object that is rotating in italics compared to their base axial symmetrical form. This, bold type of plans used to be achieved dynamics of composition arch. object. The protagonists were: Robert Venturi, Michael Graves, Charles Moore and others. PLAN, geometric 1st Any real or imagined vertical or horizontal surface parallel to the plane you are viewing. 2. Horizontal arrangement of parts or building drawings or diagram that shows such a system in horizontal intersection. 3. Draft. V. Building design, architectural project (German Risse) view of one object (projection). Exists normal plan (base, prospects, sideview, sections), parallel plan (axonometry) and perspectives. 4. Building a plan that originated in the Gothic era, called are listed projections. PLAN, CONSTRUCTION (Org.). (1) Presentation Volume and time prediction of execution construction task. Volume prediction only performance, capacity or finance is called static plan. Entering a time factor is obtained dynamically plan, which is divided into annual, quarterly, monthly, decade and a daily schedule. Monthly and other called more dynamic and operational plans, or calendar work plans. Prediction for a longer period construction of events may be present prospective plan. (2) Drawing on the basis of which should make some technical work, as an integral part of the project. So we have: workshop plan palirski plan, etc.. PLAN, PALIRSKI (Org.). The plan is worked out in detail and listed to by him can not hold to perform work. Palirski plans to operate normally in a larger scale. PLAN, PLAN TYPES basic types of plan are: 1 Axially Plan 2 Cellular Plan 3 Central Plan, 4 Double Plan, 5 The last plan, 6 Input Plan, 7 F-Plan, 8 H - Plan, 9 Holni plan, 10 Hall, 11 Plan longhouse, 12 Open holni plan, 13 Solar plan, 14 Wealden Plan. 

Planimetry (L. Planum, a plain, flat, gr.  measurement) measurement of flat surfaces, Geom. science of spatial sizes that lie in the plane, straight geometry. Part of geometry that studies the set of points euklidskoj the plane. Some special sets of points, as the length, angle, circle and circle, are the main planimetrijski elements. From these basic elements performing more complex, such as the general geometric figures (figures), in particular polygonal lines and polygons. In addition to studying the properties of elements and planimetrijskih their mutual relations in the technical implementation particularly important method of constructing the complex elements of so basic. geometrijskh construction. PLANIMETRIJSKO MEASUREMENT measurement of flat surfaces of a body surface area or country, or one architectural object. PLASTIC FORM Name of architectural form that is designed to free principles, which includes irregular and diverse forms, which operates the beauty lines and shapes, as opposed to rigid, geometrujskim arch. forms. Expression through p.f. meet, especially in the period Baroque architecture. In modertnoj arch., P.f. especially meet the arch. Aalvara Aalto's. PLASTIC lines, which appears in space, which exists almost independently in space and determine it just as much as her own flat arch. line that can represent any matter, where its linear propagation prevails over the width and depth. Primary expression p.l. to visually define the space. Platonism in architecture and PLATONISTI Platonism the idealistic tradition, the idealism that originated from striving to reach the peak organizations space and the ideal perfection of form. Platonism is occurs within many arch. styles as well as a tendency towards stylistic perfection. Particularly pronounced in the Renaissance, Platonism was an essential feature of an effort Renaissance artists and architects in particular to achieve Perfection arch. object. Many arch. renes in time. designed their buildings according to the principles of doctrine ideal, perfect relationships and forms, which are trying to rise to the use of general laws of symmetry, harmonic proportions, and applying the harmonic mathematical lines in architecture. Among the prominent Italian representatives. renes. Spotlight Brunelleschija, Alberti, Michelozzoa, Bramantea, Raphael, Peruzzija, Michelangelo, Sanmochellija, Palladija et al. In the modern architect. platonistički idealists are reflected intention of their projects and architect. facilities lead to ideal of perfection, as they reflect cosmic order and legality. Among the modern architect. particularly 

platoničarima takes place among the Mies van der Rohe, whose Architecture is often criticized for such properties, But that represented absolute requirement, subordination platonističkom way of looking at the arch. Platonistički access to the arch. also meet with Louis Kahn, in a post modern period platonistički generally contain the arch. James Stirling. Academic Platonism Platonism is that received his certificate of academic institutions, which represented the theoretical part of the arch. paragraph institutions. Neo platonisti representatives platonizma the arch. that its architect. attitudes is based on platonizma revival of the principles and their incorporation in arch. projects. Plein Air (franc. open space) term in architecture used to mean a large, open, covered in empty space, which is often the scene of course of events or a function. Plein air meet gallery space for large, bright space greenhouse. Plein air can occupy and internal space and the movement of large masses of giant wrap volume exposed to machines or other objects in it creates new and winning environment in which sečovek mixes with his miraculous new product and will void all him. Playboy architecture, this term is probably found S. Giedion 1961, writing about pomodnoj arch. Namely, there understanding of some contemporary architects to be the architect. as fashion and that many designers only applied moves of the international fashion and style that now, when the fashion past, "the romantic naslađuju orgy. "Fashion from 1960th with selected non-critical historical fragments, was unfortunately infected many gifted architect ... it is some kind of playboy architecture. The architecture is treated as playboy treat life - quickly prezasiti everything and runs from one to another sensations. ARCHITECTURE pluralism in pluralist understanding of the arch. as a result of various influences and predestination. Pluralistic approach to the architect. includes within a few units or more stylistic characteristics contained in a building architect. Characteristic example of a pluralistic architectural works are Charles Moore, Michael Graves and Robert Venturija that contain istoristički sensibility that within one Property includes many previous styles and characteristics. HOME FORM IN ARCHITECTURE primary act of architectural choice is a simple idea, a strong idea of who it comes to choice of form drawing from the repertoire of memory and elementary geometry. This initial form is studied in 

function of human activities that need to be developed in relation to her, and from this review is published "Deformed", adapted and concretized in the same time. Only if this strain agreed with laws of form and human needs, the process design can continue. If this Compliance does not, it is necessary to choose a different form and start from scratch. Imitation in the architecture represents a process or operation, copying or ugledanja the existing examples, to achieve the same or similar effect. However, the question: "If what they want only object that mimics the second object, which then architecture? "contradictory imitation, the design of the architectural object corresponds to the environment. This approach still requires creativity, skill and wise use of design trades, and never mindless copying. POINT BLOCK BUILDING, POINT BLOCK BUILDING (born point block housing) In residential construction, the point block high residential block in the center is reserved for stairs, elevators, etc.. and apartments are set radial relative to the center. Showing in the architecture According to Wittgenstein, but speaking and silence, there is more to show. Primary the tone of this show, which also can mean "in - saying "and hence" in-značivanje "corresponds to the basic ton and urban arhitekturalnog of postmodern Architects. It nezadovoljskto desire to what is in principle can change someone hit the front that is interpreted as temperovanu a philosophy of reconciliation and to put before the condemnation. In reality, however, this setting, in which architecture may not be any great hope, offers a diverse range of possible expression. For pretumačenje and clarifying the water of much complex field of reception, but some neopuritanizam Tabula Rasa. Visiting ARCHITECTURE name for arch. which is also derived have the possibility of changes of location, position, or can be moves. P.a. is characterized primarily for nomad architecture, from its form moving najprimitivnijih How much, tent or small movable wooden houses on wheels, to the most modern houses on wheels. In the primitive areas of Africa (Guinea), characteristics mobility is important for local construction. The whole village is move, moving, looking for a new, suitable environment for život.Bernard by Rudofsky writes: "Sometimes the border iameđu suits and habitat becomes ambiguous, as between rainy tent and mini robe. REGULATORY Koshare can play the role of shelter from rain, roofs become a portable 

amreli and vice versa. " POLIEDARSKI Cellular SYSTEMS Poliedarski cell systems are now a more complex type spatial order. This is the way rzličiti number spatial cells can spread on the surface of a sphere. In regular or seemingly proper cells in one system comes to the creation of a closed space where inner space of cells not seen. P.ć.s. enable transparent geometric cut and provide their opening to the outer space.  mnogougaon) Polygon, geometric (Greek  Name the geometric figure that is formed by merging three or more long which are placed under each određenožim udžglom. Polygon may be regular or irregular. Regular polygon containing each of the same angles between pages polygons, while the irregular polygon angles different.  Polygons are the triangle (Trigon), square, rectangle (tetragon) pentagon (pentagon), hexagon (hexagon), sedmougaonik (septagon), octagon (Oktogon) devetougaonik (nonagon) desetougaonik (decagon) and t.d.  chrome color polys many POLIHROMIJA (Greek  dumb. Polychromie) Višebojnost, diversity, greater use of of color in architecture, sculpture and art craft. Characteristics of a work of art, architecture buildings, surface, pattern or even an urban landscape that contains more elements of different colors. Polychrome painted surfaces contain parts of different colors and can represent different principles polihromnosti: complementary colors, color contrast or antagonism, pastel polihromiju, tone p. et al. Polihromiji contrast, the use of monochromy only one color, which varies in its brightness; light and dark shades of the same color get the basic characteristics of a surface. Is meant to emphasize and highlight the tectonic and organic forms and decorations. In this mainly serves colors corresponding local object colors, highlights contrast and tends to visual effects. Appears already in prehistory, and the primitive peoples in the National Art (painting dwellings, weaving, pottery, tools, weapons, jewelry, yarn, mask and a human body). The architecture comes p. expressed in Mesopotamia at lining the walls of multicolored glazed bricks with figural motifs. In Ant. Greece was a Doric temple polihromiuran rich. In starohriš] Civil and Byzantine architecture P. be achieved with gold mosaic wall, 

colored stone floors, painting walls and arches, and later colorful altars and windows (stained glass). In Italy is the time of performing the front of the Romanesque building alternation of light and dark marble, is said to be rich p. in the interior of the baroque churches. In the drawers. ends are significant black-white bondručne (kanatne) design and nemalterisane of brick buildings. The modern architect. seeks enliven the facade polihromiranja different methods. The sculpture is, primarily with wooden statues, but in oldest time color body parts (hair, mouth, eyes). That is regularly applied in a way srednjovek. plastics; Spanish sculptors are at the same time to the end and verizma use of various materials (called estofado style). Polihromira primarily plastic terracotta, and many types of ceramics. The artistic handicrafts polihromiranja phenomenon is unlimited; it comes to the fore in all kinds products and all materials, primarily in execution of ornaments. POLYMORPHISM The architectural and urban context, feature space that has the same function that occurs in many different forms. Polymorphic arch. Object are those that appear in several different architectural form. In the urban context, polimorfija the property of urban elements contain several different forms. POLINUKLEIZAM notion that in urban planning a plan of a city with more dragskih cores, ie, the centers - nucleus. The idea of polinukleizma urban planning, represented by Lewis Mumford in connection with it is also the idea of regionalism. His assertion that "The future belongs to the region", he preceded today economic-geographical trend. In short, the city wants Mumford that will be both more rural and more urban character, but as to propose progressive models city. Political compromise in the architecture as the architecture komleksan process includes the strong influence of politics and political structures of the period in which it originated. To an arch. work become active, it is necessary to accord more different influences and compromises, including a politically significant. Ratio Architects to politics was often uncompromising, but regardless, find a long list of political compromises that are influenced the work and development of many great architects. Gropius was 1934.g. Goebbels wrote letters describing his "New architecture" and calling it "a synthesis of classical and Gothic tradition. Wassili Luchardt, Herbert Bayer, Hugo Haering and other uncompromising architects are still working for Nazi clients. Le Corbusier spent 1941st 

year Vich, in order to convince the puppet government to it engages. Lloyd Wright traveled to Russia during the Stalinist purges, and Philip Johnson was even paid to visited Hitler in Danzig, immediately after its invasion of Poland that started World War II. POLICY SPACE komleksan represents a set of operations, legislative and executive, contained within the adopted legislation and urban plans, which regulate and determine the spatial relationships at the level of laws of a city, region or state. Policy space known only as a homogeneous space and empty environment in which the stored objects, people, machinery, industrial premises, inflows network. One such a view of space policy is based on the logistics bounded rationality and explains the strategy that destroys the differential areas of urban and housing, " reducing them. Polyvalent SPACE IN architecture, the name for the area which can have multiple purposes, more characteristic status and determinants. Polyvalent space can have different meanings, messages and meaning. Characteristic polyvalent spaces are spaces squares: in the event they are social and cultural activities, economic - commercial activities, squares to meet people, trade, sometimes squares were the courtroom and place of court executions. Throughout history, squares were the scene of major events. Also, the term polivalentnog space, we can believe that they and multifunction, multipurpose spaces. LOCATION, juxtaposition (born juxtaposition) Name of position of other things besides. Putting (or: metanje) next to one another, contiguity with something, Stacking the outside, adding. Half-open CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM (architect). Method of Construction building blocks interconnected buildings is usually set by long sides of blocks, while short sides remain free - undeveloped. Block ventilation is ensured, while navigation buildings over the world can be and unfavorable. AUXILIARY - Hygienic ZONE Support - hygienic zone includes facilities directly related to the work area with twofold task: can complement the implementation of process in the working zone (warehouses, storage, etc..) and ensure the maintenance of hygiene levels within. The first type of premises derives directly from the conditions organizations themselves unnecessary work zone and it is particularly analyzed, while the other as a way exploitation and the emergence of different purposes, ceoma 

interesting. Maintaining a certain level of hygiene is solved premises that are or appear as separate units: toilet and personal hygiene, sinks, bathrooms, clothes, cleaning, etc.. or a number of these space appears in the form of creating groups of related kojeomogućavaju implement a hygiene regime, and have sanitary propusnike and blocks. Using these objects is done separately by gender, so is their relationship in various different purposes. PORTABLE ARHITECTURE name of architecture, ie, architectural objects that can be transferred to another place, disassemble, translate or removed quickly and efficient manner. Among the examples of portable architecture include vehicles with elements of housing (trains, ships, yachts, buses, cars), but traditional architectural forms that are constructive and structurally, so that made them possible prreneti. A characteristic example of architecture that are portable presented Cohos Evamy Parners, Alberta, Canada (1967). Special structure in terms of urban planning, special structures have a specific role in identifying towns and settlements, and today, when the repetition of physical structure becomes one of the fundamental threats to urban form and with several aspects - the pronounced, specific unit area become the subject of research grateful physical structures. These structures multipliciraju their česyto values and its programs, prominent occupy positions that, for the symbolic meaning settlement, attention and energy with which to perform, and so on. The lack of any specific structures in many, especially residential ensembles, is one of the reasons for their frequent neprivlačnosti. POSTPROJEKTNE Analysis (PPA) Postprojektne analysis (PPA) are made in the implementation phase to facilitate or facilitate its implementation in accordance with the findings and requirements analysis of the impact on the environment (AUO) study. Consider the direct continuation of AUO, and according to some authors make their part. PPA is working only for certain parts of the plan, usually those who may have significant impacts on the environment, but not for the plan in whole or in all the registered influences. Identification of influence, selection of issues that will be subject to further work and priorities are determined in AUO study. The attitude is that it should be the influences that grades as the most important for the environment, those about whom is based on previous experience and knowledge, at least know, as well as issues of special reasons must be more versatile and tested. From there, the diversity studies thematically aimed at the technical, technological, 

procedural, administrative, etc.. issues. Previous experiences are related mainly to larger projects, and it is believed that the PPA could work for development programs, plans and even the development of policy (policies). In some countries (cases) PPA is linked to the overall activity concerning both implementation and exploitation of the project, and is seen as an integral part of monitoring, namely: pre construction, during construction, during operation and after closure. Arhitektnskom move in a primarily urban context, is one characteristic extracted architectural and urban complex that from his environment different specific characteristics: spatial, functional, historical, aesthetic, social, in particular, and others. One can move is a specific urban block, the street, set functionally identical or similar architectural facilities, etc.. Urban planning and design of the usually done in relation to the određenimpotezima. Move can be a street, block, and so complex. In makrourbanom sense, the move can make a city or more connected cities, zones located along the car Strada or other times. Move in the U.S. of all ppre the main, basic communication, ie internal road of a city, in relation to which placed all the important features of the city. This p. the primary site of all major events in one city, a city urban development is done in relation his move. Moves are mainly linear or line structure which include a number of moving parts and linking them, contiguity and similarity in complex forms of axial organizations of the urban environment. PURPOSE, STRUCTURE NEEDS There are the following basic structure needs: basic needs, essential needs, everyday needs, temporary needs, requirements related to stay, needs related to leisure. NEEDS, NEEDS TYPES In urban and architectural design is very important to make analysis and projection of needs in that facility since or urban areas to respond. Generally, potree can be classified into the following groups: existing needs, arising needs, growth needs, the needs analysis. In terms of typology needs, there are the following characteristic types: the needs related to certain age user needs related to a certain gender, types of needs related to the particular type of facility, types of needs related to a specific location, types of needs related to social context, types of needs related to social context, the types of needs related to cultural context, 

types of needs related to the climatic characteristics of places. CONSUMER architecture architecture emerged from the principles of development of consumer society, in order to satisfy growing needs of consumers as korisnoka architectural goods. In parallel with the development p.a., appeared so. "Throw away Architecture", which the idea of "disposable architecture", construction of limited use, which will be able to catch up with the pace of modern life. P.a. was tendency especially in developed consumer societies, with high-income population needs and market that satisfies them. From the aspect of user p.a., aesthetic significance is far less than functional, and is the most important economic moment. Development p.a.na West, however, has led to the construction of collective residential buildings or to the widespread use of prefabrikovanog system construction, but was stopped on grtadnje level of individual residential buildings limited duration. CONSUMER INSTANT architecture name for one architecture which was created as a result of excessive, excessive production, it is also instant architecture. Also, the term often refers to the capitalist architecture, which is made with the basic aim meet the needs of man. Name POTROŠNI architecture for architecture that is potršačkog formed as a product of society. Consumer architecture is built to primarily serve basic needs of its users. It is ephemeral, limited life and limited design characteristics. Representatives of consumer architecture are: containers for work and housing, barracks, tents and all. BACK TO THE OLD IN ARCHITECTURE concept elaborates Eugenio Battisti, in "Enciclopedia Universal dell. Concept represents the attitude of "who do not identify with something dashed and personal, depending on the psychological preferences of several artists ... or it can be understood as moment in the normal process of artistic development, as such delay or pause and reflection, after a hard achievements, or as more or less latent form of conservatism, lagging behind compared to the actual (...) taste rather, in fact corresponds to a positive shift, the transfer to another plan problems that are unsolvable by the fact that provides immediate tradition (...) Therefore, the return on old is primarily different from the tradition in some meaning she opposes. " AREA - UNIT IN SPACE horizontal plane circuit occurs enclosure and connect with environmental Surfaces in terms of achievement of these two terms thus 

measured for a particular applicability. Therefore, units space is always a combination of differently treated surfaces. They are conditioned by one another, and so allow the course of certain processes, purposes. They are the basis architectural content, means the area as an element, but not the only condition that determines the quality architectural space. Arranged in a horizontal plane surface of the fruit deliberate organization, which expresses the functionality whole. In the analysis process, we distinguish general requirements features or what features four basic Environmental features of the Le Corbusier: housing, work, culture body and spirit and movement, while the special conditions functions solved by each individual process. Design time we function in terms of development development process, which gives some conclusions process shaped elements, or space in general / Such an act can only be acquired for more choices in decision-making. Each spatial unit is the area that allowed in certain circumstances, conducting some kind of process, any individual or as part of a larger number of actions. I see three members, three basic data which interrelationship will later allow us to educate the whole scale: - Everyday items, - User - Movement. Everyday items (desk, chair, bed, etc.). characterize the properties: shape, size and its spatial characteristics, and material properties (structure, color), use value in terms of duration and possible maintenance, and characteristics of seizure space. Of particular importance is the determination of surface shape upotrebnog cases, because these are the first dimensional Data in defining new areas where the process introduces users. On the other performs the indivisible their work in direct contact with everyday items or without him, taking the characteristic stance. Under the type of activities considered complete data user: physical, physical, biological, psycho-social and spiritual nature. To determine a purpose, you to be in their starting units resolved mainly dimensional relationship between the user and upotrebnog cases. According to the type of applications approved by the possible size upotrebnog cases and attitude and customer relationship through his physical body, the biological features of this work. Data for this decision are in anatomical analysis of the requirements for the four characteristic paragraph in the user space (sitting, standing, lying and 

movement), and for various ages. Each unit in a higher definition of space requirements full share of users, means and characteristics of psycho - social and spiritual nature. Plenty of data interpret the multidimensional nature of the user at the same time successful and richer define the space. This provides a quality process in determining usability area and beyond effort to only dimensional analysis (only entering experience of proven data) simplify and explain the essence architectural design. The third member - the movement - are viewed as the analysis of events in general and in particular relations and mode of movement required purposes, first of all movement in the event, compared user and used items, and movement that takes place outside the area occupied by these two members. It is In this way the whole zonira given the number of necessary data, which analyzed the surface, part patterns, linked to conditions in space as a whole. Defining each unit of surface we determine the position users on the move or idle following Basic information: Front profile bar, the size steps and how idle. We emphasize that in reaching conclusions about the size and form of these members work directly and national norms for hygiene, for a particular purpose, as well as compliance with entire structure. AREA Definition of architectural surface in terms of not limited to its dimensional observation. She applies to the entire circuit. In one conflict area to second, place the creation of space. Therefore, speaking on the surface we are confident that at the same time talking about part. Never one area of their lives special, separate lives. They are in constant motion, one of the second, causing their survival and characteristics survival and other characteristics. The main feature of P. is materiality, whose intuition is not necessary to point out. These materials and systems whose application (preparation and processing) related to the technical achievements of each each time. According to their characteristics they can be applied in two ways. Structure can be denied their nature - the composition, or, rather, emphasize its structure truth. In this last procedure constructive moves to establish the circuit are clearly different from elements who complement enclosures. Time true structure is completely accomplished. Under the changing structure of the applied materials must mean and the application of color which is usually directly act to revise dejstvovanja surface. Eternal dilemma of the best material and surface 

illustrate the words of Danish architect P.V. Jensen-Clint, from 1919.g. "Kultivirajte brick, red or yellow. Use its wide possibilities. Do not copy the details nor Greek or Gothic. Do they have the material. Do not believe that the gypsum building materials. Laugh when you also say that the color building materials. If you ever had the opportunity to build in granite, do not forget that to fashionable materials and reinforced concrete becomes construction material. No prestajte to search until find a new style for him. For style, creating materials, object, time and man " Arch. area, ie, flat surface can not bordered with border area, but only manages to distinguish between, while curve of the surface to do completely. In terms of space activities, the surface is flat and the lines, completely inactive. When bent, it shows its activity. For flat surfaces Convention determine what will be the width and depth of what. It depends on the point Our observations, taken horizontally, vertically or diagonally. Of particular importance is the organization of the surface. She, materially defined, satisfies different levels organization, which is calculated on a usability. Under this method involves the merger different areas within - the ratio of surface another area in the chain of degree of consideration of a namene.To refers to the matching holes in vertical projection, and the related areas in horizontal projection: open, closed, refer to sizes, one enclosure to dtugoj purpose or their mutual involvement, etc.., just for everything what happens in the multi-dimensional environment -- architecture. Surface is the result of movement of the line poodređenim laws. Given the two-dimensional, the surface does not physically exist, it is in fact a concept of other categories, projection of state of these relations. The surfaces are the basic elements of design space - they it shaped and implemented through certain materials. SURFACE second order, HIPERBOLOID AREA Area second row, there are two types: jednokrilnih and dvokrilnih (dvogranih, dvoplošnih). Both arise reversal hyperbola about its axis (single-winged around the side, doors about the main axis), so that each its point describes an ellipse. SURFACE ELEMENTS, RAVNINSKI elements, elements ONE EGAL They are called the plates if they are burdened mostly just in his plane, and if the disks are charged mainly in its plane. As the capacity and 

stiffness of surface elements in their level significantly greater than the capacity or stiffness in the right flat, favorable surface elements is used as disks, but as the board. Surface elements in the folds act as the plates and discs as well. Folded structures can be classified into Piston and piramidne folded structures. PRA FORM Form of a model, the source from which the came one of the architectural form. P.f. may have historical character that was created in certain historical conditions, or it can be the original form: natural form, geometric et al. Architecture Louisa Kahn is a form created by archaic models (monitoring forms). Building on its facilities p.f. models, Kahn expressed his belief in them. PRABROJ "5" No wonder that the number 5 was the main number Pitagorovaca who, as is known, all the events in world view in the ratio. Pentagon was a symbol of their associations and their character recognition. So No. 5 at all times the basic number and kulminaciona Item Number Mode of our decimal system. Oldest magic square in the tradition of Roman agrimensora, has center number 5 as the arithmetic mean. Zapadnoarapski mathematician John brings the same from Seville Square in something modified form, with the number 5 in the center. In both squares of the same average number of 15th Pragmatism in architecture and pragmatist attitude where one architectural work should be measured and appreciated only by its practical value and benefits for life. "True" is only the arch. work that has practical values and uses. For architects pragmatists, functions represent the basic characteristics of an arch. Property and its value is expressed within its practicality. The most prominent pragmatists are representatives of the architect. functionalism. RIGHTS shortest distance between two points in the plane or space. Equations in the real plane: Ax + By + C = 0 (general form), y = mx + b (explicit form), x / a + y / b = 1  - p = 0 (normal (segment) x cos + y sin  Heseov). Here are A, B, C are constants, x, y, coordinates of any which points on the line, a, b odsečci that cuts right to the  angle between the real and (coordinate axis, m = tg  positive X axis), p the length of the normal coordinate  angle between the normal and withdrawn at the beginning of the law,  axis X. Equations in real space: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (the general form, intersection of two planes), A1x + B1y + C1z + D1, y = mx + a (orthogonal projections on coordinate planes), z = nx + b, (x - x1) /  (normal = (z - Z1) / cos = (y - y1) / cos cos  form) or (x - x1) / L = (y - y1) / M = (z - Z1) / N; 

; a1t = x + b1, y = a2t cos : cos (L: M: N = cos  + B2, z = a3t + b3 (parametric form) where a1, a2,  angles that a3, b1, b2, b3, constants;  closes with the law koordinantnim eight x1, y1, z1 coordinates of a point on the line, the T parameter. Directions and Route Every place has its own directions and courses. The only place kokjeg we can imagine the place without directions, is the ball, which freely float in the abstract Euklidovskom space. Hemisphere, however, have expressed substantial difference between horizontal and vertical directions in the existential space. Aristotle kvalitetivno distinction recognized up and down in front and behind, right and left as the differences, rooted in the very čovečijoj constitution and its relation to gravitational field. Vertical direction, for example, fall line (direction down) or elevation (upward direction). Linear SYSTEM FACILITY The direct line system completion of the building we find the first one horizontal beam bridging the openings between the pillars or walls. This beam is called the architrave, and its role to create a ceiling surface to receive the burden from the ceiling and to transfer it to the shore: the pillars and walls. In oldest arch. through stone architrave Kéza stone beams or plates with one another to form the ceiling, in Greek architect., architrave is sorted through a series of cross - beams in a certain space, and yet they carry the ceiling panels. PRE-Assembled Architecture for architectural and Title constructive systems that are manufactured in the workshop, previously prepared and assembled, and in such state transported to the place where the construction and built or made. BEFORE FORM Name of the arch. form which preceded subsequently erected, newly created form. P.f. meet the upgrade, upgrades, adaptations and others. PREDMER Calculation of the amount of work positions preliminary construction of the object. These quantities serve as basis for making preliminary. To distinguish predmere pretprojekat for the preliminary and the main project. For pretprojekat the predmer to approximately the large indicators for the preliminary design to approximate dimensions, and the main project, the dimensions of main project. Invoice (COST) An integral part of project feasibility study containing the anticipated cost of building a technical facility. It consists of a series of positions which the sum cost given wage sum, which represents the total anticipated cost of the object. Invoice can not work on pretprojekta, preliminary design and the main project, according to koijma bears the name. It is used for engagement of financial resources for building the facility, 

as a bid document, as the basis for calculation and collection of happy investors and as a basis for checking realized price during the construction. PREDSTANDARD The document, which is temporarily accepted standardizacijska organizations and is available to the public, with intention to acquire the necessary experience for its implementation which will develop the standard. Prefabricated elements for the name of the architect. or konstr. elements that were previously made in the workshop or factory (prefabrication), and then they bring the person building construction sites and are mounted in your konstr. position. Arch. the use p.e. called prefabricated architecture, ie, the construction called prefabricated construction. Characteristic Group p.e. are: Group A. Types of construction concluded on the individual parts: A1. Constructions mounted in its final position; A2. Construction sklapane previously. Group B. Prefabricated constructions on the whole: B1. Construction prefabricated on site; B2. Construction prefabricated industrial. PREFORMA, architectural name for the architectural prototype model, model, drawing or plan ahead design or develop an architectural project. Preformu be distinguished from the architectural praforme, which is the original form from which the created an architectural form. TRANSITION AREA represents the area that is between foreign and internal atmosphere of an arch. objekta.Postize the use of a windscreen, which is dimenzioniše size and rate of movement of human mass, and spatial sense, it is necessary awareness on the necessity. By its position and importance of providing on time need for orientation in the space of inputs. It is area where the man can make certain of the correctness his movement, which means that it must not be disturbed in that direction any of the flow of movement, or dejstvovanjem some of the functions. The entrance area can be treated as a vestibule, hall, passage, gallery, slide etc.. and except surface to move (or pass retention - a functional focus on various types of interconnections) have a series of preparatory functions, such as: notice, delay, various types of control, and divorce according to the basic communicative node. Premise, architecture in architecture, shape, or form architectural element of the object that was previously highlighted, ie, it assumed in the architecture of the building. Pillar the premise of Greek temples, Luke premise architecture ancient Rome, the premise of modern concrete architecture, particularly brutalizma. 

PRENDRE LE Part (franc.) Party choice, purpose, meaning or method. Parti Pris has the meaning inclination, prejudice or direction, thinking, so, in architectural criticism is parti adoption or attitude is the same as the project selection approach when implementing a conceptual scheme. Prendre le party is making a decision or determination, like the one in the architectural project. PREPOLOVLJENJE IN CONSTRUCTION This series prepolovljenja is an important and standardization in construction, but came to the fore in the design in the last decades, as was the case in the era of classical construction. Particularly good example of showing the basis of known range Architect A.V. Palladio, from the time of the Renaissance. Rooms on both sides of the entrance hall so arranged that any further room for less than half previous. As in puževoj box passes through the premises which are respectively the lower half of: entrance hall = 1 / 1 E, space for receiving E = ½, adjacent rooms = ¼ E, Supporting facilities = 1 / 8 E, cabinet = 1 / 16 E. In classical basis from the time of the Renaissance, this is polovljenje occurs everywhere, although rarely so consistent as in Palladio. General taken to divide the surface of the architect is not so important as sharing the length and breadth of the premises and all building. These measures are mostly in a simple mutual comparison. They are usually all basic measures (elbow = 2 rates), or their ½, ¼ or ¾ rare. Gradation up is often spent doubling 4, 8, 16, 32 etc.. As an example of this can we best serve original description of the building, with a draft of a palace of Leonardo da Vinci: "Staircase is one of the elbow and ¾ (bracci) wide and knee zavinuto (inginocchiata). It has only 16 cubits with 32 steps each ½ elbows wide, and ¼ elbows high, and the department where the staircase tuck the elbow is 2 wide and 4 long elbow. The wall that divides a staircase from the second elbow ½ thick, and the width 2 steps amount to the elbow, because the hall should be for ½ cubits wide. This hall will be 21 cubit long and 10 ½ cubits broad, and so will be good. Hall will give height of 8 cubits, but would have the right to be the same so high as wide. but I look like such (rooms) melancholy, as in so many heights remain dark, and the staircase would be prestrmo, too upright. " Cut Cut is completed we mean and show construction and the interior of the building. They represent vertically cut the object in the main directions (longitudinal, cross-sections). Thus, from these drawings can be seen 

cut walls, ceiling and cut their combined relationship and orthogonal projections of the inner walls of the limited spaces, with their architectural processing. From the intersection and see the amount of certain premises and their shape. PRESEK (German Geschoss, Schnitt) V. Cut. In architecture or the art of construction, usually upravan cross-section through a building or part. Intersection can be made towards the longitudinal axis of the building (longitudinal section) or perpendicular to it (cross section). The intersection of the draft code of construction plans got pulling an imaginary horizontal or vertical plane through the lenses of its characteristic spots. From him to see: wall thickness and construction type, material, length, width, height and relative and absolute elevation. Full parts of the intersection of the šrafirani or colored. Section, the mutual intersection Name section konstruktivinih and other architectural elements, as for example, the intersection of a Gothic arch ribs. PRETPROJEKT previous project, which is usually small scale, while giving the general disposition object with dimensions najglavnijim, clouds and distribution. It serves as predstudija, and to obtain approximate financial impact, and to obtain Proximity to compare the financial effect of various solutions. and roads and railways to the scale 1:25000, 1:50000 and 1:100000 for the building in scale 1:200, and 1:200 and 1:500 bridges. For architectural objects called the program. Overcrowding in the architecture name for overcrowding ornaments, various architectural elements, styles, construction parts, materials, colors, texture, which may occur on a single architecture facility. Overcrowding is also emphasized in the Baroque, especially rococo, and opposite there is overcrowding in the purist attitude architecture, which emphasize the "less is more", which means that less material elements in the interior, it the interior to be architecturally and aesthetically better. Under VIBRATION damping vibration damping involves gradually reducing their amplitude all the way to idle when it's free vibrations and prevent resonance when it comes to of forced vibrations. To suppress vibrations due to friction between the particles of material, or due non-refundable in the conversion of heat energy shake the ground during the earthquake input in construction. Vibration damping contributes viscous damping, which depends on frekcenciji vibration and hysteretic 

damping, which does not depend on the frekcenciji. Sound damping Reducing energy sound passes through a wall, or is it rejected; depends insulating ability of the material, the structure compartments and the greater or less power absorption of sound. PRIMA in architecture, PRIMA = KVADRAT 1-1 received architecture it is harmonic characteristics of the double, as the high C, contains in itself the first harmony (first consonance) of 1:1 (no roll 256:256), titranem wire in the air that surrounds it. This proportion receive the appropriate box with the ratio 1:1. PRIMARY COLORS, primaries (born primary colors, primaries) Colors: red, blue and yellow. Colors from which derive all the others, which itself can not be dekomponovane. Primary structure (born primary structures) Basic elements of artistic work. In architecture, the elements basic concepts of architectural objects in composition, spatial - organizational or constructive sense. PRIMARY FORM basic form, the original form, especially the crystal. Primordial Architecture in the history of architecture, the name the original architectural form and the original objects, representing prapočetke human activities building. NATURE AS ARCHITECT term refers to the natural created arch. forms, which have all the characteristics architectural buildings. Our tendency to look stalaktitske cave, thinking that when the cathedral or see castles carved in rocks do not give any particular imagination or sense of Art. Example p.k.a. the Ciudad Encantada, Enchanted City, about 180km east of Madrid, the Cretaceous formations sediments that covers about two square km. Fantastic shapes with characteristic surrendered to represent an extraordinary spectacle and did not need no imaginative comparisons with arch. to them enjoyed. Also, in Africa, there used to be izdubljuju soft wood tree Baobab Adansonia digitata, used for housing. Comparison of live natural structure and technical construction is not only interesting in terms of form, but especially in terms of internal structure, especially Comparison of natural shells with the latest light structures. The first part of the man looked at the cave, the bird's nest and the construction of the rules animals, but not at the structure of organisms that are more time in najdavnija got perfect form. In comparing various structural systems for a 

particular case as a measure can use consumption materials and energy. Resistance to the strain the moving load and own weight of the objective which difficult and technical, and living structures. However, even the largest achievements in the field of technical structure is not reached capacity of natural structures. Frei Otto, and Helmcke Krieger investigated microorganisms from shell point of light construction and stated in particular high capacity diatomeja shells whose shell of glassy silica. They are not smooth, but have lattice structure. At this very reminiscent diatomeju Dome of the prefabricated ribs armiranbetonskih A Buckminster Fuller's. Due to its construction shell diatomeje sustain extremely high power. Appearance diatomeje has similarities with domes (Nervijeva Sports Palace in Rome). Inspired by nature structures of Frei Otto proposed solutions, light rigid structure with corners in mind rapčlanjenog barbecue. Le Ricolais is exploring triangulisane structure pointed to unicellular microorganisms redilarije who live in the sea exposed enormous pressures. In these organisms can be notice tetrahedral structure with lateral surfaces of trougaonih post Mar and branching as the tree structure with down the system and outside systems with radial tree in several floors. Le Ricolais in his research forms and images that occur in them using topology and graph theory, and with them comes to certain static features. Complicated structures such as bone for his performance far exceeds najboje steel construction. Technical Le Ricolais structures express a constructive principles of living organisms (Sferovektor "with 6 horizontal rings). In the laboratories of faculty and institutes around the world, the designers and studios Architects created models and drawings of new structures be investigated. There is no doubt that the best be implemented because it is not only the economy of their side. New forms derived from the law of maximum capacity will all be more different from those created by previous techniques. Similarly as in aeronautics and architectural structures will become increasingly adapted the laws of physics and the requirements for minimum labor and materials, from which will emerge new surprising interesting forms. NATURAL DETAIL (German Naturdetail) Showing a detail life-size (scale 1:1). NATURAL SYSTEMS Includes systems istorodne nature which become independent of human activity. In his emerging movement and loss, subject to the general 

laws of nature. These are the geological, cosmic and biological environment. In these systems, life appeared as the highest manifestations of organization of matter, in which Ambient followed the appearance of man. His ability to make decision, the man most perfect system of plantation known universe. He and I became the author of two groups: technical and organizational. Naturalness, naturalism (the lat. Natura nature, Engl. naturism) 1 Philosophical theory for its origination takes nature as the primary and sole reality and the source of all the happenings in the world. 2. In the area of Fine art and literature, naturalism is the direction of its subject and the artistic nature of the model is taken, basic, raw, wild and life-so it is, and without embellishment and dealizovanja. As Art tendencies, naturalism spread European culture scene in the second half of the nineteenth century, showing through various artistic movements and styles in mind the absence of opštekulturnih criteria that they want the art permanently promoted to harmony, balance and perfection. Privacy ARCHITECTURE name for the architectural solution or arch. object that is built according to the basic principles of separation of functions intimate human housing and general housing allocations from other feature arch. building or urban systems. PROVISIONAL Construction All buildings that fall within the preparatory and auxiliary works. These are: workshops, warehouses, barracks for housing, various eaves, concrete factory etc.. Temporary facilities Buildings that are built on site accommodation for workers and materials, or temporary road, rail, etc.. which are necessary to could build a basic object. WEIGHT PROBLEM The problem of mass and open and open, which is strongly imposed in the resolution, vertical composition plan, and what are the their mutual relations, and technical terms, it is impossible to separate from unutarnjeorganizacije use of space, so the relationship upotrebnog objects and movement. Even in the classical understanding of architecture, this relationship was crucial. Weight wall was the place where the subjects performed the gathering use, and moves osovinskih line gave impetus exposure to the central importance and crucial purpose. In these cases the size of the space allowed their good use. And when these ideas and transferred to the civil space capabilities, then the demonstrated their functional defects, and instead enabled movement disappeared trip. PERCENTAGE OF LAND development Percentage of development expresses the ratio of surface soil under the buildings 

specific area of residence. Pr = (Pzx100) / Pj. Where: Pr = the percentage of construction, PZ = area under the buildings, Pj = surface unit. This percentage indicates the total surface development surface and shows supplementing free undeveloped areas that remain in the housing unit after the construction of all facilities. Free surface improves sanitation and housing through ozelenjavanja aeration, and provide better conditions of insolation. Percentage of development on the old inherited components cities is 80-85%. This created a large percentage of unhygienic conditions of living in apartment blocks and narrow streets with buildings constructed on both sides of the as a corridor. The percentage is dependent on the development of system construction. When the percentage of closed blocks of development increases, while in the open systems concept and construction free individual objects, the percentage decreases. Building in height reduces the percentage of construction and increases the free surface. The percentage is dependent on the disposition of objects, ie, the their mutual distance. Auxiliary facilities increase the percentage of completeness. The average density of the development of housing units should be calculated from 20-30%. Increase the percentage of development of over 30% of housing units worsens hygienic and health conditions of housing. PROCESS architectural design represents the first all mental action, but that is clearly directed towards field whose goals, according Vitruvijevim rules, solid construction, comfort and beauty. This difficult goal requires a long and deep reflection, the method consists of regular checks for which there is a need for conscious critical activity, which will be able to join and other people who will invite the architect to help. Leon Battista Alberti writes about this aspect of the process architectural design: "I will never ignore that recommend what they do best običavali architects: thinking and re-thinking of the part should be approached as a whole and examine its specific parts, serving not only drawings but also the model (...) and using the advice of experts. "Action design is not just purely a transfer of the initial, in its basic features, but a certain mental concept, but autokritički process, and requires the separation of work that can only be the fruit of long and patient waiting, needed to be quiet in the soul of enthusiasm for yet started work, to then return to him more a thinking that "your court about what you designed not to be under the influence of love 

invention, but based on the serene contemplation. " And this the idea of "recherche Patient," which will Le Corbusier choose as a symbol of his brave deeds. Front, front, facade (born front, France. Facade, dumb. Fassade, Italy. facciata) Outer wall area building that has emphasized practical and artistic meaning the concept of buildings as part of its jauočljiviji. Wall area, which contains the main entrance of the building, and is because raskošnije highlighted, called the main facade - The main facade, in contrast to the side facades -- situiranih freely in front of buildings (villas, castles, skyscrapers, churches, etc..) and the tail in the back or side yard of the building. In the secular and sacred buildings of monumental purposes markings P. as their important part is often independent from other structures. The nature of time and style, these concepts builders, the front shape whole architectural composition and mass of holes, outlet profilacija and the choice of materials. Main features front of the building provides purpose and its position within the street, square or park, and it reflects the inner layout of rooms. In Ant. Churches and their classicist replica of the front are shaped ceremonial series of columns, polustubova and pilastara which approaches staircase. Ant at the head. building is the main element of the architectural expression of repetitive motifs (columns, arches). Taking shape rim. basilicas, Romanesque buildings and starohrišćanske retained on their fronts elements of constructive higher profile of the main vessel with which to provide lower lateral vessels; raised in front of the middle ship is a large round window (rozeton) that with portals and strings arcades is a major decoration Romanesque P. In some areas, but early in the bell tower becomes p. part, fits into it, and provides a typical picture Romanesque and got. church buildings. U got. Decorative constructive elements ugušuju accents the front. In profane buildings - except Burge - the tower remains of P. in the Tuscan town houses (case-Torri). -- Harmonious interpretation of P. strictly broken down wall masses with openings receives the strongest expression in Renaissance palace (Pal. Farnese in Rome). After this stereometrijske simple form, which with the palace and castles and transferred to the church architect. asserts gradually Baroque divides that breaks the strictness of the composition virtuosity izbočavanjem wall or rolling surface P., its breaking of independent elements, such as rizaliti diverse and rich decorative application elements (volute, timpani, ranges, columns, pilasters). After the classical phase which returns to calm 

closed p. parietalnog type or smaller Portici and after a period of hist. Style (imitation of the earlier scheme P.), at the turn of XIX and XXV. p. take on the period "Style 1900" and "Art Nouveau" various forms in which there is a broad term individual expression. This freedom comes more momentum in the technical progress, oduzevši walls of task capacity, provides unlimited P. formatting options Strong expressiveness achieved by using metals and glass, which introduces O. Wagner (Palace Postal Savings Bank in Vienna), becomes more common in contemporary architect. funkciuonalističkog (Le Corbusier) and organic (F. L. Wright) direction. Folds line plan which follow the same strip bent glass gives p. character of the membranes with which the side entrance prislonjen (F. L. Wright, Johnson Wax Administrative Building Co.).. Slab glass façade reveals the internal structure of the building (skyscraper Seagram - Building, New York, L. Mies van der Rohe) and so vanishes P. in the classical sense, their glass surfaces, it seems dematerijalizovano. Secular architecture (Latin profanus: located outside the temple) architecture, which is secular (ie secular) goals. Name of the daily, everyday architecture, intended for standard, everyday users. Secular architecture includes satisfaction ordinary, everyday, profanih needs of residents, unlike eg. religious building, which meets needs of human belief in God and the needs of its cultural study. In the history of architecture, secular architecture is considered all these construction that took place outside the temple or castle, construction of facilities to ensure the population, construction "neplemićkih" facilities and features. Profana architecture in the history of architecture had important qualitative characteristics. Profane BUILDING (German Profanbau) name for a building without cultural determinants. Everyday for the construction standard, everyday users. PROFILE TLA Vertical section showing the thickness of the soil, characteristics and arrangement of layers and types of ground materials that appear in a series of wells along the certain lines of questioning. PROGRAMS, architectural represent the basic document on the basis of which performs a design architect. or building facility. The program contains the following distinctive parts: project task (Architectural or urban), functional characteristics, content facility, program purpose, capacity, financial program et al. PRODUCTION MEASURES P.m. include the construction without coupling modular building measures. In building with 

couplings p.m. arising from građ. modular measures when to take away joints. PROJECT ORGANIZATION SITES The study which reševa way of building structures considering the available assets, by ensuring quality of works in the most favorable terms is the lowest cost. With project provide solutions for the execution predradnji as eg. osposobljenje land for the construction of the building (deviation of rivers, railways and roads proposing, demolition of existing buildings, etc..) and for the preparation and final works. Deployment of research and the use of electronic computers selecting the best variant of technological and organizational solutions. Designing the organization is part of the preparation work. Technologists, planners and organizers of production solved technical, economic, legal, social, psychological and other issues. The construction of the building is a complex task with individual solutions, and includes eg. Earth works, concrete, builder, end papers and second, the How to align individual solutions with complex task. Project organization building processes gradually some elements (parts of the project) to the stages until the determining the cost object, assuming that the work is done with the conditions provided. PROJECTION (Matthew), (German Projektion). 1. Projection of a figures on a plane (projekcionoj plane) is a figure which is obtained when the points given in each figure withdraw parallel to the real plane (parallel projection) or from one point (the center) through all the points given figures pull straight up to the plane (central projection) (see Orthogonal projection). 2.Izgled, view an object through his projiciranja surface or projection plane. Projection can be: a) normal projection, b) listed projection, c) isometric projection -- isometric axonometry (izometrija), d) dimetrijska axonometry e) trimetrijska axonometry, F) Military isometric projection, g) isometric equestrian projections. 3. Element or elements of a buildings that are extended in front of the constructive weight facade wall, as it turns out, kantilever (cantilever), oriel and the like. PROJECTION OF FUTURE ENVIRONMENT When architectural design is very important to projections of future environmental, which is being built in the architectural form and space general. Made the following projections of the future environment: the aspetka development space, with respect to the need, with aspects of development standards. Development data are used to committed to the future dimension of space, in 

terms of area, and in terms of dimension needs future users. Projection of the future society when urban and architectural design is done by a projection of future society, in order to accurately determine the needs of that need to respond through the architecture. Projection future society is done with the following aspects: social projection, a projection of cultural, economic projections, projection technology, developmental screenings. PROJECT interior, interior CONTENTS Each project should include: projects dispositions, and formatting fixed furniture, moving furniture, equipment, lighting, processing floor and wall surfaces, air conditioning, special interior details, the choice material in the interior, choice of colors and textures. Planning EGO represents a specific psychological architect designer feature, which especially comes to the fore when accepting or refusing to application specific design and imposed solution. Cause the frequent occurrence to be found in its roots vocational education. At the very beginning of his schooling, young architects learn to design objects that stand out from its surroundings and that is easily recognized as "objects that are architect designed. It set out the modern ideal of creativity. Little is known architectural names tend to design unobtrusive objects. Just On the contrary, the new building generally in a loud voice "announces overwhelmingly their presence. The need for personal expression has its roots more in Romanticism XIXv., Which is "the affirmation of the genius at work" even at the cost of the environment. This approach is inseparable from today's unnecessarily narrow definition architectural creativity. According to the present state awareness, Architects difficult to feel creative, if their facilities utapaju in their environment, although it makes quite appropriate. However, the responsibility of architects significantly different from the responsibilities of other artists. Images are exhibited in museums and people can decide whether they want or do not want to see them; architecture calls without entering everyone's life. Simply, if naive solution to this conflict between respect for the worth of the project and what which is the result of subjective attitude has changed the definition of "Creative architectural expression" to include among other things, an object that fits in your environment. Therefore, it should be repressed raw type Creativity - originality through innovation - and emphasize aesthetic refinement within the boundaries of the visual environment, whether modern or traditional. 

