Signs of Disorder in the Signs of Disorder in the ChurchChurch

Early 16Early 16thth century, church critics century, church critics concentrated on three disordersconcentrated on three disorders

Clerical immoralityClerical immorality Clerical ignoranceClerical ignorance Clerical pluralismClerical pluralism

Clerical ImmoralityClerical Immorality

Priest did not adhere to their vows of Priest did not adhere to their vows of celibacycelibacy

DrinkingDrinking GamblingGambling Indulgence in fancy dressIndulgence in fancy dress

Clerical IgnoranceClerical Ignorance

Bishops only casually enforced regulations Bishops only casually enforced regulations regarding educationregarding education

Not as educated as the laypeopleNot as educated as the laypeople Many cases of illiteracyMany cases of illiteracy Mumbled Latin mass that could barely be Mumbled Latin mass that could barely be

understoodunderstood

Clerical PluralismClerical Pluralism

Many Clerics, especially higher up ones, Many Clerics, especially higher up ones, rarely visited their churchesrarely visited their churches

Often held more than one job and were Often held more than one job and were paid morepaid more

Often held benefices in different countriesOften held benefices in different countries

Image of the ChurchImage of the Church

The Church possessed a large proportion The Church possessed a large proportion of the wealth of the countries of Europeof the wealth of the countries of Europe

The spectacle of proud aristocratic The spectacle of proud aristocratic priests living in magnificent splendor priests living in magnificent splendor contrasted very unfavorably with the contrasted very unfavorably with the simple fisherman image of Jesus and his simple fisherman image of Jesus and his disciplesdisciples

Ecumenical Council 1512-Ecumenical Council 1512-15171517

Called by Pope Julius IICalled by Pope Julius II

Recommended higher standards for Recommended higher standards for educationeducation

Placed responsibility for eliminating Placed responsibility for eliminating corruption on the Popecorruption on the Pope

Martin Luther 1483-1546Martin Luther 1483-1546

Launched the Protestant Reformation of Launched the Protestant Reformation of the 16the 16thth century century

Very Conscientious friarVery Conscientious friar

Scrupulously observed religious routineScrupulously observed religious routine

Frequently fasted and went to confessionFrequently fasted and went to confession

The Ninety-Five ThesisThe Ninety-Five Thesis

October 31, 1517October 31, 1517

Wittenberg, GermanyWittenberg, Germany

What led to Luther Drafting his ThesisWhat led to Luther Drafting his Thesis

Practice of IndulgencesPractice of Indulgences Believed Indulgences secured a trip to Believed Indulgences secured a trip to

heavenheaven Johan Tetzel, Dominican FriarJohan Tetzel, Dominican Friar Sold indulgences in GermanSold indulgences in German

““As soon as the coin in the coffer rings the As soon as the coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs”soul from purgatory springs”

Luther sends a letterLuther sends a letter

Became upset with the Archbishop Albert of Magdeburg, Became upset with the Archbishop Albert of Magdeburg, who also was the administrator of Halberstadt and the who also was the administrator of Halberstadt and the archbishop of Mainz (pluralism)archbishop of Mainz (pluralism)

After witnessing Tetzel wrote a letter to Archbishop Albert After witnessing Tetzel wrote a letter to Archbishop Albert on the practice of indulgenceson the practice of indulgences

““Ninety-five Thesis on the Power of Indulgences”Ninety-five Thesis on the Power of Indulgences” Argument was that indulgences undermined the Argument was that indulgences undermined the

seriousness of the sacrament of penanceseriousness of the sacrament of penance Competed with the gospelCompeted with the gospel Down played the importance of ChristianityDown played the importance of Christianity

Did he really nail the thesis to a Church Did he really nail the thesis to a Church door?door?

