Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    1/22

    DOP

    t h e C u l t o f f a s h i o n : t h e e a r l i e s t LIFE OF TH E V IRG I N a n DC o n s ta n t i n o Pl e s m a r i a n r e l i C s

    s t e P h e n J . s ho e m a k e r

    ly a igl aricl ha challgd Maximu auhr-hip (rahr uuccully), ad may pciali hihugh m a la prviially hav accpd h

    Life of the Virgina a wrk Maximu.2 Ad rgardl hLife auhrhip, i i widly rcgizd a h arlixa bigraphy h Virgi ad i alm craily awrk h vh cury, a vral va Ebrck

    argum idica ad a I hav urhr clarifd i a pair aricl hi x.3 Aalyi hLife urc adi cidrabl iuc ubqu Maria lira-ur lca i prduci mim wihi h vhcury, m likly i r arud Caipl.

    Accrdig va Ebrck, m h m cm-pllig vidc r hi prvac i b ud ih amblag radii ccrig Mary clhig

    aon te ost clbrad aur h

    Byzai cul h Virgi ar h variuclhig rlic blivd lik h Tk

    pcially wih h imprial capial, Caipl.Y a cral a h rlic ad hir hri wr Byzai piy acr h curi, hir arly hiryrmai rahr prly udrd. I h arly mdival

    urc a wll a i mdr chlarhip, hr i r-qu diagrm ad cui rgardig h aur Caipl Maria rlic ad hir rpcivhri. Mary garm a Blachrai i prhap h bdcumd, bu hr girdl a Chalkpraia ad hrim clhig al appar hav cm i h mixarly . Nvrhl, prir h middl Byzaiprid, i i dicul acrai ju wha i bigvrad whr. Surc r h arly hiry h rl-ic ad hir hri ar cradicry ad dicul da, rquly prjcig radii ad pracic

    rm a lar im a arlir prid. Frualy,a w, i vrlkd, urc ha rcly cm ligh ha ca clariy umru apc Maria piyi arly Byzaium, icludig h vrai Maryclhig i la aci Caipl.

    Apprximaly w dcad ag, Michl va Ebrckpublihd h arli xaLife of the Virgin, a lg-vrlkd x acribd Maximu h Cr haurviv ly i h Grgia laguag.1 I h irduc-i hi dii, va Ebrck pr vral crdiblargum r h accuracy hi aribui Maxi-mu, bu urualy h i abl rlv h iudciivly. Whil m ucraiy ligr rgardig hauhiciy hLife of the Virgin aribui, ar

    I wuld lik hak A lic-Mary alb ad w aymu rad-r rDumbarton Oaks Papers, wh uggi graly imprvd hiaricl. I al hak Dirk Kraumllr r harig hi upublihd wrk h church ad rlic Chalkpraia.

    1 M. va Ebrck, d.,Maxime le Confesseur: Vie de la Vierge, 2 vl.,CSCO 47879, Scripr Ibrici 2122 (Luvai, 1986).

    2 E.g., J.-C. Larch,La diinisation de l'homme selon saint Maxime leConfesseur, Cgiai fdi 194 (Pari, 1996); idm,Maxime le Confesseur,mdiateur entre l'Orient et l'Occident, Cgiai fdi 208 (Pari, 1998);A. Nichl,Byzantine Gospel: Maximus the Confessor in Modern Scho-larship (Ediburgh, 1993). T ly publihd challg Maximuauhrhip cm rm E. M. il, LAkahi lla Via di Mariadi Maim il Cr, i Virgo Liber Dei: Miscellanea di studi inonore di P. Giuseppe M. Besutti, O.S.M., d. I. M. Calabuig (Rm, 1991),20928. Y, a I hav xplaid i a arlir aricl, il argumar pruaiv: S. J. Shmakr, T Grgia Li h VirgiAribud Maximu h Cr: I Auhiciy? ad Impr-ac, iMmorial R.P. Michel an Esbroeck, S.J., d. A. Muraviv adB. Luri, Scriium 2 (S. Prburg, 2006), 30728. T pibiliy Maximu auhrhip wuld al cmpr wih Claudia Rapp brva-i ha h vh cury aw a umbr iuial Church ladrur cmpii hagigraphy: C. Rapp, Byzai Hagigraphra Aiquaria, Svh h Curi,ByzF21 (1995): 35.

    3 Va Ebrck, d.,Maxime l e Confesseur, 2:VIXX XII; S. J. Sh-makr, T Virgi Mary i h Miiry Ju ad h Early Churchaccrdig h EarliLife of the Virgin,HTR 98, . 4 (2005): 44167;idm, Grgia Li h Virgi. S al S. C. Mimui, L Vies dela Vierge:a d la qui,Apocrypha 5 (1994): 21148, p. 21620;M. va Ebrck, Sm Earlir Faur i h Li h Virgi,Mar-ianum 63 (2001): 297308, p. 29798, . 2; M. Grard al., Clais

    Patrum Graecorum: Supplementum, Crpu Chriiarum (urhu,1998), 440, #7712; M. Grard, Clais apocryphorum Novi Testamenti,Crpu Chriiarum (urhu: Brpl, 1992), 71, #90.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    2/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker54

    rlic ha cclud hLife arraiv, alhugh hradii rgrably ca rlv h qui iauhrhip a dciivly a h ha prpd. Nvrh-l, hLife rlic radii ly r impracfrmai i cmpii i vh-cury C-aipl bu al bar m h arli irmaiabu Caipl Maria rlic. Ti cda hVirgi bigraphy, which llw immdialy ar haccu hr Drmii, i paricularly rmarkabl rachivig m abl fr. I i h fr dcum gahr ghr h variu arly radii Maryrlic, ad mrvr i i h fr urc cmbi hCaiplia radii Mary rlic wih harraiv hr Drmii ha had alrady b circu-laig i h Rma prvic r vral curi. I hici, hLife of the Virginuccivly cidr ach h hr mai Maria rlic radiii.., hr ural

    garm, hr rb, ad hr girdlwhil chwigay r harmiz hir dipara accu; h

    Life hu mimic h rlaiv dirdr w cur ihr arly urc.

