Slikanje in snemanje na tem predavanju ni dovoljeno. Nadaljnje razmnoževanje izročkov ni dovoljeno. Kopiranje tekstov objavljenih na tej predstavitvi je

Slikanje in snemanje na tem predavanju ni dovoljeno.Nadaljnje razmnoževanje izročkov ni dovoljeno. Kopiranje tekstov objavljenih na tej predstavitvi je podvrženo avtorski zakonodaji

dr. Marija GregoriBC Naklo

1st Scientific Conference VIVUSCONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENTALISM AND HORTICULTURE

»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge andPractical Experience into Everyday Practice«

19th – 20th April 2012

AGROBIODIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

[email protected]

1st Scientific Conference VIVUS»Transmission of Innovations, Knowledge andPractical Experience into Everyday Practice«


CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

- Energy crisis

- Climate change

- Food insecurity

- Loss of biodiversity



“MODERN” AGRICULTURE – “GREEN REVOLUTION”

• Since the 1900s, some 75 % of plant genetic diversity has been lost as farmers worldwide have left their multiple local for genetically uniform, high-yielding varieties.

• 30 % of livestock breeds are at risk of extinction; six breeds are lost each month.

• Today, 75 % of the world’s food is generated from only 12 plants and 5 animal species.

• Of the 4 % of the 250 000 to 300 000 known edible plant species, only 150 to 200 are used. Only four – rice, maize, wheat and soybean – contribute nearly 65 % of calories and proteins obtained by humans from plants.

Sources: FAO

ADDRESSING CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSSES LINKED TO AGRICULTURE

Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security: the valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture L A THRUPP



AGROBIODIVERSITY

Figure source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5609e/y5609e01.htm

- or genetic resources for food and agriculture



Conceptual diagram showing the relationships between Functional AgroBiodiversity and ecosystem services with benefits to agriculture and society as a whole (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).



AGROBIODIVERSITY?



Source: Altieri, M.A., and C.I. Nicholls, 1999. Biodiversity, ecosystem function, and insect pest management in agricultural systems.



CHALLENGES TO AGROBIODIVERSITY

• Human population growth (food security)• Pollution and diseases• Habitat loss and degradation• Introduction of invasive alien species• Over-exploitation of natural resources • Global climate change• Energy crisis



ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS

• Biodiversity is being eroded through:– Soil mismanagement (erosion, pollution)– Salinization of irrigated areas– Dry-land degradation from overgrazing– Over-extraction of ground water– increasing susceptibility to diseases and pests

Erosion Salinization OvergrazingDrought Deep water-table

EROSION OF GENETIC RESOURCES • Results when: – modern varieties (hybrids) displace traditional ones– minor and underutilized crops are neglected (alternative

crops)The ignorance of cultivation of underutilized (i.e. millets and

sorghum, flax, buckwheat, spelt, einkorn, kamut… ) also classified as 'minor crops, alternative crops‘ is also a cause for the considerable erosion of biodiversity.





http://www.gnis-pedagogie.org/pages/classbio/chap1/2.htm

IN SITU CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

• Biodiversity conservation in the natural habitat of a species in the form of:

– Living collections– Germplasm banks (in the form of seeds, embryos, in vitro

tissues, cells, tissue culture seedlings)





EX SITU CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

• It seems difficult to conserve some species in their natural environment therefore it becomes necessary to protect them in the form of ex situ conservation by establishing:

– Botanical gardens and– Germplasm nurseries

• Polyculture promotion along with monoculture• Promotion of awareness about the biodiversity importance• Changes in the attitude of scientists, students, teachers and

general public towards biodiversity• Government policies also need to be redesigned for practically

effective biodiversity conservation • Subsidies to farmers for the alternative crops and old crop

cultivars cultivation • Promotion of research relating to evaluation of national

germplasm of cultivated crops to maintain their viability• Establishment of cultivated crops gene banks at regional level…



TO BE DONE…

»Ekološka pridelava in hranjenje semena nekaterih pomembnejših kmetijskih rastlin«



CHALLENGES FOR THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

• Balancing agricultural water supply and demand

- Growing world population- Future water for food demand (coping with pressures on natural resources)

• Soil Resource base

- Soil degradation (degradation of soil biodiversity)- Conversion to other land uses (non agricultural uses)- Science-based sustainability (organic farming can be done anywhere)



CHALLENGES FOR THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

• Competition in agriculture for food, fiber and fuel

- Food security, energy security, biofuels, environmental security, genetic technology

• Food safety – the challenges in changing food and farming practices

- Plants for the future - Functional biodiversity- Genetic resources



[email protected]

“Working with nature, and not against it!”

Thank you for Your attention!

Documents

Slikanje in snemanje na tem predavanju ni dovoljeno. Nadaljnje razmnoževanje izročkov ni dovoljeno. Kopiranje tekstov objavljenih na tej predstavitvi je