SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY - JICA · Turbine Cross flow Cross flow Cross flow Pomp as turbine Cross flow Generator Induction Induction Synchronous Induction Synchronous Intake

CHAPTER 4

SITUATION OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY

4-1

CHAPTER 4 SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

4.1 GENERAL In Indonesia rural electrification has been included in national electric power development plan and has been promoted mainly by the state owned electric power company, PLN. Since a large number of small-scale remote areas are scatted all over the vast country consisting of number of islands lying about 5,000 km long east and west, electrification with the extension of existing transmission and distribution grids is not economical for such remote areas. In such areas, electrification adopting independent generation system (off-grid system) installing a small-scale generator directly in target villages and areas is very effective.

4.2 MICRO-HYDRO POWER

4.2.1 Existing State Organizations such as PLN, a central and local government has introduced the Micro-hydro power for rural electrification work. The number is over 100 affairs as of February 2002. This shows the Micro-hydro power of Indonesia is undertaken most prosperous in the Southeast Asia circumference countries, and the factors are as follows:

It is blessed with hydropower potential, and also communities are scattered in the mountain.

International technology transfer can make them manufacture simple apparatus in own country.

Revision of Electric Utility Law by the ability not to expect electrification by PLN.

Improvement in residents’ consciousness.

The Micro-hydro power entrepreneur of Indonesia is, and each management style is as being shown in Table 4.2-1. According to that table, projects that were constructed by PLN and private companies often maintained by PLN and private companies. As opposed to this, facilities of the most of projects that were constructed by Central Government grant aid programs, and local Government are virtually maintained by inhabitants as respective power recipients. However, respective owners during construction typically keep their ownership after completion.

The Micro-hydro power of 100 or more sites has so far been undertaken. In view of sustainability for power generation, micro-hydro power projects owned by PLN or constructed by grant aid programs can generally be evaluated reasonable. Despite excellent planning and up-to-date equipment, however, grant aid projects sometimes have shorter project lives than expected, when O&M institutions are not appreciated very much. Moreover, it is also difficult that the Central Government, local governments, or private companies operate continuously. This reason is greatly O&M systems including institutions are not set up correctly. Table4.2-2 evaluates the existing micro-hydro power projects. The most micro-hydro power projects remain unsettled of budget and system for unexpected happening such as repair and replace by disaster of flood.

4-2

Table 4.2-1 Stakeholders of Existing Micro-hydro Power Projects Developer Planner & Designer Manufacturer & Constructor Operational Body

PLN Local/International Consultant Experienced Contractor PLN

Central Government. Local Consultant Experienced Contractor Inhabitants Grant Aid International Consultant First-class Contractor Inhabitants Local Government Local Consultant Local Contractor near by Inhabitants Private company No records No records Private company

Table 4.2-2 Evaluations of Existing Micro-hydro Power Projects

Developer Planning & Design

Manufacture & Construction

O&M Institution Sustainability

PLN Good Good Basically Good Good Central Government. Basically Good Basically Good Poor Poor

Grant Aid Good Good Poor Good in short-term Local Government Basically Good Basically Good Poor Poor Private company Basically Poor Basically Poor Poor Poor

4.2.2 Projects developed by the Central and Local Governments

(1) MEMR

From the fiscal year 1990 to the 1997, 72 micro-hydro power plants shown in Table 4.2-4 were built by the involvement of MEMR and MEMR’s regional offices, and the most of them have already been taken over to cooperatives and village communities. At least 21 plants of them have been found to be out of operation so far (out of operation rate is about 30%). In some of such power plants, the causes of operation stop have been clarified. The power plants and the causes are shown in Table 4.2-3.

Table4.2-3 Out of Operation Power Plant

State Name of Power Plant kW Design ･ Construction Cause of operation stop

West JAVA Mekarwangai 60 PT.Heksa Failure of turbine LAMPUNG Banjarsari 32 ITB

(Institut Teknologi Bandung) Failure of turbine (Design mistake)

LAMPUNG Pekurum 30 PT.Heksa,ITB, PT.Hydro Daya Kinerja

Spill of Headrace (Mudslide)

West NUSA TENGGARA

Kukusan 38 ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung)

Failure of turbine (Inflow of stone)

West NUSA TENGGARA

Semporonan 40 Unknown Different construction from a design

4-3

Ta

ble4

.2-4

Th

e lis

t of t

he p

lant

whi

ch M

EMR

car

ried

out (

No.

1)

4-4

Ta

ble4

.2-4

Th

e lis

t of t

he p

lant

whi

ch M

EMR

car

ried

out (

No.