PROJECT CRITERIA name for the criteria that define an architectural project. Project criteria are usually contained within the project task and can are: the general project criteria and special project criteria. Project criteria relating to: standards, technical regulations, and other needs. Criteria for the link: architectural typology buildings, functional buildings (functional criteria), efficiency of architectural forms, maintenance forms, economic criteria, cultural criteria, social criteria. Project task to perform architectural design, it is necessary to define projetni task, which sets the tasks and goals of the architectural design. In the analysis of the project task, Special attention has been given to: the characteristics of project task, the content of the project task, spatial project task constraints, economic constraints project tasks, table surfaces, table purposes, Preferred related areas, the aim of the project task, dynamics of project implementation. Problems arising from projeknog task are problems opteg character special problems, external problems, internal problems, problems arising from the (im) possibility of application of standards. PROJECT MISSION, OBJECTIVES The main part of project task content of the program as an expression of spatial content of the object. The program is determined by: Category object, structure and capacity, functional requirements, technical and material funds and all other special conditions as necessary element of the task. Categorization of the architectural object is not a precise systematized division into individual groups vary wide range of residential buildings through the social and other buildings of public character to mnjih or larger urban spatial interventions. Capacity can be multiple selected, or as data area, or through a number of flats, beds, jobs, a unit of space, gross product or otherwise stated size. While the structure determine the spatial relationship between elements and the principle of their organization, capacity to prejudge all the Quantum architectural space. Special conditions of the program, which can be provide optional, include various aspects related to specific character, significance, or other disposition vision of the future facility. Here are all the elements of the site, as part of urban conditions, natural and geographical prerequisites, approximate financial and material resources construction, stage of implementation and others. It is worth mentioning that it is of special importance to the interests of 

the architect-designer directly involved in work on construction program and project task from him stems, which significantly facilitates self upcoming efforts around the settlement of all elements, from concept to detailed. Designing & Constructing the problems of space, this two terms are synonymous to one another. The first is something under the term and both indicate the amount of work in achieving physical framework of the future, or renewal of existing environment. Unnecessary specialist divisions practiced in our time to come to this artificial division of work were most influenced the impoverishment structure and in social terms are allowed neograničenost manipulation - ie, the triumph bureaucratic behavior in human beings. ARCHITECTURE DESIGN The design as a phase in creating a space, among other things, utvrživanje contents - a process that is taking place in it. They express components and breaks down into units and sets by defining them to their means. A designed circuit can be many times analyzed from different viewpoints, when determined nature of its composition and reciprocal action, while skillful hand of analysts to be considered individually appear critical. But that does not means that the process projecting only the sum of individual observations architecture given the results. Try to many činjenicee in the area of design included in the systematic examinations, while this is not the interrelationships these data to solve all levels, shows the everyday practice of designing the obvious disadvantages. Neglecting dynamic relations in the units and systematization of the units very soon expire, lose their news .. Netreba understand that this is Observation focused only on the horizontal and vertical plane the contrary, it is a procedure extends to all stages and includes representational elements, their proporcijski ratio, material composition, feature structures and components in its full meaning. Research in this direction - at any time -- indicate the complex components and their mutual correlation; jedinačne values determined by analytical procedures are defined solely to their mutual relationship. Here units receive their meaning only in relationships within certain: some selected units applications can not be abstractly defined. It is always product of the interpretation of relations and the use jedinačne all higher purpose. Under a higher purpose it is necessary mean those that define the space continuous chain of units to the urban, city, 

global environment. Takose this unit, considering the place or level of observation (area, city, country, etc..) can occur at different levels. The size and quality of data that define the process design under certain conditions, in a given observation were rated as the highest unit, it is possible to a higher level, in the following area, in other relations of this new environment as part units starting her education. Wanting to discovering the inner dependence single truth, precisely defining the relationship part, reviews, design process, we are forced to decide for deductive-analytical methods: Recognizing that in each unit, or what it defines the visible and elf-assembly properties. Confirming starting values for the organization of a pattern, and rules and jadinice uvršćuju in them, requires the presence of overall relations between the phenomena of observation. Architect track variables in the processes of everyday life whose totality is a response to the need for permanent modeling of these units and their exponentiation under conditions of different areas. Determining the value of space in the new environment is tested terms of user activity in the biological world, social and technical considerations in relation to already existing natural, urban environment. In this dual conflict based on the quality of the new environment subject examining and determining the hierarchical relationships among values. So viewed, each arch. organization is only one level of possible environments in a continuous chain of biological units, through the family, city, country etc.. For these reasons, the design requires examining not only relations among the different degrees of protection, but also among sizes that provide basic usability space. Sizes the number and quality needed data differ, each of them implies the existence lower contents of order - but not simply the sum of - and conditions for its development unit in a higher order. The methods that we have decided - deductive - Analytical - the answer to our basic question izgrađivaće the development of knowledge, and our further interest will be directed towards the apparent presence of architecture in our sight. Its units are still occurs primarily as the solution of natural relations and new environment and mutual customer relations and its properties. BUILDING DESIGN IN AREAS Smashing Designing buildings without major damage can withstand an earthquake intensity that they can be expected the area where it will be built. Buildings resistant 

earthquake must, but requires that valid for all buildings, zadovoljti additional requirements. To be formulated additional requirements, introduce concepts that are not required when the projected construction uzvan potresnih areas, and These are: dukatilnost materials and construction, vibration damping and absorption and dissipation energy. DESIGN, PROCESS DESIGN ELEMENTS There the following characteristic elements of the design process: ideas, sketches, sketches of the analysis, elaboration of ideas, preliminary work solution, preliminary design, development of preliminary design, analysis of preliminary design, synthesis, defining the project, definitive determination projektong solutions, evaluating final determination of project solutions. DESIGN, structural Finding that favorable bearing structure which meets the requirements her set. Supporting the construction of the buildings, which takes influence on the building, it is nosivog physical realization of the system and the physical entity in the relations between elements from the following properties whole. Structural design is part of the total design. The concept of supporting the construction of the preliminary design buildings. Structural design must meet the following general requirements: a) buildings must be functional, ie. must be spatially organized in relation to the shape, size, movement of people and contact with the environment, b) building must meet the physical requirements, ie. must have adequate portable design, installation, climatic, mechanical and other appliances; c) the building must be pleasant to live and work. Design should meet all these requirements optimally. Elements nosivih structures can be classified: a) the geometric shape (line and surface elements), b) the material, c) the stiffness, and different elements that action does not burden change significantly the shape and the flexible elements (eg steel ropes) that the load effects change significantly shape, but retain the physical integrity; d) the strains (axial strain and fleksijsko) e) the function (bridge room and the ceiling mostly fleksijski strain, pillars and walls take action ceilings and are mainly in flex pressure, high pressure in the foundation walls and columns so reduced that podnosivi the ground). DESIGN, Technical Methods for architectural design using the following helper methods: drawings, sketches, perspective views, models, computer animation, charts, isometric and axonometric 

representations, models. General rules for designing include: scale, measures and marks. Auxiliaries during design are: raster, modules, geometric analysis, geometrical figures and bodies. DESIGN, REGULATIONS When planning is done harmonization of the project with the regulations, namely: general technical regulations, special technical regulations, and regulations for certain types of architectural structures. Also, the water is calculated on the compliance project legal documents with legal regulations, namely: legal direction and legal constraints, legal regulations related to construction. DESIGN, STANDARDS FOR DESIGN represent standards used in architectural and building design, and related to the spatial standards, standards related to size of area, constructive standards, standards for materials used for construction, thermal insulation standards, insolation, protection against noise, fire and other standards. Among the standards are different: general standards, technical regulations, international standards, predstandardi, certification. DESIGN, TYPOLOGY There follows typical types of design: urban planning, urban design, urban zoning, urban planning project control, detailed urban design, architectural design, Building design, interior design, design installation (electrical, mechanical, plumbing and sewage and d), horticultural and design dr. Types of projects include: sketches, preliminary design, preliminary project, a major project performing project (palirski plan), architectural and construction details, workshop drawings, templates and stencils, projects in situ. Lap architecture name for the temporary architecture, as in terms of the use of architectural materials, as well as sense of architectural form and composition. In terms of architectural materials, ephemeral architecture characterized by the use of wood, straw and similar materials temporary. In terms of shape, ephemeral forms are temporary, made for a short period of time, occasional, temporary purpose. THE ARCHITECTURE V. Mobile architecture. Concept architecture that is promoted Yona Friedman and others, who held that users of buildings and settlements should have the participation and role in planning and changing plans settlements. The architecture should consist of structural framework, infrastructure and service age on the land and who should be adaptabilni endless. Such views have influenced the 

architectural and urban thought of the 1960s and 1970s. Variables, TRANSFORMABILNA Architecture Architecture which can change its form, also the name of the architect. space can be transformed (increase, decrease, change their function and others. PROPERTY Developer (U.S.) V. Developer. English name for construction contractors, ie, one that develops one location, from its urban planning, to implementation of the planned facility. Developers engaged in construction sites and selling built facilities. They placed the money in it ulažući Properties and rotates it by increasing the value of the site. PROPORTIONS (Latin proportio scale, harmony) in the Art, proportions between different parts whole or a relationship of parts to whole. Proportions "Proporcionisanog good" characters generally correspond scale in reality. In Ant. sculpture (Polykleitos) fixed the canon of ideal proportions of the human body, and the setting is that "man measure of all things "(Protagoras) is applied at determining the proportions in architecture. During the Renaissance formed in arhitektui, as well as painting a special notion of ideal proportions, so. golden section (golden section). In contemporary art, especially in the architectural solutions, there is a tendency to respect the natural proportion (Le Corbusierov "modulor"). Proportions, geometrical (L. proportio) Size, ratio, ratio; mat. equality of two relations, eg. 5:15 = 6:18 a: b = c: d; arithmetical proportion of the respective equation with equal remnants, eg. 11-8 = 10-7; geometric proportions relative jednakodeljiva equations, eg. 12:4 = 6:2; harmonious proportion of relations between 4 size difference when the first two relate to difference of the third and fourth as the first size of the last. Proportions, HARMONIC (architect). Harmonious relationship dimensions of a surface, or body space as a basis for art design in architecture. The proportion may be based on the feeling of action, whereby we can not speak on a system, but it is a feeling of spontaneous, or may be managed and rational way, based on two system: relative and absolute. Form a relatively proporcionisanje given in ancient Greek architecture through the module - a common measure of how the whole building, and all its parts. Similarly they serve and mathematical concepts and relationships: golden section, the number 3 as the first odd symmetry and the like. CIRCLE GEOMETRY PROPORTIONS All research on proportion of historic buildings, especially in the respect neiscrpiva epoch Gothic style, based on 

geometrical forms of circle geometry. Almost every researcher has found another geometrical figure as a "key". Dehio considered on Research Triangle istostrani its comprehensive key character, Drache π / 4 triangle, and Knauth, architect cathedral in Strassburg, the triangle in the box. Others again, considered "key" Pythagorean Triangle, Pentagon, hexagon and other mnogougle. How to show Mössel's, extensive and thorough research, these are different keys - actually forms proporcionisanje used for buildings. And in the era of Gothic building, which looks so unique, individual masters are used various key characters. Rziha, in his carefully written book on stone-masonry signs, believes that each building is determined key figure from which to derive all of the building stone-masonry signs, and sign the master. This is a character served as a measure of the proportions of buildings. From this date, and various forms of Gothic buildings, which in its entirety by the unique style, as flow from the spirit of time and geometry of the circle, while the particulars each very different, because of different starting geometric figures for proportions. Rziha is the second stone-masonry took place all the characters from these figures. Proportion in Architecture in architectural practice as separate, impersonal key to highlight the proportion of whose applications are divided mešljenja - from fans to people that they deny any significance. From the point organization of architectural forms in order to be able to specific relationships seen a general, universal key every time. The procedures and types of P. time is change. The European practice is a classic example council of architects during the construction of the Milan cathedral with the theme: shape the cathedral "ad Triangulum" or "ad quadratum. In the past, the use of prime number of relations rested to frequently needed practical measurements (as Egyptian triangle 3:4:5), PASM inclined to the belief that mistificiranje about the whole numbers - proportion - should be sought in their practical help to solve construction problems. The fact is that the some theorists to the same problem show different Solutions - diagrams that show the dependence of parts and units based on the geometrical relationship - brings in the seriousness of this work considerable suspicion. However, asking p. key to "eternal beauty", but a means to understanding of the proceedings in a particular situation, the establishment complex and its coordination of structural parts, explains the meaning and impersonal key proportions -- 

their real significance. One can detect design proceedings in any era - and defining the unit which stems from the possibility of monitoring the development of standards - Basic problems every time. In the implementation, distinguish three ways: a) by analogy, the similarity of many sizes measuring number or its reciprocal value; b) using pre-approved basic geometric forms; c) measures adopted by (module) - rational size which are expressed in geometric order odrđenom parts and whole. Proporcijskih application system in the present and research into the past is impossible to make out other problems of the profession. This testing today we can not bind exclusively to matemaatske legality, given that are they have determined their development. As we know, "Proportio aurea" has not always been what we mean by these terms. It would also explain the wrong attitude renes. master of one of the decomposition front, when the his attention was exclusively devoted to this element front. In it he carried the order number, size, that in the geometric sense to rely on values known as harmonic proportions. Nothing less error would not be observing the same part of the Baroque criteria that are stated in the assessment Renaissance master, or some artificially generated parameter, certain geometric laws, explaining all procedures epochs. units of measure determined by measuring the values of elements taken for themselves, they determine the order of the size of things in relation to the unit itself. However, in addition to absolute values elements of composition, the architecture is more significant relationship with each other given the elements themselves. Composition in fact adjusted relationships parameters of the elements themselves, on the one hand, elements celinskih compositions as parts of the other. "Proportion is the relationship between the elements of composition" defined Ghyka home, "harmony is the ratio of proportion." The proportion and harmony are mutually zalančane. Le Corbusier, who virtually never was released legacy of academic and aesthetic formalism, and whose philosophy of architecture mainly based on classical the laws of mathematics, and here gives his definition of architecture seen in the UG, and the proportion of "Architecture is just art. It is a mathematical line, combinations, identification of new relationships and proportions harmony. " The Best Buy survey of elements composition is built the whole system of law of proportion 

based on intellectual or intuitive sources relative or absolute proporcionisanja. Viollet Le Duc is considered to be important differences between classical and medieval arch. consists in the character of the system proportion of which are composed of these epochs. Classical masters of Greece and Rome, according to Le Duc-in, performed in the proportion of dependent modules themselves art, while the proportions of the architecture of the Middle Ages performed in the proportions of man. Fra Luca Paciuolo in his study on the proportions elevates the importance of the golden section proportion to the absolute laws of aesthetics. Later, at the time of eclecticism, there was to flood numerous theories about the proportions as requirements and criteria of aesthetic value Architecture of Adolf Zeisinga to Gustav Theodor Fechner and Augusta Thierscha, to Le Corbusier and modern age. All these theories, or at least most of their ispraznih effort, trying to compensate for the lack kreativng spirit of wealth geometric images, rules and forms by which works of art can not only be interpreted but with a certain guarantee of success and create. Detail analysts and patient art aspects of architecture discover new knife laws. Applying all possible funds dokompozicije always manages to establish certain "legitimacy" network which is the graphical image cover, rather arbitrary and very complicated, Anyway. If once such a theoretical and scientific preoccupation had a certain sense. introduction of space and its dimension in this whole world of architecture analytical - geometrizovani procedure and prilazpostaje suspicious. However, it should be understood that the problem of relations, harmony and proportion in the arch. composition does not lose any Today its importance as a means of spatial shaping. PROPORCIJSKI DIAGRAM common to the kompozicionih analysis applies a proporcijski system. Some epoch had its proporcijske systems, dimensional nomografiju and their auxiliaries technical and geometric means of the design. This research follows the dimensional, basic, proporcijski or control diagram, which contains proportional analysis of some buildings. PROPORCIJSKI INSTRUMENT name for instruments that had function measurements and determination of certain proportions. He served for razmeravanja for various crafts and such architectural surplus, and contained carved canonical scale. The famous example is Galilejev type p.i.. PROPORCIJSKI KEY (German Proportionsschluessel) Elementary geometric figure from which you can see the basic relationship between weight 

some buildings (octagon, square meters, trijangulacija). PROPORCIJSKI SYSTEMS Name of established systems to achieve the ideal of harmony proporcionog an architect. object. Since the perfect harmony of form depends on spatial relations, form comes down to the measurement, in which contained and beauty. Therefore, developers seek the right measures relying on tradition and experience, and it is while some dimensional system, to determine harmonic relations between the elements of architecture. assembly. The simplest p.s. is 1:1, 1:2, 1:3,1:4 and t.d. and later, the Pythagorean, arithmetic HS (ax = xb) harmonic p.s. (a-x) / a = (x-b) / b and the geometric p.s. A: x = x: b. These dividers PROPORCIJSKI engineering instruments are preserved to this day, thanks to numerous archaeological research. We assume that the p.š. served Rome. artists and architects, and sadrržavali various proportionate share (1:2, 9:5). Najzapazeniji are p.š. attribute with continuous separation. Proportional (L. proportionalis) Proportional, proportional, standing in a proportion, a measured, proportionate size PL. size that are in a relation of one others, eg. proportional lines; proportional electoral system electoral system where the number of elected members of certain political parties determined in proportion to the total number of those which are vote. SPACE 1st Architectural space. Space is fundamental element of architecture, and the arch. the art construction in the area. According to B. Zeviju: "Every building emerging work with two spaces: internal, completely determined by the building itself and external p. or urban P.. Now we can choose a completely simple content kind of neutral space, imagining concrete structural elements, walls, free brace, various horizontal levels or any other structural element. It takes all arranged in a single unit, which requires sharing and articulation or connection, or, to put a link one space to another, the interior with exterior one level or another, to finally establish certain relations of horizontal with vertical surfaces. This agreement is a long-administered through similar processes, regardless of the different epochs in which are masters or builders use similar combinations of surface and volume to create the appropriate arch. composition of different namenema, structure, nature and type. They were brought into the construction of a number of components: intellectual, economic, social, technical, functional, 

aesthetic. 2. History of thinking about the p. originated much earlier, but only in Greek. filosofskoj think we can get specific added concept of space. Thus Parmenides took a transient position when he claimed that the p. as such can not imagine, and that therefore do not postoji.Leukip, is However, P. considered reality, though devoid of body agzistencije. Plato was more deeply affected rtaj problenm in his Timaeus, introducing geometry as a science of space. But only Aristotle developed the theory of "place" (topos). For him the area was the sum of all places, therefore a dynamic field with its directions and qualitative properties. His approach can be considered attempt to systematize primitive, pragmatic space, but already some of today's predskazije concepts. Later, theories about P. are based more on Euclidean geometry than on Aristotle, and the defined as an endless space and homogenous, treating it as one of the basic dimensions of the universe. Thus Lucretius said: "The whole nature is based on two things: There are objects and there is a gap in which they and found it moving. " Baroque space relies on three specific characteristics, all three in some way related to the previous culture: space as the quality, the new role of decoration, which coincides with a new definition pictures and radical critiques disperzivnom typological experimentation end XVIv. We are still in Girolamo Cardana space match emptiness: "place" of a body is a synonym for area that it covers; s Telesijem, however, space has becomes the original existence, it will be for you opposed to the mass of material. However, only with Francesco Patrizzijem concept of space given to the definition amazing way coincides with the architectural achievements Baroque masters, especially with the approach Borrominijevim space. "Space is, therefore," he writes in "Pancosmia" "Hipostatsko extension that exists for itself, and not opipljivoj any inherent reality. He did not amount. And if the amount is, it is not related to categories, but exceeds them while they beginning and principle. One can not, therefore, to say that changes, not because of any change of substance. But can you space to be a substance? If the substance of what is only itself exists, then space is a substance more than anything Second, because the basis on all subjects in nature. On the actually exists by itself and there is no need to rely anything else to be there: does not require anything be supported it in existence, but he himself supports other substance and causes their existence ... "O space writes and Francesco Patrizzi: "We should investigate whether the outside 

heaven is a place, or time gap, it is one general location, vast area that we can freely called emptiness (vacuo), and there are countless and endless planets, such as this where we live. This area is called infinity, because there is no reason, reason, unable, or heard of that nature need to define.: These pages are written in the last XVIv decades., but the discovery that they contain become effective in the art, through connections kojeje difficult seen. Only many years later, contemporary architecture focuses his research on the content and conception of space. The sense of unity of space, organičnosti performances, achieved by taking space basic parameter, the discovery was prepared by Research mannerist, but that only konkretizovali XVIIv masters. Much later, Kant still watching p. as a primary priori category of human understanding, and different independent of the matter. It is particularly important usavršvanje Euclidean space theory brought XVIIv. When Decart created a new system of orthogonal coordinates. Idea that Euclidean geometry gives the faithful representation of physical space collapsed creating a non-Euklidovskih geometry in XIXv. and Einstein's theory relativity. It has been shown to produce such a geometry closer to and clearer approximation of physical space, which is more importantly, there is the knowledge that each geometry human construction, before that was something, which is found in nature. Antique single concept space is therefore breaks down into several "spaces": concrete physical space and abstract mathematical spaces, which the man invented to describe his physical space. The theory of relativity and led us further, replacing the earlier idea of pieces of matter in three-dimensional space, a series of events in četvorodimenzionalnom space-time continuum. 3. Certainly the area (social, urban, economic, epistemology, etc..) can not give shape, meaning, finalitet. However, we see how the reports from all this thesis: the space as a rule, norm, higher form, about whom could make an agreement, if scientists do not "Corpus" of science. Therefore, the area is just a medium, mid and means, tools and mediator. More or less adapted, that is - is suitable. He never does existence "in itself, but refers to something else. At what? At the time, while existentially important that beyond this philosophical definition, while subjective and objective, fact and value. Jert Time is the most "good" those who live, or any ill nice, because it is both goal and means. Bonding 

Time - space, or if you want write - "Time in space, becomes the subject of knowledge, whether it is subject in the accepted sense, izdvojiv, specific outline? Certainly not. Because the relationship between time and space gives absolute priority to the area, reveals the social relations, inseparable from the society in which some dominant form of rationality that governs duration. SPACE SERVICES (German Handlungsraum) Name of space as a reflection of human activity in it. P.d. can be called the workspace, and it is, according to Bollnow-in, consists of the spatial organization of utility facilities. SPACE SCIENCE AS A SPACE A large number of statements about space, on various types of geometric space to Social and various disciplines, from architecture to policy, leading us towards strengthening the belief that the necessary to define and develop the discipline that will define what is space, that its composition, behavior of components, therefore the entire hierarchical ladder size which will sovereign master - Science space. Science of space does not mean that the statement that the arch. Science, therefore, are not here discussing what is architecture - is considered to be architecture - architecture, but the notion of space science report on the new position architecture, on the understanding and synthesis of new methodology. As is customary that the synthesis explains the relationship architecture and other visual arts, here, On the contrary, synthesis determines the amount of knowledge about space, especially relationships and results that you expect from this joint work. Science of space, therefore, provides a self-rule each of the disciplines - exclusively in the domain of their work and foundations necessary for a given case and the results of all others who should participate. The needs expressed in multiple orders complete and rationally certain immediate future may be one occurrence of the condition of the physical form of the frame. What housing for any family should have excluded from the field study architecture, but the measure of form - standard housing issues are the number one arch., where again the only possible, on the basis of other disciplines, determine desirable Flat parts of the border, its composition and the relationship between them. So in this sense one should understand the concept of form -- purest material and therefore, the principles of science space, without any other inherited uvreženih loads, especially the differences of form and content. SPACE flowing, flowing SPACE (born ongoing projects) "The space that flows, ideas and a tendency to house understood as a spatial unity, where the spaces 

summarize each, interlaced, as opposed to rigidity classical space. Initial implementation of this concept offered Frank Lloyd Wright in his prerijskoj arch., a later, the idea gained importance in the arch. Mies van der Rohe, Gropius and others. The term indicates Robert Venturi words: "The current space is implied that man outdoors when it is in fact internal, and that was in when outdoors, and that is there and there at the same time. " SPACE Human cohabitation (German: Der Raum des menschlichen Zusammenlebens) within it, together the spaces of action and expression spaces, so that originated, according to Bollnow in "common space ljubećeg life. He points out that the marriage of primitive peoples often associated with building the house. According Bollnowu " space (love) the mutual rights, it is their home. " When love becomes a public space, he gets the character of the temple, sacred space. ROOM (German: Raum) in the art construction and architectural concept of space refers to the volume or area inside a building that is limited construction that makes the room, ie, vertical spatial constraints (the walls) and tavaničnom or roofing structure. The room can be a element or part of the interior of a building or its canopy. Architecture as an art or skill organization of space is a discipline whose the basic element or theme just rooms. Indoor (interior space) can be of different sizes and shapes, differently treated, decorated with different purposes. Open space (yard, place) can be differently defined and different characteristics: the internal courtyard, outdoor courtyard, covered yard, garden between buildings, open and all. PHYSICAL ATMOSPHERE represents psychological a feature space, ie, the way on a psychological effect on its customers, visitors or observers. The power of education, the atmosphere is certainly more in conjunction spatial opposition to, different levels of penetration whose relations are brought to the maximum contrast (up-down), so that the influence of the atmosphere increases, to establish even the dynamic inter-relationship, and the What is the uneasiness of possible development of space horizontally can be multiplied to compensate exactly this differences in level. The classic example is the partial Le Corbusierov Unite d'habitation in Marseilles, villas FL Wrighra at the same time as any two-level residence in the Macedonia, the Greek islands or any other For example, where the analysis of individual users or 

possible groups revealed an increased number of possible atmosphere, as opposed to when the same spatial organization occurs in one level. It is necessary to add that in most cases, this increased height, which usually includes two levels, acting and the creation of direct and uvešane connection with poljnom environment that is also their influence can enrich the inner experience space - a spatial atmosphere. PHYSICAL Dominant name for that building its monumental, height, shape, or significance dominates in one area, usually it is the space of one city. In ancient Egypt, pyramids were the most important spatial dominant. Obelisk is the dominant spatial has been used since ancient Egypt, to the Old Rome and later. The Egyptian obelisk is a significant spatial dominant city of Paris, the Concorde Square. In some cities, especially in the Gothic period, the main spatial dominant were the cathedral, which dominated not only cities but also some areas. Castles were also exceptional spatial dominant: placed on the hills, cliffs, represented by important visual landmark. Paris has built a significant spatial dominant -- Eiffel Tower, the purpose of the World Exhibitions. Modern Skyscrapers are the dominant space, as For example in New York Twins Tower, Skyscrapers of the World Trade Center, prior to their demolition. V. Dominant, space. SPATIAL ECONOMY discipline of economic science that the area of his research has ekononomski aspect, access and procedure organization of a space. P.o. with spatial planning is the basis of future Planning an urban area. P.e. includes economy of space, which analyzes economic conditions, characteristics and consequences of the economic impact on a space, as probably the most important impacts of projects now determine. SPATIAL CONCEPT starting points for the way the a space to be resolved, ie, arch. articulated. P.k. can be: architectural, urban, construction and others. P.k. can be based on the following premises: aesthetic, functional, constructive, traditional, geographical and others. Siegfried Giedion provides oakvu pk definition: "The process which is a spatial representation can transponovati in emotional sphere, called the spatial concept. From it arise about the relationships between man and its surroundings. This concept is an expression of spiritual reality with which it is confronting. However, he changed the world, who lies before him. The world it forces you to graphically 

projecting his position - if it wants to establish common language. " Spatial units have been established following units incurred as a result of a common approach to the surface without regardless of the specific purpose. The first unit we call element. For us there, For example, the washbasin or chair as an element, it is everyday items. Only when in a certain situation, including here and the circuit, define its use of talk and movement occurs - element. Element is the area occupied by utility subject to direct relation with the user, the size of which is stemmed from their mutual relations and the dependent is position of the user to use-case. (Realizing this, and as part of a pattern: the surface in all three dimensions). Therefore jdan utility subject appears countless times, but in different elements. Element is just najpromenljivija size in the design. The second unit is the workplace. He makes one or more elements with the influence of external factors enable the implementation process. It is impossible to enumerate all the external factors because they specifically related to the nature of each job individually. But they can be divided into two groups: a) all necessary conditions of natural and urban environment and the conditions national standards for hygiene, and b) the conditions surrounding space, defined by relation to other jobs. The third unit is a typical unit - communities working places. In the pattern appears as an apparent dispoziciona size. It solves part of the closed process which is directly linked to the whole. These are, for example: types in the hotel room - within a general process of a typical Unit addresses housing, with commercial office building types or types of educational facilities in classrooms, etc.. Razvrstavajući process as a whole establishes the conditions for Education typical units, so that the nature of depends on the complexity of purpose and their contents, from simplest units that only solve part of the process (boarding high school where the youth share units determined according to the rhythm of living conditions: daily activities, night activities, hygiene, etc.) to units that solve the whole process. Such is the case for example in the Unite d'habitation in Marseille Le Corbusier, where a typical apartment in the whole unit assembly. Flat even as closed units, in any form is typical pattern of units, yet the way the merger -- relations unit - structure - solve urban unit. Territorial schemes V. Scheme. Content psychological dimensions of space. Territorial schemes are made of 

elements that have a certain constancy, such as are universal elementary structures (archetypes) and socially or culturally conditioned structure, and some personal idiosyncrasy. All this, taken together, constitutes one's "image" of his environment, that is a stable system of three-dimensional relationship between objects of various meanings. Therefore, we centralize spatial scheme in our concept of existential space. Name of territorial schemes based on a schematic space. P.s. consist of raster (square or rectangular), sometimes modular disperse, which determine the proportions of the architect. object. SPATIAL BALANCE represents the mutual relationship between content one space. Spatial structure is determined basic mfunkcijama: work, housing, recreation and communications, must be implemented on the basis of concept of spatial balance. The concept of spatial balance is an important tool akrztivnosti locations. Location of activities provided in the double sense spatial balance: 1 First balance between production and tertiary activities, and 2nd balance between sources raw materials and production centers, work places and places housing, between production and consumption, etc.. Namely, location of activities, first provides a general spatial balance refers to the physical balancing economic and social development, and it provides a balance special structures that are interconnected. FRAGMENT SPATIAL name for part of a pattern space with a detailed view of elements of spatial patterns. PHYSICAL Balancing When architectural Spatial planning is done by balancing, as follows: balancing area, balancing the volume, balancing the whole spatial balancing, tractors, relationship podcelina space to space as a whole. SPATIAL DYNAMIC CONSTRUCTION name for architectural construction of its shape and constructive system gives the impression of movement, dynamism, energy, versus static spatial construction, which gives impression of stability, mode, time. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Many contemporary architectural theorists have written about the spatial environment. To mention only some, as Colin Rowe, Tom Schumacher, Alan Colquhoun, who have a relatively broad explores controversial issues urban design: how the character of the town supported and narušavan depending on the type of objects that are subsequently built and their relationship with the environment. Many of these works are concentrated on the study kompozicionih plans of cities, which alternately displayed objects and 

spaces between them. The method proved very useful because allows to see the city in an unusual way, requires reconsideration of our opinion. But, while Studies kompozicionih plans provides a significant global view, they themselves can not express visual harmony of spatial forms. Relations between buildings, which look like large-scale coordinated, become inconclusive in real spatial relation 1:1. The general character of the city plan may be less obvious and thus less significant when seen from pedestrian, and not from a bird's perspective. Spatial Planning (German Landesplannung, Raumplannung) Scientific discipline which is the nearest urban planning, which deals with monitoring, research, analysis, systematization of the results of all relevant macro-spatial phenomena, phenomena, laws, changes, influences, a complex of factors space, with the intention of controlling, development and improving its properties, whose final aimed at improving overall conditions of life on it. P.p. can be done in several stages and levels. According to the stages, p.p. can be: year, decade, temporary or long term. The levels p.p. can be done the level of a metro, city, region, area, republic or the state. The level of processing, can be: urban spatial plan, the regional spatial plan, Republican spatial plan and t.d. Spatial planning is the planning of settlements, villages or towns in relation to nature, according to the predictable and superior economic, social and cultural requirements that affect the basic problems and issues planned, systematic and detailed formatting an urban whole, the city or any part thereof. Spatial planning and research assumes individual aspects of interest for the development of an environment (Development Plan). Spatial planning is a common content concepts of municipal planning and land planning. Spatial planning (Raumordnung Germany) in urban planning and spatial planning, the goal pursued in Planning regions, one region, city, district, either in general or in the architectural arrangement Planning a sense of individual parts, ie, element, through legislation and its implementation by administrative bodies or representatives of the executive administrative areas or spatial objects. Spatial planning has a very complex and depends on the content from very many different influences and the contents of a region or area in general: geographic characteristics, climate, density, development, character 

development areas (agriculture, industry, crafts, etc..) sociobioloških, cultural, traditional, technological, business, microclimate, specific and other influences. Space-time conception ARCHITECTURE According to this conception, each arch. built form or object contains two main influences that determine it: the space and time. Both of these determinants are also limited and limiting factor, depending of access to them. Thus speaking, the space is the sum of the various influences that determine it and set it to the function of one arch. object, while the time entries that contain layers of cultural, social, economic, historical events which are extremely reflect the architecture. Space AS QUALITY space quality internal organization. Its power to act on our sensibility, so that his discovery in our different positions to him and the circumstances the external environment shows the environment in mind environment (relative to us). If such is possible relations in a more architectural organization, then she, her space, important. The concept of space is associated with the construction of the arch. facilities and urban entity in terms of disposal of large area and volume of space. An urban space. a whole is its compositional characteristic that located on a large spatial area, with large free surfaces and low coefficient of completeness. Space of one arch. object consists in its Small to large placu construction. A space arch. interior design assumes the use of large spatial volume, high ceilings and built grandioznih composition. P. basic characteristics Gothic and classical architecture. PROTO industrial architecture concept is linked to the first, earliest and therefore the industrial najprimitivniju architecture, which arose primarily as a traditional and National architecture. P.i.a. includes Dolap, windmills horizontal and vertical wings, and loft, and collectors of valuable fertilizer. Since our "contempt for the ideas and the keenness to inventions "are often like a functional observer voše logic of this architecture, but its aesthetics. Aeration (ventilation) (1) Renewal of the Air premises, corrupt percent increase of carbon dioxide and water vapor and increasing the temperature of persons present. Sources of pollution are also smoke, dust, fumes, and various noxious gases. Renewal Air can be carried out continuously and periodically. When 

known number of people, it is based on the needs air m3/čas to 1 person. When an unknown number of persons, determined on the basis of renewal volume of air in a room in 1 hour. Natural ventilation is performed on the basis of differences in air temperature in the room and outside and under the influence of wind. Artificial ventilation with mechanical drive is safer and more efficient, because they do not depends on external factors, allows natpritisak as necessary and leads to a specific room the air with the possibility of its purification, heating, moisture, drying and cooling. (2) Editing corrupt the air in the tunnel with fresh air. Done for Time building (temporary ventilation) and exploitation of the tunnel (ventilation stable). Drift the ventilation air can create a natural by (the difference in barometric pressure, the difference in temperature, wind, possible construction of shaft) and artificially (fans with lines). Temporary Artificial ventilation may be a pushdown (pulzaciono), suction (aspiraciono) and mixed. Always expert tunnel ventilation can be the podužnog system, and cross polupoprečnog ventilation. Ventilation, TYPOLOGY There: natural ventilation and forced ventilation, as well as: ventilation through window openings and doors and ventilation through the ventilation channels. Ventilation through the ventilation channels such ventilation in which each room provetrava through a vertical air duct, which is made of these rooms above the roof. Ventilation channels are performed as an individual and as a collective. Under the individual air duct means to channel running from the lowest floors of the building to the above roof and who are joining from all rooms floors extra ventilation channels. The collective air duct may be connected most two extra ventilation channel with a floor. Individual ventilation channels are always performed if building no more than the ground floor and four floors, if the of higher performing, as a rule, collective ventilation channels. Originally FORMA (English received the original) name for original, praformu, form from which others are derived forms. Psychedelic architecture name for the resulting architecture mid-sixties, which is based on psychological relation to the architect and the building or place construction, in a way that the relationship derived from 

inner mental state architect. P.a. has retroactive effect, it also affects their customers and observers. This arch. We also considered surreal architecture. PSYCHOLOGY AND HOUSING Psychology housing is discipline that deals with the psychological aspects of human housing, and interdependencies between INTERACTION BETWEEN population and area of his residence. PSIHOLOHIJA perception term is associated with the study and analysis of the mental characteristics opažajnih properties one space. One area may have such perceptional properties that affect the psychology of his observers or participants. In this sense, we can talking about housing psychology, psychology of, villages, mass psychology, individual psychology of children and adults, psychology and the psychology of tomorrow today. Perceptional properties that have a psychological effect as usually in the form: color ( "warm" and "cold" colors) texture, composition, movement, static and all. If we want to the basic assumptions of the psychology of perception interpreted in more general form, then we say that the basic organizational shemata consists in establishing centers of space (contiguity), direction or Roads (continuity) and the area or areas (enclosed). To make getting around, a man before all must understand these relationships. PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONALITY represents functionality an arch. object in a psychological sense, ie, satisfying his psychological needs and requirements posed by users. In contemporary architectural movements, psychological function was often empiricisms driver was superficial and some corrective racionalističkih theoretical pungency. Psychological functionality, among other things, was that which was ponovog led to the return of the modern architecture of the house with terracotta roofs, reconsideration of the problem human space, which resulted in avoidance geometric regularity of the architectural plan, too faithfully and indulgently dialect as a means of recourse communication. Bird's eye view, bird's eye (German Draufsicht, Vogelschau, Vogelperspektive) Name of perspective with high-lying horizon or a point Views directional down. Perspective represent an object by looking from above. Method perspective view of a body to view it from a place above it, ie, "air" (a view birds). In this case, the horizon line is placed above shown promising object contours, and are indefinitely usually located at different distances from the projection 

lateral point on the skyline. Bird's-eye view may be to: horizontal direction of the views or views from the tilted direction. If is a perspective ptičjoj with inclined direction views, then there is a third point indefinitely, in which the Šutić vertical edges of objects. PURISTIČKA Aesthetics Basics p.e. published by Ozenfant in the "l'Artu" 1929.g. There on inter alia: "Client uljuljkuje poetic dream lirizma the thought of his future home. Fantasizing about how it will be surrounded Symphony. He teaches the heart of the architect and the architect is all filled with desire to be a Michelangelo. Constructs go reinforced concrete, which typically does not coincide with those which is dreamed owner, hence the conflicts you because that song made from other non-housing. " General attitudes p.e. Le Corbusier is elaborated and summarized in five points: 1 Pillars 2 roof garden, 3 free design basis, 4 longitudinal windows, 5 free facade design. Purističko action in the field architecture and urban planning is reduced to two basic human spiritual concern: 1 rational thinking in field of logic - the technical procedures, 2 irrational feelings in art-aesthetic expression (emotions). Rationalization of Architecture PLAN Name of procedure during which an architectural plan subject Kojo analysis is performed, functional and economic improvement plan in the following characteristics: organization of space, construction, materials, surfaces, movement and communications, installations and others. Rationalization in the architecture concept refers to the process organization of space or arch. project based on najcelishodnijih methods and ways of functioning, constructive characteristics, economic conditions, and others., improvement, improvement. However, often the term R. as simplification, but by subtle arguments. This kind of rationalization in the arch. expresses the grandeur paradox of Mies van der Rohe "less is more." Consequences Miesovog this view, expressed the Paul Rudolph: "All problems can never be solved ... It really is a landmark twentieth century architects are very selective in determining the problems that they solve. Mies, for example, makes marvelous building only because it ignores many aspects of a building. When he would solve more problems, his buildings would have far less intensity. " Rationalism in the architecture concept includes many different meanings in different periods, by various groups in the history of twentieth century architecture, but is often applied in terms of architectural 

principles that are behind the modern international movement that led people such as Gropius and Mies van der Rohe, representing the so-called aesthetic machines and functionalism. Classical and Renaissance architecture supports architecture as a science, with principles that can be understand the rational basis. Architectural theorists from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, such as J.-N.-L. Durand, Viollet-le-Duc, Semper, and others, are also advocated for access to architectural design that is derived from the culture of European enlightenment. Rationalism Twentieth century did not have a coherent theory, but accepted view that the architectural and urban problems can be to be tackled primarily through rejection istoricizma and movements such as Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau Expressionism (which are the protagonists of rationalism believed to represent the blind paths), and that the architecture best to start over again, as a tabula rasa. Rationalist understood his role as messianic in own desire to make a new world, a better architecture, socialist structure, and their belief in validity of what they do and thus more difficult for him, transfer on the machine aesthetic as najodgovarajući sense. Dealers rationalism set before architecture certain principles. First, architecture, industrial design and planning can be used for social engineering and educational purposes, and the Thus, the design has a moral meaning. Second, it is necessary to to respect strict economy, cheap industrialization, and industrialized methods building, and then, total absence of ornamentation, to achieve the minimum standards for housing each population. Third, it is necessary to use prefabrikaciju and industrial technology at all levels, to made a new environment, they should be used even when using traditional methods of construction (brick are above all, mass-produced, standardized, prefabricated building component), buildings should look as if they were made machines (so, the facade of bricks should be covered with a layer of plaster). Fourth, we need is to general cleaning, demolition and removal the existing urban fabric, so that the same territory be built new facilities. Finally, the form alone ourselves to results from the constructive, economic, functional, political and social reasons, and the Therefore, it is not subject to the subjective or individual views or affiliation. In practice, rationalism encouraged accepted international style from which they removed all historical and decorative elements, receiving influences from 

