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VISOKA ŠKOLA STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA ZA INFORMACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE Predavač Terzić Milica, dipl. filolog Skripta Engleski jezik 2 Beograd 2013 1

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  • VISOKA KOLA STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA ZA INFORMACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE

    Predava

    Terzi Milica, dipl. filolog

    Skripta

    Engleski jezik 2

    Beograd2013

    1

  • Sadraj:

    Question Formation ............................................................................................... 4

    The Simple Present Tense ..................................................................................... 5

    The Present Continuous Tense .............................................................................. 8

    Verbs not Used with Continuous Tenses .......................................................... 10

    The Present Perfect Simple Tense ......................................................................... 11

    The Present Perfect Continuous Tense .................................................................. 14

    Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous ..................................... 16

    Adjective Placement .............................................................................................. 17

    Adjectives as Nouns .............................................................................................. 18

    The Simple Past Tense of the Verb to be ............................................................... 18

    The Simple Past Tense ........................................................................................... 21

    The Past Continuous Tense ................................................................................... 24

    Adverbs ................................................................................................................. 26

    The Past Perfect Simple Tense ............................................................................... 27

    The Past Perfect Continuous Tense ....................................................................... 30

    Past Modal Verbs ................................................................................................... 32

    Verbs of the Senses ............................................................................................... 32

    Verb Patterns ........................................................................................................ 33

    Articles .................................................................................................................. 35

    The Indefinite Article .................................................................................... 35

    The Definite Article ....................................................................................... 35

    No Article .................................................................................................... 37

    Countable and Uncountable Nouns ........................................................................ 38

    Quantifiers ........................................................................................................... 39

    Wish ..................................................................................................................... 40

    Clauses of Contrast and Purpose ........................................................................... 41

    Defining Relative Clauses ...................................................................................... 41

    Non-defining Relative Clauses .............................................................................. 42

    The Passive Voice ................................................................................................. 43

    2

  • Impersonal Passive ....................................................................................... 44

    The Future Simple Tense ........................................................................................ 45

    Be+Going to+Infinitive .......................................................................................... 47

    The Future Continuous Tense ................................................................................ 48

    The Future Perfect Tense ...................................................................................... 50

    Reported Speech .................................................................................................. 51

    Statements ................................................................................................. 51

    Questions .................................................................................................... 53

    Orders ....................................................................................................... 53

    Conditional Sentences .......................................................................................... 54

    The First Conditional .................................................................................... 54

    The Second Conditional ................................................................................ 55

    The Third Conditional ................................................................................... 55

    Phrasal Verbs ....................................................................................................... 56

    Exercises ................................................................................................................ 59

    Literatura ............................................................................................................... 102

    3

  • QUESTION FORMATION (POSTAVLJANJE PITANJA)

    Kada se postavljaju pitanja uz pomo modalnih glagola ili vremena gde postoje pomoni glagoli (be, have, itd.) potrebno je da se zameni mesto subjekta ili pomonog glagola. Primer:

    Can you drive? (Moe li da vozi?)Why are you laughing? (Zato se smeje?)

    Prosta vremena (present and past simple) koriste pomone glagole (do/does ili did) pre subjekta. Primer:

    Where do you live?(Gde ivi?)

    Odrina pitanja koristimo da pokaemo iznenaenje ili kada oekujemo da e se druga strana sloiti sa nama. Primer:

    Isnt this a beautiful place? (Zar ovo nije divno mesto?)

    Ako je glagol praen predlogom, predlog se nalazi na kraju pitanja. Primer:

    What are you talking about? (O emu pria?)NE About what are you talking?

    esto koristimo upitnu re sa predlogom. Primer:

    A I am thinking. (Razmiljam.)B What about? (O emu?)

    Kada su upitne rei who/what/ which subjekt pitanja, onda ne koristimo pomone glagole. Primer:

    Who wrote this? (Ko je napisao ovo?)NE Who did write this?

    Koristite indirektna pitanja kada elite da zvuite ljubaznije.

    Where does she live? (Gde ona ivi?)-direktno pitanjeCould you tell me where she lives? (Da li mi moe rei gde ona ivi?) indirektno pitanje

    U indirektnom pitanju red rei je kao u potvrdnoj reenici (subjekat+glagol)

    Can you tell where it is? (Moete li mi rei gde je?) (it is=subjekat+glagol)

    4

  • THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (PROSTO SADANJE VREME)

    Prosto sadanje vreme (simple present tense) se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez to). Na primer, infinitiv sa to glagola raditi glasi to work a infinitiv bez to glasi work. Za sva lica osim za tree lice jednine potvrdni oblik prostog sadanjeg vremena glasi work. Za tree lice se dodaje s.

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular)I work Ja radimYou work Ti radiHe works On radiShe works Ona radiIt works Ono radi

    Mnoina (plural)We work Mi radimoYou work Vi raditeThey work Oni rade

    Nastavak s u treem licu jednine moe imati razliite oblike. Ukoliko se glagol zavrava na vokal o nastavak e glasiti es, kao u primeru glagola go koji u 3. l. jed. glasi goes ili glagol do koji u 3. l. jed. glasi does.Ukoliko se glagol zavrava na ch, -sh, -x, -ss, nastavak takoe glasi es.Na primer:He teaches (teach predavati).She washes (wash prati).He kisses (kiss ljubiti).She fixes (fix popravljati).

    Ako se glagol zavrava na y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik y prelazi u ie. Na primer:He cries (cry -plakati).It flies (fly leteti).Ako je ispred y samoglasnik, nema promene.She plays (play igrati).He stays (stay ostati).Izuzetak je glagol have (imati) koji u treem licu glasi has.

    Upitni oblik glagola u prostom sadanjem vremenu se gradi od pomonog glagola do, odnosno does (za tree lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Sva pitanja se u engleskom jeziku dele na Yes/No pitanja i Wh- pitanja. Yes/No pitanja nemaju upitnu re i na njih se moe odgovoriti sa da ili ne. Wh- pitanja poinju upitnom reju a one su: when, what, why, where, how, how much, how many...

    5

  • Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular) Do I work? Da li ja radim?Do you work? Da ti radi?Does he work? Da li on radi?Does she work? Da li ona radi?Does it work? Da li ono radi?

    Mnoina (plural)Do we work? Da li mi radimo?Do you work? Da li vi radite?Do they work? Da li oni rade?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Do I work? Yes, I do / No, I dontDo you work? Yes, you do / No, you dont. Does he work? Yes, he does / No, he doesntDoes she work? Yes, she does / No, she doesntDoes it work? Yes, it does / No, it doesnt

    Do we work? - Yes, we do / No, we dontDo you work? Yes, you do / No, you dontDo they work? Yes, they do/No, they dont

    Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where do I work? Gde ja radim?Where do you work? Gde ti radi?Where does he work? Gde on radi?Where does she work? Gde ona radi?Where does it work? Gde ono radi?

    Mnoina (plural)Where do we work? Gde mi radimo?Where do you work? Gde vi radite?Where do they work? Gde oni rade?

    Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagola do (odnosno does za tree lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

    6

  • Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I do not (don't) work Ja ne radimYou do not (don't) work Ti ne radiHe does not (doesn't) work On ne radiShe does not (doesn't) work Ona ne radiHe does not (doesn't) work On ne radi

    Mnoina (plural)We do not (don't) work Mi ne radimoYou do not (don't) work Vi ne raditeThey do not (don't) work Oni ne rade

    Upotreba:

    Prosto sadanje vreme se koristi za:

    Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, obiaji, rutine)

    I get up at 6 o'clock. (Ja ustajem u 6 sati.)She wears a uniform at work. (Ona nosi uniformu na poslu.)The English drink tea at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. (Englezi piju aj u 5 sati popodne.)

    U ovom smislu se mogu koristiti i prilozi i fraze za uestalost (rei koje oznaavaju koliko esto se deava radnja). To su: Always (uvek), usually (obino), often (esto), sometimes (ponekad), never (nikad), every day (svakog dana), every month (svakog meseca), every year (svake godine) i sl. Zatim, once a year (jednom godinje), twice a day (dvaput dnevno), three times a week (triput nedeljno) i sl.Prilozi always, usually, often, sometimes, never dolaze pre glavnog glagola u potvrdnom obliku. Fraze every day, every month, twice a year, itd. najee dolaze na kraju reenice.

    I always go to school at 8 o'clock in the morning. (Ja uvek idem u kolu u 8 sati ujutru.)She usually drinks tea in the evening. (Ona obino pije aj uvee.)We never eat in the living room. (Mi nikad ne jedemo u dnevnoj sobi.)

    Opte istine (neto to je uvek tano)

    People change money in banks. (Ljudi menjaju novac u bankama.)A day has 24 hours. (Dan ima 24 asa.)The Earth goes around the Sun. (Zemlja se okree oko Sunca.)The Sava flows into the Danube. (Sava se uliva u Dunav.)

    Karakteristike subjekta

    He speaks English very well. (On dobro govori engleski.)My sister plays the piano. (Moja sestra svira klavir.)

    7

  • THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (SADANJE TRAJNO VREME)

    Sadanje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostom sadanjem vremenu (Present Simple Tense), tj. is/am /are+ sadanji particip (present participle) glavnog glagola.Sadanji particip se gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak ing:

    go going sleep sleepingwork working

    Ako se glagol zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak, naglaen samoglasnik, krajnji se suglasnik ispred ing udvostruava. Na primer:

    hit udariti particip: hittingstop prestati particip: stoppingpermit dopustiti particip: permittingbegin poeti particip: beginning

    Krajnje l se uvek uvostruava.Npr.:

    travel putovati particip: travelling

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I am working Ja radimYou are working Ti radiHe is working On radiShe is working Ona radiIt is working Ono radi

    Mnoina (plural)We are working Mi radimoYou are working Vi raditeThey are working Oni rade

    Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular) Am I working? Da li ja radim?Are you working? Da li ti radi?Is he working? Da li on radi?Is she working? Da li ona radi?Is it working? Da li ono radi?

    8

  • Mnoina (plural)Are we working? Da li mi radimo?Are you working? Da li vi radite?Are they working? Da li oni rade?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Am I working? Yes, I am / No, I'm notAre you working? Yes, you are / No, you arentIs he working? Yes, he is / No, he isntIs she working? Yes, she is / No, she isntIs it working? Yes, it is / No, it isnt

    Are we working? - Yes, we are / No, we arentAre you working? Yes you are / No, you arent Are they working? Yes, they are / No, they arent

    Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where am I working? Gde ja radim?Where are you working? Gde ti radi?Where is he working? Gde on radi?Where is she working? Gde ona radi?Where is it working? Gde ono radi?