    A pr, hwvr, i i mwha dicul aully h igifcac hi w wi, iamuch ah prci aur h Maria rlic ad hir arlyhiry rmai mwha cud bh i h aciurc ad i mdr chlarhip. Mari Jugi arlywrk i hi ara i, a will b , highly prblmaic, adAi Wgr udy, whil qui lid, i limid h

    Blachrai radii ad rciv urhr illumiairm hi w x.4 Trr, i rdr udradully h rlic radii hLife of the Virgin, w mufr i hrugh h cicd imi abuMary clhig rlic, i a r idiy a wstatusquaestionis r ach h hr rlic radii. Amghr hig, ly ar h arli urc dicul da, bu hy r varid ad vagu dcripi h Virgi rlic, a vxig prblm ha ly cmpudhr diculi i drmiig wh ad whr hirvrai had bcm ablihd. Urualy, uchqui prv ar mr dicul awr ha wuld lik, ad urly hr wa a gra dal mr harly vrai h rlic ha ur limid urcwill rval. Nvrhl, br iig hrugh h arli

    wi ach h rlic radii, i will prhapb hlpul pr a mr daild ummary h

    Life of the Virgin rlic radii. Trar, ach hhr majr rlic radii will b ivigad i ur,cmparig h vidc ardd by hLife of the Virginwih hr arly urc i rdr clariy h arly hi-ry Caipl Maria rlic.

    T rc td eLife of the Virgin

    T MaximuLife of the Virgin5 i a virual cmpdium la aci radii abu Mary: i chricl h ull

    pa hr li, rm hr miraculu ccpi hrdparur rm hi wrld a h Drmii, fllig i hgap bw hProteangelium of James ad h Dr-mii radii wih a iriguig arraiv Marycral rl i h ladrhip hr miiry ad hac Church.6 Br cmig i cclui, hw-vr, hi arli Maria bigraphy cmpl i arraivwih a xrardiary cllci rlic radii, hfr i kid, i wuld appar. Immdialy ar rla-ig h Virgi Drmii, hLife of the Virgin ur h variu radii abu Mary clhig rlic; hradii brig h arraiv a cl, ad h llw ahym h Virgi lly bad h Akahi, a cl-lci hlgical rci h Drmii adAumpi, ad a fal hym h Aumpi.

    TLife amblag rlic radii, adiga mhig a appdix hr bigraphy, arialm amlly rm h ry hr Drmiihrugh h dvic a la-arrivig apl, a cmmaur crai arly Drmii radii. Ti ar-li Maria bigraphy arra h d Mary lihrugh a iriguig ad rigial yhi h wmai lirary radii h Virgi Drmii ad

    Aumpi, h -calld Palm ad Bhlhmradii, amd r crai uiqu aur hir

    4 T primary cribui bh ar b ud i M. Jugi, Lamort et l'assomption de la Sainte Vierge, tude historico-doctrinale , S114 (Vaica Ciy, 1944); ad A. Wgr,L'Assomption de la T.S. Viergedans la tradition byzantine du VIe au Xe sicle; tudes et documents, AOC5 (Pari, 1955).

    5 I u hr ad lwhr i hi papr h digai h MaximuLife of the Virgin wihu makig ay claim abu hLife auhr-hip, bu iad a hrhad r h Life of the Virgin aribud Maximu h Cr.

    6 Fr mr hi aur, Shmakr, Virgi Mary i h Mi-iry Ju.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    3/22

    DOP

    55Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics

    arraiv.7 A hi ci hLife cm a cl,h apl, ar placig Mary bdy i h mb, waiuid r hr day, i accrdac wih h arliDrmii arraiv rm h Palm radii.8 Y ahi pi hLife abruply hi urc, abadigh Drmii apcrypha rm h Palm ad Bhlhmradii ha wr i urc up hi pi. Sud-dly, wihu ay advac warig, w lar ha h apl wa prvidially dlayd ad uabl ad Mary ural wih hi cllagu. Hr h

    Life ur h variu la-apl accu rmh arly Drmii lgd cmpl i arrai Mary dparur rm hi li, hrby al irducigh fr i Maria rlic radii.

    Accrdig h Life, h apl, whiiially i uamd, arriv i Jrualm hr dayar Mary burial. Ardly wihig pay hi fal

    rpc h dpard Virgi bdy, h ra hhr apl p h mb ha h migh vr-a hr rmai. Much hir cllciv urpri, whh apl p h mb hy fd i mpy: Marybdy ha diappard, havig b miracululy akaway by hr m ukw plac, whr i hab ruid wih hr ul. Such pcifc idicai Mary rurrci i lackig i h hr la-aplDrmii arraiv, which lav hr ulima a aurlvd myry; i i ai hi dail, hLifeharmiz h Virgi dramaic rurrci rm h

    Palm ad Bhlhm Drmii arraiv wih h mrmiimali accu ud i h la-apl radii.Y xcpig ly hi ic hr rurrci, h

    Life hr abad h Palm ad Bhlhm apcryphaad ciu rla h Virgi dah ad hr bdydiapparac accrdig h la-apl radii,udubdly i rdr hi h cu hr rlic. Arall, wh h apl rp h mb hy d fd icmplly bar: l bhid wr h ural wrappig(prbably r )9 ad hrud

    (r ) ha hy had ud prparMary bdy r burial.10

    A hi pi hLife arrar irud xplaiha h ha al hard ha hi la apl wa i acTma, ad hi dlay i arrivig rm Idia wa prvi-dially digd ha h culd mak v mr crd-ibl h miraculu rar Mary bdy rm hiwrld i h x, ju a arlir h had rmvd alldub abu hr rurrci. T auhr graduallyrdirc ai away rm h Virgi dah il ad h hly wrappig ( / ) hah l bhid, xplaiig ha ar hr paig rmhi wrld h rlic ciu aciy h arh ah hrl had i hr li ad burial.11 T, ar c-cdig ha Mary blig ad miracl ar maihrughu h wrld, ad limid ly hr rlic,hLife ur h rlic Mary garm (

    / r ), rig a accu hw i cam rid i h imprial capial.12

    T amu al Galbi ad Kadid, a fh-cury lgd xplaiig h rar h rlic Caipl, llw immdialy. T ry bgiby irducig Galbi ad Kadid, w brhr rma iuial Rma amily wh had rvd a gralad had rcly cvrd rm Ariaim, durig hrig L I. T brhr udrak a pilgrimag h Hly Lad, bgiig i Galil, whr ighhy uddly fd hmlv wihu a plac ay.

    Trugh h wrkig Divi Prvidc, a ldrlyJwih virgi ivi hm ldg wih hr r h igh.Whil aig dir, hy ic a irir rm hrhu flld wih ic ad a crwd ppl urigrm a variy ill. Hpig lar h purp hi rag rm, Galbi ad Kadid pruad hirh di wih hm. Evually, hy ak hr abuh rm, ad alhugh h i rluca awr, hypr hr r a xplaai. Ar warig h brhr crcy, h rval ha h rm cai hVirgi garm, which Mary hrl had giv h wma rlaiv hrly br hr Drmii.T garm, h xplai, had b placd i a mall

    7 Fr mr irmai h variu arly Drmii radii ad

    h aur h lirary radii, S. J. Shmakr,Ancient Tra-ditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption , Oxrd EarlyChriia Sudi (Oxrd, 2002), 2571.

