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    An Inquiry into the Buddhist

    Approach to Human

    Resources Management

    Rev. Wilgamuwe Piyananda

    (BA hons, Rajakiya Panditha)Sub Warden

    Bhikku University of Sri Lanka

    Anuradha ura

    Topic

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    Objectives

    Studying Buddhist suttas which includeinformation on human resources management.

    Identifying Buddhist management concepts.

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    Management is a special process which is followed by a giveninstitute or an organization in order to achieve certain

    objectives and goals. This process include four interrelated

    functions:

    1. Planning

    2. Organizing

    3. Leading

    4. Controlling

    What is Management

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    Human Resources Management

    Human Resources Management is an attempt made byan institute or an organization in order to effectively

    direct its human resources towards its objectives angoals and to achieve expected results.

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    A manager is a person who provides others withnot only a direction to move and a future goal but a

    capability to succeed that pursuit.

    Manager is the spiritually responsible person whoprovides other with a future goals.

    (P. F. Drucer)

    Who is a Manager?

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    Concepts of Human Resources

    ManagementThe discipline of Management which consists of modern scientific

    principles basically includes the following concepts:

    planning

    Staffing Management

    Organization Management

    Direction

    Leadership

    Motivation Management

    Communication Management

    CoordinationManagement

    controlling Management

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    These basic concepts are critically included inboth the life of the Lord Buddha and in his

    teachings.

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    Human Resources Management inBuddhism

    The Lord Buddha was the greatest teacher inthe world who led the fourfold followers

    (Bhikku, Bhikkuni, Upaasaka, Upaasikaa) to

    the definite objective called Nirvana. Theimpact of Buddhism on laic people is liberal.

    However, the management policy provided toBuddhist monks by the Lord Buddha focuses

    even on the most simple and personal aspects.

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    Thus, the Bhikku community is something that has beenestablished by the Lord Buddha with a direct goal and other

    related objectives. Its goal is first overcoming samsaara and

    then leading others to that goal.

    Therefore, there is a series of disciplinary regulations andnorms which gradually covers the lives of the monks from the

    very beginnings of their bhikkulives.

    Certain disciplinary actions have been imposed in order tomaintain a cooperation among the monks as an organizedinstitution.

    samaggaa sammodamaanaa avivaadamaanaa khiirodaki bhuutaa agnyamagnyang

    piyachakkhuhi pasampassataa viharata(Majjima NikaayaChuulagosinha sutta)

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    Personnel Management

    The establishment of Bhikku community andleading, organizing, controlling, staffing, and

    directing it. The proper control of the monks

    by assigning posts (ranks) based on their

    qualifications, and by imposing disciplinary

    regulations for the betterment of the Bhikku

    institution.

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    Singaaloovaada sutta includes a human

    resources management policy which is capable

    of making the entire human society better. Itemphasizes successfully accomplishing the

    duties and responsibilities of the following

    social beings in order to achieve that goal:

    Husbands and Wives

    Daughters and Sons

    Employers and Employees Teachers and Students

    Laymen and priests (monks)

    Rulers and the rules.

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    Leadership Concepts in Buddhism

    According to the discipline of Management, leadership is thekey factor which organizes human resources towards definite

    goals. The life of the Lord Buddha and Buddhism in general

    include a number of such factors.

    A leader has to be full of a virtuous and an intelligent life (MahaaParinibbaana Sutta)

    A leader has to be devout (Vattaka Jaataka)

    A leader must utter good and friendly words (Nandivishaala jataka)

    A leader must be courageous (Vannupatha jaataka)

    A leader must treat all individuals in the community equally.(Chakkavattisiihanaada sutta)

    It is a male or a female with a good character that should be appointed as a

    leader (Paraabava sutta)

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    The Lord Buddha was the leader of thousandsof laymen and monks. His unique

    characteristics were the major factors behindthat. The life of the Lord Buddha clearly

    implies the importance of some key factors to

    proper leadership. Such factors include: thehabit of doing what is said and saying what is

    done; patience; steadiness; friendliness;

    capacity of understanding people; equality;

    honesty; rise to an occasion, commitment and

    kindness.

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    Economic Management in

    Buddhism An accurate economic policy is a must for an effective human resource

    management. Today, human resources management is highly important to

    economic management.