Constructivism and De Stijl's. Among the most important buildings were Gropius Bauhaus building, a Dessaau (1925-6), Le Courbusier's Maison Stein, Garches (1927) and houses the Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart (1927), while the theoretical basis and unifying given CIAM and certain writers, among which the most important Giedion and Pevsner. One curiosity of rationalism flourished in Italy under the rule of Benito Mussolini-Fascist regime jevog (1922-43), and in fact the Italian modernism is also called rationalism by Gruppo 7th Terragni was was perhaps the most Italian rationalists, with its economy fascist partijie, Como (1932-6). Gruppo 7 develops forming Movimento Italiano per L'Architettura Razionale (MIAR), inspired in part futurizmom. After the war, 1939-45, rationalism was accepted as practically de rigueur style of Western Europe and America. Seen objectively, it was only a style of architecture, who drew their motives from a limited range of architectural features confirmed in 1920 that, dugujući general, very little rationalism, but wishes for more ideas for which considered to be appropriate for the time, and that, because this represented only a metaphor of mass production, modernity and industrialization. RADICAL ARCHITECTURE, radical architecture (U.S.) The term is often used in the 1960s and 1970s -- suggests that some of these extremes of architectural forms or (more often) left-wing political position makers this architecture. This view is encouraged and widely presented in Italian architectural journal "Casabella". In reality, radical architecture is usually presented in the form of drawings, projects or Collage, presented by certain groups of architects (the Archizoom example), which were placed before the architect questions about what constitutes architecture, usually including the charging architecture, which contained formal language. Workshop DRAWING architectural - civil engineering drawings, part project, which is derived and relatively small scale (1:10, 1:5, to 1:1), and on the basis of which it is possible and in every little detail of the draft presented. Workshop drawings are used during projaktivanja architectural woodwork, ornaments and small details plastics, as well as details of the interior and furniture WORKING bar in architectural design, the name of area that has the function of performing certain activity or operation by the user space. Business A bar is defined: Desktop - Surface Plates table, kuhinskog element, etc.., which is done 

certain work or certain business operations, surface intended appointment of chairs or place which is determined to stand during the work process, and communicative pocršinom - which enables Communications other, indirect participant in the process of work. Working bar has a working dimension. Scratch tape, Labor Dimensions scratch tape is spatially bounded area required for the execution of certain activities of everyday items. Dimensional parameters of this area take a numeric value upotrebnog cases. Communicative bar, which is often related to work strip, is spatially bounded area that provides execution of various activities and working processes (sitting, move, work, etc.).. Dimensional parameter of the working strip many facilities is closely related to the size of the desk and the number of working place in a work unit. Therefore, we distinguish: working single-lane, two-tiered work tape, three-row work and bar work višerednu tape. Višeredne working tapes are applied only in the so-called. working salami-halls, or panoramic office premises. WORK ZONE Business zone covers the area of basic content of the projected space. Her shape arises primarily from the nature of the process, whose conclusions determine to some extent and relationship to other zones. Processes affecting the development of work zone on its spatial getting and especially the changes that it must follow, and that shape their organizations provide satisfactory solutions. When studying the process of working places the most attention focused on the issues sumaterijalno najvredina, and the problem job eg. in industry or administration thoroughly investigated than in some other cases. Processes work in contemporary kitchen were also the subject of investigation organized approach to solving contemporary social and housing, and as a result appeared on the kind of attitude composition of jobs, the centers that make up process line in the kitchen. Momentum in the process set the place of individual centers, interrelationships, aposebna test solutions are given for each place. Strictly defined processes to facilitate the work area procedure, at least at this time. However, in areas which are area focusing on a number of purposes, which are performed processes which are surfaces in the space fit, and not strictly distinguished, the adoption of spatial conclusion is performed a thorough analysis of the consequences of anticipated situation in the process, with the defining relations of each working zone to other zones. So it is impossible to finish 

testing of dimensional data, relationships utility objects and the like, which is a base, but is insufficient to answer all questions Multi-set surfaces. For a number of functions which are solutions of vital importance for human community, especially in residential construction or construction of social facilities, there are national recommendations, usmeravaja or restrictions in the form of normative acts. This is also the result of theoretical and practical research institute appropriate. They save a part of times in practice approach to solving business zone, as done as analytical data are introduced into the process design, and therefore can not be characterized obstacles to creativity. The only proper establishment relations among the zones, no matter how they are normalized, affects the quality of future space. So, the value design procedure in examining these relationships will bring certain quality, and every architect particularly in analytical access to a program defines norms surface. Scheme setting process and inter-relationship between basic content of future space determines the number and type of business zone. Scheme developments odeđuje number of users by type. Each zone can be envisaged express the same schematic way as the sum of the required functional groups.  RZ area, according to the process, adopt a binding typical units in the circuit through the communication zone, or it is realized in a unique area in which the set not only need jobs, but sometimes surface movement, vertical nodes and support hygienic zona.Između these two extremes in the organization work zone can include a series of transient solutions that in the process of performing various connectors present in the zone own area. WORKING Dimensions under the working dimensions mean the sum of upotrebnog surface objects and communicative (handling) bar that provides a work activity and movement. The size of the working dimensions is conditioned upotrebnog size of the case, his position and communicative strip. V. WORK PLACE Spatial units, Business zone. Business sites can be divided into two main groups, namely: 1. As the sole result of resolved processes and mutual activities of other working fat. You can not specify reasons that are incurred as a result of analysis and action natural or urban environment directly to the requested work place. But in these cases the urban environment effect, only this time indirectly, ie. through the concept whole; 2. For purposes where it is impossible to define r.m. without direct influence of natural conditions, ie, urban 

environment. In a series of units of housing in hotels easily was noticed that the schedule of jobs is the only result of good interpretation possibilities, opportunities and events in the area of foreign environments. Features such as so important for the future character of the job that -- we can claim - the whole surface deduction. The term position is not new, and is applied mostly in design of administrative and industrial buildings. The concept can be more closely defined the following elements: 1. Workplace is territorially limited space is sufficient for the accommodation desk or machine for work and movement of machinery and man for the accommodation needed prepared quantities of materials for processing, and processed material to this is not the place to upload further production;  2. In terms of size of workplace, should be distinguished three notions: clean dimensions - working dimension and surface necessary for the repair job - repair or assembly dimensions; 3. In relation to production, jobs can be independent, group (organized for mass production) and in the series (held for chain production); 4. Considering the types, positions can be differentiated the movable and immovable; 5. Since the use of the driving energy, jobs are can be divided into two main groups: the positions where manuelan place to work and jobs that need driving force; 6. Position is not defined only by its size, but many factors that provide a safe and comfortable the work of man. Since all the theoretical analysis, in most cases determined only the affected area objects and their the use of strene users, which is the territory broadened to move around with the objects, we adopting the term (Arbeitsplatz, plade de la Travail) considered it as a starting unit space. For these reasons, the starting unit as variable size, would be an element, that is something that No more all the features of space, but the starting value for Reaching space. Position in this order units of space, but actually his first and main units, whose features expanded, because now it viewed in the process of meeting the course of activities, and not only the movement and serving. So they introduced two large groups for its definition and they are polarity bin / on. The first would be: select size (the first level of activity analysis - an element), in connection 

immediate surroundings - physical, visual, communicative, with other workplaces, and air space that include the terms natural and artificial lighting, position of the openings, osunčanja and protection from the sun, air - ventilation, temperature, heat, humidity and acoustic comfort. The other conditions are to include nature, and urban collective and immediate family neighborhood. Regarding the conditions called Climate space, there should understand the five internationally accepted customer demands on the quality of buildings, namely: heat comfort, air comfort, visual comfort, acoustic comfort and energy savings. Thermal comfort covers temperature, and the importance of heating, air comfort include: air quality, ventilation, and the amount of impact location and space shape the climate space, visual comfort include: natural and artificial lighting, position of the openings, and protection osunčanje from the sun, acoustic comfort include: limiting disturbances and anxiety, the problem of energy saving would gamin also part of the climate space. Refinement in the architecture name for a plan architectural objekzta that is refined, sophisticated, composition consistent with a high degree of compositional harmony, a plan which "has nothing to add or subtract. Refined architecture is harmonious, purified, refined architecture. Raison d'etre in the architecture (the French cause existence) in the architectural sense, a motive, main cause, the cause of creation and existence of a architectural works or buildings in general. This is his function, the power of his expression, the dominant state in system architectural objects. According to Le Corbusier "Raison d'etre is the object lesson that History provides architects, each event and each subject are "related". RAMOVSKA CONSTRUCTION (born framed building) Structure which carries the weight of construction instead of supporting ramovska walls. The term also includes contemporary metal structure, one of prestressed concrete, and wooden ramovske structures and buildings. From the first, frames are opšiveni usually easy material for the outer coating walls, in the last case, the frame construction can be of lattices oblepljenih ćerpičom, bricks and all. SCHEDULE backbone (German Stuetzenstellung) space and Arrange the columns in a row or on one floor. Arrange supports may be such that the inter - pillars of the same space (interkolumnijum) or be assigned to the rhythm of short-long space. There are several basic types of layout supports: 1. Floor layout supports: layout support in 

ground corresponds to the schedule supports the pillars on the floor. Likewise, the arrangement supports the facade of a building, corresponds to the layout support in the interior of the same buildings. 2. Rhythmical arrangement supports: frequently used schedule supports, especially in the Renaissance period (paladijev motive, serliana), where as columns carriers within one arkadnog sequence set duplicate columns or pillars placed on two small interval of length range port. 3. Floor layout of supports with different pillar ranks. Often applied layout support in the period Romanesque style, characterized by floor supports schedule, with stubnih use different lines on different floor building. Sparse LIGHTING name for the kind of lighting that does not Coming into the interior space with one point of the spot light source, but is scattered by throughout the room via refraction and rejection of light diffuse through the glass windows. Raster (from Lat. Rastrum cemetery, dumb. Raster) 1 Title the geometric network that forms the basis of an arch. or urban. plan, which determines its structure, size, size, composition and the global transport system. Raster can be general: geometric and organic. Geometric R. is quadratic, rectangular, trigonous, hexagonal, radial, concentric, wavy, variable, complex. Organic r. is incorrect, R. towards Contour line. According to the function, the raster can be: 1 urban raster 2 Architectural raster, 3 constructive raster, 4 interior raster, 5 facade raster. The dimensions, the raster can be: 1 millimeter raster 2 meter raster, 3 modular raster and others. The purpose, the raster: 1 constructive raster, 2 Developer raster and others. During the history of architecture. and urban., raster had an important role in determining the position of architect. facilities and particularly position of one city. In Ant. Age, still Vitruvius undoubtedly been influenced by criticism of the account presented hipodamske doctrine when he, following Aristotle, recommended to avoid completely the proper orthogonal Planimetry urban area, primarily due to easier to defend the city from the enemy, if this penetrate city. However, in practice, just the Vitruvijevih time aksijalnost symmetry and become the main features eukosmije Rome. city and its monumental buildings. 2. In art, especially printing, mesh of vertical and horizontal point line, which is performed fotohrmijskim through the surface clichés, using the 

netting achieved with the print tones and intensity color reproductions in single color and višebojnih otisnutih image. Raster, raster graph of the network that are the smallest individual square fields of dimensions 1x1 mm. Used details when designing circuits. Relief CONSTRUCTION (German Entlastung) Structural principle that is applied to relieve the bow of a timber or the opening of the load wall above. There are two types of relief: 1 lateen relief and 2 rasteretni arc. 1. Lateen relief (German Entlastungsdreieck) is applied above arhitravne beams, when the wall blocks gradually withdrawn over, leaving a triangular space above the beams, which is often filled with sculptures or Relief of (England wicket from Mycenae). 2. Rasteretni onions (German Entlastungbogen) the arc construction of a niche or a wall, which relief wall openings that are below the weight wall construction above. Ascending STAN thesis about the need for the growing home based on the three empirical facts-conditions:-Demographics: Family is a growing body whose members number in the time inevitably decreases or increases. -Sociological: Family basic sociological cells that require smooth individuality in its domain, and that of their normal reproduction requires the appropriate space. -Economic: From the standpoint of monetary investments, nedopustljiv the luxury home building static units maximum size of the family (the traditional way family home construction in civil class in the west), because where the housing problem as a broader set social issues, which include layers with low income - it prevents the solution. Within these strata, apartment, which is designed as a increasing variable unit (conditioned by the growth of family and income). Doxiadis to consider a permanent and affordable solutions not only of economic problems, but the condition for achieving stability and family its members for a long time in human ustoj community, which, on the other hand, a favorable condition for development of sociological elements. Analog conditions may be applied to nestambene structure, school buildings, trade and service units, which stems from a general request and for the design of the building, unit element urban structures, as well as physical development and growing units. Straight lines, straight lines THEORY (born straight lines) in the theory of architecture. which essentially represents 

reaction, ie, the revolt of the geometry architectural forms displayed using sterilnih tehniciziranih real line, as opposed to natural guilty, free rounded lines that are inherent in human and man's nature. Movement against the straight lines in the arch. was developed in parallel with the hippie movement in the world and basically represented a strong critique of the existing arch. system based on rigid rules of geometry. Creator and the most important protagonists of the theory of straight lines was Viennese painter and architect Hundertwasser, who wrote: "We live in the chaos of the real line ... He who does not believe in it should be pomuči counting straight lines that are are all around him and understand, because they never will not stop counting ... " EGAL SURFACE SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTION plates extending over the line supports, in principle, with parallel coordinate axes. So form a rectangular plate, obtained rotational systems. Mogućan the case kosih records, the parties of their educated paralelogramima certain decorative corners. The function of the object can impose very different directions naleganja; then get triangle, mnogougaoni, Trapezoid and other forms of board. Finally, the plates can not rely on line, but the defined area, such as plates without ribs, rely on the so-called. capitals; general such plates mushrooms are called plates. Load is divided by surface of the plate - continuous or batchwise - and acting perpendicular to the high surface plates. It can be load oblique direction, in this case is working with components perpendicular to the plane of the plate and secondary components in the plane. Geometric, the board has thickness small compared to the other two dimensions-width and length. Balance AS HARMONIJA V. Harmony. The balance is most important condition for the integrity of the whole. In the symmetry shall match the axis of balance with the axis of symmetry and hence the symmetry is already in itself a kind of provided the balance. The free dispositions equilibrium is hidden and should not make a formal but the actual establishment of inner unity and cohesion of the elements of composition. It is much more complex process and it should possess more qualifications, skills and imaginative power. Oscar Nimeyer is investigating a series of its facilities phenomenon of balance as one of the primary principles architecture. Its realization in this sense can serve as the basic patterns established equilibrium volume of a wider urban compositions, as in case of the central building complex in Brasilia. Equilibrium states of the body when at rest or when moving 

equal speed. The body of the operating force can be in equilibrium only if the resultant force is zero. Distinguish three types of balance: (a) stable, when body after a small disturbance returns to its original position; (b) indifferent, if nearby, has a series of equilibrium position (c) labilna when the body after the disturbance does not returns to its original position, but moving towards a second, stable, position. Scale (German Massstab) Scale drawings. Ratio units measures of architectural drawings and building units or space on the ground. Arhitektonaska scale represents the degree of impairment of natural building dimensions and sizes object that was drawn in the plan. Common architectural proportions are: 1:200, 1:100. 1:50. Common urban scale are: 1:25.000, 1:2.500, 1:1000, 1:500, 1:200. Scale DRAWINGS relationship between the length of the drawing and appropriate size in nature, eg. 1:25, 1:100, which means that the size of the nature of 25, or 100 times greater the length of the paper. In this way I can, except for length, to present and other quantities, such as. force in plans force. Scale, proportion (born scale) 1 In architecture, proportion of its buildings or parts that are relative the module or a unit of measurement. 2. The architectural drawing, scale plans, sections, foundation, etc.., in relation to the actual size of the object that is ucrtava. Scale ruler or other measuring instrument has scale measures carried out in a certain ratio. Scale gives the dimensions of drawings made in different scale. Leisure and Architecture in residential architecture, as well as and urban planning, special attention relates to the function of human entertainment. For this purpose, the plan and Blueprint for the youngest children's playgrounds and sports igralištai other sports facilities for the elderly. In accordance with the conditions and terrain features, using the green area for the construction of sports grounds and places coast, rivers and lakes, making the beach. In purposes of entertainment, design and planning hotels, hotel and apartment complexes, with supporting facilities. Understandability in the architecture of an object architecture that would be understood and therefore properly used, it must to be understood. Each architectural object is an expression of architectural language. He speaks through architectural symbols: construction (beams, arches, open), the symbol of material (color, texture), the expression forms (round, geometric, symbolic, and teriomorfne etc.).. All these elements are signs that the system 

transmitting one architectural object. If this system is easy to interpret signs, then we say that Architecture of the observed object understandable. Developed FACADE (German Fassadenabwicklung) Procedure when designing with the object of which is shown so as to develop its four facades, those order to stand in nature. The elaborate facade gives complete view of the architectural object as its street, so its courtyard facade. Developed VIEW (German Abwicklung) Method Architecture showing the façade of a building by neighboring facade, which essentially are placed under each angle, the drawing presented in overtime, in the same plane. With the developed appearance is achieved by showing look at the real dimensions of the building, without shortening which would otherwise appear. DEVELOPMENT AND FORM Each form has its own architectural development time, starting from its initial creation to the today. We can follow the development: of structural forms, as elements or structural systems, materials construction and coating, building techniques, to the development ornamentalnih form of decoration. Based on the level of development an architectural form, it is possible to determine Dated architectural forms, and detailed creation of a place of architectural ornamentation. READY MADE Architecture (born almost ready, quick, easily done) 1 Name of architecture that has already prepared, executed, presklopljena and it is possible by Instant principle simply bring to its location and down by the customer wishes. This architecture is originated from the needs of very rapid construction of certain facilities, especially retail stores, and housing, which disappears from the consumer and economic reasons or events due to some natural or artificial cataclysm, after which it is necessary to establish as soon as normal living conditions of vulnerable population. R.m.a. assumes a high degree of prefabrication, a significant use of technology, construction, modern construction principles and modern materials. 2.Ready made appearances in art is related to the beginnings visual anarchy and destruction, the name of meaningless objects created as a combination of everyday objects the use of which is arbitrarily added or crush some parts. Ready-made first applied Marcel Duchamp, one of the initiators of Dada movement, which by arrival in America (1915) made the first such facilities. Realists in the architecture realist is the architect or umetnk do not give up that between work and viewers seek mediation of a subject and that still serves najukorenjenijim visual conventions. 

However, with realism and often express the artists who their work program listings drama and conflict modern society, and refusing any convention seeking A new type of communication without the help of traditional funds. Realists are the architects and artists who serve spatial performances or image as a means of for the transfer of conclusions and the courts, and those who try to completely transfer the work of its time experience, claiming the need for cancellation figures in its product. Realization of the project is materially architectural object achieved by building, ie. performance of building works the particular disposition that is fixed in architectural survey project. Unlike realization on the territory of some other branches of art (sculpture, painting), in which I am the creator and the technical relizira his idea in the area of architectural activity construction work is in essentially independent of the technical work in its practical proceeding from the creators of personality. It is completely rauzumljivo to architect-builder must generally have the opportunity supervision over the process of building performance, as guarantee that the implementation made by intention and conception of the project. Practical implementation of architectural projects, ie. construction building, taking particular organized construction companies. Implementation of construction required in the first row well organized site, which is adequate technical operation, provided in the case of larger facilities construction machinery, means transpornim and the necessary manpower. RE-ARCHITECTURE again use (re-use) and re - trimming (restoration, reconstruction) of old buildings such quality that it is not possible to maintain their functions (such as the Hartley-ev Albert Docks, Liverpool. Redesign, re-shaping of a redesign architectural building, interior design or details. Redesign can be an integral element of the reconstruction, even restoration, when using the new solutions to achieve better quality or appearance of a space, building or architectural details. In the urban context, this design is present in urban plans, along with urban reconstruction. Redesign of a square, for example, includes a new project tilings of the square and the introduction of new spatial elements, to the ex.: new lighting, advertising, fountains and all. REDUCTION, architectural name for the process of reduction, removing unnecessary elements in the architectural 

design and urban planning. Representing optimization of space, his rationalization, by elimination of "excess space" and "packaging" in space reduced and rational form. A similar procedure is performed in urban planning. Reflections (L. reflexio) Denial (waves, light, rays of light, sound, etc..) reflection, odsev, reflection; Phil. thinking, reasoning, consideration, transfer of attention from the object of observation on the subject and discussion of which is subject to facility, knowledge is knowledge, observation, observation, remark. Reflected colors (born Reflected color) Optical changes shades of color that happens when one color rejects the other. Reformism in the architecture concept for the architectural standpoint, less movement that aims to alteration, change better, reformation, repair the current state of the arch. Reformist movements in the arch. especially present in contemporary architect., where they appeared together with reformist movements and trends in contemporary history. An example of the impact reformism in contemporary architecture is the creation of the communist Constructivism and its period before it will be crushed by Stalinist reaction inside and conservative and liberal reformism outside. Kubo -- futurism is also an attempt to reformist movement in the arch., generated on the basis of social reformism society. Regionalism in the architecture Indicates belong to one area, region, climate or geographic special cultural and traditional environment. The regional arch. also a traditional arch. one region. She can be folklore arch. and then emerged as a result of historical tradition of folk architecture, or may be historic architecture of the region, when wearing characteristics and historical characteristics of particular styles of the area. R.a. also find in the antique form of regionalism, which characterizes the use of stylistic elements of a regions within the architecture that is not spatially related to her. Regionalism can also look in the general sense, when simultaneous use of arch. elements characteristic for two or more regions, and even from more historical period and within their ukomponovanje unique and integral arch. composition. REGIONAL PLANNING Early regional design is considered to have arisen during the XIXv. when large gap has emerged between the urban design and realization of urban plans. Instead consistent realization of the plan for extended parts of the city, 

which is the period of feudalism, absolutism, and in particular any sharp measures carried out, now is the construction of new urban areas carried out under the influence of soil and building speculators, who on the basis of partial "Parcelarnih plans" agricultural land into residential blocks. Most so-made partial plans was not in accordance with proper urban development of cities and created disturbances in the implementation of the general urban plan. With the planned expansion of large cities encountered in the large interference due besplanske building suburbs and suburbs, which were eventually entered into the composition territory for the expansion of the city. This problem is solved regional planning. REGULATION (Flucht German) 1 Straight line which limits (regulating) many buildings or parts of a building with On the one hand and placed them in a certain position in relation the control line. 2. Ordering room in a building that makes a series of rooms each set along the common axis. (v. Enfilade). V. REGULATION LINE Building lines. Regulation line will be regulated according to related site street. She surface marking tape that belongs to the street and that separates the public area intended for pedestrian traffic or where the second form of transport from the surface intended for construction. Regulated lines by type of construction can be for the building or fence. Building line or line regulation agradu indicates the position of the building to the street and its regulacionoj line. Building lines and regulation line the streets near the edge of the city consists of general construction control line. LINE REGULATION, boundaries in PLAN (architect). Limit specific regulatory plan under which shall be the design or construction of urban facilities and set building. TERENA Oblizak field survey and direct introduction terrain on which provides a route. Aims determining the topographical, geological, meteorological, hydrological and other conditions. Restore (nl. reconstruere) rebuild, re-build, rebuild, from the individual parts or remains the original picture itself to create a whole, then reassemble the whole rebuild. RECONSTRUCTION (Latin reconstructio, dumb. Rekonstruktion) In architecture, research and re-establish original appearance and condition of a partially or completely destroyed building or architectural object, or artistic objects in general. 

The arch. sense, the re-establishment look, sometimes a function restoration architect. object, so it gets its original appearance, which is had in one or more phases of its existence,-so What was the first destruction facility. R. can include: the entire building, its facade, its interior design, construction, details of the object. R. can is: complete and partial (if it is done only on part of the arch. object. R. can be done in the community with rehabilitation, conservation, adaptation. R. possible restore the previous functions of a building, but given his new office. R. is carried out according to plan reconstruction. Techniques R. are: design (restitution, restoration), technical R.: construction, upgrade, upgrade, etc.. In urban. sense, it is possible to make r. destroyed, missing urban tissue or r. novosagrađenog but technical and inadequate urban tissue. The Urban. R. can a: r. street facades, traffic, urban infrastructure (water supply, sewerage, electricity installation, etc.).. The Urban. R. aims to raise urban standards of one of urban tissue. Reconstruction methods are very diverse and different. The first phase of reconstruction include: research existing documentation on the facility and the research facility, to be carried out the restoration of his the previous situation, ie, the initial appearance. Other phase is the construction of the missing elements, extension or changes in shape of the facade and interior. The final phase is establish the architectural features of the building in accordance with its earlier function. Rectification (nl. rectificatio) correction, Repair; mat. conversion curves in the right determining the length of curve; hem. completely liquid distilled water again. REKTILINEARAN (born rectilinear) Name of straight line, derived arch. object or drawn arch. plan straight geometric system. Rektilinearan plan is the architect. or Urb. plan developed using linear system. REKTILINEARAN PLAN (born rectilinear) Linear plan, where the base composition of primary dominant use of the real line. REKTILINEARNA Architecture Architecture resulting Name on rektilinearnog plan. Rektilinearan city city based on the linear plan. REKTILINEARNA FORMALITIES Architectural Principle orthogonal design in system design in rektilinearnim forms. ROUTE Are connectivity, interdependence and interaction elements and the same based on specific laws or 

certain criteria. How are the relations The main characteristic of the general definition to their almost unlimited versatility because they can be causal, random, logical, functional dependent, finalističke etc.. Sure that all relationships and relationships at the same time can not be taken into account - due to which must know the criteria in the selection and character nature of the relationship. If the study is reduced to describing only the elements independent system in relation to each other, which is strictly taking is not possible, and neuzimajući account relationships and interdependence between them, it would Studies on reduced bezsadržajnu anatomy. In nature, is known, nothing is permanent and everything is subject to movement, all changes transformiše.Ova general karakyteristika present in any real system. However, it is present in our architectural systems as logical basis for a rational understanding of nature. Connections and relationships are elements of "blood" in body system. If you refer to some elements not occur in that nature, which is determined by the nature task, then such elements shall cease to be tissue system not included in its context, but those elements that are not found in the system can be found in it if become carriers of interaction and interdependence that rule in the system. Relative measures (architect). The measure is expressed in parts or in višekratnicama a certain size of the object. This serves as a unit for measuring all other dimensions and is called the module. Thus, the buildings of ancient Greece, the module is the radius of the column below. RELIEF, land surface appearance, with its different forms in terms of altitude, is called relief or height of extended countries. The maps are the Contour line, or shading in šrafiranjem color. Masterpiece (born masterpiece) 1 The system medieval Gilda, must test the work that is each candidate for the title of master had to make to prove their qualifications. 2. Colloquially, any principle of exceptional artistic value. REMINESCENTNA ARCHITECTURE Name of architecture that the expression, ie, reminiscent of a form, content, structure, or a complex expression that is already once existed and as such was already contained in the example which was built much earlier. FORMS Name of repetitive forms that are repeated in a certain rhythm, or in a series of alternating series, such as chess field. Arise in the architectural profilaciji facilities, etc. frizovima. 

Replica (born replica) precisely reproduced the art object by the author himself or other artists. Repressive TOLERACIJA in architecture, repressive Sufferance term is defined by Herbert Marcuse, and represents a compromise that avant-garde architect must reached with the state system, no matter how backward or oppressive he was to eventually able to impose their ideas. R.t.a. describes 1965 Spanish architect. Ricardo Bofill as the contradiction through which he had himself pass an architect during the fascist regime in Spain building luxury villas for government clients, though not involved in their politics. Repressive SPACE If we examine examples of urban proposal, we can conclude that they do not go away. They are limited to that area izdele the squares and to prertiju network. Not knowing what occurs in their own head in their operational concepts, not Recognizing the fact what is happening (and what is not occurs) in their blind field, technocrats happens to organize in detail the repressive space. They do not know space to hide the ideology (ie Ideo-logic). No know that the seemingly objective Urbanism (because state, pothranjivan expertise and knowledge) in fact class urban planning and strategy conceals class (especially logic). We are tempted to conclude that It is in this sector tehnostruktura and compensatory power "as opposed to large economic and political forces (Galbraith), coming to "optimelne" efficiency, allowing logic and strategy to hide from views: strategy to demonstrate the "logic", that is -- necessary. REPRODUCTION IN ARCHITECTURE Name procedure copying, duplication, or producing nanovog certain arch. elements or entire buildings. In Urbanism, the concept of reproduction is associated with the reproduction urban elements and their application in the new structure one city. RESPONSIVNA ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE THAT respond quickly The principle set by members of the group of architects Archigram, and the architecture that has the ability active attitude towards the changes in society and the ability to many possible answers to reasonable requests and potential that is set before her. This is a pluralistic architectural element with fast reaction. Her Imagination is the priority of politics planning. RESTORATION, architectural (L. restauratio). V. Privacy monuments. The process of renewal and repair of a architectural building with the intention of returning to his original form. Often including compensation 

missing parts or repair damaged parts facility, to include making a replica (replication), which is a new work in the old style. Restoration is often needed after a disaster, however, much more is viewed as conservation, protection is self-sufficient, poravku and maintenance facilities. Retention, architectural (Latin retento save) Name preserved remains of buildings from the historical past period. Retention in the architecture concept that the arch. and urban. used to emphasized their characteristics, ie, ability of collecting, saving and teaching information of various types and from different historical period. One building is set different stored information which indicate the earlier events and transmitted messages past thought. According to Lewis Mumford, the city is the best body Memory is man made until today. Thus, the For example, Florence, which has more than four hundred thousand inhabitants, has a significant and comprehensive retention function of some of the world metropolis of ten times greater number of inhabitants. RETIKULISAN 1st Constructed or arranged to have the form network, with the repetition of the same pieces over the surface plan, as well as the choral compartments or grid. Also, Name of the wall built of stone blocks poligonalnih, such as a wall of sandstone krupnozrnog irregular shape or square stone blocks that were set diagonally. 2. In terms of Gothic reticulation, the term is refers to kurvilinearne Gothic stone ornaments (retikulisani tracer) which consists of mrežolike structure of each intertwined karnizfalca (ogee) which form the pattern. Rhetorical ELEMENT IN ARCHITECTURE name for "Krasnorečive, besedničke, rhetorical elements monumental architecture that "speak" about her content, but usually do not make any constructive or functional role. R.e. not common in today's architecture, but throughout history, this element is justified as a valid means of expression. The Ledoux - this project for a ceremonial gate at Bournville in, bollards carrying onions are constructive rhetorically, of expression, they underline the abstract and define the opening hole school passages. Often classical portico can be a rhetorical entrance. Paul Rudolph's entry into the building in the Yale Art in the the scale of the city, however, most people use a small gate by the stepenišnoj vertically. Revitalization, revitalization METHODOLOGY Methodology based on the general methodology of the protection, with certain specific proceedings arising from 

needs include monuments in the modern office. Research architectural monuments are on each of the protection, and revitelizacije. Part research consists of research in order to study facility, its characteristics and value of using archival, historical and other data stored on the monument. The second part of the research involves detailed research arch. and the status of monuments. They aim to determine changes and revisions to the monument, to determine their authentic looks and obtain data that can influence on some decisions - processing Prostrate, ceilings, floors or renewal of certain forms. Research specifically directed towards determining the overall condition Property, used materials and construction. Determining applications represents a significant phase Research in the revitalization of the monument. This research include determining the original purpose, analysis of the possibilities of using the same or modified purpose and analysis of contemporary conditions and needs using the monuments related to the whole purpose of the Kojo Property is located. Projects in the field of revitalization has considerable specifics because the program is determined by the existing facility is in addition and cultural good, and therefore design solutions must usklađivati the character and values of the building. Preparation of project documentation performed and therefore the procedure is scheduled for making investment and technical documentation, and conditions arising from the Law on Protection of Cultural goods. REVIVALIZAM in the architecture, architectural revival (English revival, revival) Name of the re - revival of some of the architect. styles from the past and their representation in a new light. Movements revivalizma present as a neo-styles, especially Neo-known Liberty style. AUDIT PLAN Any investment program and the main project must pass through the audit committee to review and determining whether it is economically justified proposed building the facility, and whether the object, presented with drawings and other documents, corresponds to the technical and urban planning regulations, and project tasks determined by the extent, location, quality and functionality. REVOLUTION IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING represent sudden and significant jumps within the lines of development of architecture, Urban Planning or its elements. Thus, there is: Revolution arch. form, constructive revolution, housing revolution, revolution of construction, urban 

Revolution, traffic revolucoja et al. Revoliciju arch. forms predstavljavljao the period of creation of the modern architect., when its supporters reject the classical principles of architecture. form, and proclaimed a completely new pristum arch. planning (Le Corbusier: The new architecture, 1923rd, Walter Gropius: Bauhaus Manifesto, 1919th, Mies van der Rohe, etc.).. Constructive Revolution was created the invention of reinforced concrete (Auguste Perret, Garage Ponthieu, 1906th, Tony Garnier, Cite Industrielle, 1901 -- 4, Max Berg, Hol century, 1912-13., To the Pier Luigi Nervi, an exhibition hall, Turin, 1948-9). Revolution housing created in the twenties and thirties (Le Corbusier, Maison Suisse, university city, Paris, 1930-32, Unite d'Habitation, 1947-52., Moses Ginzburg and I. Milinis, Narkomfim collective housing, Moscow, 1928-9, Arne Jacobsen, the Bellavista housing Copenhagen, 1933. et al.). Revolution construction occurs development of industrial construction and prefabricated construction (Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer, Project House for mass production, 1922-23). Urban development occurs Revolution open block planning twenties and thirties years (Le Corbusier: La Villa Radieuse, 1930-38, Plan Voisin, Paris, 1925).. RESERVE SPACE term is used especially in urbanism to represent the one area that was left during urbanization incomplete and that such a stay to future plans could develop further, extended content. Reserves space have many modern cities. They can to be in the form: empty, unsettled area, in the form space under the buildings that are planned for demolition or upgrade, or build on. RITAM (architect). Harmonious repetition of a motif by particular order. In architecture, it can refer to a series of columns, arches, openings, ornaments and all. Repeat can be evenly or vault and the replacement of two or more motives. Greek temples were the most prominent prostilosi Examples of rhythmic order in architecture. We experience r. as aesthetic objects and property phenomenon. Rhythm of the arch. has expressed repeated contrast motives. The arch. composition, R. expressed as a properly repetition of structural elements in the form of appearance spatial intervals, similar to the feeling of rhythm in music. Accent and rhythm are two basic components whose characters and relationships depend on rhythmic properties architectural works. Rhythm is a special form of establishing order in part of the architectural space in general or, where successively repeating certain elements. Rhythm is special phenomenon, everywhere present. The permanent ritmizaciji 

time and life to exist the whole world of nature and cosmic spaces. Rhythm is a necessary element of any procedure where the operating range of elements istorodnih spatial constitution of objects of architecture. Multiplication of the basic elements of brick, pillars, openings, spatial cell, etc.., we get material and parts. Repetition is not only aesthetically expression, but, above all, an expression of necessity - the condition of technical realization of the object. Graduation is a special kind of rhythm where the changes made element of intervals or repetitions. Grading the rhythm "In perspective". Like rhythm, gradation can be art, or spatial, axle, or radial, uniform or ambiguous. Uniform ritmizacija impression can lead to monotony; gradation brings quickness and breaks the monotony of rhythm. Since the rhythm suggests the unrestricted flow, it is necessary establish a number of benchmarks that would fix it as the final image of a certain group. Rhythm as a series without the exact limitations and underlines some points can not provide the necessary unity of architectural works. Work of art requires the satisfaction of most, if but not all the conditions of composition, conditionally given. Rhythmic Texture Synthetic or less, naturally formed texture of a surface, which was created using Rhythm of the law. Example r.t. the texture of a floor mosaics, where the surface of the floor covered with rhythmic division of the mosaic elements. ) In architecture, RITMUS, RHYTHMUS (Greek,  sequence with a series of alternating set appearing motifs or groups of motifs or basic elements each of the same if a similar length (ranges, traveji, supports et al.). ARCHITECTURE ROCK, ROCK DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE ROK, ROK DESIGN name for arch. and the design originated in the sixties along with the emergence and development of rock music. Representing ad hoc architect. which is characteristic of the speed built settlements in tents and barracks, which follow large rock events (Woodstock). Also, the term includes arch. sets and scenes that are designed for individual tour rock band (Rolling Stones, Yes, Pink Floyd and others. Other major Architects and designers r.a. the Roger Dean. Roh BAU (German rough building) construction of architectural objects to the level of rough construction, ie, performed without finishing craft works. This principle of construction apply because a lower selling price realization building, faster construction, short construction period and enabling the buyer to each according to his own intentions and carry out final wishes of craft and construction craft 

work. Building on the principle roh bau usually includes placing objects in the system "under roof", and not by a "turnkey". Buildings constructed by the system, "Roh bau" usually do not have derivative works: podopolagačke, painting - painting and Fig. Roller Coaster Architecture (born roller coaster) Name the arch. which was created using overstressed zavojitih irregular wavy lines. Rudimentary architecture name that describes the home, the basic architecture, also, underdeveloped, backward in development. R.a are shelters against the wind, which sometimes reach gigantic proportions. In Japan, for example, they can protect, tačnje, wrap a house, hamlet or the whole village. Architecture name for the arch. which is characteristic of for rural areas, related to the field, directly in međuuticaju with soil. R.a. the most traditional arch., which is based on the experiences of life on village. Rural houses are houses that are connected to the village and nature, especially that both are from the period of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, such as Cottages Orne and fermes ornees or gruge building designs to suggest a rural ideal, as is the case with picturesque landscapes, with abundant use of asymmetry, vernakularnih details and materials, such as roughcast, krovina, straw, quarried stone and all. RURAL AREA With previous pace and features economic development there needs protection agricultural area of use for non-farm activities, but also agriculture itself can be destructive effect on the land. Agricultural the area vulnerable construction activities, extending the urbanized areas, pollution land and inadequate implementation of intensive procedures its processing. We should take into account that the share of odradivih surface in the total land area is very Mali (on Earth the proportion is 10% of land area). It is believed that the autonomy of the diet of the population odradivog need 0.40 hectares of land per capita, and countries of former Yugoslavia, for example, more rapolaže with only 0.46 ha. Spatial plans can contribute to the structure of rural space: a) the purpose of agricultural production plan pedologic area on the map, to ensure their optimal use, b) defined by using soil and set out measures to avoid, prevent or sanirati erosional processes (saving forests, regulation of watercourses, rehabilitation of landslides, flood prevention), with processing Contour line with the land, and not perpendicular to the slope, as 

usually works, but it requires preparcelaciju and Land Consolidation land, because the long period of depreciation bonifikacijskih and melioracijskih works d) implementation arondacije and komasacije in areas where land too fragmented and scattered, and such operations completely prestruktuiše space e) guidance development, layout and equipment of rural settlements. Rustic architecture, Category Name for rural arch., ie, one that was created at the village and that follows needs and functions of village life. R.a. appeared in Ant. Rome. period, together with the appearance of the developed economy. A new type of rural settlement was called Rustic villa - villa rustica. Its meaning is difficult to recognize by its name and appellative that are derived from him, especially not after what has become of these words in Franc. language, where "la ville" means city. Original meaning is much closer to the Italian title of "Villaggio" and the adjective "Villanova", meaning to "prime", "bluff." The concept of rustic villas coincides saznačenjem term Salas, Franc. "La ferme", Italy. "Fattoria" dumb. "Meierhof" but it was not its original meaning. In the beginning, it carry the name of the smaller circuits residential importance. At the end of the Republic, there are in Rome with the name of complexes Villa and there is the very term urban villa, which is used for building residential and business purposes. From this arises and its opposite - Villa rustica with which it appears a new type of settlement that will become the concept of rural residence on agricultural goods. In its form the familia rustica in which permanently live and work for his master's work force. However, many of the arch. remains outside the urban. agglomeration does not We can generally classify the concept of rustic, even rural arch. Here we can identify three basic types r.a., given the purpose and quality construction. The first type complexes are top quality, luxury palaces and residences of the upper social class (Hadrian in Tivoli Villa, villa in the surroundings of Neapolis, Sirmione-in, etc.).. The second group belong to the residential palace, which contained gazdinstvenu component. In third group includes those palaces which are mainly gazdinstven had character, as well as rural centers economy. Sabi V. Zen principles. Many of the Zen aesthetic guideline art forms originating from taste subordinate concepts Wabi and Sabi. Wabi refers to the subordinate beauty inherent in the simplicity and tranquility, serenity, and Sabi refers to the sophisticated elegance - in a way that objects become beautiful and worthy of respect because contain the patina of his age and thus inspire observer with a deep feeling of awe. Wabi 

Sabi together describe the inclination towards simple everyday things, such as bowls for tea or mrve bamboo tea, used in refined manner. Wabi can be related to the simple joy of living primitivnoj thatched dwelling in a hut - which is typical for Japanese tea house, which can create a sense of desire for revocation of all, what is earthly in favor of miracles nature and life in mystical contemplation. When this Sense of simplicity combined with a natural sense antiques and primitive rusticity, this can creates Sabi. The content and form (born content and form) in the architecture in each period of development of ubiquitous problem of content and forms. The relationship of form and content of an arch. object can vary. The form can match the content (function) object, to monitor and zaisi from him. In this case, we talk about funkcionalističkoj architecture. In when the form is independent and not in any related to the content object, then we speak of formalism or formalističkoj architecture. However, the most common relationship between form and content of an arch. form is not simple and straight, but the whole thread interrelation and interdependence that have these two characters arch. object. The form reflects content, but both she and aesthetic categories, which also impose their own laws. CONTENT modern architecture was the subject of debate Critics and istoriđčara. Representing content progressive, technologically, vernakularan, oriented process, often superficial social interest, sometimes heroic and original. The content is not necessarily resulting from solving functional problems, but primarily grown from neobjašnjenih iconographic orientation of modern architects and expressed through language - In several languages - forms. Formal Languages and Systems associations that represent s.m.a. are inevitable and good, and become the "tyranny" only when we are not aware of. The contents nepriznatog symbolism can drop the ridiculous and naïve. SALNA construction (German Saalbau) Building that within their the main base, outside the wing structures that are smaller with premises, containing only one room. The most Examples salnih building located in France, as eg.: Palace of Justice, Poitier, Italy: Basilica Palladiana, Ragione in Vicenza and Padua, in Germany: Lusthaus in Stuttgart (destroyed) in Dresden, Palais im Großen Garten. Self-criticism in the architecture name for one architecture is aware of its shortcomings and does not pretend to hide, but on the contrary, highlights them as natural and 

inevitable. Aesthetic shortcomings of a building material on the other hand may be functional advantages, while the lack of an architectural form is not means that it is not pleasant to stay in its territory. Self-conscious TRADITION IN ARCHITECTURE term in architecture introduced by Charles Jencks, whom he describes self-conscious tradition in architecture as well as its own internal action, this tradition is inherent aarhitekturi postmodernism. Generally, there are two approach through which self-conscious processes take place tradition: its submission to past models architecture in the belief that they contain some universal principles, or obsession with past epochs and old buildings with the idea that they can provide a kind earthly immortality of their builders. The idea Auguste wash was the belief in universal values classical architecture with the architectural expression universal forms of colonnade and entablature, while the Hitler, with his idea of a classic, thousand Third Reich was a typical representative of the other approaches samosvesnoj tradition. Both of these ideas had great number of supporters in the period of the twentieth century, reaching culmination during the thirties with various forms of fascism, and later in the period sixties, with the triumph of Bureaucratic Schools. Politics self-conscious tradition, we can guess, is a conservative approach, elitist, centralistic and pragmatic attitude, with occasionally included elements of mystical fundamentalism inserted to initiate or brutalizovali mass of their followers. Repair, Cleaning up an architectural Privacy Property of the fall, decay, and in general, the procedure which performs the general improvement of the static, aesthetic, functional and other characteristics of an object. Static rehabilitation includes making structures that meets all required standards static. This rehabilitation facility provides rigidity and allows the introduction of new content. So eg. static reconstruction of ancient Theater, allows their use in the modern conditions, so that the achieved safety reviews. In functional terms, renovation introduces new features in an architectural object. Aesthetic rehabilitation the development of new architectural elements using new materials that will provide a modern facility appearance and character. Restoration of the facade is the process of making a new facade by introduction of new materials to prevent deterioration facility due to atmospheric and other influences. TRAFFIC ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURE ROAD, 

TRAFFIC Urbanism (born Traffic architecture) Architecture, ie, urban planning, which is based on Plan traffic through the area that is subject design. The term originated with the view that the Plan of movement based on the basic principle which is necessary make arch. or urban. design. To a improve the existing urban system, it is necessary to Analysis of movement through it, and then discovered changes in traffic the newly integrated in the future plan. The concept is linked to the plan Louis Kahn of Philadelphia, which is based on provisions of the traffic structure. TRANSPORT Spaces within architectural structures, in transport facilities include: 1. horizontal communication: corridors, galleries, halls; 2. vertical communication: the stairs (main, side), lifts (fast, normal, personally, freight). Contemporary Architecture (architect). Architecture that is performed in day period and that tends to construction objects to the new form in the spirit of the time, according to taste and accordance with actual needs, the available and technical material. capabilities. It creates a new modern forms, which correspond to the spirit of the time, mostly rejecting or adapting previous. INSTALLATION IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE represents architectural expression using expression nesvakidašnjih assets: composition elements nearhitektonskog characters, situations, events, sound, movement, scenarios, current events and other. Contemporary installations in architecture prior to the architectural exhibition where the architects found its expression in collages, canvases, a movie, rather than in the classical architectural means of expression. Among characteristic representatives of contemporary installation architecture should be noted Nigel Coates, who was leader in the early period of the 1970s movement of narrative architecture, named the NATO (Narrative Architecture Today). The primary mission of this organization, versus modernists was a tendency proklamovanja utopijanskih formula, but the use of new buildings in terms of preservation and embodiment of all their shortcomings, senzualiteta and diversity quality that improves their overall quality. Significantly, its installation Ecstacity Installation, by Coates made with AA Associates 1991 that the proposed ekstatičnost for a great Millennium celebration in England. In his pessimism, which is related the tendencies of development of new cities in the world, taking the form saturation and destruction of their own identity, he suggested that London is transformed into 

large market, which he calls "soft urban interventions. This should include installation, ie, narrative pendant for objects as a way to reveal their origin and purpose, in terms of information artifacts that are integrated with the remaining space and damages made urban development. These installations are artistic works, which emerge from the facade, small streets and pavements and continuously changing character of the streets become a place connecting past and future organic choreographic events. This kind of city collage or collage city is a city that explodes in humor, eroticizmu and is cyberarchitecture which was inspired by mass communications, and urban Plan is filled with perverse inversions of the existing urban landscape. With similar interventionist instincts, but focused on the environment, the work of French architect Francois Roche experiments with the split that is made between "ritual space" and "Temporary structure". Roche is confirmed antimodernista and rejects the idea that buildings should be permanent and imposed environmental, explaining his philosophical approach as well as respect "Kameleonskog meaning of" architecture. When designs project, Roche is driven by what he calls "Genetic code of territoriality, where shelter entail detachment from his immediate surroundings and, as result, a constant state of renewal. For your project from 1993 called Mimesis, located next to the Pont del Concorde in Paris, Francois Roche used place in which it was Bain Deligny, to create intervention which is disassembled a pool for swimming and parts of the restaurant and laid them on a series of eight barges located on the Seine, giving them so the character of flow river. The project uses all imaginable materials and composition sets in the fragmented collagen, which is how the memory of their previous existence, and their suggestion dematerialization in the environment. CONTEMPORARY STYLE term used to describe trends in Art, architecture and design in Britain (1945-56). This style was popularized by the British Festival Exhibitions 1951st and was also known as "Festival style", "style south coast" ( "South Bank style ") or" new English style "(" New English Style "). The aesthetic sense of style uobičajava use of bright, bright colors, with a mixture of organic dyes. Furniture in this style is often a combination thin metal rods and light wood, wooden leg which are removed in front, pointed, as well as plenty 

small, colored plastic spheres in equipment and furniture. Tvodimenzionalni samples to find the upholstery, textiles and wallpapers, including geometric design. This style is also found in the sculptures of Barbara Hepworth, paintings Joan Miro's, and even in three-dimensional models of molecular structures were made in plastic technology and used in technological and scientific laboratories. Cognitive CONCEPT SPACE While the pragmatic space only a function of innate animal instincts, one must to learn that he is a kind of orientation in space need to be able to work. The languages of old or primitive civilization, but we find terms express or communicate spatial relationships, such as are up and down, ahead and behind, right and left. You terms, however, are not abstract but are in direct comparison with the very man - but with his immediate surroundings, thus expressed his "Position". The area of the old Egyptians, for example., A determined by a separate, specific geography of the country, so that in their language much more frequently occurring orienteering terms "downstream" and "upstream", instead "South" and "north". It is clear that the concept of cognitive space is not apstrahovan from direct experience spatial relations. Spatial inticije primitive peoples the specific cognitive orientation concerning the facilities and sites. STAGE PERSPECTIVE Baroque is something characteristic in comparison with all earlier epochs, and that because part of that time did not appeared gradually, but almost in a modern way, conceived the drawing board and achieved at once. From this we can see that not only the way of projecting blame for poor decision comparisons today's architectural and urban objects. But, geometric scheme and line ruler must not become goal for themselves. In baroque compositions all is well thought out and pre-determined look in buduši reality. Calculate the effect of perspective and skillful formation of squares are the strongest side of this style. Along disagreement with the basic ways of antiquity, should be admit that the art of building cities reached the peak of its kind. The basic idea of these solutions is a scenic perspective, which is obvious to all castles and monumental palace. Plans large palaces, buildings and whole cities, work according to established rules that are analogous laws of theatrical scenery, taken from her. The main objectives is to achieve an impression of magnificence buildings and the harmony of its forms in the urban area. Performing perspectives include symmetry, shortening, 

compositional plans, expressiveness mass. One of the Palace places such as theater set design or model, ie, one skulptorskog part, which is viewed from distance from that envisaged for the angles (vedut), where look at the most characteristic, harmonious way. SCIENCE FACT IN ARCHITECTURE (born scientific facts) The term defines the scientific facts, real events and dostignića in science, which is determined by a futuristic arch. Science Fact ultimately determines performance or model architecture in the future, while science fiction a product of imagination and wit of the individual. Science fiction arch. limited science facto often depends on its scientific reality is factually proven. Segregation (nl. segregatio) separation, separation from a whole; division common land. Segregation in the architecture name for each appropriation two or more arch. facilities or elimination of certain parts of the arch. forms or urban. units that contain due to certain differences which can not exist together in the same area. The difference is these kinds of arch. and urban. segregation: a functional segregation, S. formal, spatial S., S. weather, traffic s., technological S., segregation in relation to user type (gender, age, education and culture), segregation in compared to the natural characteristics (urban, rural) and dr. To avoid confusion between: the difference, distinction, separation and segregation, not to mention that it is unhelpful exists. The difference is incompatible with the segregation that is link. Who said "the difference", says relations, therefore, the closeness - Perceived and understood relations, that is - insert the double space-time line: close and far. Separation and segregation of broken relationship. They presented themselves for a totalitarian order, which the strategic goal of breaking the concrete totality, breaking urban. Segregation complicated and destroys complexity. Seismic ESSENCE OF BUILDING architecture business facilities, especially for skyscrapers, so the project. seismic core of the building, which has the task ukrućenja building in case of earthquakes. Seismic kernel reinforced concrete core, designed to convey horizontal and vertical seismic forces on the other elements of the building in a way that would not have occurred violation of a complete static system of constructive building. The slope seismic core of the building are often liftovska Jegra and stair core, and the walls of ukrućenje building. 