    8 T llwig i a ummary Maximu h Cr,Life of theVirgin 11618 (va Ebrck, d .,Maxime le Confesseur, 14952 [Gr]ad 1013 [Fr]). T pag umbr rr rpcivly h Grgia x(Gr) ad va Ebrck Frch ralai (Fr).

    9 T am wrd i ud r h Virgi ural wrappig i P.-Bail Caara, Transitus Mariae 71 ad 87 (M. va Ebrck, L'Ampi dla Virg da u raiu Pud-Baili,AB 92 (1974): 155, 161).

    10 Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 117 (va Ebrck, d.,150 [Gr] ad 102 [Fr]).

    11 Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 118 (va Ebrck, d.,152 [Gr] ad 103 [Fr]).

    12 Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 119 (va Ebrck, d.,152 [Gr] ad 103 [Fr]).

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    4/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker56

    cr ad pad dw crly wihi hr amily adwa h urc may miracl.

    Amazd a hir dicvry, h rmr Rma gr-al hach a pla al h Virgi garm ad carry iback Caipl wih hm. Ty rqu prmi-i pd h igh i h rm huig hi ra-ur, which i uwary wr rly gra. T brhrhar h rm wih h may ick kig miraculuhalig rm h cr, ad ar h la pr allalp, hy prig i aci, carully maurig hgarm cr ad akig i dig. I hmrig hy ciu ward Jrualm cmplhir pilgrimag, prmiig h ld wma rur hir way hm ad rig brig back ayhigha h migh d. Oc i Jrualm, hy mply aaria mak a xac cpy h garm cr,ad ar pdig vral day i Jrualm, hy cllc

    hir rplica ad bgi h jury hm. Sppig cmr vii hi rahr hpiabl wma, hy agaiak pd h igh i h prc Mary acrdgarm. T, wh vry l i alp, hy wichhir curi cr r h caiig h gar-m, ad i h mrig ar hakig hir had wihig hr wll, hy r Caiplwih h l rlic i had. Oc back i h imprialcapial, hy dcid kp h rlic r hmlv adcrly build a church hir a i Blachrai hu i. Br lg, hwvr, h Virgi Mary ipir

    h w dvu hiv rval h xic hrrlic. Galbi ad Kadid h dicl hir pralraur h mprr L, wh wih hi wi Vriabuild a magifc church a Blachrai i hr h Virgi ad hr garm, hu brigig h lgd a cl.

    Immdialy ar i accu h Galbi adKadid lgd, hLife of the Virgin cmpl idcripi Mary rlic wih a hr ad mwhaprplxig mi hr girdl r bl (/ ), hud a h church Chalkpraia i C-aipl. O h hr majr rlic radii prdi hLife, hi i h m pculiar, bh r irahr abrup ad bri apparac i h Life a wlla r h myry hrudig h rlic arly hiryi h imprial capial. Wihu ay prambl, hLifeuddly irduc h girdl, xplaiig ha i alcam Caipl i h am way. Hw hgirdl rla h lgd Galbi ad Kadid, rv i i i idd b likd, rmai ucrai.

    Alhugh h girdl i aid prc bh h ciy ad irulr, hLife urualy rval hig i rigi.Ouid urc ar much hlp, a will b blw,ic hr ar urpriigly w arly radii abuhi rlic. I ac, hi paag h girdl i vry liklyh arli mi Mary girdl ad i prc aChalkpraia, a aur ha add h imprac wha i alrady a hrwi uprcdd amblag Maria rlic radii i hi ldLife of the Virgin.

    T G d kdd lgd d Vg G bc

    A va Ebrck righly brv i h irduci hi ralai, h radii Mary garm a hchurch Blachrai, ad mr pcifcally h liraryradii i ivi ad ralai, h Galbiad Kadid lgd, ar paricularly impra rdrmiig h prvac h Life of the Virgin.Va Ebrck cclud ha hLife Galbi ad Ka-did lgd lca i prduci a h pig h vh cury ad hrby cur h auhiciy i aribui Maximu. Nvrhl, h rul va Ebrck aalyi h Galbi ad Kadidradii ar arly a dfiiv a h wuld hav iappar. Whil h pruaivly iua hLife cm-

    pii i vh-cury Caipl, hi claimrgardig auhrhip vrrach. Alhugh crailyca y xclud h pibiliy Maximu auhr-hip, cmpari wih h Maria radii arlyByzaium ugg mr mdly hLife prducii vh-cury Caipl, prbably i h frhal ha cury.13 A uch, hLife of the Virginaccu h Galbi ad Kadid lgd r aimpra arly wi h vrai Mary rl-ic a hr Blachrai hri, which urhr clarif h

    arly dvlpm radii abu hi rlic i laaci Caipl.

    T arly hiry Mary acrd garm i hchurch Blachrai i airly wll ablihd, hakprimarily Ai Wgr mial udy h Gal-bi ad Kadid lgd, which crrc crai arly

    13 S p. Shmakr, Grgia Li h Virgi, ad idm, Vir-gi Mary i h Miiry Ju.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    5/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 57

    mip by Mari Jugi. Jugi icrrcly maiaidha h Virgi garm fr cam Blachrai lyrlaivly la, ic h llwd Chria Lparv idaig a ky arly hmily hi rlic h mid-ihcury.14Ti hmily, which ha h Galbi ad Kadi-d lgd a i cr, clbra Caipl dlivr-ac rm a miliary aaul, aribuig h ciy rcu h Virgi ad hr garm.15 Lik may chlar hi grai, Jugi idifd h Ruia aack Caipl i 860 a h hmily hirical cx.Acribig h hmily auhrhip Grg Nik-mdia, Jugi hu ccludd ha Blachrai rb wa ay igifcac i h imprial capial prir hih cury. Trugh a mr cmprhiv udy h Galbi ad Kadid radii, Wgr ha cr-rcd h arly miak.