2)

4-5

Ta

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.2-4

Th

e lis

t of t

he p

lant

whi

ch M

EMR

car

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No.

3)

4-6

(2) SMOC&SMEs SMOC&SMEs is mainly promoting the rural electrification project with the micro-hydro power. Table 4.2-5 shows projects conducted by KUDs that obtained Japanese Grass-root Grant Aids with supports of the organizations concerned include SMOC&SMEs, NGOs, and JICA Experts, and they also are in good operation conditions at present.

Table4.2-5 Micro-hydro Power enterprise by SMOC&SMEs

Name of Power Plant

Simanau Sadan Ulusalu Cicemet Citalahab Batu Bajangjang

Site West SUMATERA

SOLOK South SULAWESI TANA TORAJA

West JAVA SUKABUMI

West JAVA BOGOR

West SUMATERA SOLOK

P 25kW 15kW 60kW 5.4kW 35kW

Q 0.25m3/s 0.15m3/s 0.5m3/s 0.1m3/s 0.45m3/s

H 20m 15m 20m 8m 15m

Demand house 150 100 700 55 330

Turbine Cross flow Cross flow Cross flow Pomp as turbine Cross flow

Generator Induction Induction Synchronous Induction Synchronous

Intake dam Existing Dam for

agriculture is diverted

Gabion Dam Gabion Dam Concrete Dam Gabion Dam

Headrace

Existing irrigation channel was

enlarged to use as headrace

Newly constructed







Construction NGO

(IBEKA)

NGO

(IBEKA)

NGO

(IBEKA)

NGO

(IBEKA)

NGO

(IBEKA)

Start Operation 1996/6 1997/4 1997/5 1998/4 1998/4

4.2.3 Project by Japanese Grant Aid The General Grant Aid Project “Rural Electrification Project in ACEH” is the project that electrifies about 1,000 households with micro-hydro power plant in ACEH, and its operation was started in 1999. This plant greatly attracted attention, from having been positioned as a model case with the village cooperative system of SMOC&SMEs which is a requesting agency, and having been the grants-in-aid of the beginning to the Indonesia electric power sector also for the Japan side.

4-7

4.2.4 Projects by Private Sectors The actual situation of the projects developed and owned by private sector is difficult to obtain exactly, although it is believed that a number of micro-hydro power plants may exist in Indonesia. An NGO, that is called YTDS (YAYASAN TURBIN DESA SULSELA), exists also in Tana Toraja which is the targeted district for the pilot project . It has the experience to have developed ten (10) micro-hydro power projects so far.

4.3 SOLAR POWER (PHOTOVOLTAIC)

4.3.1 Solar Energy Potential The average value of solar radiation is 4.7 kWh/m2 according to the collected data. The maximum radiation of 5.7 kWh/m2 is recorded at West Nusa Tenggara and Jayapura. The minimum radiation of 2.6 kWh/m2 is monitored at West Java. It seems that there was some monitoring problems at station of West Java due to the minimum value is too small at the latitude.

It is clear that solar radiation potential is high over the Indonesia. There is no negative area for PV system installation

4.3.2 Solar Power Project

(1) Experience of solar power project

In this study, experience of solar power project was surveyed as shown in Table 4.3-2. According to BPPT, 48,279 solar systems under 677 projects were installed by 1999 in Indonesia. The installed capacity of solar system in each project is small in Indonesia because the utilization is focused on only small demand of lighting, television and water pumping. The total installed capacity of solar system is 1,986,014 kWp. Implementing organizations of the projects are mainly BPPT. Rural electrification by centralized solar system has many foreign projects as Table 4.3-3.

Table 4.3-2 Experience of solar power project

Items Amount Remarks Number of unit 48,279 unit

Total installed capacity 1,986 kW Generation capacity per

day 1,752 kWh/day Design Coefficient 70%

Irradiation energy 4.2kWh/day Rate of system operation 30%

Generation capacity per year

639,357 kWh/year Rate of system operation 30%

Generation capacity per year

2,131,192 kWh/year Rate of system operation 100%

Number of Consumer 48,279

4-8

Table 4.3-3 Centralized solar system Installed capacity

PV 48kWp +

MHP 6.3kW PV 72kW +

Diesel 20kW PV 7.2kW +

Diesel 40kW PV9.72kW+

Wind 10kW+

Diesel (n.a.)

