Pathogenic microorganisms in

the digestive system

“diarrhea”

BY : AnitaPSIK

Internasional

definition of diarrhea

Diarrhea is a disease with symptoms of

increased frequency of bowel movements more

than usual. This frequency is typically

three times or more per day, and accompanied

by a change of the stool becomes more watery

than usual. We are more familiar with the term

diarrhea

Diarrhea can be caused by various bacteria,

viruses and parasites. Children can also have

diarrhea without infection, such as

diarrhea caused by food allergies or as a result of taking medications (like antibiotics). A child is

considered to have diarrhea when her

second child defecate more often than usual

and loose and more watery than usual.

When touching the feces of infected persons (such as when touching soiled diapers).When touching objects contaminated with feces of infected people, and then swallow the germs - this usually occurs by touching the mouth with contaminated hands (can occur in day care centers or at home in the area where the diaper baby play).By swallowing contaminated food or water

How does a child usually come in contact with bacteria, viruses or parasites that cause diarrhea?

Common bacteria, viruses and parasites that cause

diarrhea:

BACTERIA

E.colidescription E. coli are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy

humans and animals. E. coli, however, produce powerful toxins that can cause severe infections. (combination of letters and numbers in the name of the bacterium refers to the specific markers found on the surface and distinguishes it from other types of E. coli.)

E. coli as a food-borne illness occur. Infection often causes bloody diarrhea.

transmission Bacteria in diarrheal stools of infected persons can be passed from one person to another if hygiene or handwashing habits are inadequate. It is very likely among toddlers who are not toilet trained.

salmonella

description Salmonella is a bacterium that infects the intestine and causes diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps 12-72 hours after infection

However, in some people diarrhea may be so severe that the patient should be treated. In patients, the salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics.

transmission Salmonella can be spread by:• Eating raw foods contaminated with animal feces• Handling reptiles. Reptiles (such as iguanas and turtles) are very likely harbor Salmonella and people should always wash their hands immediately after handling a reptile, even if the reptile is healthy

Next . . .

E.coli Salmonella

bacteria in the diarrhea

VIRUSES

Rotaviruses

Description Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children, resulting in about 55,000 hospitalizations of children each year in the United States and more than 600,000 child deaths per year worldwide.

The incubation period for rotavirus disease is approximately two days. The disease is characterized by vomiting and watery diarrhea for three to eight days and fever and abdominal pain are common. Immunity after infection is incomplete, but repeat infections tend to be milder than the original infection

Transmission Rotavirus may be spread:• Through accidentally swallowing the virus picked up from surfaces contaminated with feces from an infected person, such as toys, bathroom fixtures, changing tables and diaper pails.• Through the ingestion of contaminated food or contaminated water, such as type of water discovered in a swimming pool

Rotaviruses

diarrhea virus in

parasite

Giardia

Decription Giardia is a tiny parasite that lives in the intestines of humans and animals. The parasite is passed in a bowel movement from an infected person or animal

Transmission People become infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite. Giardia can be found in the soil, food, water or on surfacesSome ways people can become infected with Giardia include :

Eat cooked food contaminated with Giardia Swallowing water from pools, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds

or streams contaminated with sewage or feces from humans or animals

Accidentally swallowing the parasite picked up from surfaces contaminated with feces from an infected person

Cryptosporidium

Decription Cryptosporidium, often referred to as "crypto," is a tiny parasite that can live in the intestines of humans and animals. The parasite is protected by the outer shell that allows to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it very resistant to chlorine disinfection.

Transmission Cryptosporidium can be spread by: Accidentally swallowing anything that has come in contact with the feces of people or animals Eating contaminated raw food

Next....

parasites in diarrhea

Giardia

Cryptosporidium

The mechanism of the effect of probiotics on diarrhea

1. Changes in the microenvironment of the gut lumen (pH, Oxygen)2. Production of antimicrobial substances against several pathogens3. Nutrient composition4. Prevent adhesion of pathogens on enterosit5. Modification of the toxin or toxin receptor6. Trophic effects on intestinal mucosa through the provision of nutrients7. Immunomodulating

Diarrhea Causes

Diarrhea is not a disease that comes on its own. Usually

there is a trigger occurrence of diarrhea. In general, here are some causes of diarrhea,

namely:1. Infection by bacteria,

viruses or parasites.2. Allergies to certain foods or

drugs.3. Infection by bacteria or

viruses that accompany other diseases such as measles, ear infections, throat infections,

malaria, etc..4. Artificial sweetener

Diarrhea SymptomsSymptoms of diarrhea or diarrhea is watery stools with a frequency of 4 x or more in a day, sometimes accompanied by:

• Vomiting• Agency lethargic or weak• Heat• No appetite• Blood and mucus in feces

Diarrhea Symptoms

Terima Kasih