    By udrakig a carul aalyi hi hmily

    rrc h immdia circumac i cm-pii, Wgr cvicigly idif h hmily aa rp h Avar aack 619, cmpd by acrai Tdr Sykll, a high church cial iCaipl a ha im.16 Mrvr, Wgr arguha Tdr hmily rvd a h primary urc r

    w vry imilar accu h Galbi ad Kadidry apparig i Sym Maphra h-cury

    Life of the Virgin17 ad i h lvh-cury imprialmlgi A;18 h cllcivly am h hr ar-raiv h yp B rm h lgd. H uccullydmra h xic hi lgd (ad prum-ably i rlic) i Caipl by h bgiig hvh cury a h la. Wgr al idif vralhr arly wi a rahr dir rci hi lgd, which h am yp A. Trugh carulcmpari h w vri, h dmra ha hyp A arraiv wa clarly h urc h yp Barraiv. H cclud ha h rmr prbably rigi-ad i Caipl a h cl h fh cury.Tu Wgr ablih ha h vrai Marygarm, idifd i h Galbi ad Kadid lgda a ad a / (garm), wa

    alrady wll ablihd i Caipl by h p-ig h ixh cury.19 H aribu h crai h yp B arraiv Tdr Sykll, wh hblivd had ud h ldr yp A arraiv a h bair hi hmily; w vidc rm h MaximuLife ofthe Virgin ugg, hwvr, ha h yp B arraivalm craily prda Tdr hmily. T vri h Galbi ad Kadid lgd i Tdr hmilyi hi w cmpii bu alm craily i akrm a arlir urc.

    T Galbi ad Kadid lgd i h Grgia

    Life of the Virgin alr Wgr aalyi lighly by add-ig a urh vri h yp B arraiv ha i rik-igly imilar h accu i Sym Maphra

    Life of the Virgin ad h imprial mlgi A, aaiy ha w w kw i cqu up hir dircdpdc hi arliLife of the Virgin.20 T Gr-giaLife rlai wih Tdr Sykll vri h lgd, hwvr, ar cidrably mr cmplx bual mr rvalig. Iamuch a Tdr hmily i a

    14 Jugi,La mort et l'assompti on (. 4 abv), 69091; C. Lparv,Sar vidlv Plzhii rizy Bgrdiy v Vlachrakh vvum ilkvaii primil k ahvii Rukikh a Vizaii v860 gdu, VizVrem 2 (1895): 61228. Rahr aihig ly, J. Wrly,T Maria Rlic a Caipl, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine

    Studies 45 (2005): 17187, rur Jugi viw, wihu much juif-cai ad mig igr h wrk by Wgr ad hr ha hadiprvd hi ldr viw. Whil Wrly aricl r a uul ur vy m middl Byzai urc rlva Caipl Mariarlic, hi glc Wgr impra udy h Galbi ad Ka-did lgd ( hi rmark a 177 . 20) i paricular cmprmi hvalu hi cclui rgardig h arly hiry h rlic.

    15 Tdr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (F. Cmbf, d.,Historia haeresis Monothelitarum: Sanctaeque in eam sextae synodi actorumindiciae, diersorum item antiqua, ac medii aei, tum historiae sacrae, tumdogmatica, graeca opuscula, Grac-Lai Parum Biblihca vumaucarium 2 (Pari, 1648), cl. 75188). T ci h hmily hallw h Galbi ad Kadid lgd, which ra h Avar aack,ha b publihd i a br dii by Lparv, Sar vidlv

    Plzhii. A ralai hi ci ha b publihd i Av. Cam-r, T Virgi' Rb: A Epid i h Hiry Early Svh-Cury Caipl,Byzantion 49 (1979): 4256.

    16 S h dicui i Wgr,L'Assomption (. 4 abv), 11427.Fr h da h Avar aack I llw hr Camr, Virgi' Rb,p. 43 . 7; ad ODB .v. Tdr Sykll, 3:2048. Mag, hw-vr, maiai ha 623 i h crrc da r h raid: C. Mag,T Origi h Blachra Shri a Caipl, iActa XIIICongressus Internationalis Archaeologicae Christianae: SplitPore, d.N. Cambi ad E. Ma ri (Vaica Ciy, 1998), 2:6768.

    17 Sym Maphra,Life of the Virgin (B. Layv, d.,Menologii

    anonymi byzantini saeculi X quae supersunt, 2 vl. [Sai Prburg,1912], 2:34582).

    18 Ibid., 2:12732.

    19 Wgr,LAssomption, 12736.

    20 Va Ebrck, d.,Maxime l e Confesseur, 2:XIXXXIX. I ligh hi rcgii, m Wgr aalyi h hiry h ypB arraiv will d b rhugh, iamuch a h aum T-dr wa Sym urc. Sym rdaci h yp B arraivi much air udrad c i i rcgizd ha h MaximuLifeof the Virgin wa hi urc. S Wgr,LAssomption, 12527.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    6/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker58

    rahr prcily dad x, havig b cmpd hrlyar h Avar aack Caipl i 619, cm-pari wih hLife of the Virgin hld much prmi,a va Ebrck himl wa h fr rcgiz. Tw x hw clar vidc lirary rlai, ad ia rahr haily prd aalyi va Ebrck amp drmi which vri rvd a h hr urc.H prvid a igl bu vry rvalig cmpari h w x a hy imilarly dcrib Mary u hr garm a h Naiviy a waddlig clh, iwhich h wrappd ad h urd hr wbr .21O h bai hi cmpari, va Ebrck arguha hLife ca dpd Tdr hmily, adh al idif vral urhr idicai hLifeidpdc, icludig allui i Tdr hmily h rc vicry vr h Avar, a wll a a umbr hlgical ad biblical xcuru i hi hmily ha

    appar b iri. Alhugh va Ebrck ail giv pcifc xampl h lar, cmpari h

    Life wih Tdr hmily hw ha i vral placTdr ha mdifd a mr primiiv vri hGalbi ad Kadid arraiv wid by hLifeof the Virgin.

    Fr iac, va Ebrck cmpari hwaddlig clh radii hld ar mr igifcacha hi all limid dicui rval. Wha vaEbrck d mak irly clar i ha h paagh cmpar ar draw rm vry dir lcai i

    hir rpciv x. T xcrp rm hLife of theVirgin i ak rm i Galbi ad Kadid arra-iv, whra h quival paag rm Tdrhmily cm rm a lar ci i hi x daligpcifcally wih h rl h Virgi garm i hAvar raid 619. T paag rm hLife of the Virgincclud i accu h rlic ralai wih hfal rmark ha ly did hi acrd garm clhMary immacula ad icrrupibl bdy, bu whChri wa br rm hr, h wrappd him i h vryam garm ad urd him i i. T Life auhrurhr pcif ha hi i h ra why h hlygarm h immacula ad irly praiwrhyTk rmai icrrupibl rm h uil w:

    bcau Mary had waddld hr i hi garm adbga ur him i i immdialy ar hi birh.22

    Tdr hmily, h hr had, ha a imilarpaag a h cclui i Galbi ad Kadidarraiv, bu Tdr mi h fal dail, h likbw h garm icrrupibiliy ad i u awaddlig clh r h wbr Chri.23 Iad,Tdr rai h pi lar i hi hmily, i apaag ccrd wih v h rc Avar raid,ad i i hi paag ha va Ebrck u draw hicmpari wih hLife of the Virgin. Accrdig hi ci Tdr hmily, vral m wr u i advac h Avar aack rriv rm hchurch Blachrai h acrd raur, icludig hVirgi garm, which wa kp i a mall cr, a. Curiiy vrcam h m wh wr dipachd,ad hy pd h cr; fdig wihi a purpl

    clh, hy aumd hi b Mary garm ad cu a mall pic kp r hmlv. T, ar hraid, wh h pariarch rurd h rlic Blachrai,h pd i vl himl. Iid h dicvrd hah purpl clh, which vr h curi had bcmqui wr ad damagd, wa i ac h Virgigarm. Rahr, hi abric had b wrappd arudMary acual clhig, a wl garm which, dpiwl grar prihabiliy, rmaid cmplly iacad ublmihd. T garm miraculu prrva-i hr i acribd, a i hLife of the Virgin, h

    ac ha i i h acually wrappd h Wrd GdHiml wh h wa a vry lil child ad gav himmilk. Bcau hi, hi divi ad ruly ryal garmrighly i ly h cur r vry ill bu righly iicrrupibl ad idrucibl.24

    Bh Tdr hmily ad hLife har a radiiha Mary garm rmaid icrrupibl bcau hhad ud i waddl ad ur Chri a hi birh. BuTdr hmily d mi h garm icr-rupibiliy a h cclui h Galbi ad Kadidarraiv, whr i appar i hLife. Iad, Tdrlik hi radii wih h v h rc Avaraack ad u i xplai h garm icrrupi,

    21 Va Ebrck, d.,Maxime le Confe sseur, XXVIIXXVIII (Fr);cmparig Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 124 (va Ebrck,d., 160 [Gr] ad 109 [Fr]) ad Tdr Sykll,Homily on theVirgins Robe (Cmbf, d.,Historia haeresis Monothelitarum , 782A;Lparv, Sar vidlv Plzhii, 6056; ra. Camr,Virgi Rb, 5354).

    22 Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 124 (va Ebrck, d.,160 [Gr] ad 109 [Fr]).

    23 Tdr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d.,771D).

    24 Tdr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d.,782A; Lparv, Sar vidlv Plzhii, 6056; ra. Cam-r, Virgi Rb, 5354 [lighly mdifd]).

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    7/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 59

    rvald wh Pariarch Srgi pd i cr. Tu iwuld appar ha Tdr ha rmvd hi radiirm i rigial cx a h cclui h Galbiad Kadid ry (whr i mak prc ) adrpiid i lucida cmprary v, uigi xplai h pariarch dicvry a prcly pr-rvd wl garm. Tdr appar mdifcai h yp B arraiv ad by hLife of the Virgin irpr curr v mak i highly ulikly hahi hmily rvd a hLife urc.

    Ahr rvalig pi cmpari ccurwh h ldrly Jwih wma fally rval h ruaur h rlic i hr pi: i Tdr vr-i, h xplai ha h garm ha b pad dwuccivly wihi hr amily hrugh a li virgiwm.25 Cquly, wh Galbi ad Kadidar abu prpra hir piu larcy, hy ar r-

    rifd ha hy, big ihr wm r virgi, mighicur divi wrah by layig hir had uch a acrdbjc. Ty rcall h xampl Uzzah, wh did h p wh h dard uch h ark Gd mrly prv i rm allig h grud (2 Sam 6.67),ad hy pray h Virgi prc hm a hyprpar rmv h ark caiig hr garm.26T am ry appar alm idically i hLife ofthe Virgin, ly wihu ay idicai ha virgi alculd hadl h bx: i hLife vri, h m arccrd ly wih hir umru i.27 I i hard

    imagi ha m wriig aLife of the Virgin wuldrmv uch a dail, which dramaically high hau cliba wm. Alhugh hi i admidly arahr mall pi, h accri imilar dircariig rm uaid cmpari bray a cipar rvalig ha Tdr hmily pr a mdi-fd vri h yp B arraiv.28 Tu, Tdrquai rm hIliad, which Wgr aumd SymMaphra had limiad, ca w b iada Tdr mbllihm a arlir urc, which

    Sym, wh arraiv dpd h MaximuLifeof the Virgin, wuld hav kw.29 Fr uch ra,va Ebrck i righ cclud ha i i highly ulikly(impabl) ha Tdr hmily wa h urcr hLife of the Virgin.

    Y hi bai va Ebrck pr urhr,arig ha Il r alr u ul lui: c quTdr, rci piux d la ralai, dpdd Maxim, ha i, hLife of the Virgin, a cclu-i ha i udamal va Ebrck argumr Maximu auhrhip.30 Clarly, hwvr, hi i h only pibl lui. I ac, i i mr likly ha,idpdly, bh Tdr ad hLife hav draw a igl arlir accu h Galbi ad Kadidlgd, which bh rprduc wih rmarkabl fdliy.T alraiv, ha auhr ha himl wri aw vri h Galbi ad Kadid ry ad h

    hr ha cpid i, i highly imprbabl. I m uliklyha ihr auhr wuld hav l h d cmpa w vri h Galbi ad Kadid lgd, adi i ar air accu r h lirary rlaihipbw h w x a rcig idpd u a alrady xiig arraiv, which bh auhr havicrprad i hir rpciv cmpii.

    Tdr hmily, r xampl, i ccrd pri-marily wih clbraig h rc vicry vr h Avarad h rl h Virgi garm hri. T Galbiad Kadid lgd i hu upplmary h mai

    purp hi hmily, ad i rv primari ly a back-grud marial givig bradr cx Tdrywi accu h acrd garm rc hi-ry. Giv h pririi, i i mwha dubul haTdr wuld hav bhrd prduc a w vri h lgd ju r h ccai, paricularly ic wkw ha by hi im idpd accu hiry alrady wr i circulai, a Wgr yp Aarraiv dmra.31 Furhrmr, cmpari Tdr Galbi ad Kadid lgd wih hLifevri hw ha Tdr ha mdifd apc hry ui h ccai hi hmily, ad Tdrmu dpd ihr hLife r a hird, idpd25 Tdr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d.,763E).

    26 Tdr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d,767BE).

    27 Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 123 (va Ebrck, d.,158 [Gr] ad 107 [(Fr])

    28 Cmpar, r iac, Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin11923 (va Ebrck, d., 15359 [Gr] ad 1048 [Fr]) wih T-dr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d., 758CE,759CD, 763AB, ad 770BD).