    Mnoina (plural)Where are we working? Gde mi radimo?Where are you working? Gde vi radite?Where are they working? Gde oni rade?

    Odrini oblik sadanjeg trajnog vremena se gradi od odrinog oblika pomonog glagola TO BE u sadanjem vremenu i sadanjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola.

    Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I am not (I'm not) working Ja ne radimYou are not (aren't) working Ti ne radiHe is not (isn't) working On ne radiShe is not (isn't) working Ona ne radiIt is not (isn't) working Ono ne radi

    Mnoina (plural)We are not (aren't) working Mi ne radimoYou are not (aren't) working Vi ne raditeThey are not (aren't) working Oni ne rade

    9

  • Upotreba:

    Sadanje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se koristi za:

    Radnju koja se deava u trenutku govora, te se stoga uz njega esto nalaze vremenske odrednice now (sada) i at the moment (u ovom trenutku)

    She is reading a book at the moment. (Ona trenutno ita knjigu.)

    Privremenu radnju

    We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to buy. (ivimo u kui moje sestre dok ne naemo novu kuu da kupimo.)

    Planove vezane za budunost

    I am visiting my sister next weekend. (Sledeeg vikenda u posetiti svoju sestru.)

    GLAGOLI KOJI SE NE UPOTREBLJAVAJU U PRESENT CONTINUOUS-u

    Jedan broj glagola najee ne moe da bude upotrebljen u trajnim vremenima. Najvaniji od njih su:

    hear uti, see videti , taste okusiti , smell mirisati, remember setiti se , understand razumeti , wish eleti , want hteti, know znati itd.

    Oni su, umesto u present continuous tense-u koriste u present simple tense-u.

    I hear a noise in the next room. (ujem nekakvu buku u susednoj sobi.)Stop! Don't you see the red light? (Stani! Zar ne vidi crveno svetlo?)This cake tastes good. (Ovaj kola ima dobar ukus.)Do you remember our first dance? ( Sea li se naeg prvog plesa?)I wish you a lot of happiness. (elim vam mnogo sree.)I know that you don't understand me. (Znam da me ne razumete).

    Neki od datih glagola menjaju znaenje u present continuous tense-u:

    I see a boy in the garden. (Vidim deaka u dvoritu.)She is seeing Milan. (Ona se via sa Milanom.)

    I dont hear you. Could you repeat it, please. (Ne ujem te. Moe li da ponovi, molim te.)I am hearing from him twice a month. (ujem se s njim dva puta meseno.)

    10

  • THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (SADANJE SVRENO PROSTO VREME)

    Sadanje svreno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se gradi od glagola TO HAVE u sadanjem prostom vremenu, tj. have/has i prolog participa (past participle) glavnog glagola.Proli particip se kod pravilnih glagola gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak ed. Kod nepravilnih glagola proli particip ima drugaiji oblik (tzv. trea kolona):

    play playedwork worked sleep slept

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I have (I've)worked Ja sam radioYou have (You've)worked Ti si radioHe has (He's)worked On je radioShe has (She's) worked Ona je radilaIt has (It's) worked Ono je radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We have (We've) worked Mi smo radiliYou have (You've) worked Vi ste radiliThey have (They've) worked Oni su radili

    Jednina (singular) I have (I've) slept Ja sam spavaoYou have (You've) slept Ti si spavaoHe has slept (He's) On je spavaoShe has slept (She's) Ona je spavalaIt has slept (It's) Ono je spavalo

    Mnoina (plural)We have slept (We've) Mi smo spavaliYou have slept (You've) Vi ste spavaliThey have slept (They've) Oni su spavali

    Upitni oblik glagola sadanjeg svrenog vremena se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomonog glagola TO HAVE (u sadanjem vremenu) i line zamenice.

    Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular) Have I worked? Da li sam ja radio?Have you worked? Da li si ti radio?Has he worked? Da li je on radio?

    11

  • Has she worked? Da li je ona radila?Has it worked? Da li je ono radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Have we worked? Da li smo mi radili?Have you worked? Da li ste vi radili?Have they worked? Da li su oni radili?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Have I worked?Yes, I have / No, I haven't Have you worked? Yes, you have / No, you haven't Has he worked? Yes, he has / No, he hasn't Has she worked? Yes, she has/ No, she hasn'tHas it worked? Yes, it has / No, it hasn't

    Have we worked? - Yes, we have / No, we haven'tHave you worked? Yes, you have / No, we haven't Have they worked? Yes, they have / No, they haven't

    Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where have I worked? Gde sam ja radio?Where have you worked? Gde si ti radio?Where has he worked? Gde je on radio?Where has she worked? Gde je ona radila?Where has it worked? Gde je ono radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Where have we worked? Gde smo mi radili?Where have you worked? Gde ste vi radili?Where have they worked? Gde su oni radili?

    Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika glagola have (odnosno has za tree lice jednine) i prolog participa glavnog glagola.

    Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I have not (haven't) worked Ja nisam radioYou have not (haven't) worked Ti ne radiHe has not (hasn't) worked On nije radioShe has not (hasn't) worked Ona nije radilaIt has not (hasn't) worked Ono nije radilo

    12

  • Mnoina (plural)We have not (haven't) worked Mi nismo radiliYou have not (haven't) worked Vi niste radiliThey have not (haven't) worked Oni nisu radili

    Upotreba:

    Sadanje svreno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se koristi za: Radnju koja je upravo zavrena, te se stoga uz njega esto nalazi vremenska

    odrednica just (upravo)

    She has just gone out. (Ona je upravo izala.)

    Radnju koja se desila u prolosti u neko neodreeno vreme

    I have travelled to America. (Putovao sam u Ameriku.)

    Prolu radnju koja ima vidljive rezultate (posledice) u sadanjosti

    The lift has broken down. We have to use the stairs. (Lift se pokvario. Moramo da idemo stepenicama.)I have washed the car. It looks lovely. (Oprao sam kola. Izgledaju odlino.)

    Radnju koja se desila u prolosti ali je mogue da se ponovi u sadanjosti

    I have seen wolves in that forest. You can still see them sometimes. (Video sam vukove u toj umi. Jo uvek ih ponekad moe videti.)

    Radnju koja se deava u nezavrenom vremenskom perioduVremenski period koji traje esto je oznaen sa today, this morning / afternoon / evening / week / month / year / century, recently, lately...

    I haven't seen him today. (Nisam ga danas video.)He has had a lot of bad luck recently. (U poslednje vreme nije imao mnogo sree.)

    U ovom znaenju esto se javljaju i prilozi ever i never da oznae ivotna iskustva subjekta.He has never eaten Chinese food. (On nikada nije jeo kinesku hranu.)

    Radnju koja je poela u prolosti i jo uvek traje. U tom smislu se koriste for i since.

    For se koristi da oznai vremenski period u kojem radnja traje.We have lived here for 10 years. (ivimo ovde ve 10 godina.)

    Since oznaava trenutak kada je radnja poela.They have been friends since their schooldays. (Oni su prijatelji jo od kolskih dana.)

    13

  • THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (SADANJE SVRENO TRAJNO VREME)

    Sadanje svreno trajno vreme (present perfect continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u sadanjem svrenom vremenu (present perfect tense), tj. have/has been i sadanjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I have been working Ja sam radioYou have been working Ti si radioHe has been working On je radioShe has been working Ona je radilaIt has been working Ono je radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We have been working Mi smo radiliYou have been working Vi ste radiliThey have been working Oni su radili

    Upitni oblik glagola u sadanjem svrenom trajnom vremenu (present perfect continuous tense-u) se gradi kao upitni oblik present perfect simple tense-a tj. inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomonog glagola TO HAVE i line zamenice.

    Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular)Have I been working? Da li sam ja radio?Have you been working? Da li si ti radio?Has he been working? Da li je on radio?Has she been working? Da li je ona radila?Has it been working? Da li je ono radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Have we been working? Da li smo mi radili?Have you been working? Da li ste vi radili?Have they been working? Da li su oni radili?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Have I been working? Yes, I have / No, I haven`t.Have you been working? Yes, you have / No, you havent. Has he been working? Yes, he has / No, he hasn`t.Has she been working? Yes, she has/ No, she hasn`t.Has it been working? Yes, it has / No, it hasn`t.

    14

  • Have we been working? - Yes, we have / No, we haven`t.Have you been working? Yes, you have / No, you havent.Have they been working? Yes, they have / No, they havent.

    Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where have I been working? Gde sam ja radio?Where have you been working? Gde si ti radio?Where has he been working? Gde je on radio?Where has she been working? Gde je ona radila?Where has it been working? Gde je ono radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Where have we been working? Gde smo mi radili?Where have you been working? Gde ste vi radili?Where have they been working? Gde su oni radili?

    Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika glagola TO BE u sadanjem svrenom vremenu i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola.

    Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I have not (haven`t) been working Ja nisam radioYou have not (haven`t) been working Ti nisi radioHe has not (hasn`t) been working On nije radioShe has not (hasn`t) been working Ona nije radilaIt has not (hasn`t) been working Ono nije radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We have not (haven`t) been working Mi nismo radiliYou have not (haven`t) been working Vi niste radiliThey have not (haven`t) been working Oni nisu radili

    Upotreba:

    Sadanje svreno trajno vreme se koristi za:

    Radnju koja je zapoeta u prolosti, jo uvek traje i moe se nastaviti u budunosti

    She has been learning English for three years. (Ona ui engleski ve tri godine.)

    U ovom kontekstu koristimo priloge for i since.For oznaava ukupan vremenski period trajanja radnje.

    I have been swimming for an hour. (Plivam ve sat vremena.)

    Since oznaava poetak deavanja radnje.

    15

  • I have been living here since 1998. (ivim ovde od 1998.)

    Radnju koja se do skoro deavala i ostavila jasne posledice u sadanjosti

    It has been raining. The ground is still wet. (Padala je kia. Zemlja je jo mokra.)

    Napomena: Kao to se iz prethodnih primera moe videti, sadanje svreno trajno vreme se moe prevesti i sadanjim vremenom, u zavisnosti od konteksta.

    PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

    Sadanje svreno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u neodreenom trenutku u prolosti i gde je jasno naznaeno da je radnja zavrena. Tako je pri upotrebi sadanjeg svrenog vremena (present perfect tense) subjekat vie zainteresovan za rezultat radnje.