SEKSPARTITAN made from each of six separate parts. Sextus Sextus in the architecture, as well as interval C: A (number roll 256:426,7), their proportion is 3:5, next, but more accurate, stage a series of golden section, which starting with 1, and this, expressed in numbers of construction measures, means the proportion 750:1.250 etc.. Secular architecture name of secular architecture, for Unlike the spiritual architecture, architecture, churches and temples. Secular architecture includes buildings and all other buildings intended for wide use masses. ARCHITECTURE seconds, second = 8-9 seconds, as interval of C: D (no roll 256:288) by its relative 8-9 is very similar to the ratio of squares, so that it does not feel more like a harmonic interval, but as dissonance. This feeling uncomfortable ear corresponds to optical impression that we get when we look pravokutnik, which is almost equal to the square. SECONDARY CELLS V. Cell. Cells in a cell structure that has no primary constructive properties, but is inserted or lnterpolirana within the primary cell. Semantics PRODUCT (born product semantics) Represents a term that is widely used in industrial designers during the 1980s. Originated from semioloških considerations which were developed by philosophers such as the Frenchman and Roland Barthes. Barthes, the the philosophical works of the early years XXV. Ferdinand de Saussure, 1950 expanded the meaning of term with the written and spoken language to the case and images. It is thought that such objects and images indicates only their primary function, but also carry "Meta" meaning above all those affected, thanks to a wider connections, as well as characters. Thus, for example, one Citroen DS car brands Cathedral resembles not only because of their names (DS: Deese), which is in French pronounced as a "goddess", but also because of its ease Styling, who gives him a heavenly quality, the user chooses to treat this product refers to religious way. The car has become a modern monstrance. In fact, in this way, it was revealed the socio-psychological functions of the case, Environmental environment and events, assuming that they are carried in themselves more power and meaning than what is possible determine at first glance. This process is called "semiology" (or "semiotics" in USA) - the study of signs. Was used since the early 1970s by left-oriented observers as conceptually means criticism of the Western society. Book "UNLOCKED advertising" (Decoded Advertisements) from 

1978, Judith Williamson, became jeveoma studied among advertising agencies, and advertising is consequently, become much more sophisticated. The preface to his books by writing: "Today, Silk Cut can achieve similar referral through the use of color and typography ads for Cadbury-jevo daily milk (puppurni whirlpools) comparing in this way, only through the forms, the famous glass of whole milk daily, which we on the other ad says: "Take Cudbury chocolate." Semantics in the architecture V. Meaning in architecture. Concept indicates the discipline that deals with the study and application of results of the research elements of an arch. style with aspect of their meaning, and what these elements indicate. Meaning arch. elements or parts of the arch. structure played an important role in the history of architecture. especially within the arch. rows and styles. U got. style, and each and the smallest part of the building contained some meaning, ie, was charged information. Within the city whole, some parts had their own meaning that they gave the character. Semantics deals also studying the meaning of certain architectural names, and words used to explain a situation, event or character of the architecture. Semiotics in architecture, THEORY SIGNS Also, semejološki approach to architecture. Representing scientific discipline that studies, analysis and applying the results of the analysis of characters in the architecture and their meaning, meaning and representation. Some arch. disciplines are based on the semiology, eg. radical theory of design, which was created to computer analysis and semiology as the theory of characters. In urban semiology many studies znkovnih phenomenon, leading them to the mutual links and relations and from them gives the newly added and conclusions. Many modern scientists apply today semiološki (semejološki) approach, based on the French STRUCTURALISM and linguistic theories of Noam Chomsky th. The intention is to develop a coherent model analysis of the task that is set before the builders. It should be mentioned first of all Christopher Alexander, Dick the others, like Robert Venturi's going for the renewal theory of architecture. form. SENKA In painting or architectural drawing, shading way to achieve the visual effect of a architectural object. The depth of the shadows, and her length, represents a reflection of the surface relief of the facade of a object. Shaded plastic objects are displayed. Effect shadows are often used in architectural design, to be given to the plasticity architectural composition of the facade. Shadows on the facade 

create horizontal or vertical outbursts (ranges and colonnade), creating a deep shadow over the window open, and the Thus architecture becomes plastic, transparent, swaying with lace effect. The effect of deep shadow on the facade should be separate "object" of the country or "Separate" from the rest of the roof of the building, giving the building thus the impression of her "floating life." Sensation in the architecture Le Corbusier and the Saugnier October 1920 the magazine L'Esprit Nouveau is released to their design and writing can be based on "Universal" laws. Soon after, they attacked emiricizam the arch. as beskarajno unclean "and found its "strong point univcerzalnih law." Towards the theory of expression, a form of naturally expressed some constant meaning or sensation. According to Le Corbusier (real name Jeanneret) and Saugnieru (real name Ozenfant) there are two basic types of sensation: 1. Primary sensations that are already all destined for all Human beings by simple game forms and primary colors and 2. Secondary sensations are variable depending on the individual, because it depends on its cultural and inherited capital. Primary sensations include the plastic language; to is fixed, formal, explicit language predodređuje subjective reactions of individuals or allows the elevation of the rough foundations of sensitive work, rich in emotions. Not seem necessary to speak and in great detail about this elementary truth that any of the universal values worth more than any which small individual values. " Sensationalism, SENZUALISTI approach or attitude in the arch., mid-sixties developed in the arch. concept and movement based on traditions of formalism and the pomodnog modern architecture, which will significantly change the concept of arch. that time. It originates from the intuitive part of the architect. tradition s. a movement that is often compared to Art Nouveau style, primarily because of conceptual similarities these two movements. Art Nouveau and S. were based on dual aspect, with one hand, both movements are represented strong krititku industrial environment because of its monotony, uniformity and aggressiveness, while on the other hand built his artistic structure on the basis of the most advanced fruits of technological development. Senzualisti their architecture built using elements that are derived from their close relationship with the aesthetic aspect of the environment in which they built. Their facilities nnajčešće were not large scale or expressed included the line functionality. Aesthetic character they are represented in the projects of interior 

furniture, objects of everyday use, and if to be the architect. buildings or complexes, their implementation often ended at the level of ideas. Also, s. are looking for elements with their architect. within the color, strong aesthetic composition, in relation to the architect. the nature, its "organic structure". The most important representatives senzualizma, who are also representatives supersenzualizma certainly are: Hans Hollein, Archizoom, Superstudio, Ricardo Bifill and taller de Architecture and dr. Separate CELLS V. Cell. The name for the extracted, ćelijastog a single cell system. SEPT IN ARCHITECTURE sept, as the interval C: H (No. roll 256:4.523) does not match any exact simple relation, but actually not even true Septim as harmonic interval, although its proportion of approximately 4:7, close to the value of the second series of golden section that begins with 3:4. In addition to the normal interval were more significant in relation to time, small and low tierce Sextus. Serial Production (born batch production) also flexible production, developed from the late period 1960-the year in response to faster and more significant changes and demands of the market, both in terms of volume production and varieties of products. Development pluralism in the design indicated the manufacturers to reject thought about the long series of standardized production products and instead turned to small series or sets of different products. S.p. is feasible using a programmed computer system manufacturing CAM (Computer - Aided Manufacture), so that production plants, which are programmed in conjunction with production robots can quickly change its production program. Modern production technology enables continuous change in the design and production program, so that producers can very quickly respond to any changes to market, and product design. Servicing Architecture (born service) attitude towards the the most important architectural feature to "serve" and it is placed in the foreground, in front of the other arch. values. SA was created within the brutalizma, using high technologically developed structures that determine the form of arch. on the basis of constructive purposes. Example SA the arch. Cedric Pricea (birdcage, London, together with the Lord Snowdon and Frank Newby-em, 1961-2.) Which is constructive forms of organization designed "to servant "instead of" to be beautiful. " Servicing ROBOT Futuristic concept of home-robots that has a very sophisticated structure and that programmed to satisfy all the needs of its users. 

Ideas mp occurred in the sixties with the emergence of pop architecture. SERVICE FLOOR floors of an arch. object, usually located at roof level floors, rarely above the level ground floor, which includes installations necessary for normal operation of the building: heating, air conditioning, water, sewer, gas, electrical installations et al. SERVICE LOCATIONS Additional areas of a building that have the function of performing certain functions of supply (gas, electricity, water, hot water, warm air), polucije (sewage, garbage), traffic (supply, lift, parking-mirujući traffic), leave, warehouses, workshops, technical offices, Commerce and other shelters. Service facilities are located in floor below ground floor or the roof (service levels) međutavanskog within the space, a vertical shaft or dukta or as a separate object. SERVICE TOWER Name of the central part, the core of a tower, which is constructive and service function building. It contains lifts, stairs and all. NORTH ORIENTATION PLAN (German Nordung) rules to plans and maps drawn and displayed so that the direction of North is on the top edge of the list of cards. Spherical geometry, SPATIAL GEOMETRY (U.S.) Name the method which is applied Jorn Utzon, which consisted of performance of the construction of prefabricated elements and using the moving arc formwork without any scaffolding, what is otherwise required for normal husky construction. S.g. Utzon was applied during the construction of the building in the wash Sydney. Spherical trigonometry trigonometry branch that deals with solving the triangle (spherical triangle) whose side port the main circuits of the same ball (which have the same radius and the ball). In sfernoj trigonometry apply the same trigonometric functions and relations among them as well plane trigonometry. Spherical system is for the Cellular system consisting from a number of spheres of various sizes. ) posture, behavior, shape, form; SCHEME (gr.  images, model, design, sketch, every form that serves as sample and instructions for ordering, research and display which, in the draft, review, Gram., poet. = Figures. SHEMATA posture behavior. Shemata can be defined a typical response to a specific situation. Such responses are formed during the mental development of individuals, and interaction of the individual and its environment, and so the man's actions, or "operations" are grouped in coherent celine.Piaget describes this process as 

combination of "assimilation" and "accommodation", whereby "Assimilation" refers to the action of the body to the surrounding Indeed, while "accommodation" refers to the opposite state. That body, refusing to passively submit to the surroundings, changes its environment, its imposing some structure, by its sole discretion. Signal in one dimension of architectural COMMUNICATIONS architectural communication consists in anything other neizmeničnih a series of signals: grossly under smooth, dark to light and t.d. Najgeneralnije explanation ways in which the signals operate the theory information, which is appointed Colin Cherry, as opposed to ekspresionističkoj theory, the idea that the meaning significantly related to the observer, and for the signals. Furthermore, V. Information theory. SIGNIFIKATIVNA FORM (born significant form significant form) the term was coined by English art critic Clive Bell, 1913. year. To describe it as the njrgovom opinion, is the essence of artistic principles - form and mutual relationships form. According to his formalističkoj doctrine is itself a form actual content of a work of art, while other meanings, for example, narrative and symbolic elements of secondary importance. Silhouette (Silhouette franc.) Lik or object shown one, or the surface within the outline. The name has the origin ironic overtones, emerged in the mid-XVIIIv. by name Franz. Minister of Finance E. de Silhouettea, known for its frugality and miserliness. S. was then synonym for stinginess in color as opposed kolorizmu portrait miniatures. S. primarily developed in the XIXv. in Germany. Symbolic Architecture The term was coined by Charles Jencks in 1980 team to describe the architecture with a strong degree of personifications or allusions to cultural ideas, historical references and other premodernističke topics, or which contains visual jokes, puns and mnemonic motives. Symbolically STRUCTURES In urban terms, the physical link structure for certain symbols or already all destined form (the city gates, city walls, clean geometric forms (to the base in the form of "cherry flower "at the World Exhibition in Osaka 1970th with which they hosts wanted to be a symbolic link with one tradition), and so on. Has a certain symbolism in the great axis directions, and organizations of space, in symmetrical components, etc.. Symbolism and associations in ARCHITECTURE Symbolism a necessary element of the architecture and the model is often taken from the last time or at existing city as part of the source material, while 

copy of its elements is part of the methods designing the architecture. Therefore, the architect. is relies on the association of observation, ie, the Association in its making. Alan wrote on Kolhun arch. as a "system of communication within the company," describing the anthropological and psychological basis for the use of typology of forms design. When this was suggested to me not only that we "liberated forms of past and availability of these forms as tipoloških model, but if suppose that we released, we lose control over sector is very active imagination and our power to communicate with others. Kolhun describes the basis "Representative" quality artifacts and primitive cultures relations, and discusses the maintenance of anthropological basis for the "iconic value" in products technology. Cosmological systems of primitive peoples are not were "close to nature, but intellectual and artificial. Kolhun also refutes the thesis of modern architecture that form should be the result of physical and mathematical law before the previous associations and estetiđčkih ideology. Not only that these laws are not themselves the product human thought, but in the real world, even in the world developed technology, they are not completely determining; there are areas of free choice. If the "world of pure thinking about technology in the field agree only existing solutions, even before it will be sluđčaj in architecture, where the laws and the facts more or less able to directly lead to the form. Systems representation are not completely independent of the fact objective world and, indeed, the modern movement in architecture represented an attempt to change systems representation inherited from before the industrial past, with whom, it seemed, could no longer handle the context of rapidly changing technology. " It is from this theory is derived understanding of the top importance of scientific methods in the analysis and classification. The functional essence of the doctrine of the modern movement is not that the beauty or order or the meaning of redundant, but more can be found in the quest for the ultimate namernoj form and manner in which the aesthetic effect on the artifact posmatračđa seen as a short-circuit the process formalization. Form is simply the result of logičđkog processes which are približene operational needs and operational techniques. Finally, they will merge into one type of biological life extension, and the functions and technology will become completely transparent. To the form deterministiđčkog purposes as a result of the process, accepted in the writings of Le Corbusier, Laszlo Moholy Nagy-I and other champions of the modern movement, in their descriptions of "intuition," "imagination," inventiveness "and 

"Free and countless plastiđčnih events" that regulating the architectural design. The result is premoa Kolhunu, "the tension between two apparently opposite ideas -- biological determinism on the one hand and free expression on the other "within the doctrine of the modern movement. Turn off certain traditional practices in the name "Science", left a void that was filled with one free-form expressionism: "What is the surface appears as a solid, rational discipline design, paradoxically turns out to be a mystical belief the predictive process. "  together and symmetria of Symmetry (Greek   Metron measures, Engl.  SYMMETRY, France. symetrie, dumb. Symmetrie, Italy. simetria) The origin of the concept of symmetry is Greece, but can be done and prove that he had different meaning than today. In ancient times was not known to the modern concept of symmetry, that is, the similarity of two as in the mirror. Who is itself took effort to remnants of Greek and Latin literature of the art pronikne to the true meaning of the word symmetry, this means that it expresses something of what we now have the appropriate word. Thus the word symmetria can not be translated without description. Vitruvius, I could only describe, not and translate. Therefore, the terminology is always Vitruvius staggering, unless reserves the Greek word. Some time proportio put words in her place, and perhaps there najbližeispravnom translation. However, he reluctantly chooses the word, because I said that just comes from the symmetry quae graeca "analogies" dicitur. You really are the ancient artist proportions and symmetry in fact one and the same, with the difference that the architecture of the proportion of involves only certain quaintness in the relationship feeling (eg height of the pillar thickness), while symmetry same meaning, but the relationship expressed in numbers. So was that concept in the Middle Ages. Only when the builder ložama Gothic began to be made Architectural drawings and all the more baratalo with axes symmetry in the modern sense, all the more I came to the awareness of people and the theoretical concept of equal form to the left and right. For this new term was chosen old word and the changed the way their former meaning. Writers Renaissance has already been used in that sense, and since then the idea of symmetrical conquered the world. The plans are symmetric axis more often, and those with plans to move the squares and streets. Conquer one area to another, until they become the elixir of the Almighty. Thus, for example, Bavarian construction regulations in 1864.g. seeking, as most important condition of aesthetics, to avoid all the facades "Symmetry, which would be outraged, and morality." Indulge every I interpreted that regulation terrible injuries. 

Modern architecture, however, contained a relationship that is the roots was contradictory to the principles of symmetry and the simerije modern architecture. Thus, for example, Bruno is Zevu wrote that the symmetry of "unbearable cancer" that can be comparable in Freudian terms with homosexuality. In this sumarnoj charges Zevi, however, allowed to deceive psihoanalitičarsko unreasonable departure from objects instead of dealing with the history of architecture. In Otherwise, be noted that the symmetry of a building or an environment most direct expression of instinctive aspirations for the identification of men and its products, man and his living space; noted that the prohibition of symmetry corresponds to authoritarian and intolerant attitude as the imaginary one that would want to guess. Symmetry in perceiving spatial revives asymmetric, and therefore it is a significant principle only in interpreting dvodimenzonalnom architecture fronts and facades, rather than architecture space. Therefore, symmetrical compositions and loses its meaning if it is not based on the organic logic of the program. Neoklasicističko and monumentalističko formatting very complex technological processes of modern objects is their kind of anachronism. Symmetry provides a priori composition najnužniji degree internal balance and unity. In the case of asymmetry balance is no longer a formal category, where the axis axis of symmetry and balance match, but requires a fuller and životniji meaning and content. Hence the balance dispositions free much harder to achieve and requires much more complex creative effort authors. Symmetry formally symbolizes stability and unity, while asymmetry is manifested more liveliness, movement and dinemiku space. For the term s. Used in lat. language word proportio, she entered the Romance languages, but gradually lost its original meaning. In renesan. essay on the architect. have the symmetry and proportion of concepts the same meaning, but with time the proportion of the general speech nadredila symmetry, which has preserved its original meaning. ) equality, Symmetry, harmony (gr.  harmony, composition, equal parts attitude a whole, contrary to the harmony, contrary to the agreement. Symmetry, SOCIAL name for the balance of social Equality. On the social ladder, with one side are rich, powerful ekononski, while the other side axis of symmetry set poor, poor. Harmony while there is a symmetry of equality. Each asymmetry leads breach of equality, which further leads to 

destruction. Simultaneous Presentation (born Simultaneous representation) Concomitant presentation of various characteristic aspects of the observed object that creates a picture far different from the actual object.  sun - oikia) 1 SINEKIZAM (Greek  Name of common house, communal living. 2. Primal, Latin sinekizam, unlike the subsequent, and brought a new element: accomplished is pretty poor citadel the walls of the country - murrus terrenus. Roman mitografija is difficult to Miri with this real picture. It is, in contrast, it emphasized the importance of the world the birth of the legendary and pointed out its magnificent performance, as opposed to primary and real feature sinekizma. SINGLE STRAND THEORY (Ford, "Theory of a bank) in arch. theory, the view that the development of architecture There is a pervasive tradition with which each of architect has contacts and knowledge about it and that it is possible only a moral and logical development of architecture, Contrary to the theory of architecture. as a series diskontinualnih movement, or plurality of different methods of different places and at different times. Synoptic ARCHITECTURAL PLAN Name of the architect. plan is given in the form of drafts or sketches.  Synthetism (franc. synthetisme from cramp.  synthesis hash) First of all manner of painting and then architectural design; emerged at the turn of the nineteenth XXV., Which transposes the two-dimensional space povrčinski view, intenzivirajući color and achieving sharp contrast the opposing surfaces omeđenih strong contours. ) construction, combination, merger; Synthesis (gr.  log. merging multiple parts into a whole (eg, the concept is synthesis, ie. combine multiple different labels as a whole), Synthesis or synthetic methods, progressive methods, one of heurističnih or investigative techniques or the passage of time prostijega as famous, true, to the complex truths of bringing in the connection of the simpler truth (eg Euclidean geometry is built synthetic method); time of the parts to the whole, the process by which the opposing concepts (thesis and antithesis) creates a higher term in which contrary removed (dijalektična method); hem. process of building up a merger of substances, compounds, its components, elements, supra. analysis. Synthesis FORMS concept was introduced into the arch. theory after Review Christopher Alexander, "Notes on the synthesis of form" (Notes on the Synthesis of Form), which deals with form as a result of the synthesis of many influences on it, which often not directly related to the architect as creator and 

form. All these influences can be podvedeni under certain criteria, and criteria can be completely different. Eg., Alison and Peter Smithson (in his work "criteria for mass house building) and Buckminster Fuller, "Universal need for housing advantages give completely different criteria for construction of residential houses with completely different semantic weight. Synthesis of form Alexander has aim primarily to find, investigate and analyze all possible criteria on which one can think that the importance for the solution. Then, these criteria are break down in the least possible physical entities, and from them deleted inevitable semantičkai cultural burdens. After this "rinsing" criteria, all built values, they are synthesized in each intermediate subgroups, which are shown diagram form. SINUSOIDNI PROFILE Name of the architectural profile that has sinusoid appearance. S.p. the wall mass directed along diagonal directions is a great achievement language of the Roman Baroque, which rarely reaches the clarity of speech their models, but even reduced to a mere hint, as in subject which is endlessly repeated in portals with oblique edges, it keeps its value and becomes a module that sets a new stage in the city. ) What is composed, composition, SYSTEM (gr.  system, a whole, according to a certain point of view and from the decorated knowledge of various things or made whole, set landscaped areas, eg. In mathematics, the logical principles arranged variety of mathematical creations, such as: equations, points, curves, surfaces, shape and arrangement state management; profile, way of treatment; buildings, building plan, composed of appropriate units (eg, the world system, sun system, the system scores, etc..) without system, without connections, without a plan, unscientific. SYSTEM Palco Ease of use and simplicity are the reasons that today, even though the meter system was introduced before several decades, I'd use measures of rate and thumbs that are very affordable performances and artisans engineers, and system 2 x 30 = 60, as a measure for in trade volumes. The most pronounced was elaborated gradation twelve in France, where the worth of the French Revolution measures: 1 Paris 12 Paris feet = thumb, 1 Paris thumb = 12 lines of Paris, Paris 1 line = 12 Paris points. For practical application in everyday life is not coming into account the division lines in points. So, in other countries, eg. in Spain, Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland and finally in the United States are In everyday use, only the rates, and thumb line. 

Further Anglo sharing lines (lines) in 12 seconds (seconds), and those with 12 to tierce (thirds) has the value for science. For the purposes of the building may fall off and lines. It is rather divided into fractions thumb. In most of these countries, measures are greater than the rate of Link to twelve gradation. So the greater measure Above rates: Spain 1 vara = 3stope, Portugal 1 cheats = 3 ½ feet, Russia 1aršin = 2 ½ feet, Denmark 1 Aalen (elbow) = 2 feet, Vel. UK 1 yard = 3 rates. Only in some German states, such as. in Prussia, was equivalent measure of ways = 12 rate gradation twelve, while it is in other countries often measure only 10 feet. For scientific purposes is, in many cases, enough Share your thumb on the line, and used more natačke share, according to the French system of measures. SYSTEM dots If a number of material points in space, which can move independently of each others, gathered in a closed system, the system gets material points. SYSTEM, the term system is a combination of elements and belongs to Order of the facts and not to be understood by itself. Sstem (organization) can be understood only when its internal structure can be understood as a array of possible arrangements of elements - where available the question of its importance. To turn the system was a whole -- special case - it is necessary to achieve a multitude of real schedule. Hence the word system is used more and more whenever they are in issue was a complex phenomenon in society, in the inner ustrijstvu atom, biology, linguistics, or even space from. The growing use of the term and all greater exploitation of the word system has led to large diversity of its meaning, and often to ambiguity of meaning. Initially, the etymological origin and meaning of the word mark system is a whole. As Each unit was built from its parts, this system a set of parts connected and structured in whole. However, it is tacitly allowing the whole stems from its parts. Modern understanding of not allows such potvrdnju believing that the whole nature higher than its parts. On the contrary, new approach to science is characterized by tendency to specifikaciojom properties of the system as a set of elements explain the rules of appearance of these elements. The system also indicates the point of view, principles and principles which is a structured whole. Parts of the whole and the principles by which they are in struktuisani whole are based on the content meaning Thus the system understood the meaning found its application in 

many fields of human activity, primarily in science, especially in architecture and urbanism. Biologist L.V. Bertalanfi, who founded the general theory system, in his "general theory of systems" 1962.g. system defined as follows: "The system is complex elements which are mutually related. Russell L. Akof something more extensive in the formulation: "In a broader sense and not very precisely the system can be defined as any substance that conceptual or physical, which consists of mutually dependent parts. A. D. Hull and E.E. Fejdzen work "The definition of" quite generally determined by: "The system is set of objects together with the relationship between objects and their attributes. A lot more precise definition J. Klir, which gives in his paper "The overall system as methodology targets ":" The system here is determined listing of variables, permissible their values and their algebraic, topological, gramaytičkim and other svostvima that in every case determine the relationships between the respective variables. "Very close to this definition is definition provided by A. Report: "The system is a part the world in any time can be described, ascribing specific values When your existing set variables. Systematic MEASUREMENT The measurement room seats, classification lines of people can always be count that man, dressed in winter coats, should be the width of at least 62.5 cm, and a few people 1.25 m. If the measured space only for 1, 2 and 3 men, one next to another, then these basic measures also the least extent. In larger number of people can with these basic measures something else reduced, so that višekratnik of 1.25 m can take as a space from the middle to the middle of the wall, especially in Built with almost wall plates. Women should, by the width of about 12.5 cm less space than man. Normal for her is a measure of 50 cm, and the it requires a smaller space for the woman with the man or women themselves. All these measures required space may be, of course, in practice to increase, and somewhat reduced. SYSTEMS, indoor and outdoor title for the architectural or urban structural units which determine an architect. building or urban unit, which represent based on their compositional and functional organization. Systems can be a modular measures modular networks, constructive networks, roads and regard, can be: compositional systems, functional systems, or to: modular systems, modular networking systems, constructive systems, roads 

(Traffic Systems). Systems can be open and closed. Outdoor S. are those that correspond to its surroundings and its users. They can be enlarged, rekonstruisni or they can be changed function without significant impairment of their fundamental characteristics, as opposed to closed systems whose basic characteristics change along with any changes in the system. SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN URBAN PLANNING name for the analysis of an urban complex through analysis of its functioning. S.a.u. can be: system analysis transport, infrastructure, supply, construction, potrišnje et al. System analysis applied to urban transport, eg. refers to the study of possible model of transport through a city using the links and combination of different transport systems: individual, rail, etc.., whose aim is to improvement of transport by reducing the time transport, its cost and increasing its quality and comfort. S.a.u. has two main advantages: 1 many is easier to build a model town and test it, but to analyze the existing structure of the city and 2 systematic analysis of parameters from many other systems can be separated and re-assembled into a whole whose Final results were positive. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 1st Architecture based on prefabricated systems and components that are arranged in different ways. 2. Architecture is derivirala from logical, rational, analytical process and procedures are often related to computer design. 3. Architecture designed as part of a larger (cultural, social and urban) system. In this sense it is associated with OM-performance design, based on analysis the same functions as much as the aesthetic, physical and psychological needs. The fashion in the period 1960 -- these did not prove that the all-dedicated solution which had hoped its protagonists. SYSTEM BUILDING Name of the building, which is done within the system construction set that includes: Standardization of elements, elements prefabrikaciju construction industry in construction, economics, mass construction, flexibility and convertibility. The principle of S. Mr. was introduced after World War II along with the growth needs of mass construction residential areas. There are many examples of systemic construction of residential and school buildings fifties, and it is often used because it was cheap, fast and demanded the involvement of a small number of workers. The school building built by s.g. were designed unuar flexible network system that allowed 

picturesque use of the mass of different materials and pleasant urban furniture. SYSTEM FURNITURE represents the term which refers to design and production of a limited number of elements furniture that can make a different combinations and thus achieve variations configuration using the same basic elements. At the načim, s.n. the opposite Piece furniture, which does not belong to "the system" or the family facilities. S.n. is used primarily as office Furniture from the period of the 1940s, when the office spaces stopped being composed of stolaova arranged next to or opposite each other, but are often represented by the open space converted to each other noskim and thin barriers. The development s.n. are influenced Freank Lloy Wright and other supporters of the architects, and the design of George Nelson. 1964 Nelson Action Office, which was designed together with Robert Propstom, was the first really flexible, integrated and oriented modular office system, a concept that later developed multiple times. SITUATION (L. situs situation, nl. Situatio) status, location (house, places), social status, property status, general condition, opportunities (military, state, etc..) present political situation (in the country, Europe, world); Comedy situation of the theater piece in which the feeling of not smešnoga causes the words, but the action and the object pieces; situational plan of the plan, eg. buildings, given the position. Situational CTREŽ (German Lageplan) or architectural drawing urban base with a very reduced scale (usually 1:500 and smaller scale) that is visible position (situation) the location and construction facility compared to narrower or wider urban complex. In Situation plan are usually: border locations planned for construction adjacent sites and surrounding streets or squares, if any. Situational PLAN Horizontal projection of the field, obtained recording and mapping, which is drawn a plan for performance of a building construction - roads, bridges, buildings, etc.. In the situation given the scale of the plan entered all the required horizontal dimensions. If not registered, can be determined and the measurement scale. Situational PLAN, GEODETIC (Geod.). Horizontal projection of the field, got recording and mapping, the which was drawn a plan for carrying out a building building - roads, bridges, buildings, etc.. In situation given the scale of the plan are entered all necessary horizontal dimensions. If you are not registered, can be determine the measurement scale. 

SITUACIONISTI (English Situationists) Name of architect that their projects and architect. analysis based on the plan situation, determining future building or urban facilities. The arch., A building is the sum of possible functional, constructive, technological, social and other situations. According to S., it is a living organism within which to place characteristic changes as the daily schedule, and planned future growth of the object. Characteristic Access projaktovanja situacionista took metabolisti for its high tech facilities: Japanese metabolisti Kenzo Tange, Kiyonori Kikutake, Kish Kurokawa, and other metabolisti: Buckminster Fuller, Peter Cook and others. S. way of planning took also designers of prefabricated building systems. In urban design, situational approach assumes the functional plans of a city areas with traffic analysis and movement in general (school and pedestrian traffic), who usually chooses matrix of urban plan (traffic architecture). Also on Radical solutions are often assumed and made possible traffic problems. Situs (Latin situs location, location) Latin name for position of one city or the architect. Property also nazivza place where one arch was built. object. Also, name for the area of a city or a place where lie the remains city or facility. The term is sometimes used in the sense place of residence, place of residence or flat. Skeleton BUILDING represent the building in which vertical bearing elements, ie. columns and horizontal bearing elements, ie. beams and ceilings make the whole jdnu in a constructive and static terms. In skeletal system, it was the purest expression of four features: foundation, carry, cover, and rearrangements. The most important asset S.Ž. of massive, is that the external and internal walls released features wearing a performing, mostly as a fill in rearrangements as space and as yoplotne and sound isolation. Skeletal structure is particularly suitable for agrade larger amount and for a large range. Wearing construction of S.Ž. We share a number of ways: A. By Material: wood, reinforced concrete, metal (steel, aluminum); B. By way of performance: monolithic (performance in the face places), prefabricated, combined; C. The general part of the building, ie. by constructive system: ground floor with the most different constructive systems (frame construction, use, "sed" -- roofs, shell, domes, etc..) višespratne - which are most constructive in the orthogonal system. 

SKETCH (born sketch, France. Esquisse, dumb. Skizze, Italy. schiezzo) first, preliminary and ragged form of art works, in which he improvised the basic idea composition. During preparations for the final achievement, such original improvisation may experience significant changes. The task which will serve, S. can be performed in different character. techniques: the drawing (pen, pencil, chalk, charcoal), in drawing laviranom brush on canvas, paper or wall (sinopija), in pastel, etc.. The arch. s. give a thorough idea of the object, but without specifying details. SKETCH terrain (Geol.). Approximate situational plan of the field made free hand during the shooting. The sketch is entries and the approximate positions letava for recording time, ie. positions recorded detailed points. Sketch leads a very experienced person who knows that selects the detailed points. Sketches, drawings (tal. schizzo) developed fastest (unachieved completely) the drawing, design, foundation, major moves something (eg, image, statue, building, etc..) lit. cartoons, storiette. SKIN ARCHITECTURE (born skin skin) Name of the ad hoc architecture that is applicable to several types of architecture. facilities (industrial skin architecture, administrative skin architecture, etc.).. Represents the use of arch. elements of the membrane or skin that envelops and articulate a space, enabling it to be carried out any feature. Thus formulated, this new principle architect. design was developed in the sixties Britain in the works of James Stirling and Gowan. There are three significant sources of design with: student experiments, the use of standard industrial parts and the use of axonometric techniques which has since become an integral part of the architectural project. Example SA the object Leicester Engineering Building, at Leicester, Stirling and Gowan, from 1964 Figures circuit two old fix this problem so that numbers were 62.5 and prepolavljanjem got 64, got doubling, to complete the high value of the 63rd So the set is closed down, established brojci two with values: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000. Many, however, select a transition where he is at same construction could include the easiest. In the Milan cathedral eg. Spacing axis poles the smallest interval to the axis of the ship side = 16 Roman cubits, and the like: a space-axis side pillars ship = 16 cubits = 1 x 16, a space for the length of minor axis ship = 32 cubits = 2 x 16, width = 64 transversal ship elbow = 4 x 16, length perpendicular to the ship elbow = 124 = 8 x 16, the entire length of the cathedral = 250 cubits. Duplicate 

here goes from 1 x 16 to 8 x 16, ie. 16, 32, 64, 128th However, the length is taken with 2 x 128 = 256, although the no match potency of 16, but the length of the cathedral 250 cubits is the transition to the prepolavljanje starts from the number of 1000th The numbers measure of the Milan cathedral fit completely within the two figures, and in a very practical form just for that case. Very often underestimate the significance of this pattern of two numbers for older people. For Arabs, the best mathematicians of his time, this is the gradation had a very particular meaning. Alhvarizmi author by him prozvanog algorithm, our present Number Mode calculations, dedicated a doubling and prepolavljanju, as well as special methods of calculation, two chapters of his book. The Arabs probably acted as a phenomenon that is from ten values of canopy two figures may simply adding get all the numeric values of 1 and 1000 This especially used in stone. Just 10 weights with values above the figures of two patterns that get all the weight of 1 to 1,001th To mention only some examples: The value of 1001 is composed of 500 + 250 + 125 + 63 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1. Value 350 consists of 250 + 63 + 4 + 1st Value 786 is composed of 500 + 250 + 32 + 4 + 2 Value 788 is composed of 500 + 250 + 125 + 63 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1, etc.. Svakii reader can I examine this by setting tasks. It is clear that the story of the "Thousand and one nights", and all other Arab stories that have to do with 1001, have their roots within the two figures, and in particular as the numbers which, multiplied by any single, two-or trocifarnim number, provides products divisible by 7, 11 or 13 Circuit as a whole - not simply a set of area units, it is possible is analyzed through three different degrees. Those resulting from basic conditions of the organization, ie. type processes combines already established units in sets higher order that we call zones, functional groups and components. Defining the composition - properties that are of particular purposes circuit, the observed differences in organizations, and postuku primarily in their determination and characteristics which are transmitted to the whole physiognomy. Thus, in observing the typical sequence of repeated units we note the differences between them and the area to move, or those that enable the connection object and its wider environment. We observe also that these differences in surface Within the observation point and for different purposes also the possibility of establishing some 

common rules. We are able, further, to express parts of the circuit evaluation tipoloških feature of working place to determine the level of the first zone, the first set organized units, namely: 1. Working zone: Area that released the basic process in Within the workplace, and spatial processing unit organization. 2. Communicative zone: tape and nodes - the basic and certain number of units or density of the human masses and time needed for its evacuation. 3. Pseudo-hygienic zones that directly supports processes in work zones, but the components often appears as a separate organization with its površinaska typical individual units. 4. Town entrance - entrance zone: the independence of these processes and their influence on the shaping of a whole gives us the conditions to distinguish them in a special zone. Determining the organizational structure of other units - other level - notice that the process is in a can place in several closed groups whose mutual connections also a result of these processes and the natural conditions or urban environment. These closed groups consist of those types of zones allow conducting part of the process and its inclusion in the circuit. So organized parts assembly -- other circuit - called functional groups whose solely dependent on the number of character patterns. The procedure for determining the pattern includes all previous actions, and its properties can not be define the sum of individual properties - units lower order. Anyone seriously addressing these issues indicates that the answer to it may apply in the interpretation relationship between zones and functional groups, ie. features that define these ensembles. MEETING lot What makes the tone modern solutions, a set of many, ie, a set of units joint use of space in urban organized form, whereby - in cells - access to capture obodnih surface, releasing the outer fabrics for both movement, and for those purposes that are not strictly limited to the use of fixed objects, between which the purpose of full-contact inner and outer space. For complex components which are parts of the dedicated and representational differ significantly there is a possibility resolution, and highlighting their individual properties. Group openings and mass emphasizes functional group, and they operate independently within. Especially in separation in a vertical sense they form the basis of expiration of the initial contrast. Advances in technology 

construction brought some vertical separation plan as part of a complete structure. Educating the wall curtain (curtain wall), glass "bell" which covers internal organization, the strictly divided nesvedenu units, achieved complete labilnost spatial relationships, and thus appropriate plans. SKY-SIGN (U.S.) label or other promotional material set with metal frame, or slobodnostojeći mounted on top of a building, so you can see the firmament. It was a means of Constructivism and De Stijl, a rose and it was Venturi and others postmodernists. In urban terms of vividness, is that quality of the physical object that gives us a high the likelihood that any of the observers to produce a strong impression that gives a clear picture. Picturesqueness consists of shapes, colors and general layouts, which facilitate the creation of picturesque identified, strongly constructed and very useful mental picture environment. Tu trait might be called and čitljivošću, and perhaps even and visibility - in an elevated sense, in which objects are considered not only visually, but also are very sharp and intense our other senses. Stern discussed the attributes of an artistic cases, and called it "očiglednošću (apparency). A because art is not just the one goal, he felt that one of its two basic functions that "to create shows that its shape and harmony jasnošću posmatračevu satisfy the need for a lively, picturesque appearance. The extremely picturesque, zamišljivi city in this particular terms we will look nice shaped, distinct, impressive, it will attract our view, and hearing that a closer look and listen, and so more participate. Under these circumstances, the sensory perception environment will not only be easier, but also extended, and depth. FREE PLAN name an architectural plan for object that is not limited rigid forms, but performed in the free forms that allow changes upgrade, depending on your needs. FREE FACADE free facade formed division, which was created as a result of opportunities provided by the skeletal construction. FREE FORM (born free form), or Irregular asymmetric forms, especially curvilinear in architecture and other fine arts, and in dekorativnoj art. FREE GROUP solving new housing 

units or residential communities, internal traffic network addresses so that certain residential streets or street branches end up as closed or blind alleys About which groups the free housing. This way clustering of objects gives full freedom designer in solving their concept for the realization of the picturesque residential groups and intimate connection with ambient and nature, not binding for the symmetry, template nizanje buildings and street monotony construction. Free group and individual semi-detached family building is only part of the housing units, and in its composition in addition to purely residential purposes and which may have less following the object. Free group framed green and away from noise and dust, with many more convenience and attractiveness of housing for rigidity street parallelism, both in fulfilling hygienic conditions, and in terms of compositional formats. Composition, unity can be achieved either group of by entails the creation of visual perception, repeated groups of objects and individual arrangement in a free environment. Free way grouping objects tends to remove all inih symmetry and repetition that meet the settlement with naseljenošću rare. This method tends to attract a man more natural, and in that sense, and blind alleys never build more than 70m. Free green space in the school connects these groups can very conveniently used to achieve local recreational areas and smaller fields fiskulturnih volume. FREE BASE Le Corbusierov principle grounds: he turned reinforced concrete skeleton of a technical extra funds in the element of aesthetic values. The inner wall is modelovao walls, so that is the foundation could take on different forms. Also, made the permeation of internal and external space. FREE ART The term is used to process architectural design in the baroque period, to indicated mental architectural character of the operation, on leads Leon Battista Alberti in his famous claims for which the drawing does not contain anything that would depend of the matter and that is such that it can be the same recognized in several buildings, ignoring any matter "(omni materia exclusa), that is, the way I Alberti describes when talking about mathematicians, as being those that "only the mind, separate from materials, measures forms of things. "In this paragraph, the years okomila was shortsighted and formalist criticism, 

trying to identify him proof humanist indifference to problems of practical implementation of, underestimating techniques, or even Croceovog hint of attitude on the part of the art in fully realized in the spirit of its creator. FREE HEIGHT (born headroom) The actual amount of floor to ceiling or from the road to the bridge. FREE STRUCTURE V. Physical structure. Free structures arise only seemingly "free" because in their genesis of a whole series of very influential and some say would be strict rules and logic Construction naseljskog space. Eliel Saarinen builds very clearly emphasizes that medijevalne (medieval) city structures were not as planned as it is today understood. "There is word on urban design in the best sense of the word, "because the city is developing as three-dimensional structure and not as an abstract plan streets. Always changing interests of the human community and environmentalism in the broadest sense of the word "products" under the some valuable free conditions, often called "Organic" physical structures, which show the value of all , "Transposing the immediate spatial and functional content processes in concrete space and built physical structure. SLOBODNJAČKI anarchism in the architecture represents architecture resulting from unconscious tradition of the architect. The concept might best describe Hundertwasser: "Only when the architect, builder and the landowner are unity, ondnosno, when it comes to one person, then We can talk about architecture. Everything else is architecture, but the physical embodiment of a criminal act. " FREE OBLIKOVANJE FACADE Le Corbusier was at the time of 1921-27.g. elaborated in the five points of the basic assumptions of their architecture. Among these five points, there is s.o.f. Time as the floors of the building extended over the whole face nosivih pillars like a balcony, the whole facade comes front of the supporting structures. As a result, it loses significance capacity; windows can be lined up in the year length, and are not directly related to the internal division zgrade.Prozor the construction of a palace can be 1om also long and 200m (Le Corbusierov project lege building for people in Geneva). Facade gets time possibility of a free solution. FREE OBLIKOVANJE BASIS belongs to one of five points basic principles of architecture. Le Corbusier. The system carries columns međutavanske construction and reaches all the way to the roof. Split walls are placed as needed, when the floors are independent of one another. There is no longer There are no load-bearing walls, lining all većsamo thickness. The advantage of this method is complete freedom in 

solving basis, that is freely available means which can be easily compensated somewhat expensive reinforced-concrete structure. SLOGAN, architectural Aarhitektonsko motto, Motto that karakteristiše single architecture, style, or move. Poznatin slogan of modern architecture was "Less is more", which is supposed to point to any prenatrpavanje interior of the building only harms and decreasing its quality. Complex systems can have an unlimited number of elements with complex interface that allows a large number of states system. A large number of liaison between them is not sharply set off and appears continuous process, which, however, that expressed by differential equations, but which is often can not determine. The complexity can occur in system with a small number of elements, but where are interfaces and relationships is very complex and complicated. From the point of view determining and defining their behavior is far thesis made provisions such systems, but in reverse case, where a large number of elements and relations and coupling simple. With views of the structure, the complexity of the system is depending on the number of system elements and their interface. It should be noted that in complex systems comes easier to distortion than the simple structure. If interfaces and complex relationships, the process is complicated and damage. In simpler systems, these processes are simple and minor consequences. It is known that if system is technically complex, difficult it is constructed, and maintain. However, with a view kibernetičara, the complexity of the system is depending on the control pulse. When it comes to dynamical systems, control actions are the very criteria complexity. That happens to a very complex technical systems, and computers as the most complex of them, seek very simple control actions, while others, although simpler in its structure require a very complicated management action. In the group of complex systems with aspects of organizational management are primarily systems. While natural systems behave according to natural laws, and with them there is no impulse control, so far technical systems which are compositions of natural elements through the man who determines the nature of their conduct, manage to set or social goals. Depends on the complexity of technical systems. Organizational systems are the most complex systems views of management action. In Case architecture and urban planning represents a major misleading if it thinks that a coincidence today, on its 

themselves, and regularly, could create something beautiful, as in old time. It was not a coincidence, or mood of individuals, if they are used and no plan, no competition, no visible signs of an ongoing effort and further development, created beautiful squares and whole parts of the city. For this development was not random, individual procuring entities are not worked on his own, but together they comply artistic tradition of his time. And that tradition is was so strong and confident, that in the end everything turned out the best. When he built his Roman castrum, knew is quite accurately how it works, and is in no mind fell to do otherwise than was usual. The common form is contained everything that refers to the comfort and beauty. When the castrum should develop a city, then again to understand by itself that it must have a forum, where they will be built temples, public buildings and sculptures. Everyone knew how it performs in detail, because of this there was adopted a regulation, who should adapt to local conditions only. Thus That is not a coincidence, but a great artistic tradition alive throughout the nation. It is, apparently without plan, created in cities and that could not wrong. The same was true in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. And so today seemed the so-called coincidence? Without urban plan, no rules, each owner would otherwise built, because the masses no longer live sound art tradition. And as a consequence, we would have chaos, which nothing can be adjusted. Ugly blocks of houses, then there and there erected buildings without any connection, the prevailing also as is the case in the system of house blocks the geometric raster. A church and monuments would certainly always occupied the middle squares. This is perhaps more only on what it thinks it must be that it otherwise not do. SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL (born small is beautiful) Maxim, ie, that the catchword presented Schumaker, which will be the idea many architects and designers in efforts to find the beauty of expression in the small, simple, everyday. It represents the protivlek totalitarian gigantism, urbanism style Haussmann and Speer, who is so often exercised their unnatural impact on the urban and modern architect. SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE 1st Architecture is made with intent to use the mass of people as social beings, Contrary to the architecture that is his form and style destined for the use of higher layers of society. 2. School and other buildings that were erected after the war 1939 -- 1945 in England and which incorporate the scientific method design, prefabrikaciju and ndustrijalizovane building, as part of the modern movement in architecture. 