    29 Tdr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d.,762C); Wgr,LAssomption (. 4 abv), 12627.

    30 Va Ebrck, d.,Maxime le Confe sseur, XX VIII (Fr).

    31 S Wgr,LAssomption, 12736; S. C. Mimui,Dormition etAssomption de Marie: Histoire des traditions anciennes, Tlgi Hi-riqu 98 (Pari, 1995), 60417. T arli vri hi arraiv hab publihd i Wgr,LAssomption, 294303.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    8/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker60

    accu ha wa hir cmm urc. A r hLife,i auhr ply ackwldg xiv u arlirurc, amg which apparly wa h yp B Galbiad Kadid lgd. Cquly, i i highly uliklyha ihr Tdr r hLife auhr i rpiblr h yp B Galbi ad Kadid ry. Tdrvri clarly wa hLife urc, ad hi hmilyhw vidc dpdc h Life. Prum-ably h, hr wa alrady, by h bgiig hvh cury, a arly vri h yp B arra-iv ha bh auhr idpdly icrprad ihir cmpii. Tir muual dpdc hihrwi uad urc rgly ugg h prduc-i h w x wihi clly rlad miliux. Iay ca, hr i craily d aum ha auhr mu dpd h hr, a va Ebrck m ii. Cmm u a hard urc pr a mr

    plauibl xplaai r h lirary rlai hw vh-cury x.

    urig mmarily h rigi h churcha Blachrai, which hud hi rlic, i i ucraixacly wh ad by whm h church wa udd.T Galbi ad Kadid lgd wuld hav u blivha h church wa iiially buil by h w piucudrl ad h xpadd by L ad Vria. Svralurc, hwvr, icludig Tdr h Lcr arlyixh-curyEcclesiastical History (which urviv lyi ragm), acrib h church udai h

    Empr Pulchria (399453), ad m chlar havllwd h rpr i placig Pulchria i hi rl.32Nvrhl, Cyril Mag ha rcly prpd hah Empr Vria, rahr ha Pulchria, i righlyidifd a udr h Blachrai church, a wlla h church Chalkpraia dicud blw.33Giv Pulchria radiial aciai wih h T-

    k, i i ay imagi hw piu mmry mayhav wrgly rmmbrd hr a h udr hw Maria hri.34

    Y Mag ca r Vria prhip i quia rg a h ugg. I um, all ha h ca muri Vria avr ar w mwha iccluiv pi.Fir, h idif wha h rgard a a pcial cc-i bw Vria ad h alrady xiig hridurig h umuluu yar 47578: i 475 h ughrug a Blachrai ad hr daughr hlpd hir rla-iv Bailicu ji h clrgy hr ar h wa dpd.Scd, Mag brv ha accrdig h arlivri h Galbi ad Kadid lgd, L adVria mad addii a alrady xiig church aBlachrai, icludig a maic dpicig hmlv, adhy ddicad h church h Virgi.35 Iriglyugh, i bh ca h church a Blachrai i xplicily

    dcribd a prxiig Vria acivii hr, which Ihardly hik ca idiy hr wih h hri udr,a Mag prp. Whil h rpr craily d irly xclud hi pibiliy, ihr d hy limiaPulchria, wh claim hy culd i ac m up-

    32 Tdr h Lcr,Ecclesiastical History 367 (G. C. Ha, The-odoros Anagnostes Kirchengeschichte, 2d d., GCS, .F., Bd. 3 [Brli,1995], 102); ha h Euhymiac Hiry, which i dicud blw,al rpr hi. S, .g., R. Jai,La gographie ecclsiastique de lEm-

    pire byzantin, par 1,Le sige de Constantinople et le patriarcat oecumni-que, vlum 3, Les glises et les monastres, 2d d . (Pari, 1969), 16171;Mimui,Dormition et Assomption , 620; M. va Ebrck, L culd la Virg d Jrualm Caipl aux 67 icl,REB 46(1988): 18190; A. W. Carr, Trad Auhriy: T Virgi MaryVil i h Middl Ag, i Robes and Honor: The Medieal World of

    Investiture, d. S . Grd (Nw Yrk, 2001), 6264.

    33 Mag, Origi h Blachra Shri (. 16 abv); C. Mag,Caipl a Tkpli, iMother of God: Representations ofthe Virgin in Byzantine Art, d. Maria Vailaki (Mila, 2000), 1725.

    34 Kh Hlum ha prpd ha Pulchria wa a ard dv- h Virgi Mar y, had mdld hr w auhriy ar h Virgi,acivly prmd Mary vrai i Caipl, ad a l playda cral rl i h Nria crvry: K. G. Hlum, Theodosian

    Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquit y (Brklyad L Agl, 1982), p. 14774. Ti hry wa urhr advacdad dvlpd i V. Limbri,Diine Heiress: The Virgin Mar y and theCreation of Christian Constantinople (Ld, 1994), 5361. Rcly,hwvr, hi irprai ha cm udr vr criicim, a vralchlar hav pid u ha may h ky urc ar bh rahrla ad plmical i aur: C. Aglidi,Pulcheria: La castit al

    potere (c. 399c. 455), D dOri dOccid 5 (Mila, 1998);R. M. Pric, Maria Piy ad h Nria Crvry, i The Church

    and Mar y, d. R. N. Swa, Sudi i Church Hiry 39 (Sulk,2004), 3138; Av. Camr, T Cul h Virgi i La A iquiy:Rligiu Dvlpm ad Myh-Makig, i The Church and Mary,d. R. N. Swa, Sudi i Church Hiry 39 (Sulk, 2004), 121,911; ad L. M. Plmaa, The Image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathis-tos Hymn, T Mdival Mdirraa 35 (Lid, 2001), .g., 51 . 10,57 . 53. Ka Cpr, hwvr, ha ampd argu ha h vidcr Pulchria dvi h Virgi ca wihad v uch cruiy:

    K. Cpr, Cig h Naiviy: Wiv, Virgi, ad Pulchriaimitatio Mariae, Scottish Journal of Religious Studies 19 (1998): 3143;adm, Empr ad Theotokos: Gdr ad Parag i h Chri-lgical Crvry, i The Church and Mary (cid abv), 3951.Y whhr Pulchria wa ir umal i h v h Nriacrvry r , hr rpuai a uch i lar urc culd crailyudrli h aribui h church udai hr.

    35 N, hwvr, ha h x d , a I udrad i, rpr Lad Vria cruci a church a Blachrai, a Mag ugg:Mag, Origi h Blachra Shri, 72.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    9/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 61

    pr, i w ak riuly h idicai bh rprha h Blachrai church prdad Vria. I ay ca,hr m b lil dub ha h church Mary aBlachrai wa buil udr imprial parag durigh cd hal h fh cury, a prid crrpd-ig wih h mrgc h Galbi ad Kadidlgd ad i clbrai h hri impra Mar-ia rlic.