    Mary has bought a new car. (Meri je kupila novi auto.)I have broken my leg. (Slomila sam nogu.)

    Present perfect continuous tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama za koje nismo sasvim sigurni da su zavrene.Ovim vremenom istiemo da smo vie zainteresovani za duinu trajanja radnje nego posledice koje ona ostavlja.

    He has been working for the same company since 1990. (On radi za istu kompaniju od 1990. godine.)I have been talking to my sister for more than two hours. (Razgovarala sam sa svojom sestrom vie od dva sata.)

    Tako se present perfect simple koristi uz how much i how many, a present perfect continuous tense uz how long.

    How many cakes have you made? (Koliko si kolaa napravila?)How much sugar have you bought? (Koliko si eera kupio?)How lon have you been making cakes? (Koliko dugo pravi kolae?)

    Razlika postoji i u primerima:I have read the book. You can have it back. (Proitala sam knjigu. Moe je uzeti natrag.)I have been reading the book, so you can't have it back. (itam knjigu, pa je ne moe uzeti natrag.)

    U prvoj reenici radnja je zavrena dok u drugoj nije.

    16

  • U nekim sluajevima oba vremena se mogu koristiti sa istim znaenjem. esto sa glagolima LIVE i WORK.

    I have been working for this company for 5 years. (Radim za ovu kompaniju ve 5 godina.)I have worked for this company for 5 years. (Radim za ovu kompaniju ve 5 godina.)

    I've been living in London since 1997. (ivim u Londonu od 1997.-e.)I've lived in London since 1997. (ivim u Londonu od 1997.-e.)

    U sluajevima kada je duina trajanja radnje naglaena, koristiemo sadanje svreno trajno vreme.

    I have been working here for ages. (Radim ovde ve godinama.)

    ADJECTIVE PLACEMENT (REDOSLED PRIDEVA U SINTAGMAMA)

    Kada u engleskom jeziku koristimo vie prideva da opiemo neku imenicu, potrebno je da ti pridevi imaju odreeni redosled.

    U tabeli u nastavku je prikazan redosled prideva.

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9miljene veliina starost oblik boja poreklo materijal svrha imenica

    Napomena: Obino se ispred imenice koristi najvie tri prideva.

    U nastavku su primeri koji se odnose na odgovrajui raspored prideva na osnovu gore navedene tabele.Izmeu prideva se ne nalaze zarezi.

    A wonderful old Italian clock. (1, 3, 6, 9)(Divan stari italijanski sat.) A big square blue box. (2, 4, 5, 9) (Velika kockasta plava kutija.)A disgusting red plastic ornament. (1, 5, 7, 9) (Odvratni crveni plastini ukras.)Old black riding boots. (2, 5, 8, 9)(Stare crne izme za jahanje.)

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  • ADJECTIVES AS NOUNS (PRIDEVI U FUNKCIJI IMENICA)

    Odreeni lan the se koristi sa pridevima koji oznaavaju pripadnost naciji i koji se zavravaju sa sh, -ch, -ss,

    -ese. Ovi pridevi nemaju nastavak za mnoinu.The Japanese are hard-working. (Japanci su vredni.)The English are cold. (Englezi su hladni.)

    Nacionalnosti koje se zavravaju sa an i jo neke kao to su Greek i Thai, imaju funkciju i imenice i prideva. Kada se govori o narodu iz tih zemalja moe se koristiti mnoina.

    The Greeks are warm people. (Grci su topli ljudi.)The Italians are beautiful. (Italijani su lepi.)

    Kod nekih nacionalnosti postoji i pridev i imenica za oznaavanje nacionalnosti.

    Primeri:Turkish, a TurkPolish, a PoleShe is Turkish. -pridev (Ona je turske nacionalnosti.)She is a Turk . -imenica (Ona je Turkinja.)

    Takoe je mogua konstrukcija:She is a Turkish woman. -imenica (Ona je Turkinja.)

    Napomena:Kada elite da kaete da je neko, na primer, Englez ili Engleskinja, onda je potrebno da koristite dodatnu odrednicu man ili woman. U tom sluaju ne zaboravite neodreeni lan.He is an English man. (On je Englez.)She is a Japanese woman. (Ona je Japanka.)

    THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE OF THE VERB TO BE(PROLO PROSTO VREME GLAGOLA TO BE)

    Potvrdni oblik glagol TO BE (biti) u prostom prolom vremenu glasi:

    Jednina (singular) I was Ja sam bioYou were Ti si bioHe was On je bioShe was Ona je bilaIt was Ono je bilo

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  • Mnoina (plural)We were Mi smo biliYou were Vi ste biliThey were Oni su bili

    I was at the theatre last night. (Ja sam sino bio u pozoritu.)My sister and her best friend were in London three years ago. (Moja sestra i njen najbolji prijatelj su pre tri godine bili u Londonu.)David was in Sarajevo last summer. (Dejvid je bio u Sarajevu prolog leta.)

    Upitni oblik glagola TO BE u Simple Past Tense-u se gradi inverzijom glagola TO BE i line zamenice.

    Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular) Was I? Da li sam ja bio?Were you? Da li si ti bio?Was he? Da li je on bio?Was she? Da li je ona bila?Was it? Da li ono bilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Were we? Da li smo mi bili?Were you? Da li ste vi bili?Were they? Da li su oni bili?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Was I? Yes, I was / No, I wasntWere you? Yes, you were / No, you werentWas he? Yes, he was / No, he wasntWas she? Yes, she was / No, she wasntWas it? Yes, it was / No, it wasnt

    Were we? Yes, we were / No, we werent Were you? Yes, you were / No, you werent Were they? Yes, they were / No, they werent

    Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where was I? Gde sam ja bio?Where were you? Gde si ti bio?

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  • Where was he? Gde je on bio?Where was she? Gde je ona bila?Where was it? Gde je ono bilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Where were we? Gde smo i bili?Where were you? Gde ste vi bili?Where were you? Gde su oni bili?

    Were you at home last night? (Da li si sino bio kod kue?)Were your parents in Belgrade last summer? (Da li su tvoji roditelji bili u Beogradu prolog leta?)Was I clear? (Da li sam bio jasan?)Where were Marko and Sandra three days ago? (Gde su bili Marko i Sandra pre tri dana?)Why was he here? (Zato je on bio ovde?)

    Odrini oblik glagola TO BE u Past Simple Tense-u (prolom prostom vremenu) glasi:

    Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I was not (wasn't) Ja nisam bioYou were not (weren't) Ti nisi bioHe was not (wasn't) On nije bioShe was not (wasn't) Ona nije bilaIt was not (wasn't) Ono nije bilo

    Mnoina (plural)We were not (weren't) Mi nismo biliYou were not (weren't) Vi niste biliThey were not (weren't) Oni nisu bili

    My father wasn't here yesterday. (Moj otac jue nije bio ovde.)Her sister and John weren't in Madrid last summer. (Njen sestra i Don nisu bili u Madridu prolog leta.)Sandra wasn't happy when she was a child. (Sandra nije bila srena kada je bila dete.)I wasn't ill yesterday. (Jue nisam bio bolestan.)

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  • THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (PROSTO PROLO VREME)

    Prosto prolo vreme (simple past tense) pravilnih glagola se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez to) i nastavka ed.

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I worked Ja sam radioYou worked Ti si radioHe worked On je radioShe worked Ona je radilaIt worked Ono je radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We worked Mi smo radiliYou worked Vi ste radiliThey worked Oni su radili

    Ako se infinitiv glagola zavrava na e, nastavak glasi d Primer:He closed (close zatvoriti)

    Ako se glagol zavrava na y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, y prelazi u i. Primer:He cried (cry -plakati)

    Ako je ispred y samoglasnik, nema promene.She played (play igrati)He stayed (stay ostati)

    Ukoliko se infinitiv zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred koga je kratak, naglaen samoglasnik, taj krajnji suglasnik se udvostruava pred nastavkom za prosto prolo vreme.plan planned (planirati)stop stopped (zaustaviti)

    Nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike za prolo vreme i oni se ue napamet.

    Upitni oblik glagola u prostom prolom vremenu se gradi od pomonog glagola do u prolom vremenu koji glasi did i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

    Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular) Did I work? Da li sam ja radio?Did you work? Da li si ti radio?Did he work? Da li je on radio?Did she work? Da li je ona radila?Did it work? Da li je ono radilo?

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  • Mnoina (plural)Did we work? Da li smo mi radili?Did you work? Da li ste vi radili?Did they work? Da li su oni radili?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Did I work? Yes, I did / No, I didntDid you work? Yes, you did / No, you didnt. Did he work? Yes, he did / No, he didntDid she work? Yes, she did / No, she didntDid it work? Yes, it did / No, it didnt

    Did we work? Yes, we did / No, we didnt Did you work? Yes you did / No, you didntDid they work? Yes, they did / No, they didnt

    Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where did I work? Gde sam ja radio?Where did you work? Gde si ti radio?Where did he work? Gde je on radio?Where did she work? Gde je ona radila?Where did it work? Gde ono radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Where did we work? Gde smo mi radili?Where did you work? Gde ste vi radili?Where did they work? Gde su oni radili?

    Nepravilni glagoli grade upitni oblik na isti nain.

    Subjekatska i objekatska pitanja (Subject and object questions)

    Kada se upitna re odnosi na subjekat reenice koja je odgovor na postavljeno pitanje, glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku. Ovakvo pitanje se naziva subjekatsko.

    Kod reenice:Who called you? (Ko te je pozvao?) odgovor na pitanje glasiJohn called me. Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je John, to je subjekat reenice.

    Kod reenice:Who did you call last night? (Koga si pozvao sino?) odgovor na pitanje glasiI called Robert last night.Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je Robert, to je objekat reenice.

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  • Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika pomonog glagola do u prolom vremenu i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

    Odrini oblik

    Nepravilni glagoli grade odrini oblik na isti nain.

    Jednina (singular)I did not (didn't) work Ja nisam radioYou did not (didn't) work Ti nisi radioHe did not (didn't) work On nije radioShe did not (didn't) work Ona nije radilaIt did not (didn't) work Ono nije radilo Mnoina (plural)We did not (didn't) work Mi nismo radiliYou did not (didn't) work Vi niste radiliThey did not (didn't) work Oni nisu radili

    Upotreba:

    Prosto prolo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je zavrena u prolosti. Karakteristine vremenske odrednice uz koje se upotrebljava su:

    Yesterday jue, the day before yesterday prekjue, two years ago pre dve godine, three hours ago pre tri sata, last Monday prolog ponedeljka, last year prole godine, in 1977 1977.-e i sl.