SOCIAL FUNCTION OF ARCHITECTURE architecture Politicians always emphasized its basic dichotomy: architecture as art, and (or) architecture as a social service, stressing that it is possible ostvarilti or one or else. Because they always tried to arch. observe arch. in light of its social functions, ignoring the one art. Social functions assumed architecture which has the purpose to meet social demands and needs first of all, regardless of artistic features. S.f.a. was especially emphasized in the Soviet Union in dvedesetih period, when it was necessary meet the growing housing needs of the population and enable them new jobs. Another significant period occurred after the Second World War in Europe, characteristic example is the United Kingdom with Abercrombijevim plan for decentralization of London, which the assumed formation of a series of new cities (New Towns) simultaneously with the implementation of new policies social construction. National Ministry in charge Planning had the task to achieve a reasonable balance industrial and residential construction throughout the country, which has resulted in raising over twenty new cities with its industry, the construction of over one million new Housing units in just five years and raised arch. design of small private companies to large, public companies. SOCIOLOGIJA ARCHITECTURE name for the scientific discipline that deals with the study of the impact of the community and social organization of the architecture. Sub-disciplines which are important for the architecture are: social statics and morphology, social dynamics, social statistics. Sociology and architecture matter how architecture represented the circuit of art (skill building) and technical knowledge (construction technology) its ultimate goal is a man, human communities and the satisfaction of his needs. In that sense, sociology as a science of society and conditions of social order has a significant impact on architecture. To understand one of the architectural Concept, direction and style that has emerged during the history arch development., I need possession of knowledge in the field sociology society in which the resulting architecture. Different social planning have led to different types of architecture. Chattel slavery, democratic, feudal, industrial, capitalist, communist and socialist society, have led to diametrically different architectural concepts that have arisen just the particular social characteristics of individual communities. Sophisticated technologies in the architecture Application technology in architecture is more present. In 

the last decades, largely in the design and exploitation of modern facilities apply sophisticated technology. This technology is applied in the area: Energy (heating, vetrenje, air conditioning, solar architecture), supply electricity, water, gas (Computer data processing regarding the supply of building needs and consumption), lighting, security and safety (TV cameras, visual and other monitoring facility), the object of protection from excessive insolation and atmospheric and all. SOFT - TECH (Technology born soft soft technologies) The concept is created in the mid-1980s. Default describes the modification elektrnskog hardware (hardware), the eg. hi-fi system, giving it a rounded, kurvilinearnu form and warm and bright colors. Example of this design approach to find the part of Japanese designers Company Yamaha and Sharp. Subject of their design, made on the principles and biomorfizma istoricizma had they aim to achieve and ensure the humane and humorous connotations, trying to overcome the general tendencies and views of the Japanese functional in design too its appears. Merit for the development s.t. also belongs in some extent the influence of postmodernism and the Memphis Group Japan in the early 1980s. Also, the appearance was part of the general tendencies of Japanese design to create witty styling facilities. Widespread use of Retro Modern in the U.S. also can be considered part of s.t. SOFT ARCHITECTURE (Ford) 1 Venues for life contain only a few fixed objects or parts. They are constantly controlled by the computer, in onolikoj much as it is needed. 2. Low energy samoizgradive housing units. The SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE (born software program) 1 Title Computer programs that are used in architecture: arch. design, architect. analysis, static, design, drawing, or are programs for performing computer animation of a building or space general. The most famous architectural computer s. is CAD, which also has najrasprostranjeniju application. 2. The term is also used in the arch. terminology to marked or described the variable part of an arch. structure: population within the invariant arch. lining - home. 3. Urban S. represent the residents, traffic funds, as opposed to constant forms of buildings, roads and the like. 3. Software is often a content, as opposed to arch. form. 4. The concept of software as language of architecture, is located in the ant. world in mythological thinking, and I transferred even in the modern architect. ventures today. For example: each carefully proporcionisana facade includes some imminent 

aritmolišku content pitagorejskog, numerical - mythological type, it applies to every detralj. Even simple arch. result of our modern world always contains elements of architectural software. Solar architecture name for the architecture that is projektaovana to the most appropriate way to use all positive effects of the sun and insolation. Solar building use solar energy for electricity production energy, heating water, heating the building or its refrigeration. With the solar collector heats the cold water and deposited in the reservoirs. There are passive and active systems, solar houses. In active systems are used solar battery or solar collectors to convert solar energy into another form of energy that is can be used immediately or when it is needed. In passive solar home system itself by sheba, with its architectural and constructive concept is system that takes advantage of insolation. Such facilities have thick stone walls that are reservoirs Heat Degree Days received sunlight. Also, passive systems have a glass facade which payment is achieved by the greenhouse effect and thus naturally heated house in winter poeriodu. SOTO IN SU (Italian bottom up) perspective view showing the architecture or the figures in extreme shortening, which conjures up the view from the bottom to the large altitudes. Popular in the ceiling paintings in the period Baroque. Specific heat quantity of heat required to raise the temperature unit mass of 1 º C. Expressed in calories a gram to 1 º C. For gases, a specific express or heat at constant pressure, Cp, or at constant volume (volume), cv. The calculations kondicioniranog installation of air is usually used Cp. SPECIFIED air humidity in the mix of water vapor and Air, water vapor weight in 1 kg of dry air. SPECIFIED LOAD TLA load per unit surface, which is usually expressed in kg/cm2.  speira bandage, dumb. Spiral) V. Spiral (from Greek.  Spire. Curve in the plane or in space, which tours around one center približujući him or from him udaljujući. In ornamentici, worm lines, a common ornamental form. Theme spiral occurs in the prehistory of plastic, painting, architecture, textiles. After the oldest famous spiral ornaments from the Palaeolithic age testify France s. becomes more common motif in Egyptian decoration. predfaraonske ceramics, objects and kikladske Cretan - 

Mycenaean culture, and culture of Malta, the Balkans and ceramics Central Europe, Scandinavia and bronze objects from the Iron Age, especially in the area of the Adriatic. Since Ant. Art spiral motif takes the Middle Ages and then renaissance. Form s. applies not only delicious but also with some parts of the construction architect. especially the stairs (eg. Bramanteovo in the Vatican Palace), Dome (Borrominijeva the church S. Ivo alla Sapienza in Rome) and the well. SPOLIUM architecture concept which is usually related to post-Roman Arch. which karakteristiše use of collage -- fragments of destroyed buildings from the period of ant. Rome. arch. In SA, capitals ant. Rome. columns are bazisi used as an example, in the Renaissance style, in which the old classical Roman architectural language was upotreljavan in new combinations. James Ackerman, and writes about Michelangelu which is "rarely took one motive and that he did not give or a new form or new meaning. However, he regularly hold important traits of the old model to forced observers to remember the source, while to enjoy the innovations. " Link in Architecture in the period was predmodernističkog normally be done on the upgrading of existing facility. However, modern architects have to ustezali establish such a direct contact with history. Modern movement apparently resisted making any concessions past, but just like other architects of the period, and modernists have developed a sense of visual experience, so that they were intolerant of certain types of visual chaos. Their urge for purity meant that they could not disregard the possible confusion that would be created by introducing new elegant solutions among the old buildings. They caught in the grips with this problem by introducing gaps, which called the link between the old and the new facility. There are several types of link between objects. Some countersunk parts of the building completely withdrawn from the facade fabrics and can be narrow tens of centimeters or a few meters wide, which depends on the size object. The part that binds two objects can be in line with the old facade, but different material than that from which it was built was the old New facilities. Link between two objects is literally withdraw from the the existing facade and symbolic separation from the past. At juncture of two objects does not apply to modern architectural vocabulary, because that part of the left as neutral surface and creates the illusion that the two objects in things are not connected. 

The very word "link" is, of course, wrong. This is a classic the case of visual neglect of real value to to preserve the myth of the existence of awareness and concern about the environment. This link does not connect at all, but only seeks to to prevent conflict and harmonize the two object incompatible elements of the two buildings. Sometimes designers, fully aware of the potential conflicts, decide to be as small as possible intrusive dragging the object as much as possible. Although solution is not subtle, it is often the least harmful alternative, if the designer, in its rigid approach rejects any kind of direct connection proportionally two objects. This solution seems to say: "I'm new, but I try as best I can to keep a decent distance. " FLOOR, FLOOR, Kat (born Storey, floor, France. Etage, dumb. Stockwerk and Geschoss, Italy. piano) Title level buildings erected above ground level. In horizontal layout of the architectural object is located between two floors or between a floor and roof. Building on the first floor was already in ancient Thebes in Egypt (5 floors). Greek houses are usually no floors; in Athens itself still remains were found jednospratnih buildings. Rome. Age višespratne buildings are very common. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance houses with rare more than two floors, but they become a common starting XVIIv. At different times different Spreads between two floors. The modern residential building is regularly range between two floors of 2.70 to 3.20 m. In certain periods, each floor had a function (eg. the Renaissance palaces are located in ground storage facilities, commercial offices in the dress circle, and dormitory, and the top floor are rooms for daily room, dining room and kitchen. The XIXv. usually Bel Etage-name for the representative first floor. Floor HEIGHT (German Stockwerkshoehe) Elevation of a floor height between the floor area of the lower level of a building and floor level above the surface. Storey height a light amount of space plus the thickness ceiling. ELEMENT floor storey element is part of the surface tract by two consecutive limiting constructive range. Storey element is determined by: - Basis, - Cross-section, - Frontal appearance or facade element. Ratio (German Verhältnis) Measuring ratio, the ratio of height the width and length of the building or building element 

one building. Ratio DIN FORMAT series DIN-format established in the a rectangle area of 1 m2. This had particular advantage, because the usual format for listovni paper A4 = 21 x 29.7 cm, the width match the old folio - format, the old quarter-height format. Thus the devices in the registry could be used immediately for the new format. ENVIRONMENT broad concept for the venue we can denote environment. We do this to the famous definition of John Cvijića "various areas of the country differ from one second special geographic characteristics, which in our spirit is the idea of geographical or prirodnok environment. "No Given the appearance and other areas, such as rural, urban, and all the terms we adopt a narrower, more closely terms the notion of built environment, ie, artificial environment, unlike called natural. Researching various levels of reality that is organized. especially the possible degrees organization built environment, it is not difficult to determine inability to set boundaries of these special effects concepts, ie. urban or rural environment. Environment or environment is defined very often in different areas of science, a variety of purposes. According E.L. Grooomes-in, which gives the definition of environment from the ecological approach, "Environment, according to the dictionary of American College of aggregate okružujućih things, conditions and influences. "The total amount of influence, which modify and determine the development life and character ", which is the definition of P. Meadows states as the traditional concept of passive protection, Accepting that the modern concept of the picture environment: "This revolutionary principle that all must be in situ located, so to speak, in a transaction context, entails at least three very important characteristics: 1) that all must be understood in terms of a given structure and relationships, 2) that because "environment" really a pluralistic concept of reality is a plenum formarum, continuum of reproduced specimens, one of Unitas multiplex; 3) that it is primarily a development concept - change of the "environment" to "okruživanje" of things in action. " Thus, Meadows does not negate the importance of traditional concept for the formation of the modern. Eg. From the old Greek concept of the environment in which the dominant understanding of as the intellectual nature of the organism, for svremeni concept is a significant analogy between the nature makrokozme and makrokozme man. From Renaissance plays, in which the dominant perception that nature is unable to samoreguliše and natural laws are imposed, was a useful analogy between nature, "which was create a force majeure "and machines created by man. Modern Synthesis was started from the analogy between the process 

the natural world, which are the subject of science and changes in human events that are the subject of Social Sciences. Because the term is dominated by modern understanding of the area, structure and the body. In that sense, there is no difference between the concept of environment and things that are surrounded by: environment is understood as actions strukturalizacija okruzivanja. The width of the concept of environment and living organisms nebrojenost influenced the further raščanjivanje term environment and its basic classification. It is generally accepted division of environment and artificial environment, which was created human activity. Environment or natural landscape, "as says A. Glickson, constitutes a set natural factors: water, air, sun, wind, land, flora and fauna. "Clean" the natural environment is a historic outdated because is related to the period of Adam. The ability of man to his purposeful nature of the work of adapting themselves and their needs, given the characteristics of artificial environment type of setting man. Environmental projects, cultural landscape, human environment, the terms which are marked by the environment has created and in which there is sole and absolute dominance, but only the presence and influence natural factors. By F. Gutheimu "man is part of nature, interact with it. In recent years, science and techniques are enormous increase of man's ability to influence the processes of nature ... But changes in the natural world could would be even more important for future consequences, which become known from accelerated the collision with a man nature, which is even emerging as a rival war, the far more enduring significance. " Gutheim classified environment that he has created to: working environment, transportation environment, physical environment, domestic environment, etc.. Operating environment the industry has received wide significance because of the problems of working groups, human efficiency, health and welfare. Domestic environment is particularly important for family life. Domestic middle of the include housing of all categories of families with low income, families of old people, to reconstruction of the settlements and building types. Spreading the concept of environment indicates two important facts: 1) all present ecological approach in research region, city, lower mikrozajednica 2) all less distinction between natural and created environment. ENVIRONMENT, TYPOLOGY There follows a characteristic types of protection: natural environment, urban environment, rural environment, technological environment, radical environments, conservative environment. Central OSA, OSA MEDIUM (German Mittelachse) Frequently bisector, axis of symmetry of a building or any of its 

work. CENTER man identified with the center. Presenting a series of empty, or missing material center, but who nevertheless perceive architects manage to create a closer relationship between people and the elemental architecture. The theory of space serves to strengthen perceptual connection between the entity and architecture, ie. manifolds subjects. Therefore, the architecture often polycentric, and thus suggests the idea that each point center of the world and every man the center of the observations. Through this prism, we can look at paragraph Renaissance builder who is the man saw as the only center world, as opposed to a polycentric world in which not is the absolute aksijalnost. The concept of the center, as well as the notion of place, is the foundational overall architecture. The center is primarily, as well as place, because it is also about the physical and psychological reality, you may encounter on the physical psijoloških different reality and reality. Loss relationship to the center and the place is also a loss identity and is one of the moments of crisis modern architecture. Middle and distance SAINT walls in hallways and apartments dr. It is desirable to pass comfortably razminu. In them suitable minimum width of 1.25 light m. Since the massive walls built residential houses generally thicker, it is by giving them appropriate light measures, not measures of axis to axis. Handle with measure module example. proceeds from the bright space of measures, but included in the system and thick walls. In buildings with high traffic and where it should be razmimoiđu by three men, the width of the corridor is 3 x 62.5 cm = 187.5 cm, which corresponds to interval of two meters between the environment walls, the building with almost wall plates. ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES Constitution spatial concepts architectural shape materials through special forms its structural pattern. The main character of the expression architectural works stems from the selected material and how his constitution. Forms are not the object, therefore, independent and arbitrary geometric forms, but concrete expressions of the static properties of materials. Architecture is the art of constructing and shaping material - direct means of defining space. History of architecture in the first row of development history techniques in the use and processing of various natural and Plastics building. Materials have their own special internal reasoning and require an adequate relationship application and processing. I can not interpret the same forms various materials. Elements of construction must reflect the properties of materials. 

In his praise of material, the Venetian friar Carlo Lodola he says, "You have your reasons, exhibit them. You're a master of architecture, stop to be passive obedient, and only works in nature. Do you see? Tree imposed grčkm architects pillar and architrave, gypsum (gypsum) is imposed Etruscans arc. Heavy stone imposed Firentinac the plane wall. Do not let teviše playing. As a man, running for the most peculiar fantasies, lost their minds, you impose your. When Masters wander, allowed the servants to re-take their freedom ... " Materials are the words and verses through which the builder communicate their ideas. Construction plans speech material translating them from the inert force in poetry space and time. Means of expression in the architecture of expression architectural plans and drawings which are reported idea of shaping space. Language of architecture through graphic symbols and conventions has been constantly transformation. From ancient Egyptian artists and craftsmen through the builders of the Renaissance to contemporary projects of a Wright and Le Corbusier, the manuscript of individual architects retains its special style of Fitting the general language communication, which is characterized vu or that historical epoch, school or style formation. Drawing is the man expressed some of their primeval instincts, and plays the world fears, as well as in the examples of cave drawings from prehistoric man. The architecture is drawing more than certain symbols served as a means of expression spatial ideas of the future building, as in the naive interpretation of the Egyptian plan home, and over virtuoznih Sketches Leonardo da Vinci, master drawings Sant'Elia - e. HOUSING DENSITY expressed the number of permanent residents per hectare of land, number of housing units or number of square meters of residential area of net. Similar worth and business density (the density of jobs). At that differ: a) the basic net-density (covered only the land intended for housing or proportionally weighted povšrine if the purpose of mixed); b) the total net density (includes land intended housing and access roads and less green surfaces that accompany each parcelaciju); c) the gross density residential (obuvaćena net density and so. extensions of residence, ie. common facilities, which are always follow higher housing assemblies (children's facilities, basic schools, local supply, local public green areas, all the local street network); d) gross density of (included in the total area of urban areas, and 

urban agglomerations, but the area includes General Plan). The density of jobs are worth the same principles. STANDARD (English standard) Any law specified measures, normal measure, measure, legal and financial rates etc..; something which is seen as a model, pattern, which is recognized as classic: the standard of living (English standard of life) average measures the satisfaction of economic needs individual, the individual social class (abstract -- people), the gold standard of normal, fine gold of 22 maps; standard form square. form, a sample of a commodity which has delivered the goods to match. STANDARD, Norma is a document composed consent (consensus) and approved by ovlešćenog authority for and višekratnoj general use, that determines the rules, determinants of meaning or action, or their results in order to achieve optimum levels of tidiness in the area that the standard applies. Standards should be uopšenim based on the results of science, technology and experience, in order to promote the best use of community. STANDARDIZATION or standardization, the effect drafting provisions (standards, norms) for general and reusable in the actual or potential problems, in order to achieve optimal arrangement in odredjeom area. This action consists in the implementation order, the development, acceptance and implementation of standards. Standardization contributes to the suitability of products, production procedures and services in their implementation. Specific objectives are in turn rational variety of standardization, compatibility products and redundancy, security and protection of life, health, environment, property and consumer, and the exchange goods and services removing barriers to trade, facilitate technological cooperation, and ultimately better economic effects. Early in the standardization can discern the shapes of vessels in pottery and primitive forms of tools in prehistoric period. Oldest known pramerilo length is carved statue of the Sumerian rulers Gude (2144 -- 2124 yr.). Later was introduced in China a unique measuring system for measuring length. One of the oldest written regulations in the construction industry has Hamurabijev Code (Codex Hammurabi, about 1750 BC). In ancient Egypt and Rome, there are standards for brick. In Rome were standardized water pipes, and consumption Water is charged according to the intersection of the pipes. In the fifteenth century Venetian Republic was standardized ship equipment (oars, jarobli, bonds, etc.).. Industralizacije begins with the development of systemic standardization of industrial products and tools. Pioneer 

is the area engineer and manufacturer J. Whitworth, that is standardized screw thread system (1841). Soon to include the national association of engineers as carriers of developing standards. International Convention on meter was concluded 1875th year, so the accepted unique measuring system becomes the basis for future national and international standards. International Conference "The agreement on unique methods for Exams building and construction materials "(Dresden, 1886) beginning the international standardization. After established naciionalne Organization for Standardization: British Engineering Standards Committee (1901), American National Bureau of Standards (1901), Normenausschuss der Deutschen Industrie (1917) and others. and international Organization for Standardization: International Electrotechnical Commission (International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC, 1906) and the International Organization for Standardization (International Organization for Standardization, ISO, 1946), as successor to the International federation of national associations for standardization (International Federation of the National Standardizong Associations, ISA, 1928). STANDARDIZATION IN ARCHITECTURE Name procedure introduction, application and general controls of the established norms, characteristics, quantitative and qualitative values that determine the level of permitted use in the border following areas of architecture. According to Walter Gropius "Standard means the highest level of civilization, seeking Best, eliminating important and nadličnoga from personal and random. In architecture, there are the following standards: 1. Standards and Organizations area of useful space, 2. dimensional standards of the architect. facilities, 3 Standards Quality arch. material, 4 standards related to capacity and use of various design architect. facilities, 5 protection standards architect. Property of: heat, cold, sound, humidity, capillary moisture, rain, snow, Speed 6 seismic standards, 7 urban standards, 8 environmental standards, 9 standards supply arch. Property: water, electricity, 10. standards for heating arch. object, 11 Standards related to the evacuation of waste, 12 standards related to vertical communication in the arch. house: stairs, elevators, 13 standards related to specific users: children, elderly, sick and all. Standardize and format Possibility polovljenja standard sheets, with a constant ratio of page that their time spent in all. Portsmann, there are many advantages, and these formats have been introduced in other countries. Portsmanova the starting point was the sharing of 1 m2. 

Area = 1 m2 proportion included on page 1: √ 2, because only this ratio remains constant at Home prepolavljanja further. This format was created with Ao pages 841 x 1189 mm and with an area of 1 m2. Format A1 was then ½ - 594 x 841 mm, A2 was ¼ of that - 420 x 594 mm, A3 was 1 / 8 of that - 297 x 420 mm - size sheets, A4 was 1 / 16 of that - 210 x 297 mm - listovni paper, A5 was 1 / 32 of that - 148 to 210 mm - half listovnog paper, A6 was 1 / 64 of that - 105 x 148 mm -- correspondent. Static Architecture The architecture that is unchanging, in the same form and function, regardless of changing conditions and character of the environment in which it is located. Unlike static architecture, is located transformabilna architecture, ie, it architecture that his firm has no limited form, but can they changes, to expand, adapt and conditions user needs and time. This architecture is variable and never static. Statics CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION Scientific area which deals with the balance nosivih construction structures which take different static static load and other impacts. Statics building construction is the basis for designing supporting structure with which odrejduju ripe and internal forces and deformations. The main influences that act on the supporting structure are: permanent and useful gravity load, wind and shock, temperature changes, subsidence fundamental surface, collecting concrete and pre - construction. Reactions to the construction of certain influences usually analyzed separately. Structure is analyzed using their mechanical scheme. This is a simplified view of supporting structures used for determining its mechanical behavior; it must faithfully show all relevant properties construction, but can roughly simulate or neglect its irrelevant properties. The static structures are often applied the term absolutely rigid, ie. nedeformisanog body. This is the body that activity does not distorted loads, which means each other razmeci his points do not change. Nedeformabilnost the romanticism that is often assumed when the deformation structures in small comparison with its dimensions and when the construction skrućenom considered for analysis (frozen). Actually, buildings are structures that are rigid body acting loads slightly warp. Elastostatika construction, unless the balance, and consider deformation structures, which is determined by 

assumption that the material is elastic structures. Stepwise construction (German Abtreppung) 1 Stepwise withdrawal of the upper edge of the gable of the building. The most commonly apply the constructive reasons, to avoid skew angle of stone blocks or bricks of which gable built 2. Stepwise withdrawal of the upper floors of a building. Done to ensure better insolation or to formed terrace (terraced buildings), to be followed configuration of the terrain or the other architectural reasons. STEREOMETRIJSKE FORMS Stereometrijski pure form they forms that include Cone, cube, pyramid and sphere. These forms were an important element of neoclassicism. STEREOMETRIJSKI (born stereometric) In the context of perspective - drawings that give a strong impression three-dimensionality.  sec, cut, STEREOTOMIJA PRESEK (gr.  section) Part of the solid geometry which deals with cross-sections surface of the body which penetrate one another in a partially or completely (for the stonemasons, machines, etc.).. Sterne POSTMODERNISM postulate V. Postmodernism. Robert Stern, architect and writer, said that postmodernists are a common interest in the following: 1 connection with the environment (kontekstualizam): providing opportunities for the subsequent growth of the facility and the desire to cover on saneposrednim environment; 2. aludiranje: reference to the history of architecture that somehow transcends "eclecticism" and developed a faint category formulated as "the relationship of form and ideas about him and the meaning of specific performances that take on over time; 3rd ornamentalizam: usually pleased beauty of architecture.  Stylos Pillar; lat. STYLE, ARCHITECTURAL (Greek  styluses pointed pen, the sickle. older writers syllable; Engl. style, France. style, fashion, maniere, nem. Music, Ital. style, maniera, modo) in the visual arts, the set features the work of art, by which it differs from other artistic works of the same species (Cathedral of the novel. style opposite the Cathedral got. style) formed a narrow or wide area in a particular social environment and maintain. historical, cultural and ekonoskim conditions, some special way in which the artist expressed its own vision of the world, their thoughts and emotions, in broadly artistic epoch or period (starohriščansko, medieval, baroque), the direction (constructivism), direction (functional), school (Bauhaus), more or less a craftsman, master, rutinerska works, subject to certain system (fashion, fashion), which determines their appearance (furniture, 

interior, dishes, jewelry, decoration, etc.).. Term s. determines the general character of art PMU. countries (France, Germany), province (Tuscany, Flanders), cities (Venice, Florence), nationality (Slavic, Germanic) and the like. National Art also has its general features of style, as it has in part children's art and the art of primitive peoples. Differ and phase of ascent, maturity and decadence of certain stylistic expression (early Renaissance, High Renaissance, late Renaissance, Mannerism - in terms of their epigonskom) and stylistic phase in the gradual development of individual authors, styles, generations, styles, sacred and profane architecture, etc.. In the narrow sense, the style would be should only be called an autonomous artistic whole big epoch (Romanesque, Gothic, etc.).. Term s. is very broad and feel free to apply, because it is not yet set complete, comprehensive and generally acceptable definition. The expressive forms that man predočuje visible reality and their emotional and mental world of change are and constantly changing. These changes - in the wider sense of the word styles - always developed organically linked, if their development process is not interrupted abruptly bit external factors. Studying the evolution of their styles and forms, starting from prehistoric cultures to achieve today, found some laws and come to the significant findings, eg. about the relationships between art acts as an expression of human consciousness, time and society in which are created, then the relationship between creator and his work, or on the different influences that have reflect the spirit and the form works. One of the obvious the fact that the style and forms developed by live their own rules almost identical to Art around the world all the time. Starting from its initial phase, they extend the classical stage, and beyond in style, to finish in the "Baroque" and preteranosti vulgarisation. Another significant policy development stylistic forms, to almost every newborn with style occurs on one side to deepen the new expression, on the other hand the reaction to it, sometimes very strong. It was noted also that despite the continual stylistic changes shape, each style contains certain invariant formal, technical and aesthetic qualities, by which is separated from other styles and that can qualify as an autonomous entity.  Stilos Stylization (novolat. stilisatio from cramp.  grip, pen) in the visual arts, simplification; method, a process which forms the Nature eliminating details and all the random and excess reduced to brief pure form, which contains 

only the important elements or the basic contours. Apart form can stylize and color. Stylized shapes are originally appeared in the ornaments and folk art (embroidery, carving, weaving, etc..), then in the works decorative purposes and in a wide range of artistic achievements. Simplification of natural forms: stylish foliage, flowers, animals in the architectural ornamentici. STRAIGHT LINES IN ARCHITECTURE (born straight lines) The architecture of the real line, designed using right, neprekinutih lines. Critics in the real line architecture made the Viennese architect and painter Hundertwasser claim that we live in chaos right line, and anyone who wants to reconsider this chaos should count all the right lines about yourself and find that never will not cease to be counted. Movement against the real line in architecture, the first major after a period of baroque, Gaudi was done with the Park Guel in Barcelona. Wright organic architecture brings the natural lines of the architecture Aalto and organic forms leads almost to perfection. STRAIGHT REVIVALISM (born again right to revive, true Renaissance) term is associated with the movement of "real" and "Only correct" revival, revival in architecture, which is characteristic of a movement or style postmodernism. The mp to revive the most suitable and najbiniji views and architectural elements. The most prominent representative of mp the Quinlan Terry. STREAMLINING (born (design) in aerodynamic forms) concept which is similar styling in that postozanje related to additional effects of a surface subjects design, or interior, after his predetermined internal shape. This design has resulted from aerodynamic form, and therefore, it usually pronalazimu the form of development in the automotive industry. S. were among the first introduced into the General Motors Harley Earl, and the Chrysler Corporation 1930's and 40 of the year, to s. reached an extreme form of the 1950's. However, along with a dynamic connotation, S. also found its way in the production of home design items. Thus, appears Coldspot fridge Raymond Loewy-I from 1932 which has aeredinamičan form. S. inherited tendency of formation of organic form, after a period behind World War II, when he developed plastics. STREET ART (born street art) is often the term associated with the period in the development of architecture. and art at the end 60.tih years, particularly after the student movement 1968 in Paris. Basic characteristics of SA that the to art that was created on the street, so the city spaces that are different means of expression, to it metnost want ad, created in the moment of inspiration and 

it lasts for a limited time - during the street events (protests), or how to allow weather conditions (graffiti). Techniques and representatives of the SA can be: slogans, graffiti, installations, scenery, shows, billboards, advertisements and all. STREET DECK (born street deck) idea of the protagonist new brutalizma on the street - the deck - the gallery, which is rises high above the ground floor and dominate it. It was first introduced the idea of CIAM as "street air, and the name of the renamed "street deck" Peter and Alison Smithson, 1952. Year. Stressed skin (U.S.) Name for the self-supporting arch. roof construction, the term usually refers to the shell konstr. systems. However, even furniture projects go for this tendency ljusaka. Chair with one leg Eero Saarinen represent s.s. construction. STRUCTURE (Latin structure assembly, composing, Engl. And Franc. structure, dumb. Structure, Italy. Strutture) Composition, composition, materials and components. In character. art, the way that individual units (buildings, sculpture, painting) formed by connecting its parts or details. In recent terminology is called a fine structure and visible features of the procedures in the emergence of artistic works. The structure is very wide and still open issue about which there is extensive literature. S. most a term that also defines a whole, parts of the whole and the relations between these parts. Each thing, if not completely amorphous, has a structure, it is presented as an "autonomous entity's internal dependence; it is a whole composed of elements of solidarity, so that each individual depends on others and only in relation the other can be what it is. If the structure limits the system to be organic relationship "ou tout se tient", notice that structural Instance permeates the entire history philosophy, at least since Aristotle's concept of substance over biologističkog organicizma different forms and different medieval theory of forms to the philosophy of organism XIXv. Note that in contemporary philosophy, there are Various types of "form" of Sprangerovih "Lebensformen" to Kriekovih "Urformen" of Dilthey-evih "Grundformen" to Huserlovih "Wesenformen or Schelerovih "Gefuehlsformen, each of which represents a kind structural establishing historical, or ontological psychological reality. Continuing in this direction, aesthetics of today is full of structural systems, the symbolic form Kasirer-Langer profession to formal strategy of the new criticism from Focillonovih form to 

Parejsonovih form as a product formativnosti; are structural organization that preaches Pacijev relacionizam under utcajem Whitehead, are systems system in the formalist sense defined Charles Lalo, who as the socio-aesthetic Research took the "structural" aesthetics ... And finally, on the structure from the beginning spoke psychology form, openly influencing many current contemporary "Structuralism", in the field of the psychology of form rather reasonable and satisfactory structural definition given is Merleau-Ponty. In conclusion, one could say that the idea of structural prožimala whole philosophical thought of all ages, whether the notion of totality, associated with Celokupnošću with Cosmos, the world, employed as a shape or form to the notion of "whole" moving on posebnapodručja precisely because to certain criteria could be introduced in order a general situation, in which the crisis of metaphysical thought impossible to establish a general Order. A the fact that this attitude prevailed in contemporary thought, we can state that we are talking about a fairly widespread formalističkoj, structural and organicističkoj concerns, but not on "STRUCTURALISM" as a homogeneous current. STRUCTURE There are following basic cell structure primary cells: functional structure, utility structure, geometric structure, the structure of the equipment. STRUCTURE OF SPACE, types There are the following specific types of space structures: use - structure, functional structure, the structure of purpose, structure of the user, the structure of interrelation, the structure interdependence. SPACE term structure is associated with the perception space as a structure, which expresses our "The existence in the world." To reach strukturalističkog understanding of space, we have to two sources of information available: Social Science and philosophy. Although social science little bit strukturlizma studied the problem of space, but much it can be inferred from the works of certain psychologists, sociologists or anthropologists. Especially emphasize the works Jean Piaget on child development, which very clearly sketches the basic structure of the human image of its surroundings. It is also important to Piaget in his book integrates the psychological structures and comprehensible unified system - structure. S.p. describes Merleau-Ponty said: "We are told that the area egzistencijalan, but we also can say that existence of space. "Merleau-Ponty, and Bachelard Bollnow and obviously owe a lot of Heidegger, who 

first claimed that "the existence of space." "Man and space can not divorce. Space is neither an external object, nor the inner experience. We have a man and space, separated from one another ... " Structural Building Arts Building permits modern materials to achieve undreamed-of success the area of aesthetics, although perhaps aesthetic evaluation sazvučnosti different structural building material now more able to backwardness, like they were the counterpoint and orchestration in XVIIv. In major technical, primarily structural building triumph today expressed using the new available construction materials. Often trying to get impression of power, strength, and also rasterećenosti Grace and simplicity. Eduardo Torroja about it, so, writes: "wishes to bridge the great range acts as a springy athlete who masterfully savlađuje same range, while this does not settle the impression mučnog strain forces or those filed techniques, but way as to limit opportunities lie much further. " The presence of aspiration for strength, ease, power and ornamentalnosti many of today's construction can be found in earlier eras, such as, for example, in Gothic. This tendency was then more an expression of other, higher ideals. Now, as it seems, is the purpose of herself and is in any case in the service of technical and economic considerations. Never so directly as today is not embodied in aesthetic expression. Structural Determinizam The term occurs in the architecture at Nikolaus Pevsner book Pioneers of modern design from 1936 in which he believes in the existence of deterministic relationship between a content and forms, or "those aspects" which he mentions the term style, instead of accepting more flexible ideas about that the relationship between style and content "precarious". Le Corbusier tried to convince his followers to "Industry overcomes us like a flood that is good towards the end of their destiny. " Perhaps as Le Corbusier ideals were positive and their ultimate effect welcome, but his method of argument was also dangerous as dangerous as any determinism, which is considered that everyone should follow the general tendency of realistic events, wherever they lead. Structural Engineer (born structural engineer) Name the architect engineer who is engaged in designing and building structural design and structural composition. Structural design are mostly gigantic structures with feature coverage of large Free Space: hall, sports fields, city centers and others. The most famous among s.i. are: Morandi, Nervi, 

Castiglioni, and is the most Frei Otto. STUDY (born study, France. Etude, dumb. Studie, Italy. studio) Preparatory work (drawing, painting color, plastic work, models) to perform a complete and regularly higher artistic works. The study reflects kompozicijskoj artist's effort to advance a specific fixes parts which form an integral part of the composition. STUDIO Architects (architects of Ford offices) Concept indicates how the organization of architects within one architectural offices or studies, formed around central personality who is the bearer of ideas, style and activity studies. Within organization studies done many important architects, who are on the way gathered his students and followers of the future, to make them taught through a common computer. Sometimes SA called arch. schools, because educational characteristics of the study often were more significant than others. Famous SA were: collective workshop Frank Lloyd Wright in Taliesinu, and study of Le Corbusier and Alvar Aalto. All of these study or the studios, are guided by a strong cenralnom control of the holder of studies, but there are also examples of self-organized arch. teams, which were significantly autonomous. Gradation NUMBER twelve in some time Periods used exclusively gradation number twelve, which is completely suppressed decimal system. The notion of hundreds = 10 x 10 was the example. at hundred = 10 x 12 = 120th This is a community of hundreds of Herman had 120 families. According to the Nordic historical tradition has had years of 364 days = 3 x hundred (hundred = 120) = 360 + 4 = 364th In England today differ in some areas, especially among fishermen: short-hundred = 100 and Long-hundred = 120th At the beginning of 18 century say, for 120 large hundred thousand great for 1200, for 1200 l wine barrel. In the excellent book Charles Menningera is iscrpnoo shown this association. While it is important that it is only changed labels in the decimal system numbers. Terms of quantity, built on the stages of twelve, which were previously used in Europe a: 1 dozen (Location = douzaine = 12), 12 dozen (Location = Gros gouzaine = big dozen = 122 = 144) 1 German Schoko (5 x 12 = 60), and counted the decimal system. Also worth sharing, and measures the length of the 1 grip = 12 feet, 1 feet = 12 thumb 1 thumb = 12 line, 1 line = 12 points. In this way it was built clean duodecimalni system: 12, 122 and 123 and 124 are counted in the decimal system and is due largely made the difficulties of that calculation. 

Gradation NUMBER TWELVE - The Red in the universe gradation number twelve is linked sharing at 12 months and the days and nights in the 12 hours. Supporters duodecimalnog system considered it, on these facts, praritmom time, or the cosmos. But, as it seems, in the reality? Haldejci are set during the annual movement of the Sun with 360 days. There are sharing circle performed at 360 º. On the other hand are determine visitation moon takes 29.53 days. They are this number to complete the 30 days = 1 month, and so created the sun year of twelve months. Differences by movement of the sun ispravljali are Haldejci every 6th The inserting a special month. Other calendars are trying to connect celishodnije moon and sun year. But none of them, after short time is more suited to the actual annual time. Julius Caesar arranged the introduction of this mess Julian calendar throughout the Roman empire. According to him a year 365 days, and every 4th The added one more day. No doubt dozens of gradation are 2 x 5 fingers on hands were the reason that almost all the nations, on rare unique way, spent the gradation numbers desetinskom or decimal system. It is certainly simplest count on your fingers, how to make today primitive peoples and children in primary schools. In addition to twenty decimal gradation gradation (v. gradation tenner), there was only gradation and the twenty Acteka in Mexico and the Maya Indians in Yucatan, which had special terms the numbers 202, 203 and moreover 204 = 160,000. Clearly, gradation to twenty boils down stems from the fingers on the hands and feet, because any primitive calculating founded on a human-readable sets of units. STYLING (born styling) includes the use of surface effects on one product after designed its internal mechanism. The intention of s. can to be or to conceal or highlight the link between form and functions. Constant, S. used as a tool to to stimulate customer requirements. While the styling we can consider the "additional option" in engineering terms, it is still very important in terms of style and good taste. S. could be (and in most cases is) add new secondary functions unchanged primary functions: it would apparently informed, but, In fact, using a new strategy confirmed ubeđivačkih what the user wanted, and did, but knew how to work. Alone act of persuasion would be a cautious strategy of the acquired opinion. However, re semantizacija cases makes styling, can in some cases look like 

attempt, using the strategies of new secondary functions, konotira his other ideological vision. Function, as we know, remains unchanged, but changing way of looking at objects in the system other case, the reciprocal relations of some and other, and all together in relation to the activities of everyday life. The car whose body changes that would be for all, while in its engine, with all the unchanged primary functions, previously appeared as a symbol of a certain class, really becomes something different. Styling is in the case reenkodirao primary function is changed function objects. The design, especially the American, S. binds most of period between the 1920s and 1950s, partly with streamliningom. Characteristic designers, such as Walter Dorwin Teague, Raymond Loewy, Henry Dreifuss and Norman Bel Geddes, create the forms that their s. stressing modernity and speed. Especially in the automotive design, external appearance of the subject has changed much faster but its interior and mašnska construction. Built according to the principles obsolescencije, cars are customers very quickly seemed to be "out of fashion." According to its comprehensive definition, S. includes kitsch, Marketing and functionalism, and often has been the subject zustrih debate. Celebrities are the debates that have arisen in the Victorian reformist campaign design initiated by Henry Cole, to be later continued funkcionalista works, among them Dieter Rams Ulmske and high school design (Ulm Hochschule fuer Gestaltung). 1980-the year designers and manufacturers in s. entries, and such determinants such as safety, ergonomics and the utcaje cost products. Styling is now integrated in the entire design process, from conception of the subject and not applied only to its external effects. Furthermore, Car design is changing much faster than before, which represents an even greater challenge to designers - stylistima. Subsystem, SUB-SYSTEM name for the extracted part of a system composition and the functional whole for itself. Substandard LOCATIONS name for arch. and urban. spaces which do not meet basic standards of space. S.p. lack of basic infrastructure: transport, electricity energy, water and sanitation and others. SUBSTRUKTION, SUBSTRUKCIJA (Latin) Substrukcija, substructure. Part of a building under construction on field that has little capacity to be part of the cargo Building evenly deployed in a horizontal surface of the terrain on which the building was erected. (For 

For example, in the Diocletian Palace in Split). Substructures name for a structure that is below, and carries a different structure or architectural elements. The architectural structures, name of constructive system of low-level, subordinate to the main supporting constructive system of a building. Substructures are often transferred to a constructive force structure, which increases evenly. Substructures, constructive name for constructive structure of a building which is located below ground or below the ground floor of the building. SUBTOPIJA, SUBTOPIA concept was created and introduced in 1955.g. architectural terminology, the texts under the same name, which is subject to Architectural Review Ian Nairn wrote during the next thirteen years. In his sister, Nairn Western culture is described as set of notions and images "barbarian" civilization. He was to the period inception and development of Pop movement, which was then often referred to as terms such as "infantile" "Barbaric", "regressive", above all, defined the term subtopija. Although humanists and liberals "countries welfare fifties were those who felt American popular culture for the "mess", subtopiju, Generally derogatory to thinking about it, but this new sensibility was the subject of admiration, if for nothing the other, and that because of "inventiveness" and even "Seriousness" approach. SUPERGRAFIKE (born Supergraphics) The term refers to the the principle of "moving scale" in the field, displacement relations measures and the use of the principle of "crop of wall surface" to order to get the impression of greater space. Principle s. the first applied by Robert Venturi and developed by the Charles Moore. Also, the term s. the application of large graphic area of the arch. spaces. Words and images are incorporated as parts of a building before consider subsequent graphic design of one arch. surface, such as advertising boards, and pictures. As a concept, s. occurs in mid 1960.tih, when attention to symbolic function of the building through the use of images and text. S. we can consider one of the developed characteristics of postmodernism. SUPERIMPOSTAN (born superimposed) placed above, over, superior. Superiors architectural element, placed above the other. SUPERIMPOSTNA WEIGHT Weight buildings or architectural object which is placed above the observed architectural constructive element. Superstructure - substructures substructures contrast, the architectural structure that was built podnožne above structures or substructures. 