    T Vg Gd d C swddgC: T rc Cp

    A h cclui h Galbi ad Kadid lgd,

    hLife of the Virgin uddly ur h rlic hVirgi girdl, which i irduc wih h llwigbri ad mwha crypic dcripi.

    I hi way h immacula mhr Chri al gav

    h am ciy hr hly girdl, which circld h

    bdy ha caid h ucaiabl, h kig

    all hig. A d r hi a bauiul church wa al

    buil by h aihul mprr h glry h hly

    Tk, which i calld Chalkpraia. Ad hr

    hr icrrupibl girdl i kp, a h ciy crw

    grac ad i wall ada aih, ad h urc

    vicry r h Gd-rvig mprr.36

    Ti rahr abrup ad r paag, aig h impr-ac hi acrd rlic a a upraural guardia himprial capial alrady by h vh cury, appar b h arli wi h vrai Mary girdla h church Chalkpraia. Y i i urpriig hahLife ha lil ay abu h rlic, paricularlyar i xiv accu h dicvry ad rar h Virgi garm Blachrai. TLife rprha Mary girdl cam Caipl i hi way

    () i paricularly prplxig: d hi phrarr back h Galbi ad Kadid lgd? Ar w aum ha Galbi ad Kadid al brugh Marygirdl Caipl? Or rahr ha i ralaiwa i m way imilarly miraculu? Urualy, h

    Life r alm cx hlp rlv hi igma:hi hr paag brig hLife arraiv a cl,ad hu h girdl rigi ad i rlai Blachraigarm rmai myriu.

    N l prblmaic i h hiry h rlic il,wh xic i hrwi ad br harly ighh cury. Ulik h garm () Blachrai, wh hiry i h imprial capial i wlldcumd rm h d h fh cury, h ri-gi Mary girdl () rmai mwha ucrai.Excpig h GrgiaLife, h arli cur wi h girdl prc i Caipl i a hmilyOn Marys Girdle dlivrd by Pariarch Grma I(715730) a h church Chalkpraia.37 Ulik hGalbi ad Kadid lgd, Grma hmily i a accu h girdl ivi ad ralai bu aclbrai Chalkpraia m amu rlic h

    a h church ddicai. Nvrhl, Grma- pak h rlic i rm uggig ha by hiim h girdl wa alrady a wll-ablihd ad rvrdprc i h ciy. Amg hr hig, h dcribh girdl a circlig ad mbracig i ciy, prc-ig i uaailably rm barbaria aack, ad h rrdircly arlir radii abu h girdl, prumablywri .38 Tu Grma hmily bar wi

    36 Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 124 (va Ebrck, d.,16061 [Gr] ad 109 [Fr]).

    37 PG 98:372D384A. S Mimui,Dormition et Assomption (. 31abv), 626; Jai, Gographie ecclsiastique (. 32 abv), 23839; V. Fazz,Germano di Costantinopoli: Omelie mariologiche (le omelie mariane e lelettere sulle sacre immagini), Cllaa di i pariici 49 (Rm, 1985),139 . 18; G. P P, Germn de Constantinopla: Homilas Mariol-

    gicas , Biblica d parica 13 (Madrid, 1991), 143 . 14. Ti lcaial m b aumd by Mag, Caipl a Tkp-li (. 33 abv), 19, ad by N. H. Bay, T Supraural Ddr Caipl, iByzantine Studies and Other Essays (Ld,1955), 24860, a 258. Fr m pculiar ra, Jugi idif Blachr-ai a h lcai r hi hmily, a d Amari Wyl Carr: Jugi,

    La mort et lassomption (. 4 abv), 698; Carr, Trad Auhriy(. 32 abv), 82 . 21. N a l ha Carr idifcai h ay-mu wrk a a hmily dlivrd by Adrw Cr i h Blachrai church a h bgiig h ighh c-ury i qui miladig. Ti wrk, which dcrib h ivi addpii h girdl, ha b publihd i Cmbf,Historia haer-

    esis Monothelitarum (. 15 abv), 789804, ad huld b rgardd aaymu accrdig Wgr,LAssomption (. 4 abv), 113, . 2,ad al accrdig Mimui,Dormition et Assomption (. 31 abv),62526. A pr, i da appar qually ucrai.

    38 Grma Caipl, Homily on Mar ys Girdle (PG98:377BC): , , , , . S al Fazz, Germano di Costantinopoli,140 . 22; P P, Germn de Constantinopla, 145 . 22.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    10/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker62

    a cul cud hi rlic ha wa alrady hrivigby h bgiig h ighh cury.39

    Numru lar urc i ac ugg ha h rlicvrai bga cidrably arlir ha Grmahmily, alhugh hir daa ar cradicry adi m ca dmrably iaccura. Fr iac,vral middl Byzai urc dcrib h girdldpii udr h Emprr Arcadiu (395408) adallg h dicvry a icripi i h ih curyaig hi ac.40 Y hi radii i alm crailya piu fci, digd rai h girdl au icmpari wih Blachrai garm by ablihigi prc i h ciy v arlir, ad a icripiwa prumably dicvrd r h ccai hach ry crdibiliy.41 By all accu, h church Chalkpraia wa il ablihd ly lar i h fhcury, by Pulchria r Vria, makig i rahr dicul

    bliv ha h rlic wa alrady i plac mr hahal a cury arlir.42

    Wih r wihu hi impra rlic, h Chalk-praia church quickly ablihd i rpuai a Caipl m rvrd Maria hri, cdly hr church a Blachrai. By h ixh cury,rgular liurgical prci i hr Mary marchdhrugh h r Caipl bw Blachraiad Chalkpraia. Accrdig h urh-cury

    Ecclesiastical History Nikphr Kalli Xah-pul, Pulchria ablihd h wkly prci Wdday.43 Nvrhl, i i rahr dubul haPulchria iiiad h wkly Maria clbrai:v i h wa rpibl r buildig bh church,a Nikphr ad may hr urc rpr, i mulikly ha h prci wuld hav b ab-lihd hrly ar h cruci h church.A mr crdibl rpr cm rm Tdr h Lcr,wh arly ixh-curyEcclesiastical History crdi

    Pariarch imhy I (511518) wih irducig wklyprci rm h Chalkpraia hri Friday,alhugh h mak mi Blachrai.44 By hla quarr h ixh cury, hwvr, wkly prc-i bw h w Maria hri Friday wra rgular aur Caipl rligiu li, aad by vral urc ha lik h mprr Mauric(582602) wih h prci.45

    T liurgical pracic a ly h cidr-abl imprac h Chalkpraia hri alrady byh arly ixh cury bu al a ymblic cci

    bw h w Maria church; bh h ac-r ugg h prc a igifca Maria rlic a

    39 By way cmpari, Grma hmili h Virgi Dr-mii prvid h arli rliabl vidc r h cmmmrai h a h Drmii i h imprial capial. Y urly hi cl-brai, alrady wll ablihd hrughu h prvic a curybrhad, wa brvd i Caipl br Grma rig apariarch. S, .g., Shmakr,Ancient Traditions (. 7 abv), 78141;Mimui,Dormiti on et Assomption , 353584.