PV10kW+

Wind 10kW+

Diesel 20kW Installed

since 1991 1991 1997 1991 2000

Installed by JICA JICA BPPT Westinghouse/IPC,GOI

E-7

Number of consumer

153 HHs 129 HHs 370 HHs 3000 people 120 HHs

(2) Example of solar power project

In 1988, BPPT and R&S renewable energy system of Dutch company have conducted electrification project by solar system in Sukatani village, west Java. In this project 87 solar home system, some streetlights and public use were installed. (PLN connected to grid line in November 2000) The actual result of other BPPT is shown in Table 4.3-5.

Project Specification:

• Installation year; 1988 • Location; Sukatani Village, West Java • Distance; From Jakarta 100km • Implementation; BPPT, R&S renewable energy systems • Management; KUD, “Buana Bhakti” • Power Demand; 210Wh/day • User: Mosque 1 Community center 1 The other public facilities 3 Streetlights 15

Households 87(three lights, one power point)

Technical Specification:

• PV module 40 Wp • Batteries 100Ah (70Ah, after 1993) • Electricity Type DC 12V • Cost: As shown in Table 4.3-4

Table 4.3-4 Cost of Solar Home System

SHS 50Wp 200Wh Package Price 1USD=Rp 100001 Solar Module 50Wp, Incl. Complete module support SSE-50 199.1 USD2 Sundaya Solar Gen.(70Ah) Incl.Installation materials SSG-300-E3-S3 71.8 USD3 Sundaya Solar Light 6W -3 sets SSL-12D06 18.64 USD4 Cable SPLTS 30Am, (2x1.5 m2), 7meters C30Am 2.06 USD5 Load Cable SPLTS 15Am (2x0.75m2) C-15Am 4.21 USD6 Battery 70Ah N70T 30.2 USD7 Installation PT Altari 750,000 75 USD

Total 401 USD

4-9

Table4.3-5 Solar Power Project of BPPT BPPT SHS project No. of Unit

Maluku, Tesebar di 50 Desa, 9 KUD 3,700

NTB, Tersebar di 9 Desa, 4 KUD 1,500

NTT, Tersebar di 70 Desa, 25 KUD 10,003

Sulawesi Tenggara, Terserbar di 70 Desa, 25 KUD 7,710

Sulawesi Tengah, Tersebar di 33 Desa, 2 KUD 4,800

Kalimantan Tengah, Terserbar di ll Desa, 5 KUD 3,000

Sulawesi Utara, Terserbar di 10 Desa, 7 KUD 2,000

Timor Timur, Tersebar di 25 Desa, 5 KUD 2,332

Irian Jaya, Tersebar di 27 Desa, 6 KUD 1,500

Total 36,545

(3) Tariff in SHS projects Initial payment has been needed since the year 2000. Change of tariff is shown in Table 4.3-6.

Table4.3-6 Change of tariff Tariff 1999 or before 2000 -

Initial payment（Rp） 0 215,000

Monthly payment（Rp） 10,000 20,000

4-10

4.4 WIND POWER

4.4.1 Wind Energy Potential Wind data are collected by mainly two organizations, LAPAN & Winrock and BMG, meteorological agency of Indonesia. Fig. 4.4-1 the wind potential map indicates high wind energy potential is available at coastal area and islands. The average value of annual wind speed is 3.8 m/s. The maximum annual average wind speed of 6.0 m/s is recorded at the station located in East Nusa Tenggara and Central Java. The minimum annual average wind speed of 3.0 m/s is monitored at the station located in East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara. The map indicates there is large difference of wind energy potential from site to site. Wind monitoring is necessary before the installation of wind system. The wind turbine will be installed at the area with average annual wind speed over 4.0 m/s at 24 meters above ground level

4.4.2 Wind Power Project

(1) Experience of wind power project According to LAPAN, 194 wind turbines under 64 projects were installed by 1999 in Indonesia. Table 4.4-3 and 4.4-4 show the list of wind power projects. The installed capacity of wind turbine in each project is small in Indonesia because the purpose of use is focused on small demand of lighting, television and water pumping. The total installed capacity of wind turbine is 453kW. Implementing organizations of the projects are mainly LAPAN, DJPE and Winrock. As shown in the list of wind power projects, there is few experience of rural electrification by wind generation.

(2) Example of wind power project

Pilot project of wind–diesel hybrid power generation system was carried out by Survivor Energy Systems Ltd., of western Australia at Ciparanti, west Java in 1993. The cooperating agencies were LAPAN, BPPT and Department of Cooperatives. Their main purpose of the pilot test was to extend the market of their production and show the

Figure. 4.4-1 Wind Potential Map

4-11

performance of their system to Indonesian government.