    I worked in a shop last year. (Radio sam u prodavnici prole godine.)My brother finished his homework an hour ago. (Moj brat je zavrio domai pre sat vremena.)Last week we decided to buy a new house. (Prole nedelje smo odluili da kupimo novu kuu.)Sandra closed the window a few minutwes ago. (Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre nekoliko minuta.)My father built this house in 1997. (Moj otac je sagradio ovu kuu 1997.-e)The day before yesterday Marko bought a nice hat. (Prekjue je Marko kupio lep eir.)

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  • THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROLO TRAJNO VREME)

    Prolo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostom prolom vremenu, tj. was/were i sadanjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola.

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I was working Ja sam radioYou were working Ti si radioHe was working On je radioShe was working Ona je radilaIt was working Ono je radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We were working Mi smo radiliYou were working Vi ste radiliThey were working Oni su radili

    Upitni oblik glagola u prolom trajnom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomonog glagola TO BE (u prolom vremenu) i line zamenice.

    Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular) Was I working? Da li sam ja radio?Were you working? Da li si ti radio?Was he working? Da li je on radio?Was she working? Da li je ona radila?Was it working? Da li je ono radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Were we working? Da li smo mi radili?Were you working? Da li ste vi radili?Were they working? Da li su oni radili?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Was I working? Yes, I was / No, I wasnt Were you working ? Yes, you were / No, you werent Was he working? Yes, he was / No, he wasntWas she working? Yes, she was / No, she wasntWas it working? Yes, it was / No, it wasnt

    Were we working? Yes, we were / No, we werentWere you working? Yes, you were / No, you werent Were they working? Yes, they were / No, they werent

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  • Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where was I working? Gde sam ja radio?Where were you working? Gde si ti radio?Where was he working? Gde je on radio?Where was she working? Gde je ona radila?Where was it working? Gde je ono radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Where were we working? Gde smo mi radili?Where were you working? Gde ste vi radili?Where were they working? Gde su oni radili?

    Odrini oblik prolog trajnog vremena se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagola TO BE u prolom vremenu i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola.

    Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I was not (I wasn't) working Ja nisam radioYou were not (weren't) working Ti nisi radioHe was not (wasn't) working On nije radioShe was not (wasn't) working Ona nije radilaIt was not (wasn't) working Ono nije radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We were not (weren't) working Mi nismo radiliYou were not (weren't) working Vi niste radiliThey were not (weren't) working Oni nisu radili

    Upotreba:

    Prolo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se koristi za:

    Radnju koja je trajala due vreme u prolosti

    She was reading a book all day yesterday. (Ona je ceo dan jue itala knjigu.)

    Dve radnje koje su se u prolom vremenu paralelno deavale

    While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework. (Dok sam ja gledao TV, moja sestra je radila svoj domai.)

    Prolu radnju koja je due trajala a prekinuta je nekom drugom prolom radnjom. Ta druga radnja se obino izraava prostim prolim vremenom (past simple tense):

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  • I was watching TV when the telephone rang. (Ja sam gledao TV kada je telefon zazvonio.)When we arrived they were playing cards. (Kada smo stigli oni su igrali karte.)

    Napomena: Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u Past Continuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obino koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u.

    ADVERBS (PRILOZI)

    Prilozi su rei koje blie odreuju glagole, prideve i druge priloge, tj. oni objanjavaju kako se neto radi, odnosno na koji nain se obavlja neka radnja.

    Postoje razne vrste priloga, mi emo se ovde baviti prilozima koji se grade od prideva. Naime, najvei broj priloga se gradi tako to se na osnovu prideva doda nastavak ly.

    quick + -ly = quickly (brzo)slow + -ly = slowly (sporo)clear + -ly = clearly (jasno)kind + -ly = kindly (ljubazno)careful + -ly = carefully (paljivo)beautiful + -ly = beautifully (lepo)

    Pridevi koji se zavravaju na y, menjaju y u i.easy + -ly = easily (lako)happy + -ly = happily (sreno)angry + -ly = angrily (ljuto)

    Pridevi koji zavravaju na le, gube krajnje e, i dodaje im se samo y.gentle + -y = gently (neno)comfortable + -y = comfortably (udobno)

    Neki prilozi imaju potpuno isti oblik kao pridevi. Takvi su sledei prlozi:fast (brzo)hard (teko, jako)late (kasno)early (rano)

    Postoje prilozi hardly i lately, ali oni imaju drugo znaenje.hardly (jedva)lately (u poslednje vreme)

    Prilog koji odgvara pridevu good (dobar) je nepravilan i glasi well.

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  • Primeri:She sang beautifully last night. (Ona je sino lepo pevala.)He speaks English well. (On dobro govori engleski.)They ran quickly. (Oni su brzo trali.)Please, talk slowly. (Molim vas, govorite sporo.)He always drives very fast . (On uvek vozi veoma brzo.)

    Prilozi se najee nalaze na kraju reenice. Prilozi stoje iza direktnog objekta, ako on postoji, inae posle glagola postoji sledei redosled: prilog za nain (manner), prilog za mesto (place), prilog za vreme (time)

    I didn't feel well at work yesterday morning. (Nisam se oseala dobro na poslu jue ujutru.)Well je prilog za nain, at work za mesto, a yesterday morning za vreme.

    Ako u jednoj reenici postoji vie priloga za vreme, na prvo mesto dolazi onaj koji pokazuje blie vreme.The next class is at 9 oclock, on Monday, April 27th. (Sledei as je u 9 sati ,ponedeljak, 27.-og aprila.)

    THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (DAVNO PROLO PROSTO VREME)

    Davno prolo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se gradi od pomonog glagola TO HAVE prolom prostom vremenu (past simple tense-u), tj. had i prolog participa glavnog glagola.

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I had (Id) worked Ja sam bio radioYou had (Youd) worked Ti si bio radioHe had worked (Hed) On je bio radioShe had worked (Shed) Ona je bila radilaIt had worked (Itd) Ono bilo je radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We had (Wed) worked Mi smo bili radiliYou had (Youd) worked Vi ste bili radiliThey had (Theyd) worked Oni su bili radili

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  • Jednina (singular) I had (Id) slept Ja sam bio spavaoYou had (Youd) slept Ti si bio spavaoHe had (Hed) slept On je bio spavaoShe had (Shed) slept Ona je bila spavalaIt had (Itd) slept Ono je bilo spavalo

    Mnoina (plural)We had (Wed) slept Mi smo bili spavaliYou had (Youd)slept Vi ste bili spavaliThey had (Theyd) slept Oni su bili spavali

    Upitni oblik glagola u davnom prolom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomonog glagola TO HAVE (u prolom vremenu) i line zamenice.

    Upitni oblik

    Jednina (singular) Had I worked? Da li sam ja bio radio?Had you worked? Da li si ti bio radio?Had he worked? Da li je on bio radio?Had she worked? Da li je ona bila radila?Had it worked? Da li je ono bilo radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Had we worked? Da li smo mi bili radili?Had you worked? Da li vi ste bili radili?Had they worked? Da li su oni bili radili?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Had I worked? Yes, I had / No, I hadn'tHad you worked? Yes, you had / No, you hadn'tHad he worked? Yes, he had / No, he hadn'tHad she worked? Yes, she had / No, she hadn'tHad it worked? Yes, it had / No, it hadn't

    Had we worked? - Yes, we had / No, we hadn'tHad you worked? Yes, you had / No, we hadn't Had they worked? Yes, they had / No, they hadn't

    Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where had I worked? Gde sam ja bio radio?Where had you worked? Gde si ti bio radio?Where had he worked? Gde je on bio radio?

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  • Where had she worked? Gde je ona bila radila?Where had it worked? Gde je ono bilo radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Where had we worked? -Gde smo mi bili radili?Where had you worked? Gde ste vi bili radili?Where had they worked? Gde su oni bili radili?

    Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika prolog vremena glagola have i prolog participa glavnog glagola.

    Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I had not (hadn't ) worked Ja nisam bio radioYou had not (hadn't) worked Ti nisi bio radioHe had not (hadn't) worked On nije bio radioShe had not (hadn't) worked Ona nije bila radilaIt had not (hadn't) worked Ono nije bilo radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We had not (hadn't) worked Mi nismo bili radiliYou had not (hadn't) worked Vi niste bili radiliThey had not (hadn't) worked Oni nisu bili radili

    Upotreba:

    Davno prolo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se upotrebljava za:

    Radnju koja se zavrila pre neke druge prole radnje

    She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. (Odjednom je shvatila da je izgubila foto aparat.)

    Ovo vreme se upotrebljava u zavisnim reenicama uz after. Takoe se mogu pojaviti i prilozi when i because

    After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. (Poto smo se popeli na vrh poeli smo da oseamo umor.)His friend tried to help him after he had lost all his money. (Prijatelji su pokuali da mu pomognu nakon to je izgubio sav svoj novac.)When he had finished his homework, he went to play. (Kada je zavrio domai, izaao je da se igra.)Because he'd spent so much, he had very little money. (Poto je bio potroio toliko, imao je vrlo malo novca.)

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  • THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (DAVNO PROLO TRAJNO VREME)

    Davno prolo trajno vreme (past perfect continuous tense) se gradi od glagola HAVE u past perfect tense-u i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola.

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I had (Id) been working Ja sam bio radioYou had (Youd) been working Ti si bio radioHe had been working (Hed) On je bio radioShe had been working (Shed) Ona je bila radilaIt had been working (Itd) Ono bilo je radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We had been working (Wed) Mi smo bili radiliYou had been working (Youd) Vi ste bili radiliThey had been working (Theyd) Oni su bili radili

    Upitni oblik

    Upitni oblik glagola u sadanjem svrenom trajnom vremenu se gradi upitnim oblikom glagola TO HAVE (u past perfect simple tense-u).