Superstructure, architectural in architecture, the name of top of a structure or architectural element object. CHALLENGE AREA way organizations architect. surface or architect. space in general by highlighting Contrast its elements. Substitution, architecture calls for the substitution architectural forms of each other, one constructive system of another. Architectural substitution is often done in revitalization and reconstruction of architectural objects, where the worn and replace worn-out buildings with new, constructive useful and functional elements and the possible forms. SURVIVAL KIT (Ford kit for survival) "Standard Life Pack", a concept which is of architecture. introduced Buckminster Fuller, who assumes all the necessary things necessary for svremeno housing that a city or one apartment provides instant your customer. Fullerovu idea worked out by representatives of the group Archigram, called SK, which is set urban inhabitant is required to survive in the Living City (Living City). Kit contains a selection of many items consumer society, until the recent Playboy magazine and hi-fi too. Neighborhood name for just the nearest urban group reference architecture building. Also, the closely related group of architecture. facilities, which nevertheless have their own autonomy. In group housing house, eg. s. represents a mutual nearest house. DRY BUILDING type of construction that are not used liquid binder, but the structural elements connect with each other or simply naleganjem (dry stone walls) or using some of the dry method: šrafljenje, riveting, vaccination, welding, using a variety of wooden ties, wedges, klanfi et al. Dry construction is characteristic of prefabricated construction and is generally accepted especially in steel structures, where as the primary binder used screws. Benefits of dry construction are quick installation, a relatively easy and easy installation, easy handling of construction elements. However, unlike the actions wet, dry construction requires building a better workforce, professional qualified than those used in the wet construction procedures. WORLD OF THINGS The main problem in the affected area architecture in relation to the world the good things and activities users. What is the physical part, can not be reduced only 4 combinations of the characteristic position of man in space (sitting, lying, standing and moving), since 

Each position carries them, and different conditions, ways of perceiving space - visual, taktilnog until all undefined sensitivity and a man in space. The fact that the level of life occur and spiritual and emotional reactions, they are highly individual nature, often the result of certain motives, goals and interpretations of external influences, it is clear then, that because neglecting the fact some of these recommendations architectural practice and bad. The ultimate and only objective fact is that well serve as a opens up a whole series of tasks, because if the subject product itself, with its reasons unexplored survival it is his fate uncertain and its use limited. Job creation over the subject requires exploring the needs users, which advocates the part of his existence, and actions between objects and people or opportunities use cases. The architectural analysis of those tested in all the typical situations and requirements in their variability, therefore, all their structural determination was tested in the direction of basic usability. LIGHT IN ARCHITECTURE Light is the medium through which man sees and looks at the world around them. However, the quality daylight is not static, but svakogčasa change. Due to changes in light, ie, serenity or clouds one day, we experience architectural objects under different lighting, in different light ways. Depending on the lighting arch. object itself and its color is behave differently: in the shadow of the object color is bright, while color object in the sun is weaker intensity. Observed under different light effects, the building as receive different dimensions, weight and power. However, Light itself can contain effect mobility. During night, the cities get a completely new character, which is result of changes in structure and intensity of light. Then the grim outlines of the long streets become full color, and many buildings glowing in the rhythms of the evening lighting. Under the influence of light, city squares or squares become living images of light game. Usefulness of the architectural character of the social WORKS architecture at the same time encourages and restricts its versatility. As the result of her social use, its "slobosa" creativity is very relative. No autnomne arch. nor can it be "free artist "among architects. The purpose of architecture is in dtuštvenoj its function, it is in the literal sense means of direct work and life. Usability, utilitarnost and usefulness of the building architecture are non-exclusive postulates its existence. And those buildings 

architecture and monuments that have no apparent function useful, but expressed some symbols of the society contain in itself a deep meaning and purpose of its existence. Hegel in the architecture of video eat the necessary categories of spirit. According to him, the first of a special art Architecture Its task is to external inorganic nature of the process so that the external world, the tricksy rules of art, becomes akin to the spirit. Francastel more than Hegel is origination and purpose architecture in its material and social environment, but not as "fragmentary translation of" reality, or only as a symbol, but it is art, creation, while facility and system, not a product of reflection, it does not explains, it works, is not only a sign, it is the work -- work of man, not nature or deity. The purpose of art not to create double suitable for handling, it is also intended to express in detail and to formulate the new way. Perhaps nowhere is it more than the controversy about this fundamental question of architecture as art. While, For example, Otto Wagner proclaims the sacred principle of functionalism that "anything that is not impractical be nice in the same city. Adolf Loos with his characteristic isključivošću temperament and says: "All that is an order should exclude from the realm of art. " Loos probably did not think that these slogans done samoporicanje. Regardless of that, he can be considered one of the predecessors of modern functionalism, certainly to a greater degree of "funkcionaliste" Wagner. , Engl. Schema) or Art Form SCHEME (gr.  composition reduced to najsimplikovanijih dijagramskih image. Speculative LAND Title to land not a building or urban equipped land with the aim of its planned construction to be met the needs stanovniuka on it, but the investment speculators who, investing assets in certain land in a particular place and under certain economic and urban conditions, changing qualitative condition of the land, and building conditions, aimed at a total price increase špekulativnog land. This phenomenon sometimes leads to absurd situation that a land price jump, not because they are such general terms, but because the conditions changed to artificially, outside market conditions, speculative way. Likewise, it is possible the speculative way knock down the price of a building site, eg. construction industry dirty on him. ŠRAFIRANJE (from dumb. Schraffierung, Schraffung crtkanje; Engl. hachures and hatch lines, France. hachures, Italy. 

trattegio) shading, ie. modeling using the volume thin parallel lines cross. Applies the drawing on paper, and graphics on board - negative. TABU SPACE In the history of architecture, the name for the area which is a prohibited area. It is often the space of a temple (Egyptian, Greek) or to rooms in a building or home. In Egypt temple, was a taboo area in which the premises found mummified body of Pharaoh. During construction of this premises or during burial rituals in it are zazidjivani live all those who had knowledge of this room. TACKBOARD ART (born art exhibition panels) Name of the emerged late fifties, after the exhibition Richard Hamilton (1956), when the main means of expression Architects became the exhibition board, a board which made collages of photographs and text, along with pictures, representing a new tendency in the arch. They are layered symbolic representations, which looked like advertising panels, which then constitute the basic form save and view arch. ideas. Representatives t.a. were among others: Lawrence Alloway, Tony Del Renzio and Holroyd. TAPEROVANO (born Taper) Gradually decrease the width or thickness at any elongated object according to one or the other end, such as the Herma, obelisk, top of the tower or term. Tree columns, if proper, not taperuju se, but to them known phenomenon entazisa. TEHNICIZAM Problem tehnicizma value in relation to architecture can perhaps be better estimated if the spread the problem of human labor. Analysis of phenomena indicate the progressive stages of evolution method industrial production and their impact on psychology and the cultural world of the workers, gives us information facilitate the identification of some of the experiences of modern art and architecture in a comprehensive historical perspective. As the world of work, and feel the world of art alternating effects of that process personifications machines which seems to have its benefits in mechanization human activities, in his refusal to become protagonists of their own destinies. Scientific organization of work by 1911.g. proposed by F. Taylor is the experiment that, after completed their maturation cycle, clearly showed vanljudske goals of development of production processes and difficulties that the predicted effects on social life. Designed as a proposal of a mental revolution that would should establish a new relationship between man and his work and between different components of the organization 

production taylorzam soon became a factor in the destruction personality workers transforming them into a kind of atomic structure of the factory. Taylor objectives were quite different: first of all the experimental determination the best methods for implementation and time needed for single operation, therefore, determine the distribution of the led to care about these analytical data, rejecting all types of waste, waste of time workers or time machine, caused by delays due to distribution of power or incorrect due to deficiencies in amount of coordination. In the area of architecture, Bauhaus experience is less or greater extent, clarified and human civilization goals attempts to reorganize production processes architecture in a technical sense, which is regarded as the only possible way to save survivors of the value Western civilization. In broad terms, white architecture median age between two wars, a whole expresses tehnicizma product, which is aimed at finding formal architecture of the new look and new town. Abandonment of spatial unity, elementary symbolism which connected the building with one ground and seeking unity under tension, and dynamic balance achieved cold application of the rules of technique, are the primary tehnicizma characteristics in modern architecture. E Mayo also writes: "We are in a situation that we have evolved from society that possessed strong traditions and well established cultural forms to what might be called Society of adjustment, characterized by growing nezavisnijih all the complexities of each institution, and neodređenošću their social rules, where all unstable individual exposed to constant pressure, tensions, conflicts that directly affect his spiritual well-being and his vision of the world. " TECHNICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL FORMS Architectural forms are certainly the special forms and symbolic forms. Are technical forms of symbolic and whether they ever can become such? Rashodovani cars, for example, throw the junk pile. No one mourns the appearance and form a cars ten years ago. According Poelzigu so, a pure art form, the temple, the interior Gothic cathedral, Rembrandt painting never stop favorable effect on man. Technical forms can disappear, be destroyed, often lose their values and effects. Arise and serve the practical life. Technique goes wake of natural law. It is the extension of the nature and will be formed as a "demonic power". In the mind aircraft, spacecraft, iskristalizovala some fantastic similarity with the prehistoric natural forms. And so created a second nature in all its demonic 

magnificence, but rarely as an art. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION The document in which the amount of technical characteristics of the projected object and all conditions work. It is usually an integral part of every project and licitacionog survey, especially for larger, more complex objects. TECHNICAL REVIEW Professional Review, which performed works they compare with the plan, technical description and technical conditions, whereby the form of checks, quality and stability of the derived object. Done during making an object, and finally, before calling kolaudacione Commission. Kolaudaciona and superkolaudaciona The Commission also perform technical inspection work. Technical Papers process which unvestitor download technical papers and made ready building Send. May be temporarily or terminated. Temporarily during the work and made it to the supervisory authority. Ended performed kolaudaciona and superkolaudaciona Commission. Technical regulations prescribe the technical requirements, either directly, any reference to the standard, the technical condition or rules of practice, either turn their inclusion in the technical regulations. Technical regulations may be amended technical instructions that describe how complying with the prescribed requirements. Technical systems are part of human creativity. They are created with some purpose or motive, and are basically technological systems. By its natural structure, they incurred preraspodelonm and composition of natural structure which is due to the transformation omohućena a natural form of energy into another. Organizing natural elements into forms suitable for creating svrsishodnih technical system is a process tehniciziranja, which led to industrial and technological revolution in recent history. Orientation their task and purpose to make these systems subjecting the natural laws, and subjected to justify its purpose as appearing. Technical requirements, Technical Specifications document Jjeste which defines the technical requirements which must satisfy product, process or service. If necessary, technical condition should specify the actions which can find out whether the requirements met. Technical condition may be standard, part of the standard or stand-alone document. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS The written document, as an integral part licitacionog study or project performance, in which he stated that the works have to be performed and kind of material.  technical skills) TECHNOLOGY, PROCEDURES AND RESOURCES (Greek  1. The procedure applied for realization of a work of art; 

Given the manner of teaching materials, auxiliaries and methods, skills and degree of overcoming all the factors implementation. 2. The overall profile is characteristic for each artist or school, in which these works apart from other similar works. 3. Funds, materials used and its technical processing. Everyday items and products art craft (applied art) often determines the type, except for materials and technical procedure, and their purpose (lace, carpet, damasciranje, wood carvings ebenist, emalj, faience, filigree, marquetry, stoneware, kamenjača, ceramics, books, wrought iron, majolica, jewelry, costumes, money, clothing, weapons, Furniture, china, clothes, rug, wallpaper, tapestries, textiles, terracotta, embroidery, goldsmith, etc.).. PREDICTION TECHNIQUE (engl.forecasting methods) for Title techniques which can predict global events in near future of mankind, which are significant meaning, among other things, for urban planning and urban planning in general. T.p. following are present: 1 normative forecasting, that the prediction of the future as see individual; 2nd budućnostiI projective techniques, which assumes no major changes in ideology and world power and 3 inventive media predictions (V. Delphi technique) which is based on the basis innovations and inventions for that the futurists believe that it is possible that the occur. Technocratic architecture name for the arch. basic features the use of highly sophisticated technical systems that enable top constructive and technological solutions. The main supporter and protagonist t.a. was Buckminster Fuller, architect-inventor, who built his position on the extreme Geodesic structures designed hkupola. Proclaiming the triumph of technocracy (or administration) of policy, Fuller was then covered their domes incredible range, as eg. Hall of Union Tank Car Company, Louisiana, from 1958, over 115m in diameter. That at that time represented the largest indoor free area which until then covered. TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE influence of technology on architecture in particular has increased the development of new construction technology with the invention and application new materials for construction. During the history of architecture. existing perioti are called. "Technological revolution", when came to skokovitog development architect. thanks a technological invention. For periods of technological Revolution in ustoriji arch. consider the invention of reinforced concrete, the introduction of iron in the construction architect. and materials. 

facilities, the introduction of the glass surface (curtain wall), the use of new structural systems, primarily geodezijskih dome, shell, roof obešenih construction, folds, pneumatic structure and others., introduction of prefabrication and industrialized construction and dr. Representatives of the technological revolution in the arch. are: Joseph Paxton (iron, glass), Henry Labrouste, V. Contamine, William Holabird, Martin Roche, Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, Gustave Eiffel, Eugene Freyssinet (iron), Auguste Perret, Tony Garnier, Robert Maillart, Max Berg (reinforced concrete) Peter Behrens, Walter Gropius, Bruno Taut, Louis Sullivan, Chicago School, Frank Lloyd Wright (glass) Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Oscar Niemeyer (natur concrete), Philip Johnson, Louis Kahn, Mies van der Rohe (glass, steel), Richard Buckminster Fuller, Pier Luigi Nervi, Eero Saarinen, Eduardo Torroja, Konrad Wachsmann, Jorn Utzon (new constructive systems) and others. TECHNOLOGICAL explosion Title for rapid process development technologies in a short duration, which will have almost always result in the development of human society Planning, then, the development of cities. The first significant human discoveries were, according to the recorded data: invention of cultivation of cereals and plow, the invention grnčarskog wheel, boats, bars, metallurgy of copper, abstract mathematics, accurate astronomical opservcije, calendars, letters. All of these findings, occurred in approximately the same period, about 3000 BC The oldest known urban remains today, except for Jericho, date from this period. These examples testify event of technological expansion of human power, which the only parallels are the changes that occurred in XXV. In both cases, the man, at once egzaltiran, behaved like gods, but with little awareness or feelings about their human limitations as it different from the gods TEHNOSOFISTIKACIJA (born technosophistication) Name of arch. projects and facilities that contain express elements contemporary principles and technological achievements that are function of the architect. object. TEHNOSTRUKTURE 1st Name of the arch. and urban structures are based on the overwhelming use of technical and technological solutions. They are used in high - standardized areas and facilities (administrative facilities, hospitals, theaters, sports halls and all. 2. Also, the term which is of architecture. introduced John Kenneth Galbraith (technostructure), which means anonymous group of experts and specialists who gathered around arch. or urban. project and work to reach satisfactory solutions for certain propleme and 

parameters. Surface texture of the object of a very important surface properties of an object that provides essential information that we distinguish this object id other similar to it. Texture is the surface structure subjects, whose quality has a very large role in art, design, applied arts and modeling. Subject area is smooth, rapava very rough, polished, rustic, smooth or rough, as only some of the countless possibilities.  drvodeljski, tesački, Plate (gr.   sc. carpentry, neimarski,   skills pays  timber) 1 skills of drawing and construction tools, instruments, vessels, furniture, etc.. which combines the useful and art; 2nd merging skills, performance and deployment of material and artistic elements in work of art; 3rd geol. part of geology that studies the composition of the Earth's crust and the processes that it happens = geotektonika. Tectonics, structural construction (according to the Greek., Dumb. Tectonics) Structural construction of a building, where each technical element of building a at the same time, formal unity with his art character. TRENDS IN ARCHITECTURE aspirations in architecture (in a certain direction, style, for some purpose), the direction which is developing an architecture; pursuit of a form, the objective architecture. Theory of architecture as a form of architectural activity dialectical social activities associated with general forms of movement of human society and therefore its Development has specific laws. As the architectural creation consists of two basic components, of which one technical and the other creative - artistic nature, to and the internal laws of architectural activity complex nature. Component technical legality within the process of architectural activity is fixed results of scientific knowledge in the area of a series of natural and part of the social sciences, creative component -- aesthetic laws in the area of architectural activity is determined by the results of scientific knowledge to general area of art theory and special theory architecture. THEORY The concept of expression in the arch. introduced after the essay Le Corbusier and Saugniera (the right name and Jeannereta Ozenfanta) 1920 according to which certain forms of nature reflect the (expression) of certain, constant meaning or sensation. INFORMATION THEORY IN ARCHITECTURE (born Information theory), or analyze complex represents the sum 

different information that one of the architectural object transmitting or receiving, ondnosno, through which he communicates with other facilities, the environment in which there is, and Most importantly, according to the their customers. Theory describes the sequences of visual and other impressions and influences which one object and causes a series of reactions to them. One architectural dimensions of communication, not a nothing but a series naizmeničih signal, roughly versus soft, smooth, light versus dark etc. General theory that explains how the affecting These signals, information theory, set the opposite expressionist theory concepts Colin Cherry: "Signals do not transmit information, such as cargo pr.kad trucks carry coal. Before we could say: signals have the information contained within the action their potential for carrying out the selection. Signals act on the alternatives to form doubt recipients. They surrender power to conduct the differentiation or choice between these alternatives. "In fact, we can say that they alternatives that form the suspicion of the recipient, together represent primaočevo former knowledge, and present his current shematu - his attention and intention. The basic point of view t.i.a. that primaočevo experience includes his projection of future action, as well as its internal selection resulting interactive influences his expectations, predictions, suggestions and restrictions. CARPET BUILDING V. Construction in the form of carpet or comb. V. Carpet Planning. Design and construction of architectural object that represents a structure that poleze the field CEU and occupies an area of terrain, such as "carpet". The architectural object is a complex, comprehensive and meaningful, who knows, "the space outside and inside space, but the outside-in KROC permeated the structure of the object. This structure contains naizmenišno covered and uncovered space (atrium), internal roads, squares, squares, and the hall, working and housing units. Carpet construction primarily find in the old civilizations, what was the civilization of the Old Egypt. It was created primarily due to the need of protection from excessive insolation, carpet construction in the later periods had a defensive character. Collection population in one place is easier, and allowed effective defense of the territory of one of the city. In the Old Rome, carpet construction came primarily from economic reasons, to build the larger area under facilities in central city areas. Development of techniques of construction, stopped the economic needs for the construction of the principles of the carpet construction, because Skyscrapers answer to the need to increase density 

Population and construction. Carpet construction in modern architecture once again became '60 and the current 70'tih years of the twentieth century, primarily in area of housing, and then the field construction of university and school buildings in general. Important projects are a group of architects Josic, and Candilis Woods, for universities, as well as numerous projects residential settlements made in the system of carpet construction. Terrace of the house name for a house that is designed the basis of its floors gradually move from ground floor to the top of the house, so that the level beyond base represents a separate flat roof terrace. Terraced house was probably made in the area Orient, in Mesopotamia and ancient India. Also, find the form of terraced houses and the Pueblo Indians, respectively, in staroameričkoj culture. Terraced house has a significant role in contemporary, modern architecture. The idea of terrace houses arose in Europe 1920s years XXV., proceeds from the necessity of mass wage residential buildings as well as an existing evil. For the first time, t.k. the pjavljuju in Vienna, as a result of the task that is Vienna municipality entrusted their srhitektima the purpose raising municipal residential homes, as one of funds to undertake the housing crisis. The then architectural solutions for the withdrawal velegradskih residential homes appeared Behrens and terraced homes as the most advanced proposal, based on ideas from 1920th Mr. Taking into account the scientific thesis of certain hygiene, to have transparency and reasonable space inside the smaller the important facts from complete opkoljenosti buildings atmospheric air, Behrens joined solve the problem by tk Ređajući one wing over the other in height, is Behrens to achieve a lower roof terrace passing wing form also for the construction of a terrace above and something behind it. About this project Behrens said: "Regulation of these houses opposed to the three enemies of Public Health biggest rivals: the ability to retain danonoćnog fresh air in all patients with tuberculosis or persons prone to the disease, that there are healing, second, infants and children leaving the vacancies close to themselves flat on each floor to reduce their mortality, which is especially great in the hot months; Third, the separation of some departments to sleep rooms are, with movable walls - Schuerwenden - so divided to fit window sequences. All these procedures to avoid infection pasnost and nepoželjnje consequences of the moral nature that brings him regularly metropolitan traffic. 

Behrens TK, unrequited and Loose projects, are the most important decision in that period. The idea of terrace houses still developing Behrens 1927 residential building project in a reputable modern settlements "Weissenhof in Stittgartu. Terci in architecture, Terci = 4:5 = 100:125 Large tierce, as the interval from C: E (no roll 256:320), by their corresponding proportions 4:5 ratio rectangular, which recommended Vitruvius, Alberti and others theorists of architecture, as well proporcionisan character. This pravokutnik corresponds exactly to the 102 than 53 or to express numbers in our building measures, on correlates 100:125 or 200:250, 400:500, 800:1.000 etc.. This incredible accuracy is the proportion of identical with an average ratio of width and height of all images of high formats that Fechner questioned given the most beautiful format, the total number of museums. Cross TICKETS topography could not overlook the some comfort in drawing, and it was most usklađenje different proportions. Its main scale was 1:25.000, and where there is a basic map the ratio of 1:5.000, it can be used for the substrate. S Given the relationships described measures make building measures both of these proportions najprirodniju connection to the meter scale, which greatly simplifies and facilitates the processing of general Draft construction and arrangement of whole landscapes. Cross-index, coefficient LAND CONSUMPTION Represents the reciprocal value of the coefficient utilization of land. Territoriality (German Eigenraum) territoriality is studied T. Hall and he gives her a detailed description of the "T. is usually defined as behavior or as a organism in their own way, claimed a specific surface and btani members of their own species) Spezia). T. makes the space frame in which the things happen - there are places to learn, places to play, safe place to hide ... Basic for territoriality is a sharp, acute sense of limits which mark the distance that must be maintained between individuals. "Personal space" is defined in concept of "territoriality" we must not, however, confused with the existential space, which in large extent has the "public" character, gathering members of a society in the common public places. Terminology, ARCHITECTURE (Latin terminus boundaries, among, Greek.  word, speech) set of artificially generated  (professional) expressions (terms) in the field of architecture. Throw away aesthetics, aesthetics disposable (Ford rejected throw away, disposable) Throw away concept introduced in the aesthetic theory and studied 

by Reyner Banham, together with the theory of pop art, industrial design and aesthetic machinery. Together for All This aesthetic theory was that they represented aesthetics of a broad class of population, which was embedded and transmitted everyday objects of mass consumption. The main message of this aesthetic is the product of mass consumption should have the aesthetic qualities superior design, no matter what its use is one time - these products are thrown after use. T.a.e. is usually applied to the design of packaging products and other products of mass consumption. TEAM WORK IN ARCHITECTURE Architecture is the product of teamwork and that team is composed of specialists in various fields and profiles. Architecture I usually consists of: architects, town planners, architectural technicians, elektroiđenjeri, statičari, geo engineers, mechanical engineers, sociologists, psychologists and dr. EXEMPLARY ORGANIZATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE Under typical organizations mean the whole appearance of the family solutions for the same purpose of human survival in the physical and social space, determined by the properties and neograničanih time or place. The procedure in the definition of "typicality", typical organizations developed on the principle of polarity as on and the term "principle", "expresses one of najopštijih legality of all the complex phenomena of the world, certain side or the appearance of standing still so substantially and directly one versus the other, that just the opposite direct allows their (relative) unit.  Considering the horizontal initial plan, in which visible and other features of the future of space, we must ask whether it is possible to note some general points significant for the implementation of this organization. Horizontal Plan is primarily classified by type of mutual links its surface. That would give the conditions for the existence of typical organization. The second part, which would go into complete its content and treated its relation to all plans of space (two-dimensional and multi-dimensional analysis), gives conditions for defining the character pattern. The reasons for such observations are only practical nature, and conclusions based on the first point classification the importance of continuous development of architecture. practice. The wealth of forms in resolving construction and other element was often the reason for the separation of the types and unique within the construction periods. However, in primary organization, useful - useful area, we can see so many variations to this fundamental division except that all of these achievements can be divided into 

two large families: jednoprostorne and višeprostorne. In višeprostornoj organization perceive the grouping of articles establishing "sredotezne" area, or their simple adding. Housing in the Mediterranean zone is organized around dvorišta.To a central core that groups all surface features of the housing assembly. Renaissance palaces and villas from the inner Palladijeva core communication and dress area, developing housing functions. Sredotezna area organized circuit around them. The ratio of space is dynamic and constantly shift Impressions difference. This does not mean that jednoprostorne compositions less valuable. On the contrary, development of third dimensions, they can compensate this dynamism. Certainly to the best achievements of individual epochs -- their symbols - can this matter posmatranibez noticeable differences in the implementation of construction and materials, which is the product of a certain time. Thus, typical organizations can as the true prototypes of certain civilizations to follow in their development, confirming the collective efforts of many generations. We tend to recognize the typical organizations, in addition to all their diversity, and common motifs in them perceive the permanence and the common logic of thinking which can also be determined by direct observation. Here thinking primarily of typicality perception of the situation space: to be the object and include it, enter experiences a change of environment and finally, be included all parts of the existing space, and then on everything that checks and routes the numerous experiences. So suggest that this affiliation and feature typicality certain period will be evaluated through the following five points that reflect the character of the typical organization: 1. Each of these organizations developed the unit to multitude, and all these values by including express interdependence; 2. each of them specifically refer to solved individual and collective spheres - this is considered key position as reflected in the problems of how live, to how to move through the city; 3. Each of them realizes the human environment ograđivenjem and involvement in natural and urban environment with its own funds and interpretations; 4. Each of them is a standard epoch, and an interpreter understanding its possibilities, "universal key" epoch; 5. they are not subject to national political and other models. Recognizing the value of the world, the general experience. Studies of typical organizations, as part of the theoretical access, process conditions and relations on the basis of these Dhabi conclusion and determine the procedures and evaluate results 

present work. This is only theoretical and field work where are located the basic assumptions through which the explains the architecture of the area. Thus, the study conducted that show the emergence of general trait in individual organizations. In the first place it is character of the typical organization of inclusion in the plan possible grouping (hierarchy of protection). Almost undefined relationship, and many units in its partial or complete indifference, detachment, with the existing environment. Here are deliberately notes - partially because the elimination of some considerations many of the properties (urban plan, Plan patterns) allows the inclusion of units; judging typical organizations only some dimensions and partially done abolition of things. In any case, the observed assumed to be related and content of all parts are measured twice: the higher level and in itself unit. Standardization (Org.). Limit the production of several established, najracionalnijih types of cases that made. This is a degree of standardization in economy, and jobs related to the machines, tools and materials, and the buildings, parts of buildings, individual building elements, all of which increases rationalization of work. SPACE TYPOLOGY represents the division of space by certain characteristics. Thus, we distinguish the following room types: internal and external, closed and open, empty and full, formatted and draft, natural and artificial, and conservative avangardnji space etc.. Woven House (German Typenhaus) House Residential with standardized (normalized) basis for houses and cut (façade). Also, the typical home can be standardized and in the urban sense. Typical houses are often used in the areas of colonialization, or in social settlements a city. Typical houses are often built as a home in the series, but can also be grouped around the center. Woven BUILDING Architecture building, which is derived the typical project, unique for the whole village or typical cataloging project. Woven object is not unique, but contains the standard elements of space and formatting. Typical architecture is characteristic of large residential, industrial and settlement suburbs, where houses are all identical in shape and by color. Woven architecture was created from the needs of rapid construction, prefabrication needs and lower cost of construction. The contemporary architecture of individual countries, especially in Eastern Europe, the standard objects are almost the only form of construction in certain periods. So eg. in 

Russia, there are types of residential buildings under the "national name ":" hruščovka and brežnjevka, of course, referring to the period of the rule of politicians, when they raised certain types of residential buildings. In contrast to the type facilities, there are "typical objects, that are specific to a particular environment, climate or people. So there: Mediterranean type buildings, alpine type, plain type, or is it civil, or farmhouse and t.d. Despotism FORMS term is associated with the modermizam in design, and some representatives of the postmodern movement, and used to mean too stressed formalism, in which the function ceases to have its meaning. Tyranny of form breaks the myth of the design and its possible resulting consequences in the arrangement of space. Peter Blake, a former diriektor journal Architectural Forum, and "Architecture Plus, given the 1970s ironically critical analysis of the forms of tyranny. He also speaks about "Successes" achieved in the field of avant-garde design: such as chairs like those "red-blue" from Rietveld from which can not emerge without the help ortopedskohg surgeon, chairs like "Berlin-chair" of the same by Rietveld assume, in order to justify its asymmetric form, the deep genetic changes of the human race; Babes furniture, such as those designed Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, who without a doubt a perfect match request to make room for housing and fluid transparent, but usually - with its repulsive materials, their ćoškastim forms and potuno theoretical agreement with the needs of physical movement -- poorly adapted for performing their primary functions and remain primarily the beautiful sculpture of admiration. "We reject forms of tyranny, "had used to say Modern Masters, Blake concludes. Adapt or solve problems. " And it is quite true. But the problem is that modern movement really wanted to resolved, if judged by his achievements, he was things unpleasant anatomy of the human race: namely, nothing can work - by understanding the Bauhaus - all the while Men can not be restructured in the form of a cube and women in the form of balls, until then, all other things will go to their a place with deep and loud "click" and then the only solution become a problem. Floors, PLAN (Ford and Francis. Plan dumb. Grundriss, Italy. Pianta) V. Plan. In architectural practice, the view construction of its building design boiler horizontal surface, working out the layout of rooms and constructive parts of the building or complex of buildings. Designing and building the concept of pre-planned, 

especially since the Gothic, demanded the previous sketch, and the developers - with the draft, sections and sketches architectural and decorative details - performed plan. Intensive to perform t. from the time of the Renaissance; Baroque builders were possessed important collections t. his and others' buildings. During XIXv. standardized the scale t. to perform building (situation plan 1:500, 1:200 detailed, narudžbeni 1:100, performing 1:50), and fixed and they describe (indicate range and dimensions kotama, the characteristic colors of certain types of construction materials and conventional signs for certain types of installations). Additional T. performed when recording the existing objects. In a broad sense t. the horizontal projection of the layout building, communication and greenery in a particular block building sector in towns or in the whole settlements. Topi name of places, sites, a concept that is derived from the name of commonplaces. The original Topi, localities, getting the names entered in a double spatial network, mental and social, practical and verbal. Topi come directly from nature: soil properties (material nature, fauna and flora, the direction of roads) serve as names. This heterogeneous nature of industrial space is replaced its homogeneity, or rather his desire for homogeneity, its quantitative saobraznom rationality. The space, scheduled, reserved only Topi such circumstances, vague pleasant one folklore language, all places are similar and different only by its distance. Topological features and distinctive URBAN PHENOMENON differences concerning topological properties of urban space, so named properties, which theoretically form a network or system rather than against (paradigm): - Private and public; - high and low; - Open and closed; - symmetrically and asymmetrically; - Overcome and what remains, we can itd.Ovde We have a very well-known analysis by dimensions: symbolic dimension, which usually refers to monuments, and the Thus, on current or past ideology and institutions - Paradigmičkoj, gathering system or contradiction -- sintagmatičkoj, bindings (roads).  place) Greek name for the place, nastaokao Topos (Greek  GEC fruit development. think about space. Thus Parmenides took a positive attitude when he argued that space as such can not imagine, and that under no Thomen, while Leucippus area considered reality, though devoid bodily existence. Plato was more deeply affected the 

problem in his "Timaeus," introducing the science of geometry space. But only Aristotle developed the theory of "place" -- commonplaces. For njjega the area was the sum of all places, therefore a dynamic field with its directions and qualitative properties. His approach can be considered attempt to systematize primitive, pragmatic space. TORANJSKE BUILDINGS, BUILDING DESIGN TORANJSKIH The basic requirements are constructive project toranjskih dovolja building strength, rigidity and stability. Adequate lateral stiffness is required to limit the impact second row, so that the additional bending moments arise due to strikes gravitacijskih shear force, then because of the relative lateral shear adjacent ceiling to prevent damage to parts of cohesionless construction (eg fragile window glass) and because amplitude of lateral shear and acceleration of the vibrations caused by wind and earthquakes, and to prevent nelagodnog feelings of people in the building. While the constructive design of small low buildings prevailing influence of gravity loads and lateral eventual impacts require only minor additional costs, in the constructive design toranjskih buildings predominate side effects and require additional costs. Interesting dependence on the cost of the building by unit area tavanične construction of structures number of floors. The cost of floor ceiling is not practical depends on the number of floors, the cost of the pillars and walls increases roughly linearly, and the cost for side ukrućenje building grows exponentially with the number of floors.  Toranjske buildings usually have a core. It contains elevators, stairs, cables, installation and eventual sanitary and other auxiliary facilities. To fire protection in many countries is stipulated that the stairs liftovska core and away from other rooms fire walls. The core of the mechanical console. It is usually based on the board through the grill the walls (basement boxes) high one, two, and sometimes up to five floors, has, therefore, unique foundation, and it is the best solution for seismic areas and areas with underground excavation. Focus basic rate must be below the vertical center of gravity of the building to tilting of the building could only cause the wind and zamljotres Totalitarianism Totalitarianism in the architecture, as well as basic line architecture XXV. is not only a result of socio - political system. Blind faith in progress, mythology science and technology, major magic numbers related to demographic growth, pluralism izjednačavan with chaos, all it contributed to the conviction that I was born a man no longer 

knows how he should live and live. And that is architecture to learn instead. No one is imposed architects idea of standardization and prefabrication to measure some utopian, not real needs: no one is forced to disregard the law urbanism values, that for moment allocate pollution instead of neutralize its sources, or to adapt to life spatial schemes, dividing and separating what the its essence is to eat whole. Architects are responsible the current state of relations Man-Environment-Architecture insofar as it advocated for the realization of these ideas. Totalitarian architecture alleged officially accepted architecture by dictatorial regimes, over - centralized government or political groups, intolerant to opposition, particularly by the fascist in Italy, in Nazi Germany, the Stalinists in the Soviet Union, Communist China, etc.. Like international style, contained and simplified neoclassicism a sculpture based on nineteenth-century realism and Classicism is used for massive predimenzionisane national monuments. TOTALNI architecture concept is linked to the architectural concept of Bauhaus and Walter Gropius, who was conceived "Logical and systematic connection of processing architectural problem, "when he predicted during establishing the concept of total Bauhaus architecture. This concept to carry through "a coherent, operational and sistematizovanog "lectures. TOTALNI Architecture (born Total Architecture) Presented by the architects Walter Gropius and Bruno Taut-in period of the 1920s, the architecture suggests synthesis of all arts and crafts in the new architecture, based on the works of composer Wilhelm Richard Wagner - A (1813-83) and the idea of Gesamtkunstwerk ( "totalan work Art "). However, total architecture had opposite effect of separating art and craft of architecture. Despite this it is manifest in failed modern movement, Gropius published "The Scope of Total Architecture "in 1955 (revised edition 1962). TOTALNI DESIGN 1st Name of the design of an object includes the design of all its elements, from the architect. form, details, interior design, building, until small details, such as: cutlery, linen, clothing and other working staff. 2. In terms of urban planning, total design is the opposite gradually increasing the city, which expands as a result many decisions. Total design of architect plans the role of the Messiah, rectifiers prigrađa disorder; placed city ruled clean architecture and maintained through "Design review", supports, and finally, today's architect. 

urban renewal, in which uses all the beautiful art. TOTALNI SPACE concept is linked to the concept architectural space of housing which is presented Renato Severin, which the author contributed to the improvement ideas about solid and free points of space. Features his concepts are: continuity and fleksibilitet člankovitost, while its composition includes two types of space: so. dedicated facility and space transformation. Dedicated facilities: sleeping, cooking, hygiene, according to the author, as well as industrial pieces included the needed in an established network rasternu entire unit. However, his inclusion of these allow the maximum number transformation therefore is the primary network a flat set in two floors, so as to number of dedicated facilities, can be expected maximum space in the bottom floor and a minimum space transformation in the upper floor units. TOTALNI volume of vaults and domes are praoblici Total construction procedures - that are unique spatial elements and systems that perform close space. Three-dimensional structure the total procedures abolishes the classical division of the constructive structure and full, elements that carry and which are mounted, vertical and horizontal surface of the object. Based on the equations higher order, constructive solutions to build a very rich forms that are bordering on the fantastic forms themselves nature. Dimensions of spatial structures receive grandiose size range with a minimum thickness of the body construction reduced practically to the membrane. Unique treatment area is modeled and transformed into a imaginary world of forms that suggest the architecture future. Instead of a performance space dramatization complex structural pattern, builder architecture is again returns interpretations condensed image spatial ideas given in a single move hands in a single stanza poetic thoughts ... Searching for new truths, architecture is, it seems, returned to some simple and praistinama their ancient world. TOUKOU, CHINA MODEL FOR BUILDING TEMPLE As unique measures (module) is not serving the lower diameter pillars, as the Greeks, but the width of the console is sponsored learning rafter. The width of the console differed the size of the building. Therefore, the module for each the size of the building was different. Thus, the different building size, proportion could remain proportionate. This bracket is called the Chinese "toukung" (pronounced "dogung") and measures the width "toukou" 

(pronounced be proved). With these "toukou," as a module, measured all the details at the temple. Thus, for example. width Pillar is 6 toukou a height of 6 • 10 = 60 toukou. (In this case there is a relationship with the Assyrian, Babylonian and Egyptian šezdesetinskim system, or with our way of measuring time and angles). Type of system changed during the century. So in time about 1100, 1500 and 1800 there are different systems modules. All of this object is not yet completely investigated. The European book has not been about anything published. TOWER (born Tower, Tower) 1 The name that indicates a high tower, high tower as part of a fortress or castle. 2. The term is used today to mean skyscraper (skyscrapers), ie, extremely high building usually administrative purposes, built independently or in Within the narrow city center. TOWNSCAPE Philosophy, Philosophy CITY Landscapes (born townscape urban landscape) Predstevlja theory, philosophy which studies and analyzes an urban structure of the change of urban landscapes. The main object interest t.f. the external effects, engaging treatment of symptoms, not causes of urban disaster. Anyway, t.f. has become a basic, solid belief in the architect and fashion. and design. Hugh Casson was first given visual embodiment these ideas in their sketch series of urban landscapes. Gordon Cullen was further developed by 1948 t.f. the method Design in England, that was later turned into a philosophy. This philosophy, combined with the old English respect for nature and the English legal system ownership of territory, has led to new Urban solutions. TOWNSCAPE, TAUNSKEJP (born vedut city, city Landscape, Panorama City) 1 In contemporary architectural leksici, parts of the city, town or city, monitored and studied in terms of such forms that are analogous picturesque forms of nature. 2. Part of the urban fabric that can be seen at once. The term was in frequent use during the 1940s, analogous to term landscape (landscape) and are associated with a series of studies that have published in the journal "Architectural Review" with the intention to encourage the attempts and efforts to improve environmental environment in the UK. Many historic cities contain pleasant townscape which took place through pedestrian zone, and a campaign of "Architectural Review" proposed to study townscape, whose pioneers were Geddes, Parker, Sitte and Unwin, should provide prerequisites for a large number of urban development plans, like the one that was done in the UK for new cities in the period after the 1939-45 war. However, the protagonists 

international modernism rejected the concept of picturesque, leading to the failure of its implementation period 1945th TOWNSCAPERS (born of townscape, urban landscape) Name with architects and town planners who are in their plans built townscape principles of philosophy. Celebrities representatives of t. are; LCC (London Country Council (now GLC, Greater London Council), Robert Matthew. TRABUCCO - CAPITAL MEASURES ON THE Mediterranean Trabucco, the main measure of the Ionian Islands, where the longest maintain ancient customs and measures, it is completely equal extent, the industrial construction IGM. Trabucco in Milan was also 2.5 m, and the worth and worth partially still in Sardinia, in Turin, Nice, etc.. with less deviation. TRADE MARK (Ford trademark, trade marks) in the design, trademark name for a product, usually the product of consumer goods, and unique design. T.m. is usually made by graphic visual character utisnutog packaging products, which testify and guarantees its quality and high standard. T.m. also sign signature manufacturers, based on which he declares himself and guarantees for product quality. T.m. is a very important visual signal, especially in the process of advertising campaigns, but also has the purpose to exclude the product from others and show on its quality characteristics. TRADITION the influence of heritage architecture in terms of its shape, funkica, the use of materials, disposition, composition, orientation, privacy, etc.. It is certain that most of the period style of the past -- antiquity, the Italian Renaissance - stood firmly on the tradition, that the greatest artists of the mirror with due reverence for the works of the past. No Romanesque not meant a complete break with ancient traditions. By lead them through the unbroken or Byzantine style. All only to the cultural soil of other people got other expression using different material and uslovljenošću climatic conditions. Only with a somewhat gothic different picture. The will to discover new forms of created through the Gothic art updated understanding. Hans Poelzig analyzes the tradition: "Today we can? We can look at all the present tradition, brought to us methods of earlier times, not at all fond of. Today, the hand of the new methods and construction with unprecedented advantages ... He that now house built in a style of the past, the For example in the Baroque style, he would give up the advantages today's construction funds. Such playing 

in the old style can never succeed ... he that technique fresco transferred to oil painting - and how many times it is but pokušavano - suffer failure and will never mature prekaljenog to a style. " Tradition is often seen formalist decorative. But also decorative and can be equipped with new construction. Thus, the mistake of both parties -- traditionalist and formalist - lies in the same manner opinions regarding dekorativizma, which still prevails. Will be treated in a spirit of heritage or modern, it is a question that is regularly placed. By first point of architect does not exceed the framework formalističkog dekorativizma, and the second on though changes its style and feel, but again only in the decorative sense. Tradition in contemporary architecture is a set of influences that determine an architect. style, movement, and above all an architectural object. Each theory and arch. practice are the product of certain traditional influences, which depend on the factors of time, culture, and development general. Traditional influences determine and define individual styles during the historical period of their duration. General tradition in architecture are (according to Charles Jencks): activist traditions, idealistic tradition, intuitive tradition logičarska tradition self-conscious tradition, nesamosvesna tradition. Traditionalism in the architecture use of traditional arch. elements of form, composition and content within the modern arch. projects. Traditionalism can viewed from several aspects: as an architectural tradition of a culture, country or people, as the use of certain architectural traditions, materials, as the use of traditional arch. shape and composition or as a traditional attitude towards certain types of architecture. In the modern architect. commonly found tradicionlistički relationship to arch. object, sometimes find more arch. traditions within a single arch. object. Prominent representatives t.a. were: Frank Lloyd Wright, who is in his villa brought substantial the value of tradition in Japan, Le Corbusier, who, without regardless of their internationalist position, deep respected architect. tradition, especially the Balkans (Krusevo, Macedonia). The architecture of the sixties and seventies years, we find strong traditional tendency especially among Japanese architects: Kiyonori Kikutake, Kenzo Tange, who used traditional Japanese arch. elements in a modern way. In Europe, strong representatives are in Spain, Ricardo Bofil, Italy Aldo Rossi et al. TRAFFIC architecture concept that is not only related to arch., 

but rather for urban planning, and indicates the arch. or Urb. Plan originated traffic analysis of the observed area. Network and structure and movement of traffic through the projected space is a decisive element for its final plan. TRACT (from Lat. Tractus pulling, propagation, dumb. Trakt) In architecture, the name for part of the building which is within the larger pattern of (castle, monastery) stands out as a separate Construction Corps, for example. wing. Usually used for those parts of the building in which is emphasized horizontal strike direction. Name of the extracted complex of one arch. facility, which is Corps connected with the main staircase or hallways. Functional tract is shaped and limited propagation, built and architecturally shaped areas. The position of the working units in compared to the horizontal communication, tract can be: Single, double and multiple. In the broadest sense, shape tract is conditioned by natural and urban conditions, which in addition to certain restrictions, may be in some sense, and with inspiring views design. Therefore the very different types of tractors. Here few typical examples: 1. linear, 2. semi-closed, 3. closed, 4 freely developed tract. TRACT Building (architect). (1) rectangular shape of the free buildings. Zalomljen Branch tract is called flank. For a series of buildings with a common staircase, said "the building the tract ". (2) The building of the skeletal structures tract is bordered by two longitudinal series of pillars, and buildings in the intersection may have two, three or more tractors (which corresponds three, four or more sequences of skeletal pillars). TRACT, a number represents a number of rooms or number of dwellings placed along a common corridor. Transduction (Latin transductio) The architectural and urban context, the process of building virtual objects. TRANSFORMABILNA ARCHITECTURE Name of architecture that has no strongly limited forms, but can they changes, to expand, adapt and conditions user needs and time. This architecture is variable and never static. Against transformabilnoj architecture is static architecture, ie, it is architecture that is unchangeable, the same form and function, regardless of changing conditions and character of the environment in which it is located. TRANSFORMATION, architectural Change an architect. Forms to another. Also, change the functions of an architect. space 

another. Transformation of one form can be performed in the case when the shape does not change its dimensional characteristics; ovkva transformation is done changing the character of the light that falls on a form: form Outside has a bright features, while in the case when it is lit only from within, change their spatial characteristics. Self-adjusting, the transformation of the space or its high level of atomicity is not characteristic and goal of our time. It can be traced in every period activities when they mastered the basic economic difficulties and when space was not the result of emergency. By following these phenomena in the development of standards, we can see this occurrence to višesmerno utilizing functional space, and even those forms that are continually occurring in different periods with different technical capabilities. Today, in most cases, meet with viševalentnim space, starting from typical units to the zone or functional groups and components, today, more and more able to express their intentions and self-adjusting transformation. Certainly the case for this najzahvalniji tests represent a typical unit, where the usually determined by the smallest possible number jednovalentnih space, and that leaves the rest of the possible transformations that should be understood as a series of mobile and peaceful layout. Today the building is about building solid points units, ie. bathroom, kitchen and everything else related to Installation flows on the one hand, and continuous, Inner space on the other side, which would provide new mobile housing environment. Here is Renato Severina his thesis on the so-called. "Total area" contributed improvement ideas about solid and free items space. Features of its concepts are: continuity, fleksibilitet and člankovitost, while its composition involves two types of space, ie. dedicated facilities and space transformation. Transgression (L. transgressio) transgression, exceeding (laws, orders, etc..) geol. penetration of the sea and land expansion at the expense of land (supr. regression). Translation movement of a body in which all his Parts are situ speed. Transparencies (nl. transparentia) transmittance, transparency. Transparent architecture name for one architecture that it is transparent, with more light penetration, communications sales and the like. Transparent CELL Element ćelijastog system that has transparent, transparent structure. 

TRANSPARENCY architectural feature PLAN architectural plan that is open, with wide passages and corridors, with large areas through which the object Light intrusion, with high possibilities for opening the outer space. TRANSPARENCY architectonic space for a name architectural space which is characterized by transparency, transience, transparency, brightness. One of the primary form of transposition, or a specific shape, reminds us in different spatial representations. Eg., Tombstone or a small group standing tomb-stones from one of the necropolis, can cause us to form an association of home ie, rural group, we at first sight shows that between these two forms that represent the world and the world of the living dead, no difference. If apstrahujemo shape and distinguish an element from its meaning, its composition will have a completely different meaning, ie, quite a different value compared to the modified space. T. the arch., however, leads to new problems, where traditional forms to get their new meaning and interpretation, in different environments and different epochs. TRANSVALUTACIJA term refers to the process of analysis work of art that can accept and investigate the effect of outside the cultural context in which it originated. Clearly, For example, the way I am watching - therefore, the interpretation -- Some building is conditioned visual culture. In this they sense extremely prosvetljujuće Wittkowerove page on Renaissance understanding of proportion, where the author simple relation between the two criteria identified their generation as a product of several generations in a row Argan Panofskog generation and focus on the perspective. Transverse, Geometric (nl. transversalis) Geom. poprečnica, line or surface that intersects the system lines or surfaces. TRANSVERZALAN (nl. transversalis) transverse; Fiz. transverse wave motion in which the movement of a fraction elastic environment flash administrative direction of propagation disorders, ie. beam (longitudinal supr.). OSA transversal, transverse OSA Osa, imaginary line along which extends some buildings in the transverse sense. Transitional Architecture (born Transitional architecture) 1 Transitional architecture. 2. Name of the usually refers to the period of transition from style to romanesknog gothic. Sometimes the details are from a later style used in general forms of the earlier style. 3. The transition generally from one style to another. TRIANGULARAN (nl. triangularis) triangle, triangle, lateen, three-cornered, triangular; triangularni numbers 

Mat. simplest of the so-called. figuriranih issues, namely 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, etc.., Which can express the points equally distant from one other area of a triangle ravnostranog.  trigonous, triangle, Trigonometry (gr.   measurement), (geom.) Part geometry that lateen,  deals with solving triangles, ie. that with sufficient Given the number of elements of a triangle trying to find, computer or through the frame, its other elements, flat Trigonometry deals with the solving of flat images, spherical Trigonometry deals with solving spherical triangles. TRIJANGULARNA NETWORK 1st General name for the network in modular arch. and urban. or transport network which consists of system of equal triangles, ie, two systems parallel rights that are mutually placed under angle, so nihovi sections form triangles. T.m. is often used by the architect. social objects characters, because lets transformabilnost. Multifunctional and contains a very economical sobraćajan system, based on the central structure of the set traffic, instead of the Longitudinal koridorskoj. 2. In terms of traffic, t.m. represented object urban research during the late fifties and during the sixties. This network represents the best form for the construction of urban highways because occupies the smallest area of land in urban areas connector roads, and because most open to flexibility and change. T.m. particularly exploring Alison and Peter Smithson, and Louis Kahn. TRIJANGULATURA is based on the root system, number 3, where as basic proporcijske images appear istostrani triangle with height (from the root 3) / 2, Rectangle 1: root of 3, and hexagon, respectively, dvanaestougaonik. T. has great application in time got. (facade of Milan Cathedral) and the time renes. In the second half of the nineteenth century Violet Le Duc finds three kinds of triangles for proporcionisanje. Besides already known ravnostranog and right triangle, on introduced tzv.egipatski triangle with sides of 2,5:4 and 5:8. On the same line? In the so-called overlapped. holy Egypt Pythagorean triangle, which corresponds to the numbers 3.4 and 5 TRIMETRIJSKA axonometry (German Trimetrische Axonometrie) Trimetrijska axonometry shows a geometrical body (eg a cube.) viewed from the angle of a in both the horizontal edges of the building sloping forehead placed in relation to the projection plane and at the same time are Unlike dimetrijske axonometry, both given in shortening, while only the vertical dimension, given in full. Tri-BASE basis of one architectural object which was designed from the three composition and functional extracted whole. 