Project Specification:

• Installation year; 1993 • Location; Ciparanti Village, West Java • Distance; From Jakarta 420km • Implementation; LAPAN, BPPT, Department of Cooperatives,

Survivor Energy Systems Ltd.,

• Management; KUD, “Sinar Laut” • Power Demand; 400Wh/day • User: Mosque 2 School 1

School office 1

Community center 1

Households 48 (two lights, one power point)

Technical Specification:

• Wind Turbine SURVIVOR S-20000 • Batteries 24units×2volt, 775Ah • Back-up Generator 4kW, Diesel generator • Inverter 4kW, Inverter • Electricity Type AC 220V • Cost Au$ 140,000

(Include: design, supply, installation and commission)

According to the project report, it was monitored the operation of wind-diesel hybrid system in October 1996, three years after the installation. The wind system reduces the 78% of diesel consumption and provides 65% of the total demand of electricity.

4-12

Table 4.4-3 Wind power project in Indonesia (1)

No. Location State No. Capacity (kW)Total

Capacity (kW)

1 Rumpn Java Barat 1 0.2 0.2

2 Kalainyar Jepara 5 0.25 1.25

3 Samas Yogyakara 1 10 10

4 Cipanti Jawa Barat 1 2 2

5 Lebak Jawa Barat 8 0.1 0.8

6 Lebak Jawa Barat 4 0.3 1.2

7 Cirebon Jawa Barat 4 0.1 0.4

8 Nusa Pedia Bali 2 10 20

9 Tegal Jawa Tengah 2 0.3 0.6

10 Toraja Sulawesi 8 0.1 0.8

11 Ujung Pandang Sulawesi 4 0.1 0.4

12 Bulak Baru 1 1.5 1.5

13 Carut Jawa Barat 1 0.1 0.1

14 Sukabumi Jawa Barat 1 0.1 0.1

15 Lombok NTT 1 0.25 0.25

16 Samas Yogyakara 1 150 150

17Ds.Bulak Baru, Kab. Jepara

Jawa Tengah 1 0.2 0.2


Jawa Tengah 1 0.5 0.5


Jawa Tengah 1 1 1

20Ds.Batu Nampar, Kec.KruakLombok Timur 1 0.25 0.25

21 Bulak Baru Jepara 12 1 12

22 Bulak Baru Jepara 7 2.5 17.5

23 Selayar NTB 4 1 4

24 Manado 1 1.5 1.5

25 Bengkulu 1 1.5 1.5

26 Kupang NTT 1 1.5 1.5

27 Pulau Panggang 5 0.072 0.36

28 Kalianyar Jepara 7 1 7

29 Kab, Sumba Timur NTT 1 10 10

30 Makaminggit, Sumba Timur NTT 1 1.5 1.5

31 Mondu, kab. Sumba Timur NTT 1 1.5 1.5

32 Praipaha, Kab. NTT 1 10 10

33 Walakiri, Kab. Sumba Timur NTT 1 10 10

34 Puru kambera, Kab. Sumba Timur NTT 1 1.5 1.5

35 Naibonat, Kab. Kupang NTT 1 1.5 1.5

36 Sakteo, Kab. TTS NTT 1 1.5 1.5

37 Tomenas, Kab. TTS NTT 1 10 10

38 Netpala, Kab.TTS NTT 1 10 10

39 Oelbubuk, TTS NTT 1 10 10

40 Laklubar-Saga, Kab. Manaturo Timor Timur 1 10 10

41 P.Nyamuk, Kabupaten Jepara Jawa Tength 1 3.5 3.5

42 Bulak Baru Jepara 7 2.5 17.5

12 1 12

43 Kalianyar Jepara 7 1 7

5 0.25 1.25

44 Desa Selayer East Lombok 7 1 745 Samas Yogyakarta 1 10 10

4-13

Table 4.4-4 Wind power project in Indonesia (2)

No. Location State No. Capacity (kW)Total

Capacity (kW)