    Jednina (singular) Had I been working? Da li sam ja bio radio?Had you been working? Da li si ti bio radio?Had he been working? Da li je on bio radio?Had she been working? Da li je ona bila radila?Had it been working? Da li je ono bilo radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Had we been working? Da li smo mi bili radili?Had you been working? Da li vi ste bili radili?Had they been working? Da li su oni bili radili?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Had I been working? Yes, I had / No, I hadntHad you been working? Yes, you had / No, you hadntHad he been working? Yes, he had / No, he hadntHad she been working? Yes, she had/ No, she hadnt .Had it been working? Yes, it had / No, it hadnt

    Had we been working? - Yes, we had / No, we hadntHad you been working? Yes, you had / No, we hadntHad they been working? Yes, they had / No, they hadnt

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  • Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where had I been working? Gde sam ja bio radio?Where had you been working? Gde si ti bio radio?Where had he been working? Gde je on bio radio?Where had she been working? Gde je ona bila radila?Where had it been working? Gde je ono bilo radilo?

    Mnoina (plural)Where had we been working? Gde smo mi bili radili?Where had you been working? Gde ste vi bili radili?Where had they been working? Gde su oni bili radili?

    Odrini oblik

    Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika HAVE u davnom prolom vremenu i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola.

    Jednina (singular) I had not (hadnt ) been working Ja nisam bio radioYou had not (hadnt) been working Ti nisi bio radioHe had not (hadnt) been working On nije bio radioShe had not (hadnt) been working Ona nije bila radilaIt had not (hadnt) been working Ono nije bilo radilo

    Mnoina (plural)We had not (hadnt) been working Mi nismo bili radiliYou had not (hadnt) been working Vi niste bili radiliThey had not (hadnt) been working Oni nisu bili radili

    Upotreba:

    Davno prolo trajno vreme se upotrebljava za radnju koja je trajala do nekog trenutka u prolosti. Tako se ne naglaava da je radnja zavrena nego se potencira njeno trajanje

    esto se uz ovo vreme koriste for i since

    When we came Sally had been waiting for half an hour. (Kad smo mi stigli, Seli je ekala ve pola sata.)When I called on him he had been reading for a while. (Kada sam ga posetio, on je itao ve neko vreme.)

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  • PAST MODAL VERBS (PROLI MODALI)

    Modalni glagoli se mogu kombinovati sa prolim infinitivom (perfect infinitive). Proli infinitiv se gradi od glagola HAVE i prolog participa glavnog glagola npr. have been, have taken, have gone

    Should (ili shouldnt) u kombinaciji sa prolim infinitivom oznaava radnju koja je u prolosti bila pogrena ili zbog koje se subjekt kaje.

    I should have listened to your advice. (Trebalo je da posluam tvoj savet.)She shouldnt have given up her job. (Nije trebalo da da otkaz na poslu.)

    Shouldnt se esto koristi za kritikovanje nekoga.You shouldnt have worn that dress in the street. (Nije trebalo da nosi tu haljinu na ulici.)

    Modalni glagoli may, might i could se kombinuju sa prolim infinitivom kada govorimo o tome da se neto moda desilo u prolosti.

    The child might have imagined the situation. (Dete je moda izmislilo situaciju.)I might have done the right thing. (Moda sam uinila pravu stvar.)They could have played a trick on you. (Moda su te prevarili.)

    Must i cant se koriste uz proli infinitiv kada govorimo o tome da se neto sigurno desilo ili se sigurno nije desilo u prolosti.

    She must have been terrified. (Mora da je bila preplaena.)Robert cant have spoken to Mr. Markovi. He doesnt know a word of Serbian. (Robert sigurno nije razgovarao sa gospodinom Markoviem. On ne zna ni re srpskog.)

    VERBS OF THE SENSES (GLAGOLI ULA)

    Glagoli ula su:LookFeelSmellSoundTasteSeem

    Look, feel, smell, sound, taste+pridev (adjective)He looks nice. (On izgleda lepo.)It smells great. (Divno mirie.)We sound bad. (Zvuimo loe.)

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  • Look, feel, smell, sound, taste like+imenica (noun)They look like businessmen. (Oni izgledaju kao biznismeni.)It feels like cotton. (Poput pamuka je.)She looks like a famous person. (Ona izgleda kao slavna linost.)

    Look, feel, smell, sound, taste as if+glagol (verb)He looks as if he had too much food. (Izgleda kao da se prejeo.)It sounds as if someone is knocking on the door. (Zvui kao da neko kuca na vratima.)It sounds as if it is raining. (Zvui kao da pada kia.)

    Feel like znai eleti ili biti raspoloen za neto.Primer: I dont feel like going out. (Nisam raspoloen za izlazak.)

    VERB PATTERNS (SLAGANJE GLAGOLA)

    Posle odreenih glagola, glagolski oblici koji slede imaju ing nastavak (gerund). Takvi glagoli su:

    enjoy, cant stand, mind, detest, consider, risk, continue, suggest

    I enjoy dancing.I dont mind getting up.Marijana suggested going to the cinema.

    Posle odreenih glagola koristi se to + infinitive. Takvi glagoli su:

    want, hope, plan, need, expect, promise, offer, decide, refuse, try, forget, learn, would like, would love, would prefer, would hate, (can) afford, manage, arrange, agree

    What do you want to do this evening?Its not very late. We dont need to go home yet.I tried to read my book but I was too tired.Id love to go to Australia.Would you like to sit down? No, Id prefer to stand, thank you.

    Glagoli iza kojih mogu da se koriste glagol sa zavretkom ing ili to + infinitive:

    love, like, prefer, hate

    Za radnju koja se vri iz zadovoljstva, koristi se nastavak -ING tj. gerund:She likes going shopping. (Ona voli da kupuje.)

    U odreenoj prilici, tj. kad je ideja iz nekog razloga dobra, iza ovih glagola bi trebalo upotrebiti to + infinitiv:I like to go shopping on Mondays. (Volim da kupujem ponedeljkom.)

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  • Meutim, esto ne postoji nikakava razlika:

    Ana likes dancing. (Ana voli da plee.) ili Ana likes to dance. (Ana voli da plee.)I prefer travelling by car. ili I prefer to travel by car.(Vie volim da putujem kolima.) (Vie volim da putujem kolima.)I hate being late. (Mrzim da kasnim.) ili I hate to be late. (Mrzim da kasnim.)

    Neki glagoli menjaju znaenje u zavisnosti od toga da li su praeni infinitivom sa to ili -ing formom glagola.

    STOPHe stopped smoking. (Prestao je da pui.)He stopped to smoke. (Zastao je da zapali cigaretu.)

    REMEMBERI clearly remember locking the door. (Jasno se seam da sam zakljuao vrata.)I remembered to lock the door when I left. (Setio sam se da zakljuam vrata kad sam izaao.)

    REGRETI regret saying bad news to him. (ao mi je to sam mu rekla loe vesti.)I regret to say this to you but I dont have a choice. (ao mi je to moram ovo da ti kaem, ali nemam izbora.)

    GO ONThe minister went on talking about the price boom. (Ministar je nastavio da pria o skoku cena.) - nastavak iste stvariAfter discussing the economic problems, he went on to talk about trade. (Nakon diskusije o ekonomskim problemima, nastavio je priom o trgovini.) - nastavak neim novim

    TRYShe tried to keep her eyes open but she couldnt. (Pokuala je dri oi otvorene, ali nije mogla.) - pokuati netoIf you dont like the taste of cauliflower, try cooking it with beaf. (Ako ne voli ukus karfiola, pokuaj da ga kuva sa junetinom.) - pokuati neto novo, eksperiment ili test

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  • ARTICLES (LANOVI)

    THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (NEODREENI LAN)

    Neodreeni lan (indefinite article) a/an se ispred imenica koje poinju suglasnikom ita/ / dok se ispred imenica koje poinju samoglasnikom ita kao / n /.a boy / boi /an egg / n eg /

    Treba obratiti panju da pri tom je vaan izgovor tako da se pie an hour, zato to se h ne izgovara. Kod fraze a yellow car, koristi se a zato to se y izgovara kao j.

    Neodreeni lan se koristi da oznai lice ili stvar koje ne poznajemo ili koje po prvi put pominjemo. Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava iskljuivo sa imenicama u jednini.

    There is a boy in the street. (Neki deak se nalazi na ulici.)She put an apple on the table. (Stavila je jabuku na sto.)

    Neodreeni lan se koristi ispred zajednikih imenica da oznai celu vrstu.A rose is a flower. (Rua je cvet.)A dog is a faithful animal. (Pas je verna ivotinja.)

    Neodreeni lan se koristi ispred imenskog dela predikata.I am a student. (Ja sam student.)The ugly duckling became a beautiful swan. (Runo pae je postalo prelepi labud.)

    Neodreeni lan se koristi kod odreenih izraza.What a lovely dress! (Kakva divna haljina!)What a pity! (Kakva teta!)What a beautiful girl! (Kako lepa devojka!)She is such an actress! (Ona je takva glumica!)Have a nice trip! (Srean put!)

    DEFINITE ARTICLE (ODREENI LAN)

    Odreeni lan (definite article) the se isped imenica koje poinju suglasnikom izgovara kao/ / dok se ispred imenica koje poinju samoglasnikom odreeni lan ita kao / i: /

    the book / buk /the eyes / i: z /

    Odreeni lan se koristi za opisivanje odreenih, poznatih lica i stvari.The man you met is my friend. (ovek kog si upoznao je moj prijatelj.)The book on the table is mine. (Knjiga na stolu je moja.)

    Odreeni lan se koristi ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva.She is the prettiest girl in the class. (Ona je najlepa devojka u razredu.)The first act of the play was the best. (Prvi in drame je bio najbolji.)

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  • Odreeni lan se koristi da oznai pojmove od kojih samo jedan postoji na svetu.the earththe pastthe sunthe weather

    Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena reka, mora, okeana, planinskih venaca, pustinja, poluostrva, grupe ostvra

    the Savathe Adriatic seathe Atlanticthe Alpsthe Tatra Mountainsthe Saharathe Iberian Peninsulathe Caribbean

    Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena pripadnika narodnosti da oznai celu naciju.the Frenchthe Swiss

    Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena javnih zgrada i institucija (hotela, muzeja, galerija, pozorita, bioskopa) u gradu.

    the Odeon Cinemathe National Museumthe Modern Art Gallerythe Globe Theatre

    Odreeni lan se koristi ispred naziva instrumenata.She plays the guitar. (Ona svira gitaru)

    Odreeni lan se koristi ispred naziva dnevnih novina.the Guardian, the Blic

    Odreeni lan se koristi ispred naziva zemalja u mnoini, onih zemalja koje u nazivu sadre re republika ili su skup vie celina.

    the United States of Americathe Netherlandsthe United Kingdomthe Czech Republic

    Odreeni lan se koristi ispred poimenienih prideva.The old do not have a place in our society.The government needs to create more jobs for the unemployed.