    Buddhism emphasizes directing humans properly in economic mattersbased on what I called middle-way (madyama pratipadaa) which alsorejects using money in a mingy way.

    Andha suttain the Anguttara nikaayamentions that it is not good to have

    company with those who are either partially or totally blind. Only thosewho can see with both eyes should be selected for company. This means

    that both worldly and transcendental lives must be balanced.

    The Vaddi suttain theAnguttara nikaayaincludes several factors that are

    useful for worldly and transcendental well-being.

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    Vyaggajja sutta includes an economic

    management policy which consists of four

    basic factors

    1. productive efforts (uhna-sampad) in one's livelihood,

    2. protective efforts (rakkha-sampad) regarding ones wealth in

    terms of possible theft or disaster,

    3. virtuous friendship (kalya-mittat), and

    4. living (sama-jvikat), abstaining from womanizing, drunkenness,

    gambling and evil friendships.

    Thissuttafurther elaborates on the methods by which money can be properlyand legally earned and the on the correct industries.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittata
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    Singaaloovaada sutta includes 10 factors which arerelevant to the progress of any institution. These 10

    factors are categorized under two headings: employer

    and employee. Responsibilities of the employer:

    1. Assigning tasks by considering the capacities of people.

    2. Providing the employees with food and wages.

    3. Providing medical facilities.4. Encouraging by giving special allowances.

    5. Providing leaves when necessary.

    Responsibilities of the employee:

    1. Starting to work early

    2. Working untill the job is done.

    3. Not stealing anything.

    4. Consciously working.

    5. Respecting the owner (head) of the institute / organization.

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    Singaalovada sutta provides a policy towardsspending and using the earned money. Thus;

    1. One part of the earned money is for grants

    and consumption;

    2. Two parts are for industries.

    3. The forth part must be saved for use in

    emergencies.

    4. The rest has to be saved.

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    Resource Management

    Buddhism recommends gaining maximum benefitsfrom available limited resources.

    After using for a long time, a rob should be used as a coverlet.

    When it cannot be used so, pillow cases can be made out of it.When it cannot be used at all, it must be mixed with mud in

    order to be pasted on walls (Chullavagga Paali

    Panchasatikkhandhaka).

    This statement points to the importance of moderate

    mindedness in consuming physical resources.

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    Time ManagementBuddhism elaborates on three factors which delay

    tasks.

    01 Getting used to extreme sleep (nindaaraamataa)

    02 Wasting time by uttering meaningless words

    (bhasmaaraamataa)

    03 Wasting time by ignoring duties and hanging out with

    people (ghana sanghanikaaraamataa).

    Buddhism advices to engage in Dhamma without a delay(appamaadena sampaadeta).

    It advices to fulfill daily tasks without postponing them untiltomorrow (ajjeva kiccang aatappang)

    promptness leads to nirvaana(appamaado amata

    padan).

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    Spiritual Management in Buddhism

    The MahdukkhakkhandhaSutta emphasizes the importanceof being transformed into spiritual life, having known the

    sufferings of worldly life.

    1. Assdothe understanding the gratification as gratification

    2. deenava- the understand the gratification as gratificationand the danger as danger

    3. Nissarana - the escape as escape in the case of sensualpleasures

    Thus, the objective of Buddhist way of human resources

    management is to attain nirvana in terms of middle-way,

    trough understanding four noble truths. (paccattan veditabbo

    vingyuu hii).

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    The Effectiveness of Human Resource

    Management in Buddhism

    In the time of the Lord Buddha, there wereabout seventy million Buddhists in

    Savathnuvara. Among them, about five million

    People could attain nirvaana. This is aconsequence of the properly managed humanrecourses by the Lord Buddha.

    tadaa saavattiyan sattamanussakotiyo vasanti tesu sattudhammakan sutva pancakotimatta manussa ariyasaavakaa

    jaataa, dve kotimatta putujjanaa (Dhammapada,Chakkupaalatheravattu).

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    Conclusion

    The whole system in Buddhism is a series of properlyorganized set of management principles and policies.

    Thus, one of its aims is to management individuals, the

    environment in which he lives, the items used by him etc.Guidelines related to this are mentioned in Vinaya and

    Suttapitakas.

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    Thank you