46Dusun Selayar, Desa Genag-gang Kec.Sakra Kab. Lombok Timur NTB 7 1 7

47Mando, Bengkulu, Pulau PanggangPelabuhan Ratu 5 0.72 3.6

48 Pulau Barancaddi, Sulsel 2 0.1 0.2

2 0.3 0.6

49 Cirebon Jawa Barat 1 0.3 0.3

50 Graut Jawa Barat 1 0.1 0.1

51 Muncul Lombok Timur 1 0.25 0.25

52 Tongo SP2, Sumbawa Barat NTB 4 0.25 1

53 Desa Bulak Baru Jepara Jawa Tengah 12 1 12

5 2.5 12.5

54 Desa Kalianyar Japara Jawa Tength 1 3 3

55 Samas Bantul DIY 1 11 11

1 5 5

1 1.5 1.5

56 Bulak Baru Jepara Jawa Tengah 1 1.5 1.5

57 P Nyamamuk ,Karimunjawa Jepara Jawa Tengah 4 2.5 10

58 Ciparanti, Ciamas Jawa Barat 1 3 3

59 Kamanggih NTT 1 0.1 1

60 Gerak Makmur, Sampolawa Buton Sulawesi Tenggara 1 0.1 1

3 0.3 1

61 Bungaja, Pasi, Bontomatene Selayar Sulawesi Selatan 1 0.1 1

3 0.3 1

62 Winrock International Kupang NTT NTT -

63 Piyong, Bima NTB NTB 2 0.5 1

64 Tongo SP1 Sumbawa Barat NTB NTB 1 1.4 1.4

TOTAL 201 453

Total Capacity 453 kW

Total Number 201

4-14

4.5 BIOMASS POWER

4.5.1 Existing State In Indonesia, biomass is classic energy source of the overall energy consumption. But biomass fuel is still used almost all of households, in order to cook in rural households and as fuel in cottage industries like brick firings, sugar manufacture and the classic food sector.

In this country, biomass combustion boilers are broadly used in plywood industries, sugar factories and palm oil industries. In some industries, biomass itself can not ample supply electricity demanded in their facilities. The rest of the demand is satisfied by using diesel generator set.

Biomass boilers represent about 60% of the total boilers installed at sugar manufacture factories. Indonesia has biomass power generation equipment of about 300MW of the totals in factories. The most biomass generation is off-grid.

Some gasification technologies have been developed in Indonesia. But, the most common type of gasification system used in Indonesia are fixed bed type because of their relative simplicity of design, low cost of fabrication and ease of operation. Most of them are manually fed. These gasification systems are hoped to be utilized for generating electricity and heat source. However, gasification systems are still not commercially in Indonesia, and small-scale gasification systems need much supervision and have the possibility of operating interruptions. Indonesia Power Co. is planning biomass gasification systems of 100kW x 2units in South Sulawesi

Actually, biogas has been utilized in Indonesia. There are more than 200 units biogas spreadingly in all Indonesia area. Generally, the biogas technology is applied mainly for cooking in the households.

4.5.2 Potential of Biomass Energy Regarding the potential of biomass energy, the study team investigated the following reports. Only the summary contents of these reports are shown herein.

(1) “Study of Master Plan of New and Renewable Energy in Indonesia”

This report evaluates biomass energy potential in Indonesia as follows (Refer to Table4.5-2).

The potential as electricity, based on the location, Irian Jaya (6.8GW), followed by East Java (5.4GW), Central Java (4GW), West Java (3.7GW), East Kalimanta (3.2GW), Central Kalimantan (6GW), South Sulawesi (2.5GW), North Sumatra (2.4GW), West Kalimantan (2.2GW), South Sulawesi (1.8GW), Lampung(1.7GW), Riau (1.6GW), Ache(1.3GW), and West Sumatra, Jambi, South Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, East Nusa Tengara and Maluku(1GW each). Other provinces have biomass waste energy potential under 1GW.

4-15

(2) “General Information of Biomass Energy” by European Commission This brochure mentions about biomass energy potential in Indonesia as follows.

Potential source of wood fuel are rubber wood or palm tree wood from plantation that are renewed, as well as logging residues, cuttings, trimmings and saw dust from wood processing and plywood industries. In Indonesia, major crop residues considered for power generation are palm oil residues, which are generated throughout the year, and sugar processing residues as well as rice processing residues. Table4.5-3 shows biomass potential derived from wood and farm product residues.

(3) Major source of Biomass

1) Woody Biomass Indonesia is ranked third in the world as the tropical-forest possession country. It has abundant woody biomass derived from rubber wood residues, logging residues, plywood waste and so on. Table4.5-4,5 show number of forest concession estate and production of logs by province.

2) Palm Oil

The palm oil was first introduced in Indonesia in 1864. Palm oil originally developed in the northern part of Sumatra, and then expanded to other regions of the country. The palm oil was successful in achieving high yields and slowly became an important crop for domestic use as well as for the export market.

In Indonesia, palm plantation sizes are typically between 6,000 and 10,000ha.

Production of palm oil in Indonesia has increased dramatically, from less than 400,000 tons in 1975 to more than 4 million tons in 1997. The plantation area also has also increased from 772,245 ha in 1991 to 1,359,447 ha in 1996.