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  • NO ARTICLE (IZOSTAVLJANE LANA)

    lan se ne koristi:

    Sa imenicama u mnoini i nebrojivim imenicama kada govorimo uopteno o neemuApples are very good for your health.We drink coffee and tea.

    Ispred imena jezika i obrokaShe speaks French. We had lunch with John.

    Ispred imena igara i sportovaMarko plays chess very well. Many people like playing basketball.

    Ispred linih imena i imena gradova, dravaMartin likes swimming.France is a beautiful country.I live in New York.

    Ispred pojedinanih planina i jezeraMount KilimanjaroLake Victoria

    Ispred naziva mostova, ulica, parkova, trgova, bolnicaLondon BridgeHyde ParkTrafalgar SquareMemorial HospitalBrown Street

    Ispred nedeljnih i mesenih asopisaTime, Vouge

    Ispred naziva kolskih predmetaMathematicsBiology

    U mnogim uobiajenim izrazimaBy day danju, po danuAt night nouAt home kod kueAt work na posluIn bed u krevetuBy car kolimaAt present -trenutno

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  • Obratite panju na sledee: Ako govorite o jeziku bez rei language onda se lan ne stavlja ispred jezika, a ako

    se koristi re language onda se stavlja odreeni lan.French is difficult.The French language is difficult.

    Odreeni lan moe da se koristi ispred nebrojivih ili apstraktnih imenica koje su dodatno odreene nekom frazom ili reenicom

    The coffee in my cup is too hot to drink.The Japanese he speaks is often heard in the countryside.The intelligence of animals is variable but undeniable.

    Postoje stvari koje se u engleskom jeziku kau sa lanom ili bez njega, a ne postoji lingvistiko objanjene zato je tako

    MankindThe human race

    COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (BROJIVE I NEBROJIVE IMENICE)

    U engleskom jeziku neke imenice su nebrojive iako su u drugim jezicima brojive. Ovo je lista najee korienih nebrojivih imenica. One uvek zahtevaju glagol u jednini, nemaju mnoinu i ispred njih se ne moe koristiti a/an.

    AccommodationAdviceLuggageEquipmentFurnitureGarbageInformationKnowledgeMoneyNewsProgressResearchWork BehaviourMathematicsAthletics

    Kod nebrojivih imenica (posebno kad je hrana u pitanju) moe se izraziti mnoina uz pomo dodatnih odrednica. Te odrednice su brojive:

    water - a glass of waterequipment - a piece of equipmentinformation- a piece of informationcheese - a slice of cheesewine-a bottle of wine

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  • Neke imenice mogu biti i brojive i nebrojive, ali onda imaju razliito znaenje.

    Iron-gvoeAn iron peglaGlass-stakloA glass- aaLight-svetlostA light-lampaTime-vremeTwo times-dva puta

    Imenice u mnoini

    Belogings-pripadnostiClothes-garderobaJeans-farmerkeTrousers-pantaloneScissors-makaze

    Gorenavedene imenice nemaju jedninu. Koristi se glagol za mnoinu i ne mogu se koristiti sa a/an.Ako se predmeti sastoje dva dela (scissors, jeans) mogu se koristiti sa izrazom a pair, a onda je glagol u jednini (a pair of scissors is...)

    Ovo su primeri nekih izraza koji se mnogo smatrati i jedninom i mnoinom:choir, class, club, committee, family, government, jury, school, staff, team, union, the BBC, board of directors, the Conservative Party, Manchester United, the Ministry of Health

    Uz njih se mogu koristiti glagoli i u jednini i mnoini. Primeri:

    The team is playing tomorrow. (Tim igra sutra.)The team are playing tomorrow. (Tim igra sutra.)The staff was confused. (Osoblje je bilo zbunjeno.)The staff were confused. (Osoblje je bilo zbunjeno.)

    QUANTIFIERS (IZRAZI ZA KOLIINU, KVANTIFIKATORI)

    All ili all (of) the +imenica u mnoini All-opteAll (of) the-odreeno

    All people like music.All (of) the people in this room are workers.

    Everything, everybody, everyone +glagol u jedniniEverything is very nice.Everyone was here.

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  • Most ili most (of) the+imenica u mnoiniMost-opteMost (of) the-odreeno

    Most people live in cities.Most (of) the people in this class are women.

    None se koristi u kratkim odgovorima sa potvrdnim glagolima i ima ulogu zamenice.Is there any milk?There is none.

    Neither/nor (ni, niti) (glagoli reenici sa ovim odrednicama moraju biti u potvrdnom obliku)

    Either/or (ili, ili) They wanted to study either biology or history.Neither Marko nor Tanja wanted to go to the party. (glagol want je u potvrdnom obliku)

    WISH Ako se eli izraziti elja suprotna injeninom stanju stvari ili aljenje za neim koristi

    se glagol wish i iza njega odgovarajui oblik glavnog glagola. Umesto izraza WISH, moete koristiti izraz IF ONLY.

    Ako je elja vezana za sadanjost, taj glagol e biti u prostom prolom vremenu (past simple tense).

    I wish I had enough money to buy a new car. (Voleo bih da imam dovoljno novca da kupim novi auto.)I wish I didn't have to work. (Voleo bih da ne moram da radim.)If only I could learn to drive. (Voleo bih da nauim da vozim.)

    Glagol TO BE za sva lica glasi WEREI wish I were rich. (Voleo bih da sam bogat.)She wishes she were an actress. (Ona bi volela da je glumica.)If only I were smarter. (Voleo bih da sam pametniji.)

    Ako je elja vezana za prolost, koristi davno prolo vreme (past perfect tense)I wish I had done that. (Voleo bih da sam to uinio.)They wish they hadn't been there yesterday. (Oni bi voleli da jue nisu bili tamo.)If only I had finished in time. (Voleo bih da sam zavrio na vreme.)

    Ako se eli izraziti da vas neto nervira, onda koristite konstrukciju WISH+THING/PERSON+WOULD (nikada se ne kae I wish I would)

    I wish you would stop that. (Voleo bih da prestane s tim.)I wish those people wouldn t look at me so much. (Voleo bih da me ti ljudi ne gledaju toliko.)

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  • CLAUSES OF CONTRAST AND PURPOSE (SUPROTNE I NAMERNE REENICE)

    Although, even though, though-mada, meutim, pak, ipak

    Although i even though se mogu koristiti na poetku i u sredini reeniceAlthough the weather was terrible, we had a good time.We had a good time although the weather was terrible.

    Sa even though se izraava vei kontastHe went to work even though he was ill.

    Though moe da se koristi samo u sredini reenice, ali ne na poetkuI like Ann though she sometimes annoys me.

    Izrazi Despite i In spite of znae uprkos.In spite of/Despite+noun

    +gerund + the fact that+subject+verb

    In spite of/Despite his age, he is very fit.In spite of/Despite being 70, he is very fit.In spite of/Despite the fact that he is 70, he is very fit.

    To, in order to, so as to, so as not to se koriste da bi se opisala svrha neega.To+infinitiveIn oder to+infinitiveSo as to+infinitiveI went to the bank in order to

    to talk to my bank manager. so as to

    Takoe se moe koristitiSo that+subjekat+modal (can, could, would)I went to the bank so that I could take out some money.

    For+gerund, nounThis cloth is for cleaning.

    DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (ODREDBENE ODNOSNE REENICE) Odredbena odnosna reenica (defining relative clause) blie odreuje imenicu ili

    zamenicu na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne moe izostaviti jer bez nje reenica ili nema smisao ili ga menja.

    The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. (Policija je uhvatila lopova koji je ukrao dragulje) who stole the jewels je odredbena odnosna reenica (defining relative clause).

    Ove reenice poinju odnosnim zamenicama who, whose, whom, which, where, that.

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  • Kada govorimo o ljudima, koristimo who ili that.I talked to the man who won the race. IliI talked to the man that won the race. (Razgovarao sam sa ovekom koji je pobedio u trci.)

    Kada govorimo o stvarima ili ivotinjama koristimo which ili that.I liked the car which my father bought. IliI liked the car that my father bought. (Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.)

    Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his, her, their...) koristimo whose (iji, ija, ije)

    Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbouhood. (Marko je deak iji roditelji ive u naem kraju.)

    Kada govorimo gde se neto odralo ili deavalo onda koristimo zamenicu where (gde).

    I saw the building where you had your party. (Video sam zgradu gde ste priredili urku.)

    Odnosne zamenice who, that i which mogu biti subjekat ili objekat odnosne reenice.Npr.u reeniciI talked to the man who won the race, who je subjekatili u reeniciThat is the dog that attacked me, that je takodje subjekat reenice.Meutim, u reeniciThe letter which she sent me was nice, which je objekatIli u reeniciThe man that I met yesterday was very kind, that je takoe objekat

    Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat reenice ona se moe izostaviti.The man that I met yesterday was very kind = The man I met yesteday was very kind.The letter which she sent me was nice. = The letter she sent me was nice.

    NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (UMETNUTE ODNOSNE REENICE) Umetnuta odnosna reenica (Non-definig Relative Clause) daje dodatno obavetenje

    o glavnoj reenici koje nije bitno za znaenje reenice kao celine. Glavna reenica bi i bez nje imala smisla.

    Belgrade, which is the capital of Serbia, has about 2 million inhabitants. (Beograd, koji je glavni grad Srbije, ima oko 2 miliona stanovnika) which is the capital of Serbia je umetnuta odnosna reenica (non-defining relative clause) i odvaja se zarezima od glavne reenice.

    Odnosne reenice poinju odnosnim zamenicama who, which, whom, whose U umetnutim odnosnim reenicama za stvari i ivotinje, koristi se odnosna zamenica

    which (ali ne i that kao to je sluaj sa odredbenim odnosnim reenicama.)Mary gave the book, which she had already read, to her best friend. (Meri je knjigu, koju je ve bila proitala, dala svojoj najboljoj drugarici.)

    U umetnutim odnosnim reenicama za osobe koristimo odnosnu zamenicu who (ali ne i that kao to je sluaj u odredbenim odnosnim reenicama)

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  • Ivo Andric, who was born in Travnik, was a great writer. (Ivo Andri, koji je roen u Travniku, bio je veliki pisac.)