The story goes on October 31 1517 Luther nailed The story goes on October 31 1517 Luther nailed the Ninety-five Thesis to a door of a church in the Ninety-five Thesis to a door of a church in Wittenberg Castle. He picked October 31 Wittenberg Castle. He picked October 31 because it was the day before All Saints Day and because it was the day before All Saints Day and knew there would be a crowd. After posting the knew there would be a crowd. After posting the letter it supposedly spead throughout Europe in letter it supposedly spead throughout Europe in about six weeks thanks to the printing pressabout six weeks thanks to the printing press

Some scholars believe this never happens Some scholars believe this never happens because it was reported after Luther’s death by because it was reported after Luther’s death by one of his disciples, Philipp Melanchtranone of his disciples, Philipp Melanchtran

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564

Luther launched the Reformation CalvinLuther launched the Reformation Calvin

Had a greater impact on its futureHad a greater impact on its future

Was influenced by Ideas of English Was influenced by Ideas of English speaking peoplesspeaking peoples

Believed God selects certain people to Believed God selects certain people to do his work and he was one of themdo his work and he was one of them

Calvin’s BeliefsCalvin’s Beliefs

Cornerstone was absolute Cornerstone was absolute sovereignty of God and the sovereignty of God and the omnipotence of God in human lifeomnipotence of God in human life

Did not ascribe to freewillDid not ascribe to freewill

Believed in Pre destinationBelieved in Pre destination

What he DidWhat he Did

Founded the Geneva ConservatoryFounded the Geneva Conservatory Set up a TheocracySet up a Theocracy This was made up of 12 lay people a few pastors This was made up of 12 lay people a few pastors

and Calvinand Calvin Designed to watch over all people and admonish Designed to watch over all people and admonish

them if they stepped out of linethem if they stepped out of line

The Conservatory Regulated conduct more severely The Conservatory Regulated conduct more severely than the government at the timethan the government at the time

Between 1542 and 1546 seventy-two people were Between 1542 and 1546 seventy-two people were banished from Geneva and 56 executed for banished from Geneva and 56 executed for heresy, blasphemy and adulteryheresy, blasphemy and adultery

The AnabaptistThe Anabaptist From Greek, means “to baptize again”From Greek, means “to baptize again” Believed only adults could make a free choice Believed only adults could make a free choice

about religious faithabout religious faith Took the gospel literally Took the gospel literally Believed in religious toleration, never tried to Believed in religious toleration, never tried to

force their religion on othersforce their religion on others Were in a small minority most were either Were in a small minority most were either

banished or executedbanished or executed Some zealots tried hurry the end of the world by Some zealots tried hurry the end of the world by

violent meansviolent means Baptist trace their origins today to the AnabaptistBaptist trace their origins today to the Anabaptist

The Church of EnglandThe Church of England

Henry the VIII Was married to Catherine of AragonHenry the VIII Was married to Catherine of Aragon To marry Catherine, who was previously married to To marry Catherine, who was previously married to

Henry’s brother Arthur, Henry got a dispensation from Henry’s brother Arthur, Henry got a dispensation from Pope Julius IIPope Julius II

Then met Anne Boleyn and wanted to divorce Then met Anne Boleyn and wanted to divorce CatherineCatherine

Henry petitioned Pope Clement VII for an annulmentHenry petitioned Pope Clement VII for an annulment Pope Clement would not grant the annulment because Pope Clement would not grant the annulment because

he was Catherine’s nephewhe was Catherine’s nephew Clement also was stuck because if he gave in it would Clement also was stuck because if he gave in it would

validate Luther’s claims the Pope their judgments for validate Luther’s claims the Pope their judgments for God’sGod’s

So what did Henry Do?So what did Henry Do?

Used parliament to break with the Catholic Used parliament to break with the Catholic ChurchChurch

Parliament declared “The Act in Restraint Parliament declared “The Act in Restraint and Appeals” in 1533 breaking from the and Appeals” in 1533 breaking from the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

““The Supremacy act” of 1534 declared the The Supremacy act” of 1534 declared the king the leader of the Church of Englandking the leader of the Church of England

Marries Anne Boleyn Marries Anne Boleyn

So then WhatSo then What

Anne does not produce a boy, has a Anne does not produce a boy, has a girl Elizabethgirl Elizabeth

Henry has her beheaded for the Henry has her beheaded for the crime of adulterycrime of adultery

Parliament proclaimed the king will Parliament proclaimed the king will pick his own successorpick his own successor