3) Sugar Industry In 1996 and 1997, Indonesia harvested about 20-30 million tones of sugar cane (see Table-12 and 13). The sugar factory varied in size from 1,000 to 10,000 tones of cane per day (TCD). Typically, sugar mills operate up to 200 days per year. Most (about 70%) existing production facilities are located on Java.

Bagasse which is the name given to sugar cane after pressing to remove the sap, cane tops and cane leaves. The sugar industry itself consumes around 60% of the bagasse to produce process steam and electricity for its own needs. The efficiency of electricity production is very low (around 25%).

About 30 % of the weight of the sugar cane remains as baggage after processing. Therefore, a typical 10,000TCD mill will produce about 3,000 ton/year. In total, about 30 million ton of bagasse was produced as a waste by-product in 1996.

4

-16

Tabl

e 4.

5-2

Pot

entia

l Ene

rgy

Bio

mas

s in

Ind

ones

ia

Rice

Was

teCo

rn W

aste

Cass

ava W

aste

Woo

d Was

teSu

gar C

ane

Coco

nut W

aste

Oil P

alm W

aste

Total

Pote

ntial(

kWh)

Total

Pote

ntial(

kW)

Spec

ial R

egion

of A

ceh

4,3

89,7

06,0

74

431,0

95,1

64

258,5

04,5

25

6,0

49,2

13,4

75

0219,2

80,1

45

205,2

80,6

97

11,5

53,0

80,0

80

1,3

18,8

44.7

6

North

Sum

atera

10,1

95,5

93,2

70

2,3

14,8

92,5

02

871,3

09,6

07

5,3

55,2

60,2

65

64,4

90,8

80

235,7

01,1

99

1,6

83,8

20,6

63

20,7

21,0

68,3

86

2,3

65,4

18.7

7

Wes

t Sum

atera

5,0

98,3

75,5

40

246,7

95,2

88

199,9

79,1

01

3,9

48,5

87,6

43

0161,6

97,3

48

137,8

43,0

45

9,7

93,2

77,9

65

1,1

17,9

54.1

1

Riau

1,9

83,7

52,2

04

257,5

53,3

69

169,6

47,9

03

9,6

15,7

60,1

57

0796,5

50,3

13

928,0

15,7

12

13,7

51,2

79,6

58

1,5

69,7

80.7

8

Jam

bi2,3

67,4

50,2

72

128,5

22,1

04

616,0

22,0

28

5,4

25,4

44,1

58

0298,9

97,6

30

214,1

69,3

59

9,0

50,6

05,5

51

1,0

33,1

74.1

5

Sout

h Su

mat

era

5,4

30,2

42,3

36

328,7

20,9

44

755,7

98,2

97

9,1

38,5

53,8

30

57,9

21,7

15

63,7

80,5

09

259,2

21,1

09

16,0

34,2

38,7

40

1,8

30,3

92.5

5

Beng

kulu

1,3

47,5

23,0

19

295,0

34,1

92

159,0

77,9

40

1,0

53,2

27,4

21

029,9

25,0

96

52,8

13,3

50

2,9

37,6

01,0

18

335,3

42.5

8

Lam

pung

5,4

30,2

42,3

36

4,0

99,2

55,6

14

4,0

31,3

37,8

56

1,2

00,4

35,0

13

260,2

41,2

72

436,2

10,1

25

37,4

83,5

22

15,5

44,4

89,8

29

1,7

74,4

85.1

4

Sum

ater

a36,2

42,8

85,0

51

8,1

01,8

69,1

77

7,0

61,6

77,2

57

41,7

86,4

81,9

62

382,6

53,8

67

2,2

42,1

42,3

65

3,5

18,6

47,4

57

99,3

85,6

41,2

27

11,3

45,3

92.8

4

Spec

ial R

egion

of

Capit

al Ci

t y of

Jaka

rta622,0

07,1

31

722,6

80

1,4

70,6

04

2,6

98,8

02

00

066,8

99,2

17

7,6

36.9

0

Wes

t Jav

a25,2

17,2

19,5

56

1,8

84,9

96,3

30

3,6

32,9

19,1

93

1,3

74,1

34,0

03

113,3

59,3

62

476,5

41,6

59

22,0

76,0

21

32,7

21,2

46,1

24

3,7

35,3

02.0

7

Cent

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Timo

r279,6

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4-16

4-17

Table 4.5-3 Biomass Potential

Biomass Main region Production

(million t/year)