    U sluajevima kada je who objekat reenice, umesto njega se moe koristiti whom.Milan, whom I saw yesterday, is today in London. (Milan, koga sam jue video, je danas u Londonu.)Varijanta sa whoMilan, who I saw yesterday, is today in London. je manje formalna i ee se koristi.

    U znaenju njegov (his), njen (her), njihov (their) koristimo whose.

    Madonna, whose parents were born in Italy, is a famous American singer. (Madona, iji su roditelji roeni u Italiji, je poznata amerika pevaica.)

    Which se takoe moe odnositi ne samo na re iza koje stoji ve i na celu reenicu.

    She gave me her watch as a present, which was very nice of her. (Dala mi je svoj sat na poklon, to je bilo veoma lepo od nje.)

    THE PASSIVE VOICE (PASIV)

    Glagoli imaju dva stanja: AKTIV ili radno stanje i PASIV ili trpno stanje.

    Ako subjekat reenice vri radnju, onda je glagol u AKTIVUSomebody cleans the office every day. (Neko isti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.)

    Ako subjekat reenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol u PASIVU.The office is cleaned every day. (Ova kancelarija se isti svakog dana.)-Objekat aktivne reenice (the office) postaje subjekat pasivne reenice i dolazi na poetak reenice, a glavni glagol (clean) se stavlja u pasiv (is cleaned).

    Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajueg oblika glagola to be i prolog participa (past participle) glavnog glagola.

    Tako e u sadanjem vremenu pasiv glagola clean glasitiam cleaned, are cleaned, is cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica) a u prolom vremenuwas cleaned, were cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica)

    Reenica koju smo imali u sadanjem vremenu, ovako bi izgledala u prolom.Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. (Neko je jue oistio ovu kancelariju.) (AKTIV)The office was cleaned yesterday. (Ova kancelarija je oiena jue.) (PASIV)

    Ostala vremena pasiva

    Present ContinuousSomebody is cleaning the office. (AKTIV)

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  • The office is being cleaned. (PASIV)

    Past ContinuousSomebody was cleaning the office. (AKTIV)The office was being cleaned. (PASIV)

    Present PerfectSomebody has cleaned the office. (AKTIV)The office has been cleaned. (PASIV)

    Past PerfectSomebody had cleaned the office. (AKTIV)The office had been cleaned. (PASIV)

    Modali i budue vremeSomebody will clean the office. (AKTIV)The office will be cleaned. (PASIV)Somebody can clean the office. (AKTIV)The office can be cleaned. (PASIV)

    Upotreba:Pasiv se koristi:

    Kada ne znamo ko je izvrio radnjuThe house was built in the 19th century. (Kua je izgraena u devetnaestom veku.)

    Kada izvrilac radnje nije bitanWine is served during the lunch. (Vino se slui tokom ruka.)

    Ako elimo da oznaimo izvrioca radnje, koristimo predlog byThese cakes have been made by mother. (Ove kolae je napravila moja majka.)

    Napomena: Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji imaju objekat iza sebe) mogu da se stave u pasiv.

    IMPERSONAL PASSIVE (BEZLINI PASIV)

    Lini pasiv znai da je objekat aktivne reenice postaje subjekat aktivne reernice. Svaki glagol koji zahteva objekat (prelazni glagol) moe da formira lini pasiv.

    Glagoli bez objekta ne mogu da formiraju reenice sa linim pasivom (poto ne postoji objekat da postane subjekat pasivne reenice). Ako elite da koristite neprelazni glagol u pasivnoj konstrukciji, potrebna je bezlina konstrukcija-ovaj pasiv se naziva bezlini pasiv.

    Primer : he says it is said

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  • U engleskom jeziku, bezlini pasiv moe da se formira samo sa glagolima percepcije (say, think, know, believe).

    It+TO BE+ believed, said, known, thought+that+reenica

    Primeri:People say that he is a liar. (AKTIV)It is said that he is a liar. (PASIV)People believe him to be a robber. (AKTIV)It is believed that he is a robber. (PASIV)

    Takoe je mogue reiThey say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than men.-gde se subjekat zavisne reenice (women) stavlja na poetak reenice i glagol percepcije se stavlja u pasiv. Ostatak se formira korienjem infinitiva sa to.

    Subject+ TO BE + said + infinitive, past infinitive believed thought known

    Potrebno je obratiti panju na vreme u kojem se nalazi glagol zavisne reenice. Ako je u sadanjem vremenu, onda treba koristiti infinitiv, a ako je u prolom onda proli infinitiv.

    Primeri:People say that she is a dancer. (AKTIV)She is said to be a dancer.(PASIV)People believe that they stole the jewels. (AKTIV)They are believed to have stolen the jewels.(PASIV)

    THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (PROSTO BUDUE VREME)

    Prosto budue vreme (future simple tense) se gradi od modalnog glagola will i osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez to).

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I will (Ill) work Ja u raditiYou will (Youll) work Ti e raditiHe will (Hell) work On e raditiShe will (Shell) work Ona e raditiIt will (Itll) work Ono e raditi

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  • Mnoina (plural)We will (Well) work Mi emo raditiYou will (Youll) work Vi ete raditiThey will (Theyll) work Oni e raditi

    Upitni oblik glagola u ovom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) modalnog glagola will i line zamenice

    Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular) Will I work? Da li u ja raditi?Will you work? Da li e ti raditi?Will he work? Da li e on raditi?Will she work? Da li e ona raditi?Will it work? Da li e ono raditi?

    Mnoina (plural)Will we work? Da li emo mi raditi?Will you work? Da li ete vi raditi?Will they work? Da li e oni raditi?

    Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

    Will I work? Yes, I will / No, I wontWill you work? Yes, you will / No, you wont.Will he work? Yes, he will / No, he wontWill she work? Yes, she will / No, she wontWill it work? Yes, it will / No, it wont

    Will we work? - Yes, we will / No, we wontWill you work? Yes, we will / No, we wontWill they work? Yes, they will/ No, they wont

    Upitni oblik Wh- questions

    Jednina (singular) Where will I work? Gde u ja raditi?Where will you work? Gde e ti raditi?Where will he work? Gde e on raditi?Where will she work? Gde e ona raditi?Where will it work? Gde e ono raditi?

    Mnoina (plural)Where will we work? Gde emo mi raditi?Where will you work? Gde ete vi raditi?Where will they work? Gde e oni raditi?

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  • Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I will not (wont) work Ja neu raditiYou will not (wont) work Ti nee raditiHe will not (wont) work On nee raditiShe will not (wont) work Ona nee raditiIt will not (wont) work Ono nee raditi

    Mnoina (plural)We will not (wont) work Mi neemo raditiYou will not (wont) work Vi neete raditiThey will not (wont) work Oni nee raditi

    Upotreba:

    Prosto budue vreme (future simple tense) koristimo:

    za predvianja (future predictions)

    She will travel to Jamaica next year. (Ona e putovati na Jamajku sledee godine.)Will it rain tomorrow? (Hoe li padati kia sutra?)

    za odluke donete u trenutku govora

    A: We ran out of sugar. B: I will go and buy some. (Nestalo nam je eera.) (Otii u i kupiu ga.)

    Za razliku od prostog budueg vremena o ijoj je upotrebi bilo rei, kada govorimo o svojim planovima i odlukama donetim ranije, koristimo konstrukciju

    BE+GOING TO+INFINITIVE

    A: Ive got a headache. B: I will get you an aspirin. (Boli me glava.) (Doneu ti aspirin.)(Odluka koja nije mogla biti doneta ranije jer B nije znao da A boli glava.)

    I bought the tickets for the cinema. Im going to see a film. (Kupio sam karte za bioskop. Ii u da gledam film.)(im je kupio karte znai da je odluku doneo pre trenutka govora, odnosno da je planirao.)

    Ponekad je razlika izmeu upotrebe ova dva naina izraavanja budunosti veoma mala. Kada koristimo going to konstrukciju, mi znamo da e se neto desiti na osnovu neega to sada moemo jasno videti, dakle iznosimo predvianje zasnovano na nekom dokazu .

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  • Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. (Pogledaj te sive oblake. Pae kia.)I feel terrible. I think I`m going to be sick. (Oseam se grozno. Mislim da e mi pozliti.)

    U situacijama kada je verovatnoa da e se radnja desiti manja, bolje je koristiti will+inifinitiv.

    Marko will probably arrive at about 6 o`clock. (Marko e verovatno stii oko 6 sati.)

    THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE (BUDUE TRAJNO VREME)

    Budue trajno vreme (future continuous tense) se gradi od prostog budueg vremena glagola TO BE (will + be) i sadanjeg participa.

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I will be working Ja u raditiYou will be working Ti e raditiHe will be working On e raditiShe will be working Ona e raditiIt will be working Ono e raditi

    Mnoina (plural)We will be working Mi emo raditiYou will be working Vi ete raditiThey will be working Oni e raditi

    Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

    Jednina (singular) Will I be working? Da li u raditi?Will you be working? Da li e raditi?Will he be working? Da li e raditi?Will she be working? Da li e raditi?Will it be working? Da li e raditi?

    Mnoina (plural)Will we be working? Da li emo raditi?Will you be working? Da li ete raditi?Will they be working? Da li e raditi?

    Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular)I will not (won`t) be working Ja neu raditi

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  • You will not (won`t) be working Ti nee raditiHe will not (won`t) be working On nee raditiShe will not (won`t) be working Ona nee raditiIt will not (won`t) be working Ono nee raditi

    Mnoina (plural)We will not (won`t) be working Mi neemo raditiYou will not (won`t) be working Vi neete raditiThey will not (won`t) be working Oni nee raditi

    Napomena: U trajnoj formi moe da se nae i going to future

    Upotreba:

    Za buduu radnju koja e biti u toku u nekom trenutku u budunosti.

    Tomorrow morning at 9 I will be having breakfast. (Sutra ujutru u 9 sati ja u dorukovati.)This time next week we will be traveling to London. (U ovo doba sledee nedelje, putovaemo za London.)

    Za duu radnju u budunosti, koju prekida neka kraa radnja. Kraa radnja je uvek u simple present tense-u.

    I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. (Gledau televiziju kada ona stigne veeras.)I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. (Ja u ekati kada stigne autobus.)I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. (Ja u odsedati u hotelu Medison, ako se bilo ta dogodi i treba da me kontaktira.)

    Za dve uporedne due radnje koje e se deavati u budunosti.

    I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. (Ja u uiti, a on e praviti veeru.)Tonight, they will be eating dinner and having a good time. (Veeras, oni e veerati i lepo e se provoditi.)