English Succession / Henry’s English Succession / Henry’s WivesWives

WifeWife Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

Jane SeymourJane Seymour Dies in child birthDies in child birth

Three more wivesThree more wives

ChildChild Mary TudorMary Tudor

ElizabethElizabeth

Edward VIEdward VI

No SonsNo Sons

How the Church of England How the Church of England EvolvedEvolved

Dissolved the monasteries for their wealthDissolved the monasteries for their wealth Edward succeeded the throne and exerted Edward succeeded the throne and exerted

significant influence on the churchsignificant influence on the church Arch bishop Thomas Cranmer simplified the Arch bishop Thomas Cranmer simplified the

liturgy and wrote the book of common prayerliturgy and wrote the book of common prayer Mary became queen and moved the church Mary became queen and moved the church

back towards Catholicismback towards Catholicism Upon her death Elizabeth assumes the throneUpon her death Elizabeth assumes the throne

How Elizabeth the I solidifies the How Elizabeth the I solidifies the Church of EnglandChurch of England

Had to compromise between the hardlinersHad to compromise between the hardliners Declared all had to attend the Church of England Declared all had to attend the Church of England

or would be finedor would be fined Moved the church moderately back to the Moved the church moderately back to the

protestant sideprotestant side All services to be conducted in EnglishAll services to be conducted in English Clergy allowed to marryClergy allowed to marry Did not re establish monasteriesDid not re establish monasteries

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent The InquisitionThe Inquisition Founding the JesuitsFounding the Jesuits Theresa of AvilaTheresa of Avila

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

Met 1545 to 1563Met 1545 to 1563

Called By Pope Paul IIICalled By Pope Paul III

Called to reform the church and to Called to reform the church and to reconcile with the Protestantsreconcile with the Protestants

What the Council of Trent What the Council of Trent accomplishedaccomplished

Gave equal validity to Scripture and to tradition Gave equal validity to Scripture and to tradition as sources of religious truthas sources of religious truth

Re affirmed the seven sacraments and Re affirmed the seven sacraments and transubstantiationtransubstantiation

Required Bishops to live in their dioceseRequired Bishops to live in their diocese Forbade the sale if indulgencesForbade the sale if indulgences Gave Bishops ultimate authority over priest in Gave Bishops ultimate authority over priest in

their Diocese their Diocese Insisted that admission to seminary be given to Insisted that admission to seminary be given to

sons of poor rather than richsons of poor rather than rich

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

What was the Inquisition?What was the Inquisition?

Church Court set up during the Church Court set up during the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Used secret testimony torture and Used secret testimony torture and execution to root out heresyexecution to root out heresy

Prepared the Prepared the Index of Forbidden Index of Forbidden BooksBooks This included Luther and Calvin's worksThis included Luther and Calvin's works

The Founding of the JesuitsThe Founding of the Jesuits“The Pope’s Marines”“The Pope’s Marines”

Founded in 1540Founded in 1540 Started by Ignatius de Loyola a Spanish Started by Ignatius de Loyola a Spanish

knightknight Wounded in battle, lost his leg, turned to GodWounded in battle, lost his leg, turned to God Strict religious code included rigorous Strict religious code included rigorous

training and absolute obediencetraining and absolute obedience Used military background to mold the orderUsed military background to mold the order Set up schools and universities Set up schools and universities Advisors to Catholic RulersAdvisors to Catholic Rulers

Theresa of AvilaTheresa of Avila

Entered convent as a youthEntered convent as a youth Felt it was not strict enoughFelt it was not strict enough Established her own order Established her own order Church was so impressed with her Church was so impressed with her

order that they asked her to help order that they asked her to help reform the convents in Spainreform the convents in Spain

Widespread PersecutionWidespread Persecution

Jewish PersecutionJewish Persecution

Witch HuntsWitch Hunts

Persecuting the JewsPersecuting the Jews

Pressure on the Jewish to convertPressure on the Jewish to convert Spain expels Jewish 1492Spain expels Jewish 1492 Venice orders Jewish to live in Ghetto’sVenice orders Jewish to live in Ghetto’s Luther called for them to be expelled Luther called for them to be expelled

from Germany when they would not from Germany when they would not convertconvert

Migrated to the Netherlands and Migrated to the Netherlands and Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Witch HuntsWitch Hunts

1450 and 1750 tens of thousands 1450 and 1750 tens of thousands executed for witchcraftexecuted for witchcraft

Accused of being witches or agents of Accused of being witches or agents of the devilthe devil

Mostly in Germany, Switzerland and Mostly in Germany, Switzerland and FranceFrance

Targeted beggars, midwives, and Targeted beggars, midwives, and herbalistherbalist