Technical energy potential

(million GJ/year) Remarks

Rubber wood Sumatra, Kalimantan,

Java

41 120

small logs<10cm big and medium logs are used as fire wood in brick and roof tile industry: price 20,000-30,000IDR/m3

Logging Residues

Sumatra, Kalimantan 4.5 19

Sawn timber residues

Sumatra, Kalimantan 1.3 13

residues of the factories are often used as fire wood by local communities, residues available for free

Plywood and veneer production

residues

Kalimantan, Sumatra,

Java, Irian Java, Maluku

1.5 16

residues are generally used in larger industry for heat generation

Sugar residues

Java, Sumatra,

South Kalimantan

Bagass:10 Cane tops:4

Cane leaves:9.6

78

bagasse is generally used in sugar factories (90%). The used of cane tops and leaves needs to be investigated

Rice residues

Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi,

Kalimantan, Bali/Nusa Tenggara

Husk:12 Bran:2.5 Stalk:2

Straw:49

150

Stalk and straw are generated in the field and generally burnt, in some areas used for feeding or raw material for paper industry; husks often burn uncontrolled

Coconut residues

Sumatra, Java,

Sulawesi Shell:0.4 Husk:0.7

7

Residues are generated decentralised and usually left on the plantation field; largely used as fire wood and for the production of charcoal

Palm oil residues Sumatra, new areas:

kalimantan, sulawesi,

Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Irian Jaya

Empty fruit bunches:3.4 Fibers:3.6

Palm shells:1.2

67

Palm shells and fibers are common fuel sources, EFBs are generally incinerated

From: General Information of Biomass Energy

4-18

No. Province Number of Estates Area(ha)1 Daerah Istimewa Aceh 21 1,439,7232 Sumatera Utara 11 899,5983 Sumatera Barat 6 406,0854 Riau 50 2,400,9945 Jambi 17 1,498,8776 Sumatera Selatan 13 724,3677 Bengkulu 2 80,0008 Nusa Tenggara Barat 2 92,0509 Kalimantan Barat 43 2,960,007

10 Kalimantan Tengah 76 4,607,41711 Kalimantan Selatan 11 536,90012 Kalimantan Timur 68 9,869,51013 Sulawesi Utara 10 893,20014 Sulawesi Tengah 13 1,118,55615 Sulawesi Selatan 9 469,96216 Sulawesi Tenggara 2 562,60217 Maluku 34 2,727,07418 Iian Jaya 52 10,746,051

Source:Statistics of Forest Concession Estate

No. Province m3

1 Daerah Istimewa Aceh 616,5212 Sumatera Utara 375,1353 Sumatera Barat 199,6114 Riau 1,338,3565 Jambi 460,6826 Sumatera Selatan 258,2767 Bengkulu 18,4968 Nusa Tenggara Barat 29,7679 Kalimantan Barat 1,339,554

10 Kalimantan Tengah 3,348,76411 Kalimantan Selatan 375,88812 Kalimantan Timur 3,295,81113 Sulawesi Utara 92,61614 Sulawesi Tengah 211,45315 Sulawesi Selatan 87,03316 Sulawesi Tenggara 99,21317 Maluku 534,06218 Iian Jaya 1,393,164

Table 6.5-5 Production of Logs by Province

Table 6.5-4 Number of Forest Concession Estates by Province in 1998Table 4.5-4 Number of Forest Concession Estimates by Province in 1998

Table 4.5-5 Production of Logs by Province

4-19

4.5.3 Future Plan of Biomass Energy The future plan (draft) of biomass energy by MEMR is as follows. This plan is positive idea. However, the specific and steady finance obtaining method for its efficient implementation, and establishment of a responsible key organization will be important subjects in the future.

(1) Target Technically potential of biomass energy, which is measured on the basis of converted energy from the amount of biomass feedstock, is expected to reach around 900 million GJ/year by 2020. Consequently, around 5,000MW is expected to be obtained by constructing biomass plants all over in Indonesia by 2020.

(2) Strategy 1) Regarding the development of biomass energy, especially, effective using of biomass

waste must be considered.

2) In order to use both of heat and electricity from biomass feedstock, the biomass power plant should be installed in factories which leave biomass wastes. By doing so, this feedstock will help to reduce the amount of other fuels in the factory. Then, leading to reduction of energy cost.

3) Surplus electric power from these power plants in factories will be able to sell to PLN grid or distribute further to other factories depending on the effective formation of rural electrification development plan.

(3) Program

1) General

General program of biomass development is:

a. Development of economical biomass source, especially, in rural electrification program from agricultural source.

b.Research and development of biomass power plant system technology of 100-200kW, 1-3MW, and 5-10MW.

c. Implementation of biomass spread program and promotion of domestic industry capability in fabrication of biomass conversion.