Three-dimensional STRUCTURES needs for covered increasing range of areas and new trends architectural aspirations have led a number of Architects and engineers in research of structural system based on triangulation of space. This problem dealt with the famous designers Torroja, Le Ricolais, Buckminster Fuller, Makowska, Frei Otto, Wachsmann, Du Chateau, Ketoff and others. Known as "three-dimensional structure" of this construction is commonly used as a horizontal surface large range and it is because of their structural density of treated similar to a full flat. Unlike classical solutions in the form of barbecue verikanih beams on trougaonoj three-dimensional network structure containing beams in the oblique planes which achieves much higher stiffness. Rooms in roof Citroen factory complex consists of a simple pyramidal elements of the sticks are sticks upper and lower belt connecting the three-dimensional structure on a rectangular base. Of the theater hall Thonon-les-Bains in Serge Ketoff constructed three-dimensional structure of prestressed concrete, where prefabricated reinforced-concrete connections between pyramids concrete slab and the upper belt reinforcement prednapregnute in the bottom zone. Wachsmann's three-dimensional structure is characterized by geometric spatial modules as a tetrahedron, or pyramid. These structures consist of a very large number of sticks and knots, and the next geometric solution structure of primary importance structure nodes, which must transfer power to montažan be economical and, if possible, and demontažan. Three-dimensional performance of an architectural object or elements in three dimensions: length, width and height. Three-dimensional representation can be axonometric drawing, perspective or the perspective model, or is it model building. Unlike two-dimensional view, three-dimensional model gives an overall idea seems architectural object. SCHEME FACILITY triangular architectural architectural object schema made in trougaonoj modular matrix. Directions to provide mass building and its walls in trougaonoj scheme are to each other at an angle of 600th This scheme is used in jabnih facilities: schools, administrative buildings, hospitals and others. but Non for residential buildings, as carries with it many problems of internal organization of space. Triangular RASTER Name of raster which is in the form triangular network. The most common is the network composed of jednakostraničnih triangles. TWINPHENOMENA (born phenomenon of twins) name for the phenomenon 

the arch., especially in the contemporary architect. where arch. Object both contain the contradiction of their properties or opposite characteristics that operate simultaneously. A common example of t. find the arch. complex systems Aldo van Eyck, where each unit contains a separate degree of autonomy, while a large degree multivalentnosti, against the general trend univalentnosti form, abstract, neutral space. ASSOCIATION, Art, Association of Artists Communities artists, organized for the realization of certain goals - artistic, economic, and propaganda. Germ of artistic associations occurs already in antiquity. To to protect their interests, craftsmen and artists form professional associations, which the Romans wear different names (collegiate, Corp., sodalitates) end Rome. time that the association apart, but again occur in large numbers in the feudal social structure early Srenjeg century, to be changed somewhat maintain the forms to the French Revolution, when suddenly disappear. Since their number is called (many come from more Rome. time) the most common are: Italy - corporazioni, Compagnie, Corp., frataglie, Arti, Scuola, mestranze; the Sicily - ministeria, magisteria; in Sardinia and Spain - gremios, in German. countries - Innungen, Gilden, Zuenfte, Bauhuetten, England - Guilds, gilds, companies, in France - corporations, compagnies, metiers, confreries; in the area of the South Slavs - Chekhov, BRATOVŠTINI, guild, rokodelstva. The srednjov. associations, guilds, intensively developed and receive their characteristic physiognomy in the period between X and XIIIv. Guild allows its members to craft involved, determine the price of craft or art works, cares for the favorable market conditions and restriction of competition, product quality norms, supervise the respect of the artistic tradition, determines the assistants and some scientists may holding a master and teach in the workshop and so on. In XIVv. guilds are dostugli peak in its development, after which performs a gradual decline. Changed economic relations in the age of humanism and the Reformation weakened the previously solid guild structure, based on a strict collective reciprocity. In the beg. XVIIv. guilds again strengthened, and the XVIIIv. there is fierce fighting between the guilds, in these guilds fights are a bit apart. The principle of freedom labor and trade and competition, manufactures and factories, accelerated in the period after the French Revolution final destruction guilds. With Chekhov, there are very early and "Academy": in France XIVv., And in Italy in XVv. This is a new form of associations, where artists gather, 

diferencirajući the time of the craftsmen. By its organizational structure of the Academy are similar to Chekhov; only time the importance of getting the highest institution for teaching character. Art, what status they have today. Academies are played a significant role in the history of art, especially in XVII and XVIIIv. But at that time imposed their members and students almost exclusively in ugledanje Art Antiquity "as a source of eternal beauty." First Academy, the Academie de Saint-Luc, was founded in Paris 1391 and there was the 1789th The famous Paris Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture was founded La 1648th It is, as its ekspoziturum founded in Rome in 1663 Academie de France and established the "Prix de Rome", and are institution, but the real art school. From the guilds were developed and other EVR. Academy, and in Italy in Florence, Rome, Turin, Venice. The development of new art are important factors new and artistic associations, which differ from the guilds and academies. It is often present from mid XIXv. and then their number is constantly growing. With the important objectives traditional artistic associations - and the possibility of prosperity - a new association is often the main purpose: events, strengthening and expansion of certain artistic ideas, or, more often, the organization of exhibitions due recognition of the association and its members. The architecture of a significant association are: first Association was founded in 1809, "Lukasbund, Vienna, which still has characteristics srednjovek. BRATOVŠTINI. - About XIXv environment. organized in the United States, "Art Union". - 1861 in London founded the association "Arts and Crafts, which is founded W. Morris with a group of painters Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. -- 1883, London, W. Morris founded the "The Art Worker, with Guild. "- 1892 in Munich, was formed the first" Art Nouveau ". -- 1897 in Vienna, founded the "Art Nouveau". - In Darmstadt is 1899 established "Kuenstlerkolonie" (P. Behrens, JM Olbrich et al.). - In Munich in 1900 founded a group "Die Phalanx" (V. Kandinsky). - 1903 in Vienna based association "Wiener Werkstaetten. - 1904 in Weimar, established and maintained the first exhibition of "Deutscher Kuenstlerbund. "- 1907 is based in Munich," Deutscher Werkbund. - 1910 in Berlin, founded the "Neue Sezession "of the group members" Bruecke "and" Neue Kuenstlerfereinigung. - 1916 in Zurich, was founded group "Dada." - From 1917-32, in Leiden and Paris, organized group of painters and architects around the journal "De Stijl". - 1919 in Weimar, founded the "Bauhaus". -- 1923 in Berlin, El Lissitzky founded the group "G" (Gestaltung) in Moscow is founded Association of Architects "ASNOVA. - 1926 in Milan, founded the "Gruppo 7" Association of Architects. - 1928, established "CIAM (Congres 

Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne), association consists of three bodies: Congress (the main assembly members), CIRPAC (Comite International pour la Resolution des Problèmes de l'Architecture Contemporaine), and a working group that addresses specific problems, there are sections of the national CIAM's. - 1932 in Paris founded the association "Abstractio-Creation." -- 1937 in Chicago, L. Moholy-Nagy grounding the "New Bauhaus". - 1946, USA, forming "TAC (The Architects Collaborative "), the founders of W. Gropius and others. CORNER, ANGLE PROBLEM (born corner, the problem of the) The problem of angle in the architecture of the problem of relations arch. object placed on the corner of the street, square or another area in which this object is facing. Because of its importance, the motive angle is often used as central theme of one arch. or urban. composition. In urban context, is the angle formed intersection of two streets, less as slobodnostojeće formed surface, and its geometry is passed to the architecture. Problem angle for the first time occurs in the central composition ideal cities, or in architectural forms the basis poligonalnih and central buildings. In the Baroque era, motive angle is used to be emphasized monumentality of a building. Unlike the transverse symmetrical buildings, buildings in the central symmetric corner represent the dominant motives in cities XVIIIv period. In contemporary architecture, the motive angle a compositional challenge for architects, they solved in different ways (highlighting angle pulling the building to the corner, cutting angle concave end angular motifs and all. Angular contractions (German Eckkontraktion) Reduction interkolumnijuma angle. Corner contraction find the Doric temples, which follows the so-called. Triglifni conflict. Find and contraction within the array columns (usually in two steps), for optical proofreading. INPUT (born entry) term used to describe position of the main points of entry into a house. More specifically, it is a place of entry into a medieval house built in wooden construction. There many variations of inputs that are specific names, among which we highlight: 1 Central input: input that nalaci to access objektaa facade, the center axis symmetry. 2. Side entrance: the place of entry into a building from his side, ie. with approaches to the building facing the side facade. 3. Poporečni input: input askance at compared to the main facade (see side entrance). 4. Transverse passage: Like porečnom entrance, but the part that forms the poktiven passage that leads to the entry hall. 5. The entrance to the lobby: entrance that leads directly to the lobby of a building. 

6. Zabatni entrance: entrance located on the gable buildings, usually in the axis of symmetry gable. 7. Lobby Input: the door leading to lobby with whose internal hand, there is usually fireplace chimney or home on the other side are the doors. Input the border zone of outer and inner environment, the their traverse, organize parts of the space that call the entry zone. In the analysis, which determines the basic conditions of survival input Possible areas of examination are three groups: 1. formation of the middle road - the influence of foreign middle; 2. impact of internal environment in place, expressiveness and composition of the input zones; 3. choice motives. Devised elements approach (outside) is introduced in winning the internal contents, which means that this psychological - visually dejstvovanje calculated. If it does, the logical line of abandoned building experience, and the space, although the material was realized, forcibly separated from their environment. This outer solution often clearly acting in the sense of "indentation", and sometimes his modest naglašenošću reveal the entire wealth in direct crossing outside the interior space. Most extended, višespratnom action, "Injection" of users, the situation is realized through a series of "Flow" of space, two overlapping vih content. Please note the procedure to create two connections outside - in: a solution in the plane, without deepening and stronger connection with the internal structure, which forms organize the input zone in its outer part of the solution "In depth", where is very accentuated correlation of these environment. Input and output SIZE SYSTEM O. Lange in his work "The whole and parts, starting from the fact that every system (element) receives through its inputs and environmental action through its broadcasts out action on the environment, as that such a system is active and that they are also active elements of the system where we have the same process, and therefore assumes that: 1. Environment seems not the system (element) with causing the it certain conditions strictly defined types, such as Temperature, pressure, electrical charging and discharging, feeling, sensory impression and all. Some species such stanjanazivamo enters the system (elements). 2. System (element) with effect on the environment causing some states strictly a character, eg. temperature, magnetic field, color, causing the sound, movement and the like. Certain types of such states is called out of the system (elements). 3. System (element) has at least one input and 

at least one output. The first and second position determination system (element) with a "Relatively isolated" system whose connection with the environment channeled through the entrances and exits. Exclusion of other connections outside of these essentially the elimination of those for the aspect that is not of interest. not included in the context given task. Third paragraph exclude them systems (elements) which have only input or only output, since these systems are active. Heinrich Griljevski in his "Cybernetics without mathematics "considers that: 1. The rest of the universe seems not our system, but this action is carried out only some, so to say, road called entrances system. 2. Our system affects the rest of the universe, but it action takes place, so to speak, only certain roads, namely the mediation carried out our system. Entrance hall (architect). Major projects immediately after the entrance to the building, which gives access to other premises or where departure corridors to other rooms and access to the main stairs to floors. Serves as a waiting room. Input MOTIV appearance and processing inputs related motives for deciding on the whole part. Each entry has a theme, but the quality does not depend on the number and size, but the its real strength. It is mainly in its good namenskoj and volumenskoj organization and precision. In multiple masses within the choice is difficult because it often leads to competitive motives. Input theme primarily regulated articles, the course that visual, psychological and physical needs to direct movement. Everything else will be subject to this paragraph: clarity motives and nedvoumljenje in the directions of movement. Sale Le Corbusier in this sense provide a more highly good, even the classic experience them, and on this occasion we must emphasize: Villa Savoy is open and highlighted theme connection with the land - the object of subovima; villa in Garcheu -- A combination of motives on the open floor and I pruženog tvorenog stairs like a hand that introduces and brings the two environment. These two motifs are characteristic for the entire its activity. Input PLAN V. Plan, Plan - types of plan. Name of plan a building with an emphasis on the entrance door or the portal buildings, as is the case with portals Romanesque and Gothic churches. Entrance area, vestibule, entrance (architect). Large projects near the entrance to the building through which passes the other major premises. FRONT STREET Name of street facade, ie, a series of street facades of houses and other architectural structures 

that make one street. Street fronts usually contain straight lines. Straight lines leave us cold, they are most decisions without feeling. Under the suture straight, infinitely Fron long street is boring, even if it was the most beautiful neighborhood. He is not in accordance with our natural feelings, not customized to the ground and remains uniform in effect. But short of the street acting bad and must be what other reason. The reason is in most cases lack of closed street fronts. Permanent useci wide cross streets, as the left and right Home isolated blocks are the main cause of which there are no comprehensive whole, nor any effect. It will be clear if the old street arcades compare with their modern variants. Old arcade in Bologna, for example, bright and architecture and details, provided without interruption the whole street, about the whole square, even if only one side, but always without interruption. In this lies the whole effect and it can not be absent, because only continuous a series of arches can include everything in a compositional whole. Today it is quite different. Because neither our right streets do not give a unique impression. Modern street consists almost only of angular buildings. Red insulated home blocks, without the existence of street fronts, always will bad act, were the streets and twisting. ART AND TECHNOLOGY (born Art and Technology) ratio between artistic and technological principles and concepts an arch. work. It occurs primarily in the modern architecture, as a product of artistic process, but strong influence that impose a constructive, functional and other technical characteristics of the arch. object. Each arch. object contains the relationship of art and technology, ranging from the most primitive human dwellings, where the primitive resident had to use their modest technical knowledge to the PR. cover their hut, to highly technological soficistiranih examples of contemporary architecture within which sublimisana top achievements and knowledge in the field of engineering, technology, manufacturing materials, information technology, supply energy, transport and others. Proponents of modern architecture are among the first to highlight the importance of relations Tues including it within their projects (Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright). UMRAUM (German ambient space) Name of space in his meaning "surrounding areas", which arch. theory introduced Swiss critic Vogt-Goeknil. It develops its theory of architectural space as Umraum (surrounding space). However, she raises a fundamental difference between perceptualnog and existential space, and introducing imprecise terms, such as eg. 

"Erlebnis eines Raumes (dozivljajni space "Gesamteindruck" (overall impression). Also, she writes about "Undoubtedly encounter with the spatial totality. The very things, but the word "Umraumerlebnis (perception surrounding area), which appears in the title of her books, it would be defined in terms of psychology perception. To substantiate his thesis, Vogt-Goeknil consider three types of space: "Der Weite Raum" (wide space). "Enge der Raum" (limited space) and "der Gericht Raum "(target area). In doing so, she mentions the existence of several properties space, but since it lacks a coherent system well-defined concepts, his research is not could not reach any general conclusions. UNBUILDABLE BUILDINGS (born buildings that can not be build) The term refers to one architecture, utopian, visionary, or in terms of technology constructive unavailable. This architecture ends in preliminary design, visionary drawings and sketches; also meet the payment of fantastic scientific films, the SF comics and books. In the history of architecture, there are numerous examples of unbuildable Buildings, presented in drawings and paintings of Utopians, as were Piranesi, Boullee, Ledoux, but also contemporary design solutions, eg. Groups Archigram, Solerija, Fuller and others. Unification (nl. unificatio) Jedinjavanje, union; compound, union, union, unity, union, sjedinjenost; deuce, uravnivanje. Uniform (nl. uniformis) uniform, jednorodan, uniform, unique, new form; Fiz. uniformly movement as the movement, the movement whose speed does not changes; supra. multiforman. Uniform Title architecture for uniform arch., equal, same shape, character and structure. Prefabricated arch., A u.a. Formatting unique design, design objects human use individually, solving problems of each cases respectively. U.d. is especially present in objects whose use is not a mass: the case clothing, jewelry, unique furniture and all. UNIVALENTNA ARCHITECTURE name for arch. and arch. form does not correspond with the environment or with talk. Frequently, this is the name of abstract, neutral space. UNIVALENTNOST MODERN architectural language represents separated and isolated language of modern architecture, ideal element of the transformation of society through architecture by Le Corbusierovoj theory, which was created to avoid political revolution along with the revolution of urbanism 

and architecture. Criticizing him, during the 1960s years, Paolo Portoghese writes: "A modern city we all more away from the awareness that human life is an integral part of an eco-system composed of many different forms of life. "In that sense, in his present historical form, the city is an environment that is not no less vague and iskrivljujući of "village" understood as the reverse side of the city medals. UNIVERSAL ARCHITECTURE futuristic view universal civilization, in which the concept of space common to the structure of this osećajnoj period, and his spiritual attitude. UNIVERSAL ARHITEKT 1st Name of the architects who were history were not only carriers of the highest knowledge in the field architecture, but also from other areas of art and techniques. In the Renaissance, there was an ideal universal man, which many would like to approx. Michelangelo was a great Buonaruotti architect, sculptor, painter, urban and military planner. Leonardo Da Vinci is in its universality contained technical characteristics of genius, scholars, general scientific area, painters, architects, draftsmen. In later periods, it is difficult to find a similar universal personality (uomo Universal). 2. In the modern architect. the term used Buckminster Fuller proposed a system where an organization's worldwide in which its distinguished engineers, ruthless and authoritative, universal architects, replaced by government bodies effectively performing their business. Universal space for the name space that carries determinants "External" and "inner" space at the same time, area where the outer and inner space of each intersect. Concept u.p. entered in the arch. Theory Mies Van der Rohe, its projects, including most Farnsworth House, Fox River, Illinois, from 1945-50.g. UNIVERSALITY IN ARCHITECTURE universality of the concept of general arch., comprehensive, and that is everything to everyone common, without exception, generally understood and acceptable. Le Corbusier defined purism (1921) as a universal style that is understandable to almost svalki, for which he himself always advocated and style as such should become a general arch. Conventions. As response was the assumption on the construction of new International style, which will be the holder universality in architecture. In the later period, universality appears also as a feature of other styles. Eg., According to the theory of pop architecture, what is the most universal to most people, the delicate combination of "typical" and "steps ahead". 

UNOVOKALNOST In contrast architectural ARCHITECTURE harmony, unovokalnost is jednoznačnost architectural space, identity and jednovrednost elements of space, simplicity, and monotony. Univokalna architecture is rudimentary, simple by its conception and structure, the use of a or very small number of architectural elements. Inner space V. Also interior space contrast "Outside," inner space represents the state in which is a space or a man in that space, where separate, protected, isolated, uokružen, shaped, withdrawn. The basic property of a home is that the suvodi "Inside". Therefore, will the house as the architect. the internal space. While in town, we are still "out there" although in many cities, especially medieval, the term "inside" had the meaning "be in the city, within city walls, protected. In the house we are alone with you, We withdrew the u.p. When you open the front door of the house someone else, then it is our free decision, and we let the world come to us, although we may look at the house. U.p. is therefore primarily defined as a topological indoors. However, each u.p. should have its communication with the environment, which realizes the any convenient way, but that has its own internal structure. About this, Robert Venturi said, "projecting from spolješnjosti in the interior, as well as inside the Outside, it creates the necessary tension, which helps us in making architecture. And since the "in" different from "Outside", then the wall - the place to me - becomes architectural event. The architecture is going to encounter internal and external forces using the space. These forces interior and external environment are general, and specific, they are comprehensive and independent of the given circumstances. " Interior Architecture architectural processing facilities in building. ARCHITECTURAL INTERNAL MOTIVES IN URBAN PLANNING Application Interior architectural motifs (stairs, halls, galleries, columns) and the external architecture is one of elements of charm and beauty of ancient and medieval architectural composition. He primarily picturesque that makes sense, for example, Amalfi, emerged from very grotesque disorder of outer and inner motives: the same time and at the same place we are in the home, and on the street and on the floor and the basement, all depends on how we understand čudnovate this combination. This is what delights vedut collectors and what we see on the theater stage decorations. But the stage picture is never choose the modern part of town, it would be for viewers too boring. 

Inner and outer space in two directions can be investigate the outer and inner space: the angle functional relationships and activities, with angle physical features built urban fabric and "negative" space which it shapes (squares, streets, etc.).. In the first case, the inner space of housing functionally continue in the outer box ( "Extension housing"). In the second case of complex relations between "positive" and "negative" space give environmental values towns and undeveloped spaces are equally valuable parts of the physical structure, themselves objects. Split these two levels of spatial opinions and formatting - means abolish both. Almost to say that it is itself the physical organization urban space and in fact, among other aspects establishing the relationship between internal and external, built and neizgrađenih parts of urban morphology. Interior, interior (German Untersicht) 1 View the interior of a building, painting or Perspective view from inside the building. 2. Internal view of the ceiling or internal krovište one area, for example: ceiling, coffered ceilings. Inner space represents the space "inside" one architectural object, ie, within its walls, under his roof. Basically, in organizational terms, the relationship between internal space (solves some considered a model of life) and his "zalančanosti" (inclusion, mutual) in complete structure of the environment, can be explained by the relationship and many units. Here a lot to be understood as a type desired structure in which can be achieved the contact at the level of individual-collective. Time units, or interior space, can not be determined by internal criteria, but there are values that accurately resolve the relationship of the interior under overall environment. Shaping (Gestaltung German) looks at giving solving project task or function of a architectural object. Shaping often contain elements of style and formal solutions. The conceit Architecture (born Conceit) Acceptable fabrique in a garden, often capricious, as the such as the bridge does not bridge anything but appointed as the exclusive ornament. Paired architectural elements (German Gekuppelt) Architectural elements (columns, girders, windows, portals, etc..) that are placed next to each other, one in front of the other or one above the other in pairs so doubled to make a comparative element. This was attended by: 

double window, double arcades and other premises in which is necessary to achieve the effect of the facade on both sides wall on which are paired architectural elements. Use value Use value of a SPACE spatial organization can be evaluated at all its degree of research and implementation, it is can get a complete picture of its value. European Practice shows two main groups of criteria: 1. Elements for determining the functional values object: size, purpose, structure, quality, in a position, infrastructure, economy, and 2. Criteria relating to the environment: the place and the relationship toward the center, social differentiation, transport -- parking, health - hygienic conditions: purity air, peace, noise - the relationship toward the center of supply, greenery. Satisfaction of users' interests included the assessment following four groups: 1.funkcija 2 stage commitment, 3 Flat position: the object, place, Center and 4 economy: the costs of exploitation and maintenance. Utility company or in the narrow sense quality can be considered organizational act of service in the realization of space, since the introduction of these criteria and which are not unknown economic practices, and can accurately determine the right construction value of realized space. Everyday items V. Spatial units. His properties of everyday items - tools - are inseparable participants in building the value of an architectural space and to direct users - their međuakcijama - decide the most intensive in the functional analysis. The event - the movement is possible at all levels organization seen in relation to the case uporebnom and starting from the definition of workplace, zoning movement in his and other spatial frameworks, and until called. wider, urban components, where event, facing the utility predmetina only multiplies the number of active functions. Use cases can be seen from the level surface basic premises of the apartment, where they were contained within the furniture or working funds (chairs, kitchen equipment, etc..), to an urban plan city, where they are contained within one of the street furniture (telephone booth, mailbox, bench. etc..). There is a general utility objects, whose use is not related to the area (external or internal), or for a typical environment (mobile phone). UPRAVAN (German lotrecht, senkrecht) Name that determines position of some long, flat, geometric bodies or 

architectural forms in relation to another, from the angle of 900. DO IT YOURSELF INDUSTRY (born "Do It Yourself Industry") Industry which has experienced expansion after the Second World War II, which is based on production parts furniture, interior design, to full house housing. Also, the developed industry furniture producing areas from which the folds furniture. V. Do it yourself architecture. URBAN ART Name of art that are derived and which take place directly in the urban environment. These are visual, music or performing arts: graffiti, posters, bildbordi, outdoor concerts or the theater open. URBAN VILLAGERS, URBAN Farmers Name for residents a city that the city transfer all properties characteristics of people living in appetite. Urban peasants in the town center grow cattle, spread corn and live such as that of the population living in rural areas. Often villagersi and residents of urban slums, informal built settlements, which were without water, electricity, sewage and water such kind of life because the conditions forced to.  URBANA ANALYSIS Analysis of the impact of an urban environment that determine and change. Also, the analysis of real and potential impact of the determinant of a future urban structure. U.a. an integral part of any urban and architectural design. U.a. include: traffic analysis, geomorphology, analysis of the natural influences (Solarize, wind rose, Climate etc..) analysis of population structure, economic analysis, statistical analysis, historical analysis (historical monuments, old city proper) traditional analysis, technical and technological analysis and others. URBANA Anthropology V. Anthropology of the city. Name of scientific discipline that deals with the study of human beings as individuals and in conjunction and under the influence that it is a urban environment and vice versa. Like the man, and the city acts as a living, will be: cities are born, develop, grow and die. Cities have their disease: pollution, overcrowding, emanations of toxic gases, noise, etc.., which are transmitted and interactive work of man. Urban anthropology analyzes the causes of negative conditions and examines the consequences, give suggestions for healing and revival of the city after a chronic state of negative which the urban environment is one. URBANA articulation Every city and every urban environment has its own language, more or less understandable. City can be read like an open book, enter its 

history, events, and transfer them to the current situation. Urban articulation provides clarity, readability urban elements and their mutual, making the Thus the role of such readings, live and clear, of as the spring abundance of information about the self, about its inhabitants, human history in general. To preserve the articulation of an urban city, it is necessary to save its content and its transfer of the present inhabitants. Well-articulated cities spread his character of contemporary urban structure, while keeping the identity of an urban whole. URBANA disintegration appears frequently with the social disintegration, and the internal breaking one of the urban units, along with the overall decline of a community in which it lives, and often find examples of decay of a whole civilization. Because the causes of a u.d. need not be wars, the siege of illness or cataclysm, urban fund is often a unscathed, but was shambles changes from within, destroying its function is caused by the deterioration its inhabitants. Najrečitiji example u.d. find under the overall fall of the Roman crstva, who shambles Inside, social, moral, and finally physical decline. URBANA DIAGNOSIS Display urban status of a environment, with its analysis of urban phenomena and events, on the basis that it is possible to determine the conditions life and stay in it, and its features and its quality. After setting u.d. it is possible to access changing environmental conditions, possibly its revitalization, reconstruction, upgrade, or urban change of urban structure. Problem u.d. dealt with Ebenezer Howard, who presented his diagnosis of growth Towns and presented his program to solve this objašnjavajućih problems through a series of diagrams. These diagrams representing the idea of a balanced community diversity of its urban form predecessors. URBANA UNIT name for the drive space as an area urban environment. Urban units can be units neighborhood, or is it a square, street, town center, pedestrian zone, shopping, etc.. Urban units subject urban development plans and represents the smallest urban environment that is the subject of urban activity. Urban units, like the architectural object, remove reconstruction, adaptation, extension or upgrade. Urban unit is the smallest spatial unit in which apply urban principles and laws. URBANA HOUSING UNITS represents unit 

housing in urban terms. As in terms architectural unit housing apartment or house for housing, urban housing units is the territory neighborhood, block, or četrti residential streets. URBANA concentration represents the concentration urban population in a particular defined area. The concentration of population in the 1km2 population living in one square kilometer. Also, urban concentration can be viewed as a population that is in the area one city, region, or political geogradskog area. Urban concentration is variable categories: during Day index of urban concentration in one urban area can be changed several times in Depending on the location and population centers gravitiranja activities in one city. Urban concentrations Center City increases every morning with the arrival large number of people to work, and dramatically decreases at night, when people return to their homes. V. Concentration URBANA congestion term, which means the urban accumulation, overcrowding, which is characteristic of modern metropolis, where economic principles prevailed over the urban. A typical example u.k. a Mantattan in New York, which sardrži complex system building aggregate and concentrated within a limited town (city). URBANA convertibility name for a feature of urban system that can change its form or function, the that adapting to emerging needs. Also, the name the possibility of an urban system in the same structure receives different content. Urban culture: The Name of Culture and Housing boravljenja in the urban environment, general culture, as well as all forms its manifestations that are characteristic and the resulting in one urban area. U.k. to acquire proper developing urban habits. URBANA PSYCHOLOGY scientific discipline that deals with studying the psychological aspects, occurrence and impact the field of urbanism and urbanization. Related disciplines is psychology housing. Urban psychology investigates psychological aspects of their interdependence with urban and impacts on urban areas, as well as the development of psychological interrelation between residents in urban structures. U.p. is studies the psychology of the population in urban communities, environmental influences on the psychology of people, possible mental disorders in specific population conditions of the urban environment and ways of treatment. U.p. deals psychological prevention, which prevents the negative effects the inhabitants. U.p. includes the following areas: 

housing Psychology, Psychology of, Psychology village of psychology, psychology of recreation resorts. URBANA Segregation Separation of different urban functions in each different spatial systems to any such exercise provided a feature that would not acted aggressively to another. U.s. is done primarily segregation of traffic (school, pedestrian), segregation noisy function of the strengths, potential pollutants from pure environment, the collective of the individual, the public private, movement of the rest, a day of night, day of the period, and occasionally, the historical of traditional contemporary modern, from the central Peripheral and others. Urban environment represents the environment that shaped man's conscious and planned process organization large area. The main urban areas is city, but can be ro and its suburbs, blocks, zones, and even urbanized rural areas. Against urban area, rural area is one that is preserved INTERACTION BETWEEN main contact and the factors of nature, ie, the natural environment. V. Rural - urban, rural environment. The influence of urban areas on the architecture it is possible, as in each functional analysis, the so-called show. open functions, ie., all that achieves the goal and hidden features; what may be in many ways interpreted from the relationship of phenomena are observed. This impact is easy to show examples of the impact of natural source material to building houses and their harmony with area. Thus, the price of 1m2 built surface narrows horizontal development of the building; concentration occurs all elements of the organization, and even below nedopustivih limits, allowable under the socio-medical restrictions. Also, we can follow "uslovnost home for housing and its environment in relation to temperature characteristics. Finally, to mention the concept Japanese space, which is the obvious influence urban environment in architecture: there are many Examples of objects placed on the elevated platform of memljivog and wet soil, but integrated into external environment. URBANA structures to formulate urban structure bearing in mind the need for minimizing energtskih requirements? The answer to this question is not at all easy the simple reason that does not depend on one or several factors. Besides planning, technological, traffic, design and other requirements, here are great political influence - economic impact which, as which is known from practice may be "important." In order to creating conditions for "sustainable building" base 

approach is successful analysis should be through classical scheme invested / gained (Invest / benefit ") accurately illustrated by the relationship "sadažnjih values future savings with the necessary additional investments "show profit uzimajći course structure into account supposed length of use. Grounds energy efficient urban structure is certainly iskorišćvanje benefits offered by the environment in those scale which will not come to degradativnih phenomenon same. This is not only a free mind, undeveloped spaces, but also inherited, to a certain extent physically defined environment. Create object agreed with the environment means istod understanding of legality and its oktrivanja logic and prepostavljanja future impact interventions can have. Location is here treated as predefined entity to whom it is necessary to apply adequate analysis. Proper study of broader and narrower location can not be conducted without relying on bioclimatic principles and environmental factors of which the the most influential stand out: climatic factors, topography and its inherited environment, vegetation, communication factors, comfort factors, the influences of the existing building fund and legislation. The definition of these factors is only small box of possible analysis and should not be taken as sufficient although it certainly should be understood as mandatory. URBAN FUNCTION name for a group of different functional heading for a typical urban whole. Urban functions can be: functions of housing, work, the administration, cultural, economic (industrial) transport, infrastructure and others. URBAN UNIT Name for urban units that contain elementary characteristics that define and distinguish them than others. These features can be: formal, structural, conceptual, functional. Distinguish typological series UJ: region, urban area, a metropolis, metropolis, city, village, town, township, city quarter (quarter), street, block, part of the block. URBAN LOCATIONS L. Wingo three different access location City aktinosti: 1) ad hoc sites, 2) gravitational model of the site, and 3) economic models of the site. Ad hoc site is characterized by locating structures in the city at random or by selecting the line of least resistance. Cities that are growing fast, experienced demographic and institutional expansion often characterized by solving the spatial structure of the ad hoc locations. Gravity model has its theoretical basis in the teachings physicists about the behavior of atoms of elements in the closed system. Location theorists argue that population and 

activities showed a tendency to concentrate around Center focal points, but also the willingness to changing its spatial structure. Thereby, the movement population movement and human activity is subject known law of gravity, in which gravity is exactly proportional to mass, which attracts a reverse proportional to the distance from which one draws. G.K. Zipf defined processes: diversification and unification, which explains the spatial arrangement of the economy. Process diversification is epitomized in the movement of population towards sources of raw materials. The main theme is economic and is in reducing the cost of transport from sources of raw materials to place of production. Considering the different sources of location raw materials, the process of diversification means breaking population in large groups of widely scattered on a area. At the same time delujei process of unification, there are striving to human activities that provide life population as near as possible potošaču, which is also economically motivated by the need to reduce costs transport in product shipments civil population. In economic models, two basic criteria determine location of population and location of activities in the cities of: 1) The price of land and 2) transportation costs. Price of land affected by the size of rent to the minimization costs, while transportation costs to operate maksimizaciju profit. In the United States has made "Atlas land use (Land Use Maps) for 44 American city, which is used for monitoring the legality of locating eight different activities. Specific The results of these studies have pointed to some very typical behavior in all major cities: 1. Group business activities of banks, finance,, insurance, and shows a simultaneous tendency towards centralized to locate and dispersion in locating. These business activities are characterized disposal strongest financial capital, which is lost in importance of the high price of land in the center. On the other hand, disperzivno location enables convergence of these activities of the users of their services. 2. Retail Trade network in all cities have expressed tendency disperzivnog location; approaching the consumer is economically strong enough reason to compensate for the high cost of land if retail network is concentrated in the city center, while locating in the peripheral parts of the city, where land cheap, motivate masovnošću relatively poor consumer groups. 3. Locating cultural and educational institutions -- libraries, television studios, universities, not 

so conditioned in a certain spatial location tract of how quantum population, size city. 4. Traffic activity generally are located in near places of work, the suitable land. Along soil that is naturally limited factor, reducing transport costs is important. Competitiveness of different forms of transport seem to be locating transport activities more respect criteria jevtinog transport. On this basis the road Traffic builds its competitive ability in relation the railway, and gradually the air in relation to Road. 5. Industrial activities, as a rule, locate along linear elements: roads, highways, Railways. The industry has a large and complex behavior all industrial activities is not the same. In most number of cases is an important transport complex and hence rule of linear location. However, market oriented industries, are located in the city center for proximity to customers, iastate and work-oriented industry, industries that are technologically related directly with the market (automotive industry), located along roads, etc.. URBAN HABITS set of human habits, made after long period of his stay in the urban environment. U.n. have arisen as a result of the necessity of human adjustments in other environments. U.n. are specific characters, depending on the type of urban environment and are very different from eg. rural habits. Name of the urban structure of the basic models of urban shaping of space, urban. planning and design, the urban one. space and provide quantitative qualitative content and meaning. U.s. represent the one urban. plan or composition, they define it in space and give him the elements on which it is possible construct and different from others. General u.s. are: A. Spatial concepts and ideas; B. Spatial programs, plans and projects; C. Urban structures. Plan and composition: the network structure, spatial modular structure, traffic structure, the structure of urban zoning, development structure; D. Functional structure: the structure of housing, industry, business u.s., commercial u.s. structure free areas, parks and others.; E. Structures of an urban elements: the structure immediate neighborhood, street, neighborhoods, blocks of us, Neighborhoods, towns, cities, areas, regions and 

dr.; F. Formal u.s.: an open structure, closed structure, linear U.S., U.S. radial, concentric U.S., grape, terrace, atrijumske, carpet structure, futuristic, metabolističke et al. G. Other u.s.: social, economic, cultural, traditional, inherited, newly formed, planning, unplanned and others. URBAN TECHNICAL Name for a sum of different techniques applied in urban, analysis, planning and design and to enable review and boljhe predstavljuanje urban problems and their solutions. Number of urban technology is large and depends on the area explores: 1. Art techniques: graphics, photo, topographic, plans, drawings; 2. Planning techniques: statistics (demographic, social, economic, administrative, and others., predictions (normative forecasting), planning, investment planning parameters (number, quality, etc..) special techniques (Delphi technique), futurology, technology scenarios, technology planning system; 3. Sociological techniques: demographic expansion plan, plan employment, social and educational structures population, development of society and social change; 4. Techniques of analysis of traffic: traffic segregation, Road network plan, collective transport, supply, infrastructure plan; 5. Techniques urban matrix: direkcionalne structure centripetal structure network? no structure, rectangular matrices, square matrices, triangular matrices, parameters form trihex matrix; 6. Techniques for application of urban models: historical models, traditional models, expansion models, models illegal construction, futuristic models, technological models, traffic models, functional models, economic models, 7. Techniques of analysis of urban structure: linear structure, the carpet structure, spatial structure, pads, structures, open systems, closed systems, honeycombed systems grozdasti systems, ideal structure, ecological structure, transport structures, structure "of the wall," kurvilinearne structure grape-like structure, metabolic structures, traditional structures; 8. Techniques of analysis of urban zones: central and peripheral zone, residential zone (collective housing, individual housing, residential housing), administrative business zones, industrial zones, zones of rest and recreation, suburbs, cities satellites, the zone illegally 

built facilities, weekend and other areas. 9. Surveys, interviews: the implementation of surveys, interviews, interviews, obaveštavenje letters, advertising billboards, development of documentary footage, performance meetings; 10. Models: Creating situational model. 11. Simulation: simulation of the performance conditions and events on natural or artificial sample. Urban identity History of Urban Planning from CIAM-a and to the Ten Team (Team Ten) since 1952. to 1963.g. in Basically a history of attempts ponovog establishment of urban identity. Alison and Peter Smithson were u.i. define a simple phrase: "It is feeling that you are someone who lives somewhere. " In fact, this understanding u.i. formed as a reaction to educated attitude towards the futuristic society organized and the town where "nobody nowhere Zini. U.i. this understood, the complex structure of relationships and influence within a single urban unit, which gives characteristic, distinctive and exceptional content, which is then, through his architectural Corps active transmitted to people. U.i. represent the following characteristic units of influence: the historical, social, traditional, cultural, economic, technological, Traffic, stylish and all. An urban environment has your u.i. then when the determined relative to another or model or a model, a typical group of urban impact that it gives some meaning and character. Premises without u.i. are amorphous, apathetic, neinventivni, general. Again, the return of urban identity, one middle that it is lost is called the process of urban reidentifikacije. City planners - Architects (L. urbs city urbanus City) Engineer-architect who deals with urban planning and Urban. URBAN SITUATION, situational PLAN situation Name of situational plan, ie, the plan of disposition an arch. object or group of arch. objects that they is in relation to their immediate surroundings: other buildings, roads, free surfaces et al. U.s. the following plan of each arch. or građ. facility, where his detailed display base position in the plot which will be built. U.s. is work in scale sufficient detail to show the relationships between the object and the immediate surroundings. URBAN ENVIRONMENT name for spatial area or part of that is educated, established and built on based on the principle of urban organization of a space, regardless of whether these principles were the scientific sources, or they are contained in the tradition of building 

the environment. One of the urban environment, if contains elements of urban organization, or spatial clustering of the urban elements rules. Most primitive examples u.s. find the organized units of housing in primitive tribal communities in Africa and America. Complex u.s. in great civilizations (Egypt, Greece, Rome) were created in based on geometric principles matematiččkih-determination space, different principles of social organization communities, mythological and religious principles, functional and other principles. Contemporary u.s. develops based on scientific methods of urban planning, including newly impacts: transport and infrastructure, expansion, growing population and needs usloženih, technical capabilities and all. Problems u.s. are: overpopulation, housing density, environmental problems, traffic problems, problems of infrastructure and supply and all. URBAN area in the urban area in the name of a city that is on all four sides framed streets. Area is square or rectangular base. The concept of neighborhoods for the first time appears in the plan Hipodamusovog city, and then plan the Roman Castrum, where the city axis card and decumanus share territory in Castrum four districts. Planning conditions represents a kind of urban project which gives the investor as a condition for construction. Planning conditions contain all the elements and restrictions that exist for the subject site and that given in a detailed, regulation, or general plan. In under urban conditions exist: situational plan sites or embroidery ucrtanog sized object, regulation, building lines, the main urban parameters of the subject sites - the degree of completeness, coefficient of the development, construction index plots, number of floors, gross building area. Planning conditions provide necessary conditions in terms of visual identity is the future of property: flat or sloping roof, building style, building purposes, the ratio for different purposes in facility. Planning conditions, in addition to construction elements include: requirements for the design of water supply and sanitation, the conditions for designing elektrosnabdevanja (electricity agreement), the conditions for designing district heating systems and others. Urban Conditions containing extract from the cadastre of underground installations, extract from transport plan and relevant documents ostele necessary for the development of architectural projects. URBAN MIKROPODRUČJE, MIKROREJON In urban name for the immediate urban area that is subject observations, or is the subject of an urban analysis. 