    Za opisivanje atmosfere na odreenom mestu u budunosti.

    When I arrive at the party, everybody will be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others will be talking. A few people will be eating pizza. They always do the same thing. (Kada stginemo na urku, svi e slaviti. Neki e plesati. Neki e razgovarati. Nekoliko ljudi e jesti picu. Oni uvek rade jedno te isto.)

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  • THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (BUDUE SVRENO VREME)

    Budue svreno vreme (future perfect tense) gradi od glagola will i prolog infinitiva.

    Potvrdni oblik

    Jednina (singular) I will have worked Ja u raditiYou will have worked Ti e raditiHe will have worked On e raditiShe will have worked Ona e raditiIt will have worked Ono e raditi

    Mnoina (plural)We will have worked Mi emo raditiYou will have worked Vi ete raditiThey will have worked Oni e raditi

    Upitni oblik

    Jednina (singular) Will I have worked? Da li u raditi?Will you have worked? Da li e raditi?Will he have worked? Da li e raditi?Will she have worked? Da li e raditi?Will it have worked? Da li e raditi?

    Mnoina (plural)Will we have worked? Da li emo raditi?Will you have worked? Da li ete raditi?Will they have worked? Da li e raditi?

    Odrini oblik

    Jednina (singular) I will not (won`t) have worked Ja neu raditiYou will not (won`t) have worked Ti nee raditiHe will not (won`t) have worked On nee raditiShe will not (won`t) have worked Ona nee raditiIt will not (won`t) have worked Ono nee raditi

    Mnoina (plural)We will not (won`t) have worked Mi neemo raditiYou will not (won`t) have worked Vi neete raditiThey will not (won`t) have worked Oni nee raditi

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  • Upotreba:

    Budue svreno vreme( future continuous tense) se koristi za radnju koja e se zavriti do nekog vremenskog perioda u budunosti. Tako se ono esto koristi sa izrazima koji poinju sa by: by then, by that time, by Friday, in two years ili in two years' time...

    By the end of this year I will have lived in this town for five years. (Do kraja ove godine, bie pet godina kako ivim u ovom gradu.)Susan will have finished her homework by that time. (Suzan e to tog vremena zavriti domai zadatak.)They will have built the new bridge in five years' time. (Oni e sagraditi novi most kroz pet godina.)

    REPORTED SPEECH (INDIREKTNI GOVOR)

    Doslovno navoenje neijih rei se naziva direktni govor (Direct Speech).

    Mark said: I have bought a new car. (Mark je rekao: Kupio sam novi auto.)Sandra: Peter is doing his homework. (Sandra: Piter radi domai.)

    Meutim, prepriavanje neijih rei se naziva indirektnim govorom (Reported Speech ili Indirect Speech)Pri prebacivanju direktnog govora u indirektni, deavaju se izvesne promene.

    Mark said (that) he had bought a new car. (Marko je rekao da je kupio novi auto.)Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework. (Sandra je rekla da Piter radi svoj domai.)

    STATEMENTS (IZJAVNE REENICE)

    Pri prebacivanju direktnih potvrdnih i odrinih izjavnih u indirektni govor one se obino uvode glagolom say. Mogu se, meutim upotrebiti jo neki glagoli sa slinim znaenjem: tell (rei), add (dodati), answer (odgovoriti), declare (izjaviti). Nakon ovih glagola moe doi veznik that, ali to nije obavezno.

    U indirektnom govoru dolazi do obaveznog slaganja vremena. Ako je uvodni glagol (say, tell...) u prolom vremenu, dolazi do promene vremena iz direktnog govora.

    He said: I am a teacher. (On je rekao: Ja sam nastavnik.)He said that he was a teacher. (On je rekao da je on nastavnik.)

    Mary is reading a book. (Meri ita knjigu.)She said that Mary was reading a book. (Ona je rekla da Meri ita knjigu.)

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  • Sarah: John bought a present for his wife. (Sara: Don je kupio poklon svojoj eni.Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. (Sara je rekla da je Don kupio poklon svojoj eni.)

    Milan: They are working in the garden. (Milan: Oni rade u bati.)Milan said that they were working in the garden. (Milan je rekao da oni rade u bati.)

    We have made a cake. (Napravili smo tortu)They said that they have made a cake. (Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.)

    Mark: Paul will do it. (Mark: Pol e to uraditi.)Mark said that Paul would do it. (Mark je rekao da e to Pol uraditi.)

    Evo do kojih promena u vremenima dolazi pri slaganju vremena.

    Present Simple Tense prelazi u Past Simple TensePresent Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Continuous TensePresent Perfect Tense prelazi u Past Perfect TensePresent Perfect Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect ContinuousTensePast Simple Tense prelazi u Past Perfect TensePast Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous TenseWill prelazi u WouldShall najee prelazi u WouldCan prelazi u CouldMight se ne menjaShould i Ought to se ne menjaju

    Takoe se deavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama:

    Today postaje that dayYesterday postaje the day beforeThe day before yesterday postaje two days before Tomorrow postaje the next day ili the following dayThe day after tomorrow postaje In two days` timeNext week postaje the following weekA year ago postaje a year before ili the previous year

    Mary:I met him the day before yesterday. (Meri: Srela sam ga prekjue.)Mary said she had met him two days before. (Meri je rekla da ga je srela prekjue.)John: I`ll come tomorrow. (Don: Doi u sutra. )John said he would come the next day. (Don je rekao da e doi sutra.)

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  • QUESTIONS (UPITNE REENICE)

    Pre prebacivanju direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se rauna o tome da li je pitanje tipa Yes/No (bez upitne rei) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom rei).

    Reenice se uglavnom uvode glagolima ask (pitati), inquire (pitati, raspitivati se), want to know (eleti znati), wonder (pitati se)

    Ako se radi o Yes/No pitanjima nakon uvodnog glagola dolazi if (ili whether) a zatim prepriano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena vai i ovde.

    Ann: Are you English? (An: Da li ste vi Englezi?)Ann asked if they were English (An je pitala da li su oni Englezi.)

    Obratite panju da je red rei iza if kao u potvrdnoj reenici.

    Evo jo nekoliko primera:

    Sandra: Can John play the piano? (Sandra: Da li Don zna da svira klavir?)Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. (Sandra je htela da zna da li Don zna da svira klavir?)

    Mark : Do you work i na bank? (Mark: Da li radi u banci?)Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. (Marko je pitao da li radim u banci)

    Mario: Has anyone been to Madrid? (Mario: Da li je iko bio u Madridu?)Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. (Mario je hteo da zna da li je iko bio u Madridu.)

    Ako se radi o Wh-pitanjima if nije potrebno. Wh- pitanja poinju upitnim reima when, which, who, why...

    Ivana: Where does Mary live? (Ivana: Gde ivi Meri?)Ivana asked where Mary lived. (Ivana je pitala gde Meri ivi.)

    Tom: Why has Ann gone? (Tom: Zato je An otila? )Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. (Tom je eleo da zna zato je An otila.)

    ORDERS (NAREDBE)

    Naredbe se najee uvode glagolom tell (rei). Jo se javljaju order, command (oba u znaenju narediti) dok se molbe uvode glagolom ask (zamoliti)

    Glagol tell zahteva iza sebe direktan objekat.

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  • Imperativ iz direktnog govora postaje infinitiv u indirektnom, dok negativni imperativ (prohibitiv) postaje negativni infinitiv.

    Ann: Open the window. (An: Otvori prozor.)Ann told me to open the window. (An mi je rekla da otvorim prozor.)

    Ann: Dont open the window. (An: Nemoj da otvori prozor.)Ann told me not to open the window. (An mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor.)

    Tom: Please, pass me the glass, John. (Tom: Molim te, Done, dodaj mi au.)Tom: John, will you pass me the glass, please. (Done, da li bi mi dodao au, molim te.)Tom: John, could you pass me the glass, please. (Done, da li bi mogao da mi doda au.)su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti nain, glagolom ask.

    Tom asked John to pass him a glass. (To je zamolio Dona da mu doda au.)

    CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (USLOVNE/POGODBENE REENICE)

    Kondicionali (uslovne reenice) su zavisne reenice koje se uvode veznikom if (ako). U zavisnosti od toga kolika je mogunost za ostvarenje radnje svi kondicionali se dele na prvi, drugi i trei kondicional.

    THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (PRVI KONDICIONAL)

    Prvi kondicional se jo naziva i realni. Sam naziv kae da postoji velika mogunost za ostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj sloenoj reenici, razlikujemo kondicionalnu (uslovnu) reenicu i glavnu reenicu.Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izraava u vremenu present simple, dok se u glavnoj reenici javlja future simple (will + infinitiv bez to).

    If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good mark. (Ako zavri domai zadatak na vreme, dobie dobru ocenu.)If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping. (Ako potroi sav novac, ona nee ii u kupovinu).

    Kao varijacije prvog kondicionala javljaju se sledee izmene.

    Umesto oblika will+infinitiv mogu se javiti ostali modalni glagoli sa infinitivom.

    If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread. (Ako eli da oslabi, trebalo bi / mora da jede manje hleba.)If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once. (Ako je sve u redu, moe odmah otii.)

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  • U glavnoj reenici se moe desiti da se takoe javi present simple tense. To se deava kada govorimo o naunim injenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama.

    If you heat ice it turns to water. (Ako zagreva led pretvorie se u vodu.)If there is an economy crisis prices go up. (Ako nastane ekonomska kriza cene rastu.)

    THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (DRUGI KONDICIONAL)

    Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnou da e se radnja ostvariti iako to nije potpuno nemogue.Uslov se izraava vremenom past simple, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni glagol would + infinitiv bez to.

    If I had a map, I would lend it to you. (Kad bih imala mapu, posudila bih ti je.)If someone stole my car, I would call the police. (Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto, pozvala bih policiju.)

    Proli oblik glagola TO BE se esto u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kao WERE za sva lica.

    If I were you, I wouldn`t do that. (Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.)

    Varijacije se takoe mogu javiti u obliku modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would+infinitiv u glavnoj reenici.

    If I knew his number, I could ring him up. (Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da ga pozovem.)If you tried again, you might succeed. (Kad bi ponovo pokuao, moda bi uspeo.)

    THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TREI KONDICIONAL)

    Trei kondicional oznaava zamiljenu ili neostvarivu situaciju. On nam daje do znanja da vie ne postoji mogunost za ostvarenje radnje.

    Uslov se izraava vremenom past perfect, dok se u glavnoj reenic