2) 2000-2005 years

a. Drawing biomass energy potential map in allover Indonesia.

b. Implementation of pre-investment study and 5MW-biomass pilot co-generation plant project in which biomass fuel is based on fiber and empty fruit bunch from palm factory.

4-20

c. Implementation of pre-investment study and 5-10MW-biomass pilot co-generation plant project in which biomass fuel is based on bagasse from sugar factory.

d. Research and development of 100kW biomass gasification system in which biomass fuel is based on hull of rice, sawmill waste, copra waste, rubber plantation waste and coffee & cocoa waste.

e. Development of new technology and optimum development scale of biomass power plant.

3) 2005-2010 years

a. Construction of biomass power plant to be located on remote area, especially in outside Java area.

b. Implementation of biomass power pilot project and commercialization of new technology..

4) 2011-2020 years

Spreading of biomass power plant and commercialization to the public.

4-21

4.6 GEOTHERMAL POWER

4.6.1 Geothermal Potential The Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanic areas of the world: more than 350 young volcanoes might be distinguished 129 of that are active. To be brief, the Indonesian volcanic arcs extend for approximately seven thousand kilometers, from the northern tip of Sumatra through Java, Nusa Tenggara, Banda to Sangihe Islands in the north of Malucca Sea. The volcanic arcs are divided into four arcs; the Sunda, Banda, Sangihe-North Sulawesi and Halmahera arcs. They are formed by the interaction of Eurasian, Pacific and Indian Ocean-Australian Plate (Figure.4.6-1). The geothermal resources in Indonesia are associated with those volcanic arcs.

Preliminary and detailed geothermal potential survey have done throughout the country, and their results have been summarized by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), and then two hundred and forty four (244) indicative areas were identified for geothermal potential areas. In addition, as a result of the continued geothermal survey in Kalimantan, eleven (11) areas are added to the geothermal potential areas, then today 255 area are identified as the geothermal manifestation in the Indonesia.

4.6.2 Status of geothermal development Following U.S.A, Philippines, Italian and Mexico, the Indonesia is today the world's fifth largest producer of geothermal energy with an install capacity of 769.5 MWe. The Kamojan Geothermal field was the first Geothermal Power Plant in Indonesia producing electric capacity of approximately 30 MWe that was commissioned in 1983. Subsequently, most geothermal power development has been carried out in Java: Darajat, G. Salak, and Dieng. In long term projection for geothermal power development, some "Independent Power Producers (IPP)" have signed for twelve (12)

Figure.4.6-1 Plate Boundaries of Indonesia (from Katili, 1973)

4-22

contract areas that were estimated 1,765 MWe of install capacity in total.

Outer Island area, the geothermal explorations have been carried out by VSI, Indonesia Oil State Company (PERTAMINA) and the national power utility, Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero) PT Perusahaan Listric Negara (PT PLN), especially in Sumatra, North Sulawesi, Flores and Molucas. Information provided by PLN shows that the geothermal has made exploration of geothermal resources, for example Sembalun in Lombok Island, Huu Daha in Sumbawa Island, Ulumbu and Sokoria in Flores Island, Gorontalo in Sulawesi, and Tolehu in Ambon.

The Ulumbu geothermal field has been explored from 1987. Three (3) wells of one thousand class has been drilled in 1996 by a loan from the World Bank, and has been found to have temperature in exceed 200 °C and fluids. PLN has made plans for the geothermal power plant at the Ulumbu geothermal field, and the costs will be US 700 million for 3MW Power system.

VSI has made and promoted a "JOINT RESEARCH COOPERATION PROJECT ON THE EXPLORATION OF SMALL-SCALE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA". The research that started in mid 1997 and will complete 2002 is carried out by VSI, the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japanese Government. The Mataloko geothermal field in Flores island of the East Nusa Tenggara has been selected as the promising geothermal field from the six geothermal potential areas of Flores, Lombok and Alor islands. The Mataloko geothermal field has been explored and drilled in detail, and fluid was discovered.

4.6.3 Geothermal Research Development Program for Rural Electrification The new regulation on developing a geothermal power, Presidential Decree (PD) No. 76 declared in May 2000. The previous regulation PD No. 45 Year 1991 showed that PERTAMINA and its contractors were allowed to explore, to exploit and to construct a power plant, and they can sell the electricity to PLN or to other consumers.

The new regulation shows that any organization and/or private sector explore exploit and develop the geothermal resources without any partnership with PERTAMINA.

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