Mikrorejon usually the immediate area neighborhood housing. The city center can be one block or part, or part of the street. In terms of traffic mikrorejon the immediate traffic gravitational field. In ecological terms, the mikrorejon at least the area where it is possible to perceive certain ecological characteristics. SPACIAL arrange space for the construction of meaning solve the technology building, structure, machinery, trasnport and transport routes to the most favorable way. Building sites have different shapes, size and configuration of the terrain, and the possible variations furnishing the space, especially if there are more factors in production. For each site, which is, in the old, production potential, particularly to study the regulation space and present it to the project documentation. Arrangement of space to produce the required conduct the construction of any building or group of related objects. After completion of the facility with a production space odvoze plant and machinery, and space is regulated due to built object and urban requirements. Conditions of natural environment conditions of the environment such act on one architectural project: the first such data which directly affect the organizational and technical the conclusion on the future space - conditions that define its biological value - and so, as the quality environmental expressed his basic attitude geographical features: the relation of land and water features terrain, vegetation and atmosphere, the environment in general. URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Terms urban environment - the idea of whole community action and not individual buildings regulate the character of future space. Whether to build entity or individual object in the already built environment, its basic physical characteristics are podređenesvojstvima units, namely: Number of floors, height and dimensions sačinjavajućih parts, the composition of the volume - basic terms: low, high, transition and operation of the same: neutral, horizontal or vertically; introduction of openness object to the environment, etc.. Each design interprets these conditions with the possibility their critical examination if they are the product shematizovanih or formal conclusions. Often these general conditions of limited economic power of time, more more understanding to act in new areas "Proven" methods. And speaking of "fitting" forms with oblk - asto the only time that the new conditions confirms an unjustifiable methods, and in such situations must create conflicts between urban and understanding of architectural design, which are 

indivisible nature. What supplements are the impacts on the architecture and components environment: factors inanimate nature (atmosphere, water and soil) and live in nature (from microbes to mammals). They are were together with the social and economic factors the subject of many investigations so far. Regardless of the work on arch problems. were directed to remove all adverse conditions in the human environment. Therefore architecture must pass this examination. UTILITARIJANIZAM IN ARCHITECTURE (born utility use, utility) position in the architecture, which for its most important feature takes the utility building and placed it in front of all other characteristics. Utilitarijanisti Architects design buildings based on functional requirements and needs, putting in another Plan of aesthetic and stylistic elements of their architecture. Utilitarian architecture architectural buildings that are not intended residence or a vacation, but serve a specific useful activities (industrial and agricultural plants, laboratories, warehouses). In contrast to residential and representative of the architect., the facilities utilitarnog character of representational momentum in the second plan, and focus the performance of economy and practicality. The first major utilitarian objects were created in the second half XIXv., a are connected to industrial development and application of new materials (iron, concrete) and new construction methods. These objects are its large size became the emblem of the industrial age and the new aesthetic that a stylistic eclecticism XIXv. opposed the principle consistent respect for materials, design and features. This is a utilitarian arch. performed crucial impact on the formation of the modern architect. expression. In recent Age u.a. lost its earlier meaning. This idea now include all public buildings ( Market and exhibition halls, train stations, airports, industry), which are often representative architecturally designed and have specific characteristics our time. UTILITARNOST housing Utilitarnost the primary characteristics of each, and residential architecture. Utilitaran subject or area odrediv is measurable (in the chair good or bad sitting). However, there are utilitarnost priceless component, because it is designed for the man in all its diversity (even anatomically oblikovanoj stolili not sit comfortably each). Le Corbusier's definition of a flat machine for housing was not complete because it determines the apartment as a framework for satisfaction of all human social - emotional needs. House designed by the physical and anthropological measures 

physiological necessity provides little opportunity for joy housing. From uniquely understood utilitarnosti as pre odredive categories, was functionalism. UTOPIJSKA architecture projects for buildings and cities that provide an ideal, superior ideal, ideal environment for their users, usually including the development, which did not exist previously, or cases when the anticipated total demolition pre-built tissue to provide an ideal Conditions for creating new environment. ) Name from cramp. UTOPIJSKA SPACE (Greek  of space, good and desirable but impossible, space mere pretense. Utopian TRADITION name for arch. tradition which founded on utopian ideas and established that formed on their examples. Robert Owen was the idea utopian communities had their traditional organization of the monastery, and the idea of autonomous housing and autonomous living community represents Fourie, in their Falansterijama (Phalanstere), Commune of nineteenth century on the basis of which has emerged today the principle of collective housing, which will determine the character modern city. Also, Le Corbusier was directly inspired by the monastery and Emma Fourierovim utopijanskim socialism when it designed its Unite d'Habitation in Marseille. Reentrant GROUND FLOOR The ground floor, as the contact zone of the building with Street, has a different meaning in the structure of the building other floors. These differences are often wants representational emphasized, and is performed involved the ground floor. If you are the pillars on the ground floor involved, the area is discontinuity stress concentration occurs, which is particularly unfavorable when a dynamically load. Analysis of the balance of the ground floor ceiling shows that the momentum P, which includes a vertical action and vertical reaction in equilibrium with the torque pair horizontal force Z and D. Head column must, therefore, through the ground floor ceiling horizontally docked; force Z transferred to a wall or some other vertilani ukrutni element naprežući strength of the ground floor ceiling. Reentrant ground can be achieved without indentation columns in one of three ways: a) the facade infiltrate the ground floor, and pillars slobnodni go to the ground creating a colonnade. Such was involved ground appropriate for buildings in urban centers, because then street or square gain porch b) when building a console highlighted the ceiling in one or both directions, are involved ground surface is realized by moving the front, so the ground floor flat close to the internal sides columns, c) if the dimensions of the pillars of that section 

administration at the front rather large (high building), involved the ground floor can make a shift lining Although the ground floor ceiling without leave. Model, MODEL (born model, France. Models, dumb. Modell, Italian model) form, a model, for example, shape (character type) in that he saw someone, take it for example or imitate (plays). In character. arts pattern or template. The arch. often creates architectural or urban model - model, ie, less plastic display graevine or buildings. In the applied arts, made a m. for different products, eg. of Porcelain. Sublime in architecture, sublime (born Sublime) Aesthetic category that is associated with the idea of awe, intensity, strength, burnosti, terror and vastness with emphasis on man's relative insignificance in comparison the face of Nature, which causes the emotions and stimulates imagination. This category is therefore different from the beauty and picturesque, and represented a deepened significance relation to the understanding of grandiosity, and moćnosti severities of natural phenomena. The main apologists sublimnog were Edmund Burke (1729-97), his work "A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful "(1756) and Immanuel Kant (1724 -- 1804), with his "Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime "(1764). In architecture, sublime is associated with ogromnošću, size outgrow all left, with primitivnošću (especially in neukrašenog dorskog row) and stereometrijskom purity (as in neoklasičnih most part, ie., as in the works Boullee, a and visions of Piranesi prison-I). Uzi CONSTRUCTION This region represents the area or place construction of a building or a complex. Inner Construction usually is defined district county borders a land or building regulation line construction paid. Sculpted ARCHITECTURE term refers to the architecture that similar process was created sculpture, ie, creating skulptorskog part of a different material or natural elements of direct soil on which the arch. Property is located. Examples v.a. found in trogloditskim habitats, and many throughout history built Free-standing objects carved from living rock, and and then jack. V.a. find the arch. temples in India, which are carved in the rock. Kire BUILDING, VALOVITOM skyscraper Using corrugated line was not only limited to when upotrbu raising the walls and facade, but there are urban Examples of forming valovitih structure, both at the micro, tape and at the macro level. It is an interesting wavy Plan 

Landsdowne Crescenta, Bath, from 1794.g.. His three snake convolutions lie high above the city, giving him "Organic" look. Also, Le Corbusier, in his Algeria rehabilitation project from the period 1930 1934.g., applied the plan set waves skyscraper as "organic plan". VALOVITOM WALL name for the form of a rolling wall that dynamically closed unutršnji a space or area a facade. V.Ž. is a form characteristic for the period Baroque. The most significant example V.Ž. a facade Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Francesca Borrominija (1599-1676.), Which is considered as the invention of arch. form. This form is later shown in a very large dimensions of the corrugated urban. form-Crescents and (England) from the late XVIIIv. still later, in Le Corbusier's urban. project for Algeria, as well as in Antinio Gaudio architecture, Alvar Aalto and others. Variants in architecture and art One of the sketches, a draft of future projects and future gallery -- artistic works. Vedra architecture concept in architecture introduced Minoru Yamasaki. Postmodern architecture is complex, but not a vividness and subjective expressionism. In the period at the end of the twentieth century, the false complexity of the postmodern architecture counter false simplicity of earlier Modern architecture. to advertise an architecture symmetrical imagery - by Minoru Yamasaki called "Bright" - and that represents a new formalism which is also disconnected from the experience and earlier the cult of simplicity. Its intricate form is not reflect the true complex programs, and its entangled ornament, though dependent on the industrial technology performance, resembling a dry form of the original created using craft techniques. Gothic weaving and rococo splendor highlighted not only were expression valid in relation to the whole, but also poticaloi of a clear showing rukotvornih skills and expressed the vitality that is derived from immediacy of individual methods. SIZE The size of the quantitative value. Quantity the relative value that is determined by other certain value as a unit measures. Relationship quantum given the quality of certain elements of the sum. Man, as mediator in determining value, and gives the same "measures" dimensions of your being, or some abstract values time and space. Measures are therefore a kind of modules and parameters, which determine the space-time dimensions. The measurement refers give special qualitative properties of things, such as proportions, rhythm, intensity, color, etc.. 

Relative value is limited by the size and conditions perception, where a considerable role certain strain vision as well as optical illusions, phobias and all. In this way the circle of our interest, in addition to aesthetics and techniques, inputs and many other branches of science, as well as optics, physiology, psychology, mathematics, etc., and metrics. Ventilation and air conditioning processes and bringing Air drainage and maintenance of the desired state of the air indoors. Ventilation (vetrenje, ventilation) is the removal of spent air from the closed space and bring fresh natural or forced through for comfortable, secure and stay aggressive person or for a process. Air conditioning (conditioning) is maintaining the desired temperature and humidity indoors, with ventilation that includes cleaning, heating or cooling and humidifying plant, or air drying. Processing Air that includes only some of these procedures often also called air-conditioning, which is especially refers to the cooling air. The purpose of air conditioning is Insurance space for a comfortable stay and work and people maintain the desired state of the air in rooms with expensive items and sensitive apparatus or due to requires the production process. VERNAKULARNA FORM (born vernacular) Form characteristic for certain regions, cities or state, which is a traditional style form one end. VERNAKULARNA Architecture (born local vernacular, meat, domorodan) Name of the arch. arising on the basis of a tradition that is separated geographically or within the cultural and civilizational isolated areas. V.a. is Traditional arch. and arch. separate style, which is characteristic of a specific area. Vernakularna architecture is unpretentious, simple, local, congenitally, these traditional structures made of local materials and following the well-known form and types. Default is divided into three categories: agrikulturna (barns, farms, etc..) domestic and industry (pottery, hammer works, etc.).. In Germany and England, a large number of houses built in wooden construction from the Middle Ages and later, the nože considered for vernakularnu architecture, while the wooden rural structures such as huts, also fall into this category. It was first vernakularna architecture seriously in the late eighteenth century when they made attempts to re-create its parts in a picturesque movement, and it has provided distinguished examples of architects from the period of the nineteenth century, especially when construction of houses and the Gothic-style home Revival and Arts 

and Crafts movement. Vernakularna architecture was Contrast ugladjenoj architecture, even the classified the architecture without architects, which is essentially properly, because most vernakularne architecture was essentially a very sophisticated during the period of its development, and architects as they were Devey, Lutyens and Webb, his architecture models owe much vernakularnih building, so vernakularna architecture never was an isolated phenomenon, the architecture of the proletariat, rural or urban. Designers who are able to accept the lessons of primitive vernakularne architecture, so easily susceptible when exposed as "architecture without architects, or vernakularne industrial architecture, so easy custom electronic and space vernakularnom expression in the form developed megastruktura neo-brutalista or neo-konstruktivista not easily recognize the value vernakularnog commercial terms. For the artists, creation of a new determination may mean for the old or for existing. Modern arch. not so much rejected commercial vernakularni expression as trying to win uđčđvšćivanjem and creating their own indigenous expression, and improved universal. It rejected possibility of combining fine art with the rough. Italian landscape is always brought into line with the vulgar vitruvijanskim: the immediate surroundings of the cathedral with its very sanctuary, portirevu laundry opposite the main entrance building, etc.. VERNAKULARNA FORM (born vernacular) Form characteristic for certain regions, cities or state, which is a traditional style form one end. Vertical (nl. vertikalis) Mat. vertical straight line, vertical position. According to Aristotle, the vertical direction fall line (direction down) or elevation (direction up), and he was more than nezapamćenih time attributed a special importance. Vertical is therefore always been regarded as a sacred dimension of space. She the "path" to the reality that can be "Higher" and "series" of everyday life. Axis Mundi therefore not only a center of the world, but the connection between Three cosmic empire: the empire of heaven, earth and Empire Poll pakloa a breakthrough and the only way in which can be reached from one empire to another, this leads the central vertical. In connection with the residence and the house, and I indicates the vertical construction process (instead of "built a house," said often "Raised the house"). Sebastiano Serlio by interpreting vertical column as an expression of man's creative power. 

Gaston Bachelard means "Verticality" as the primary osobvinu home, especially the important significance. RELATED SYSTEM (German Gebundenes System) square system structures, known from the Romanesque period. Based the šematizmu square design, which is present the entire basis of a Romanesque basilica. Basic module, which determines the construction of the building is square middle range of the ship: it correspond to the square Spreads transept and a square of side vessels were Spreads quarter the size of the basic module. VIDEO GRAPHICS (born video graphics) represents the branch graphic design that, that your televizuelnu site, also includes the time dimension. The graphics on television can be used in many different ways: the title sequence, to explain some data using graphics and maps or intermediate area between the two television programs to reinforce the identity of the television company. This medium transfer picture message means that the need graphic messages and images so that the plan be read in their particular area of the display in particular time, as opposed to moving or animated pictures and scenes. V.g. is primarily formed in the domain film, and its been a pioneer Saul Bass, whose v.g. are influenced the early television graphics. 1963.g. Bernard Lodge produced the first v.g. using video techniques before than artistic media, the BBC series "DRT. Who. Development v.g. continued use of Colin Cheesman Computer - Aided Design-a (CAD). Development v.g. accelerate the emergence of new computer programs in mid-1980s, as were the Paintbox and Harry. Competition between satellite and cable television, together with pressures the holders of the monopoly of television in late 1980s developed v.g. as branding of certain television channel, which has increased the demand for v.g. Visible STRUCTURE Only visible structure formed stage practical and beautiful, ie, as expressed Adolf Loos, "the Greek amphora and bicycles are the same aesthetic values. The visible structure, differentiating kind It was presented Loos, insists Charles Jencks, creating the concept of architecture of speech. VIRTUAL ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING VIRTUAL name for Architecture and urban planning which have emerged as assumed a part of reality, as a model, plan, concept of virtual reality. Virtual Architecture is often presented utopian performances, drawings, projects aimed at presenting a possible ideas about the possible reality, by presenting possible architectural object. In the area of urban planning, virtual reality is through the urban model, 

based on research sites, locations and possible characteristic of its inhabitants. Virtual find the architecture and literature, especially in domain of science fiction, where a certain cities, urban areas and areas within jenog virtual (imaginary) time, space and within a virtual social systems. Virtual architecture is often used to represent possible model of the future and would thus established roads possible development of a society or civilization in general. Name of the multidimensional object is observed not only in the three physical dimensions, but in those dimensions that are not directly measurable in situ. These dimensions are time character, cultural, historical, literary, philosophical, socio-economic, military, geographical and other characters. Versatile and JEDNONAMENSKE Territory notion jednonamenske and we introduce multifunctional surfaces for expressing real possible units of meaning in dispositions, as well as their variability. For example, the determining unit hygiene, bathroom, we are always faced its limited usability, The bath bathroom element, Umivanje, defecation and urination. However, as a unit This housing can be directed to the elements of a purpose: sleeping or the like, and to more purpose. Example of this statement to express the Balkan Traditional residential unit specifically meets a series of activities day and night or today, in cramped economic conditions, realization of spaces with multiple purposes in the day during a (multi-room duty). Determination of the surface in the second case can be reduced to the sum of the individual elements, because their merging does not limit the size of the area. Here are the important motives disposition, as an attempt favorable reimbursing reduction in surface area connecting the entire circuit: at one time small enough, the next large space. VIŠESPRATNA skeletal BUILDING represents višespratnu building was finished with skeletal Then use constructive system, ie, using the pillars as construction of vertical supports and ceilings as horizontal construction girders. Skeletal system includes supporting walls as constructive elements. Structural elements within the skeletal višespratnih buildings are: A. Horizontal structural elements: - Ceiling (mezzanine structures), beams (underscore). B. Vertical structural elements: - Pillars, walls. C. The foundations, which can be, depending on the way 

funding: - Fundirani shallow, deep fundirani. D. Other structural elements: - Staircases, roof construction, amplifiers for receiving horizontal forces (wind, seismic effects, etc.).. Skeletal buildings can be classified in the following way: - Monolithic reinforced concrete skeletal buildings, - Skeletal steel buildings and - Skeletal prefabricated buildings. MULTIPLE coding ARCHITECTURE Each architectural object carries a specific code. Code contains a series of information about him and a series of basic character traits that the object possesses. Architecture codes can be: time codes - historical, sociological, cultural codes, technical codes, ekonomsi codes, geographic, ethnic, literary, construction, aesthetically, and others. Each facility also carries a record of series of information of various types and kinds - on the multiple encrypted. According to the characteristics of style architecture, so for example, we can immediately evaluate time of construction of architectural objects, but at the same time, transfer type of construction material and upotrebljanom in We are able to give answer to the region and in kljimu which is built, the level of technical education builders, to answer the degree of technical level individual companies. Many architectural structures are highly sophisticated and carry yourself in multilayer, multiple, often hidden codes. Exposing them proničući in their layers, we learn many hidden information regarding the conditions under which the an architectural object built, to the aesthetic Nazora customers or the level of development of individual Architects. Studying the materials of which objects built, we learn much about the development of construction techniques and indzstrije: we understand the place from which the ekploatisan building materials, the manner of its delivery, and from this, still, we learn much about the level of development transport infrastructure, for example, which is the dopreman material. Many information about ancient civilizations and missing learned on the basis of multiple coding in architecture. However, stratification and multiplicity are often placed before the analysts enigmas that can not be easily resolved. To be given full and complete picture of a culture, and through its architecture and construction Arts, need is often supplemented from other sources information, such as written records, pictures, photographs, archival information, myths, legends and others. Modern architecture is often multiply coded 

the will of the designer - the architect. Building your building, the architect in him knowingly uses a series of codes to be analyst or observer to pass number information. Most are about paragraph designer to certain cultural, aesthetic, functional or technical provisions. Functional objects, so, contain in itself a clear code that represents the object in its use-sense: architecture is free of unnecessary detail and ornamentation, and emphasis is given to the use value to individual premises, and of structural components and elements (facades, roofs, etc.).. Postmodern Architectural objects are coded as multiple complex contain in themselves a lot of information about the relation of the architect the historic architectural heritage, the styles in architecture, also contain many information about the client - talk about his cultural attitude, sometimes of his eccentricity and aesthetic principles. An object may also contain another opposing codes. Thus, eg., We find in the architecture Alvar Aalto expressed attitude towards nature and natural environmental flows, on the one hand, while on the other hand see high tehniciziranost its facilities, which product and technological principles and those of the author. No Horizons on the type and character of architectural codes, ground is that they are ubiquitous, and to determine provide an architectural character of the building and that usveopštoj interdependence univarzalne structure spatial codes that the world is simply packed. Most complicated structure of multiple codes find the area of cities, mostly historical cores. Paris, Rome, London and other cities are living encyclopedia from which it is possible read various historical information, civilizational, cultural or technical nature. HEIGHT PRESEK (German Geschosshoehe) In the intersection, measure between the upper surface of the floor one floor to the top surface of the floor of the second floor. FLOOR HEIGHT (1) Gross floor height is measured by: (a) of the surface of the floor to lower floors of the building floor area upper floors (construction Hbr) (b) from the top edge mezzanine structure above the lower edge mezzanine construction of a higher floor (constructive Hbr, if the floors on all floors of the same thickness, both height (a) and (b) are the same. (2) The net height is measured: (a) construction Hneto from floor to ceiling, (b) constructive Hneto as light measures between the two consecutive Formwork. ALTITUDE interval, BOILER (1) Altitude distance points 

from a horizon or horizontal plane. If the height is certain points in relation to zero, which represents intermediate level of the sea (in our Adriatic Sea), the point absolute. If it is determined in relation to an arbitrary selected horizontal plane, point is relative. (2) technical plans, the point is a number that indicates a dimension. HIGH ARCHITECTURE (born high architecture) architecture which aims noble, sublime, in its form, which followed identical content - religious character. Visionary architecture name for the architecture that is their plans, concepts and ideas were far ahead of its time, with plans, sketches and drawings, the same and texts, will be the basis of subsequent research and example or model for the new architecture. Architecture visionaries were many artists, painters, universal minds: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Giobanni Battista Piranesi, Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Etienne Louis Boullee. Among modern arhtektima large visionaries were Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Among savremenicina, there are a number of visionary Architects and groups: Superstudio, Archigram and others. VISUAL AKUSTIKA term in contemporary architecture introduced Le Corbusier, nokon his cathedral project in Ronchampu, which refers to achieving the visual effect of form an arch. forms such as the effect of acoustic music shape. VISUAL Visual Analogy il similarity identity looks, performance or display of an object or architect. with other object or its model or copy. VISUAL research arch. shape and arch. space in relation to their visual basic guidelines: relations in space, movement, change and all. VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS way visual relationship between the an urban structure (town square, streets, subway) and its users (pedestrians, drivers) the system visual communication of an urban system. Vizielna communication can be conducted via transmitters information, such as information boards, advertising billboards, traffic signs, pedestrian signs of movement, then through the buildings: commercial and other public buildings, roads, bridges, passage, squares. V.k. is achieved through an active participant in the relationship space: run, walk, work in one area, even and housing. A special kind v.k. the communication graffiti, inscriptions on the walls of the facade. Visual perception represents a term that means visual perception, visual sense, understanding and visual "receive" a space, with all its characteristics. 

VISUAL IDENTITY IN urbanism, architecture and interior, each object contains a built in self-determined degree of visual identities. Visual identity a series of characteristics of the object, its characteristics, peculiarities, specificities, which make it what it is. Visual identity may be less or more pronounced, if not sufficiently emphasized, say that the object "has no identity, so it is necessary make some architectural adjustments to object back your identity. In urban planning a city or urban environments have distinctive, separate identity, which give: architecture of buildings, urban elements (squares, parks, streets), but people who neophaodni integral part of urban identity. Based on visual identity, we can talk about style characteristics of an architectural object, or associated with a particular epoch. The most common architectural element that connects to the notion of identity is facade of an architectural object. This is an external visual representation of the object, which is largely given visual character of the building. Some architectural styles and directions are deeply relied on visual identities. Baroque, and, the exterior and interior of buildings which are richly decorated, visually emphasized, while modern architecture emphasizes simplicity and convenience of their facilities, giving them simple visual identity form. Visual identity is a basic feature of certain cities in which they classify and value. For cities that have or have lost their visual identity we say that "without spirit" or are simply "dormitory", places where people live only to meet their biological needs. Contrary to this cities, there are many spontaneously arising and growing urban environment with a very strong influence of visual identity: the example of Mediterranean cities, very picturesque place, with deeply incised local character. In modern urbanism, are often attempts achieve a visual identity for the urban environment through its planning in the spirit of existing examples historical or small cities with a strong visual identity. Extreme examples find in Las Vegas where they erected a copy najkarakterističnijih world urbaih environment with a strong corporate identity. Thus, the eg. in Las Vegas, there are copies of those squares in Venice Rome, Paris and others. Change or loss of visual identity, one urban environment can lead to permanent degrading the quality of the environment, which still carries on its inhabitants. 

There are cases of abandonment of the cities that are rapidly lost its urban identity in different reasons, for example, due to the increase of industrial plant. However, there is a process by which some urban areas that have lost the degradation your visual identity, re-established in November identity, due to the actions of their inhabitants. Thus the For example, parts of New York who do not have the basic conditions and standards for a normal life, are revitalized by by their inhabitants, often in unexpected and unusual ways; people find their own ways of expression, such as graffiti, flea pijaceili outdoor courts for basketball. VISUAL PLAN The concept is linked to Kevin Lynch, the where the construction of new or reconstruction had draw inspiration from what might be called "Visual plan" metropolitenskog city or region: set of recommendations and control measures in relation to the visual shape the environment, and from the standpoint of those in it reside. Preparation of such a plan would have to start analysis of existing forms of public representations of ii given zone. This analysis would be completed a series of diagrams and reports that show significant public performances, major visual problems and opportunities, as well as critical elements present and njohove mutual relations. End The aim of such a plan would not be the physical form itself, than the qualities of mental representations that he caused the population. VISUAL SPACE Name space for such basic contains visual characteristics. This is the area observed from the viewpoint of visual reception. Each area is essentially visual character, but also there are: historic area, the traditional space, functional projects, technical projects and others. VISUAL ZAPIS name for the visual characteristics of a arch. building, interior or part of the city, on the basis that they are recognized and separated from the others. V.Ž. can be represented in the form of form, surface (facade), composition or other characteristic visual traits. V.Ž. can be: historical V.Ž., constructive V.Ž., monument, urban element identity, a significant buildings. VISUAL EXPERIENCE term psychological and rational - emotional experience that creates and uticajoma effect of an arch. object or an urban whole. V.i. is important because it provides elements of human knowledge of a particular area or a part of the space. From v.i. derives the relationship of man to a space in which he lives, resides or is presently located. Such a relationship can be active or interactive, 

assumes that change and the mutual exchange of data and information or is it a passive attitude, where man only a passive observer. V.i. can be historic character, when it contains predisposition historical styles that are transferred to a modern example. VISUAL AREA IN URBAN PLANNING represents quality, that emphasize the scope and penetration point of view - real or symbolically. In this group are transparency (as in glass); overlap (as when the construction emerging one behind the other); Vista and panorama, which deepened range of vision (for the axial boulevards, in broad open space, the views from high places) 'articulated elements (Giselle, penetration of the building) that visually interpret space; concavity (udoljice or hill slopes in background, or the curve of the street) which exhibit respect and distant objects, some indications that indicate an object, or that the observer is not visible. All these qualities make it easy for related understanding of spatial and complex whole, reinforcing effectiveness of vision of its range, penetration and power resolution. VISION (see L. videre, visum) Opt. imaginary line which starts from the observers eye and goes right through the glass subject to observation. Rights which passes through the intersection seams in the glass and the optical center of the lens. MILITARY projections, isometric MILITARY DRAFT (German Militaerriss) Type of geometric projection, oblique aksonometrijskog view (scissor draft) of an object with any direction which the eye (viewing angle) in which, for Unlike the equestrian projections, the upper (horizontal) surface data objects in its real appearance, without shortening. Military projection is sometimes, incorrectly, called a military perspective. VOLUME represents the volume of space occupied by its mass and form an architectural space body shape. Volume composition imposes very complex problems. It is necessary to determine the mutual relations arch. parts of the whole, their proportions, measures, module, symmetry, harmony, rhythm and contrast to the space limits, depth, light, propagation and position of observation in relation to the I form. Besides the surface and forms, see is one of the three most important elements of architecture. composition. Volume is three-dimensional geometric categories. The architecture is manifested through the volumes that result area ratio as the elements that construct them. Volume determines Quantum space, it is a "mass" or "Cavity" forms that volume gives a formal -- qualitative value. The form is, therefore, expressions volume or content of such mass storage. 

Volume is expressed through the form. It is sublimisana The basic concept works. Architecture used interpret all the possible appearance of formal structures volume of his euklidovskih PRE-SHAPE to very expression of complex equations of higher order. The ball is in For example, the symbol of the unity of the total shape. It has to property that remains unchangeable from all points observations. The perception volume needed is a permanent change observation points, just need a series of points, ie. movement. VOLUMETRIJA represents a system of research, measurement, proporcionisanja interrelations between the volume of space an architectural work or architecture in general. Voluminous architecture name for a comprehensive, extensive architecture, the architecture of extensive works. Voluminous architecture characteristic of the old civilization, such as the Egyptian pyramids, the ancient Greek temples, Roman aqueduct and the Colosseum, the Gothic cathedral and others. Recovery, restitutio in integrum (Article restitutio in integrum) Restore the state prvašnje (possession, etc.).. EVALUATION Location of the cadastre, the izradjenog the information database of the city, it is possible make comparison and evaluation of locations different criteria: location in the city (urban core will be attractive and cost-effective for investors from the wider center), the size of available space for interventions; state location (infrastructure equipment, pedestrian accessibility, physical ruiniranost object, volume necessary interventions, etc..) identity of the location, etc.. These criteria are quite similar, but steady criteria that are applied in studies to assess and determining the land rent and are well known in Assume the literature and practice. A special requirement for this assessment is the quality of the site the fact that the site is enough, and not very valuable, because, in this case, its planning and treatment deal with the appropriate type of institution of the Office for Protection kulutre monuments, only the public sector or government Administration. TECHNICAL EVALUATION SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION Technical Systems construction is evaluated: Given the quality, given the time, compare the performance of technical systems, total value, time and quality, through the rankings on the eligibility of individual technical systems. Time series represent strings in urban sense, which is experiencing the time, including simple connection, paragraph-by-paragraph, where an element simply connects to the previous and subsequent element (as 

the occasional series of detailed city mark), but odistinski arrays that are embedded in time, and are therefore melodic in nature (as when the intensity mark the city on the rise, until it reaches to the climax). WEB IDEAS (English fabric, a network) The idea of network planning and design, which were first presented Candilis, Josic and Woods, the project of the University of Berlin from 1963.g. The idea of network is transferred to the structure arhitektosku building the university, through the organization of the architect. plan compared to the networking of two axis: large (major axis) and the small axis (minor axis). Web ideas after this project will become often used the principle architect. and urban. design, applied to the city. WELTANSCHAUUNG (German view of the world, the look of the world) each general ideas about the nature of the world, expressed explicitly or implicit in the work of art, which is also initiator system of moral or aesthetic value courts. WHITE SPACE (born white space) name that primarily used by representatives of the Swiss school, and its literary terms has the meaning of white space is one the stock, which does not contain any graphic character or design. It can be used in order to be emphasized legibility of a letter to him or to obtain greater power of a graphic character to the list. WIT OPERATION (born mind, intellect, sense of humor) Concept is associated with the design process postmodernists ago Robert Venturija only where a reasonable operation, which includes design, often in ironic sense, the contrast between extreme conceptions architect. Projects that involve the operation wit has often shocking elements, where the facade of a architectural building often contains a transition from pure conceptual metaphors in a clean sign metaphor ie, m shows the tendency to design buildings in environment and to increase the communicative potential of over unpredictability and change the scale items. Historic image of one object was removed from the throne and približena limit non-critical spending, but in the end redeemed thanks very acumen. YIPPIES architecture concept and the architecture urban planning made on political influences society organizations, and the stoma and one urban system, left-wing activists, among whom was a yippy move. ZADNJI PLAN V. Plan, Plan - types of plan. Name of plan a building which is located behind the front front or front facade. The last plan can be detašovan, away from the object or associated with him, but 

is generally remote and removed outside the main corpus object. COMMON Content, Company HOUSING comprises contents which always accompany major assemblies of residence (children institutions, primary schools, local supply, local public green areas, all streets and other local networks. Unity and PRIVACY method parametričkog design parametričkog or design which is set and elaborated by Christopher Alexander in his first five key works. Analyzing z.p. in urban Housing, Alexander set the 33 parameters of urban home and showed how they can be jointly resolved to to produce the most satisfactory balance conflicting tendencies. ORDER IN ARCHITECTURE complicated Henri Bergson called the disorder order that we can not see. Red in the architecture and urbanism is often very complex, invisible and because it is often characterized by the term zamršenog order. In urban context, it is often not simple, strict red urban renewal projects, or a modern "total design megastruktura. That is, on the contrary, the expression of the opposite direction in architectural theory. It's not that red dominated by an expert and that was made easy for the eye. Some in the movement of the body which moves must make the effort to be observed and interpreted many different variables, comparative lines, such as running on assemblies Photos Victor Vazarelija. It is a unity that "place, but only maintained control over the conflicting elements constitute it. Chaos is very close, its proximity, but Moving away from him and gives strength .... "(August Heckscher). SPACE OBSERVATIONS human observation space is a complex process which involved many variables in size. We observed that the world would was identical and common to all of us, as to claim realists, but notice the different worlds, which are product of our special motivation and dotadanjeg experience. Generally, observations are directed towards valid assumptions about the nature of environmental and te assumptions are changed in accordance with the circumstances in which we participate. Building PROTECTION IN visokogranji, there are the following types of Z.: 1 thermal protection, 2 prevent condensation water vapor in the ceiling and walls, 3 sound protection in structural, 4 seismic protection in construction, 5 protection from subsidence, 6 protection against chemical influences (corrosion, humidity), 7 protection of biological effects (plant and animal origin), 8 fire protection and Fire, 9 protection against thunder. PROTECTION FROM Excessive insolation There are following types of protection against excessive insolation: the protection of dispositions 

Property protection, pulling facade protection, use insulation materials, use protection svetloodbijajućeg glass protection, use of brise Soleil's protection, the use of awnings, use protection Pergola et al. PROTECTION OF NATURE idea of protection of nature was created for devalorizacije landscape due to the rapid industrial and urban expansion, and takože and for defense of the heavy poremećenja natural consequence of the balance (erosion, floods, droughts, climate change). The first protected area was a forest of Fontainebleau France, who in 1853 proclaimed nature reserve. Vol. 1872 was made in the USA the first national park, Yellowstone. In the beginning, dealing with the protection of nature individuals and special society, but even beg. XXV. there are first organized forms of state services for Protection of Nature, and adopted the first regulations. From 1928 There is an international organization, was founded in 1948 International Union for the protection of nature and natural resources (UICN) which over the years the seat in Switzerland (Morges). Vol. 1962 UNESCO adopted a "Recommendation for protect the beauty and features scenery and landscapes in which formulated the basic principles of nature conservation in building settlements, roads, locating airports, placing of electric lines, radio stations and Television, with camping, kaptiranju sources, and is busy attitude in regard to water and air pollution. CLOSED BLOCK V. Block. In urbanism, the name of urban structure in the form of a block which is the exterior facades of buildings facing or who was separated from other buildings by impassable or visual barriers. Blocks according to their urban Small and shape can be: open blocks, closed or half-open blocks, respectively, semi-closed blocks. Life in the detached city know more quarters at the time of ancient Rome, in the form insulea building for rent that were grouped within the closed block. Closed block in today's terms originated from the medieval form of closed City, who is from outer space outside the city separated the city walls, for reasons of his defense the attackers. This took the form of urban planning XVIIIv. insulated building a neighborhood in which they lived representatives of the same social structure of the population. The period of modern architecture denies the street as urban value and set the objects within a single of green space. In this urban setting is not possible to form housing areas in the form of closed blocks. However, the long tradition of housing in cities that are divided into quarters according to the principle 

creation of closed blocks, held until today. Modern urban design is often assumed building blocks of the closed type, that his outer sides of the street formed, while in unutršnjosti block located internal courtyard. Indoor title for the built space, space located within the architectural object, under ceiling, with a known purpose and content, as opposed to open space (see Open Space). Tight COMPOSITION (U.S.) Name for architectural composition is often complex, but is set within a solid, strong box. Process occurs design in which the architectural form of a buildings, each different, and raščlanjavaju placed next to each other with pronounced differences, and the same place within a strong architectural forms that connects them to each other in jeddinstvenu, compact unit. The term is derived from methods cubist collages each autonomous geometric shapes that retain their autonomy within a unified whole, which applied the Le Corbusier the parliament building in Chandigarh. Zeitgeist Architecture (German spirit of the century, the spirit of the time) Name of architecture arising under the patronage of the general idea the spirit of the century, or the spirit of the time (Zeitgeist) that determines the general criteria and specific views architecture. Zeitgeist was a general cultural position and state of mind in the period of existence the third Reich, who had left a deep mark on the cultural and technical civilization flows. However, simultaneously, Zeitgeist has meant the loss individuiteta Architects and a reduction of the importance of the individual within the overall condition of the collective spirit. Maybe najkarakteristiniju definicuju meet in Goebbelsovom demand for social Zetgeistom in which he Zeitgeist as "the principle of our najsuštinskiji winning conquering movement that ousted the throne individuality. " Zeitgeist, the concept (German spirit of the times, the spirit of the century) It originated as a philosophical concept of spirit Solec and developed in reign of the Third Reich in Germany, where he was His biggest influence on architecture. Representing highly idealistic conception of the "new spirit", "new idealism, "a great epoch, which will develop the idea "Magnificence of architecture and the architecture of the epoch" in models from the classical period of architecture and of Egypt civilization. Z. carries in itself and a certain fatalism, and the arch. based on the ideas of z. called fatalistic architecture. GREEN DESIGN name for the movement of environmental design that 

dogotio between the end of the twentieth century, which is closely linked with eco-tech architecture. Representing design architectural objects that are closely related to nature, greenery, and are in fact the structure natural environment associated with architectural buildings. Among the architectural teams that are most related to progressive research Green design is a German company LOG ID. This interdisciplinary group is composed of a unique architects, engineers, medical doctors, botanists, communication of physicists and engineers. The group was founded Dieter Schempp, and the company became known to the world research field of solar energy and green economics technology. While the work of the group was primarily focused in scientific terms, their use fukcionalnih coordinates translated in the building had a compelling artistic profile. LOG ID directs its attention to solar energy answers to the problems of architecture, considering solar energy for najprimereniju and cheapest energy that can be used in architecture. They also perceive the links between presence of light and its conversion into human energy, which represents an ideal model where generates the maximum benefit from minimum input energy. An important object of their Research Laboratory for Experimental TRAUMATOLOGY with Dieter Schempp-OM and Fred Moellring-om, Ulm, Germany (1989), then GlassHouse, Herten, Germany, (1994). In the United States was formed Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems (CMPBS) in Laredo, Texas, PD led Pliny Fisk and Gail Vittore - I, who has studied samples of habitats throughout the world with order to understand the correlation between housing conditions, climate, topography and botanical world, lessons from variety of geographic locations. The focus of their study the problem of global urbanikzma and the failure of economics to establish their operations in Systemin integrated nature, and in order to protect own continuous profit and sustainability. Among many projects of this center is characteristic The Advanced Green Builder Demonstration, Austin, Texas, USA (1994-97). In France, we should mention the group works Sens Espace, led by Jean-Pierre Campredon, in Germany are Hinrich and Inken Baller; Stern in Berlin and Sim Van der Ryn. ZENITALNI LIGHTING SYSTEM Lighting Principle architectural interior space through the introduction of light openings on the surface of the ceiling space that osvatljava. Through zenitalnog lighting, solar Light is introduced into the space above the area. Objects that implement zenitalno lighting in one 

building can be: glass dome, horizontal glass surface, sloping glass - "Sed roofs. Zenitalnim lighting system can be achieved by lateral illumination, ie. lighting from the upper side, that should achieve the effect of natural solar lighting. However, zenitalno lighting can be artificial, caused by artificial light source placed within the area of the ceiling space, usually above glass. Zenitalni lighting system is applied to objects representative characters: hall, museums, galleries, theater halls, fair halls, shopping centers, banks, schools and others. BUILDING (architect) (born Gebaeude) V. House. The general expression for building high-rise building in the area with particular purpose, eg. school buildings, residential buildings et al. (see Home & Building). Buildings namanjen accommodation for people, animals, vehicles, equipment, food et al. Buildings raised in ancient times in Egypt, Assyria and Rome were very harmonious and fit the purpose. As construction materials used are stone and wood. WALL (Latin murus, of which Italian. Muro, France. Moore, dumb. Mauer, Engl. Wall, sr. Folklore says duvar) plates or volume of solid building materials, which task defines a space, it closes the outside, a shared space, protects an area of temperature changes, atmospheric and noise, and if necessary spread the load of other structures that directly počivajku or indirectly to him. Ogradni Z. distances itself a land, supporting z. takes the side loads soil or water, and fortifikadcioni Z. used for defense. Wall paintings are compact area which extends a directrix of certain categories of lines. Their meaning that its surface satvaraju accurately defined internal spaces. Materials in the vertical sense wall fabrics constituted so that they can receive all the powers Load Formwork and secondary force wind, earthquake, etc.. WALL, BASIC DIVISION wall is a vertical surface building element, built of solid material regardless of processing method. Frequently used walls brick, stone, concrete and reinforced concrete. The walls were given the load bearing if you download expense ceiling and roof construction, and if cohesionless only carry their own weight. Load-bearing walls due to the position in the building can be longitudinal and transverse. Longitudinal walls can be load-bearing walls, interior and major, were parallel with the face of the building, and the stiff cross walls and ceilings. Longitudinal distance walls in residential zgradamai is 4-6 m. 

The cross-bearing walls, they are in residential building set perpendicular to the facade of the building distance of 3.5 to 6.5 m, taking the load tavanične and roof construction, which are stretched in longitudinal direction, and the end walls more burdened. External cohesionless longitudinal wall mass has a duty to closed space to heat and sound protection environment. Longitudinal and transverse walls are approximately square fields, which cover krstato armored plates. WALL SCHEDULE (German Wandgliederung) schedule, the way setting internal facade, ie the internal it seems one of the church, with complicating wall openings (windows, doors), arcade, gallery, piazza, niche, predprostorija, with blind arches, wall frames and construction, and using architectural elements placed in front of walls (lizene, pilasters, etc..) using acrylic, Profile, frieze, wreaths, etc.. Golden rectangle base rectangle standardized sizes of components in which the relationship width to length ratio is the same as the sum of length and width and length. Golden Section and proportions V. Golden Section. »Gold cut "is, without doubt, the most used among laymen famous proportions. DR. Adolf Zeising and J. Bochenek are very convincing prove that it is good proporcionisani man in full, and their parts proporcionisan by Ž.R. It jeod crucial meaning for the science of proportions of beauty. And s not only because the man is determined, according to their measure, measure things with which it has sent, or measures space in which to move, but from the knowledge that man who says what is beautiful. When so viewed, then there is no absolute beauty, by itself itself, outside man, a man determined and I feel that beautiful proportions, ie. which it corresponds. A man is still in najprimitivnijoj ancient times, before the Fine joined the shaping of things, lead to intrinsic sense of beauty in the choice of spouse. This durable probiranjem through millions of years, driven osećanjemlepote, man I've built and achieved the ideal beauty is embodied in it. So the man, observed and the ethical and aesthetic, became "a measure of things, "the foundation of the proportion of each art in general, and Art above all. The Golden Section, SECTIO AUREA (Latin, dumb. Goldener Schnitt, Engl. golden section, Italy. Sezione aurea) The relationship between two unequal parts of a direction, in which the small part related to the greater part as most of refers to the total length direction. 

Irrational proportions, probably known to the ancient Greeks (at Euclid), for which Renaissance theorists believed that the divine origin, primarily Luca Pacioli ( "De divina proportion," 1479, published 1509.g.). The Golden Section can be defined as a cut along the so that the ratio of small clippings to more than the same large clippings to the whole long. This can not be derived mathematically, which is why the golden section always fascinated. Approximately, this ratio is 5:8. It is believed that the first, full definition z.p. or continuous separation, stating that it is not about words, given Euclid in his "Elements" and that it probably dates of Pythagoras. Z.p. was an important concept in the artist. ancient Greeks. Z.p. as a general law occurs in nature in crystals, minerals and various plant fruits, flowers, pentagonal and spiral forms, so that their members relate to each other as 1: On or 1:0,618. In geometry, the division of the long z.p. can be achieved by structure of relations AB: AB / 2 and AB / 2 AC. Such division match in Rome. proporcijski a compass architect from Pompeii, the arms 8-5. Rectangle with z.p. is constructed by breaking in the diagonals saved half the square of one of njegobih page, which given the relationship (AB: B) or 1:1,618 = 1: O, which is considered "Perfect proportion. In character. arts, appropriate geometric division, under the golden section implies the ratio of parts of a building in which the lower part of treats more like is related to the greater whole. Law of the golden section based on the principle of relations between delovba the human body. Z.p. the most respected in the ant. Art, then in the Renaissance, in the first row in architecture (the parsing area and plan, and spatial proportions). The painting z.p. usually applies in relation to the length and height of the image. Relations in terms of proportions of the golden section gives artistic part of a special harmony and beauty. ABUSE IN ARCHITECTURE (born abuse) 1 Violation established custom in classical architecture. 2. Distortion, distortion of form. According Palladiju, abuse related to: it turns out, the console or modillone that support (or at least so it seems) the basic structure object, such as the pillar. Also refers to the broken or opened up pedimente, or natkrilja Cornish rustikaciju two, or pillars. Perrault and other architects have identified the following abuse of architecture: pillars and pilasters, which are physically combined, especially at the corners of buildings, zdruđene pillars, distortion metope through their expansion and rektangularnog shape instead of square; also 

abnormally wide interkolumnijacije. Among the distortions including the so-called. giant lines that are used instead of composite lines, cavetto processing which is set above the base of pillars arhitravni Cornish (such as those in Hellenistic and Ionian style), and the entablature were broken just above the pillars. However, through the use of many abuses have become acceptable part of classicism. MEANING IN ARCHITECTURE (meaning born) The term includes many characteristics of an arch. object that it more closely define and make possible communication with him also they represent the inner meaning of an object, given the arch. form, in the form of symbols, sculptures, paintings, motives, movements. Meaning arch. object can be explicit or hidden, in public or secretly, or openly closed, symbolic or functional. One arch. object can be several meanings or no meaning (insignificant). Z.a. can affect the development of an arch. style, predestined to form arch. object or to determine attitude of users toward it. Symbolic architecture feature set as the primary measure of meaning an arch. object. According Umberu Eku, "it would be wrong to view that arch. meaning, by its very nature, denotes a stable primary function, while the secondary functions change throughout history. Primary and secondary functions arch. object over time in different ways to lose, back and turns, this loss, return and reductions are typical for the life forms in general and the norm in the interpretation of real works of art; One, however, become visible in the field of architecture. form, where, according to general opinion, we have a functional subjects who were carriers of unambiguous indicators respectively, which are clearly communicative. SIGN AND ARCHITECTURE character is often more important than architecture. In contemporary architecture, the inscription in the foreground is often vulgar extravagant, and the buildings behind him "Modest necessity. The pop architecture, what is cheap, it's architecture. Sometimes it is very character building. Contradiction between the exterior and the interior was is a common phenomenon in modern architecture, before the movement, particularly in the city and the monumental arch. Baroque dome were the symbols and the spatial structure, and the extent more and more outside than inside so dominated the their urban background and carried a symbolic message. Fake store in the west facade consisting of the same thing: were higher and more interior space in front of them stood to reflect certain stores znađčaj and complement the quality and unity of the street. ZONE HOUSING UNITS There are the following areas of housing 

unit: working zone, communicative zone, zone for relaxation, support-hygienic zones, entry zone, common communication area of the building, common entrance area. ZONE HOUSING UNITS, IN DETERMINATION OF ZONES AND ELEMENTS ZONE determination process in the zones and elements of the zone housing unit refers to: determining the amount of movement, usage analysis, determining the frequency boravljenja, determining ukraštanja process, mimoilaženja, separation, visual communication, audio communication.  morpho Zoon animals and ZOOMORFIJA (from the Greek.  form) in character. art, the way a man or a presentation plants in animal shapes: zoomorphic plants Oriental mythology, zoomorphic people in the ant. mythology and religions of the Middle East. In choosing hybrid animal characters and their connection with plant or human forms reflects the sense of symbols which are the windows of the old religion of the people. As decorative elements, or connected with the Christian icons, these forms are very common in srednjovek. Art of the West. FORMS zoomorphic name of the architect. forms derived from models forms of animal life. Z.f. may be: bird form (a form of bird wings), honeycombed forms, home hives, nests and other houses. There are also experiments in the form of house-building animals. Known example z.f. Residences in the form of an elephant, Lucy, the Margate Elephant, which was built as a tourist attractions 1881.g. near Atlantic City, a New Jersey. Radial BUILDING (German Sternhaus) Modern type of housing building that has a basis in which three or more residential Wing star set in relation to the central core building. SOUND INSULATION OF FACILITY represents the isolation of one architectural object or area of excessive impact noise. SOUND DEVICES Isolation means of achieving that the sound that occurs on one side compartments, transfer the other with reduced strength. It sounds that are Airborne and sounds that result vibrate mode itself compartments. For the first, are suitable dense material with little pores, the other compartments of soft material with a small weight. The most effective are the partitions from two or more different layers. SOUND Reflector name for material that is used to refused to sound waves or directed in the desired direction. Bottom view (German Froschperspektive) Type perspective in which the eye point is located deep under the skyline, so the view of one object 

perspective is made from the lowest possible point. Bottom perspectives have created a low horizon, with a view addressed above, ie, the skyline is often on a line basis, ie. The flat base of the body. Eye point can be located in the plane of the horizon or below it. In frog perspective line basis shown object coincides with the horizon line, and indefinitely differently away from the projection point on the eye horizon. Environment represents the area, place, seat residence of a living being, human environment is residence of man, the area in which he performed his existence. Environment of man, architecture, space or box our daily life, "we perceive two ways - in the external and Internal Organization, which is the basis of indivisibility understanding and proper interpretation of the quality of space, and thus the design procedure that precedes it. The man he saw outside the organization, regardless of complexity of the masses, while the inner organization becomes part, included parts of the canopy. Appurtenance Internal organization of the man realizes his motion. The moving path in different Račkova this coverage changes, copy. Each new position is a special experience. One area in this way becomes višeprostor. Inner organized environment, which man includes, forming enclosure. This separation from the natural environment, the necessity to protect and able to have affordable connections with it, means simultaneously and merge with nature.Contribute a better translation