    40 T iclud: a hmily by h uur pariarch Euhymi, dliv-rd m likly r h a Mar y girdl i 888 (M. Jugi,Homliesmariales byzantines: textes grecs, 2 vl. , PO 16.3, 19.3 [Pari, 1922 & 1926],

    1:50514); h Mlgi Bail II (9631025) (PG 117:613AC); adh h-cury Syaxari Caipl (H. Dlhay, Synaxar-ium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice Sirmondiano nunc Berolinensi[Brul, 1902], 935). A para radii i h Syaxari dcribh girdl dpii a h church Chalkpraia i 942: ibid., 600).Y hi i clarly impibl, ul, a Mag ugg, hi ivlv hdpii a cd girdl: Mag, Caipl a Tkp-li (. 33 abv), 19.

    41 Mag, Origi h Blachra Shri (. 16 abv), 6566;Mag, Caipl a Tkpli , 19. S al Jai, Gogra-

    phie ecclsiastique (. 32 abv), 23739. Nvrhl, accrdig haccu, h icripi wa likd wih h caiig h girdl, wih h church il. Tu i i irly impibl, alhughxrmly ulikly, ha h rlic ha m cci wih Arcadiu.

    42 A wih h church a Blachrai, Mag agai avr Vria vrPulchria, h bai Juiia,Novellae 3.1 (P. Krugr al., d.,Corpus iuris ciilis, 3 vl . [Brli, 1954], 3:20), which idif Vriaa h udr h Chal kpraia church (Mag, Origi hBlachra Shri, 6566). Nvrhl, m chlar idiy Pul-chria a i udr, whil uppig ha Vria vraw i cmpl-i: . F. Mahw, The Early Churches of Constantinople: Architec-ture and Liturgy (Uivriy Park, P., 1971), 28; Jai, Gographieecclsiastique , 237; W. Lackr, Ei byzaiich Marimirakl,

    Byzantina 13 (1985): 84344. T Chricl Tpha idif

    Pulchria a h udr: C. d Br, d., Theophanis chronographia,2 vl. (Hildhim, 1963), 1:102, 105. A paag i Tdr h Lcral idif Pulchria a Chalkpraia udr, bu hi i widlyrgardd a a irplai: Ha, Theodoros Anagnostes (. 32 abv),102, . 363. A gd dicui hi paag au ca b ud iB. Pchva,Icons and Power: The Mother of God in Byz antium (Ui-vriy Park, P., 2006), 120.

    43 Nikphr Kalli Xahpul, Ecclesiastical History 14 (PG147:1061).

    44 Tdr h Lcr,Ecclesiastical History494 (Ha, Theodoros

    Anagnostes, 140). Jai miakly rpr ha Tdr al miBlachrai i hi paag, alhugh h d : Jai, Gographie eccl-

    siastique, 167.

    45 Tphylac Simcaa,Histo riae 8.5 (C. d Br, TheophylactiSimocattae Historiae [Lipzig, 1887], 29192); Tpha, Chronographia(d Br, d., Theophanis chronographia, 1:26566); Grg Kdr,Compendium Historiarum (I. Bkkr, d., Georgius Cedrenus [et] Ioan-nis Scylitzae ope, 2 vl., CSHB 3435 [B, 1838], 1:694). O hprci, al Pchva,Icons and Power, p. 12, 107, 145; adva Ebrck, Cul d la Virg (. 32 abv).

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    11/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 63

    Chalkpraia. Idd, wuld imagi ha chi riual yk had b ablihd i wa vry lgbr Chalkpraia baid a rlic i w rivalBlachrai garm, i i ac i did alrady p- uch a im. Accrdig h Syaxari C-aipl, Chalkpraia acquird h Virgi girdldurig h rig Juiia (527565), which m avry likly pibiliy.46 TPatria, a la h-curycllci ri abu h hiry Caiplad i mum, add a maur crdibiliy hSyaxari rpr.47 Accrdig hPatria, JuiII (565578) ad hi wi Sphia buil h hly (achapl r h girdl rlic) a Chalkpraia ad rbuili acuary, which had b damagd by a arhquak:a hi im Chalkpraia wa aid hu bh hVirgi girdl () ad hr garm (), bu hr rb r vil ( [= ]), which wa

    h a h church Blachrai.48 Ti rpr appar b a rahr br imy, ad i bar bviuagda: i i dicul cciv a miv r iviguch a radii rm whl clh. Ev h diribui rlicbh girdl ad garm i Chalkpraiapii a pculiar a i migh m a frglac.

    T ruh h mar i ha r vral curih arly Byzai urc vidc rmarkabl divriyad uidiy i hir dcripi CaiplMaria rlic. T lgd Galbi ad Kadid, r

    iac, ur ha m r garb, a , wavrad a Blachrai rm h d h fh cury,bu h prci aur hi apparl rmai ubbrlyvagu ad v mwha cud r vral curi.Oly rlaivly lar d hi rlic cm b idi-fd pcifcally wih Mary r rb. A Jugibrvd, h rm (r ) i ud dcrib hi garm uil h h cury: prir

    hi im, mr gric rm, uch a ad ,wr ud r Blachrai acrd garm.49 Mrvr,hr i rg vidc ha by h bgiig highh cury w dir im Mary clhig hadcm rid a Chalkpraia, hr girdl ad Chriwaddlig clh. A alrady rm h Galbiad Kadid lgd, waddlig clh culd radilyb idifd wih Mary r garm, ad a rariac irxualiy bw hi lgd ad harly Drmii radii ugg h pibiliy haChalkpraia pd a cd, imilar garm hahad c blgd h Virgi.

    Accrdig h arli vri h Galbi adKadid lgd, Wgr yp A, h garm l byh w brhr, dcribd bh a a ad a a -, had b pad dw wihi h ld wmaamily r grai. A hi lgd xplai, h Virgi

    hrl, ju br hr Drmii, bquahd h gar-m h ld wma rlaiv, wh had b Mary rva.50 A chlar arly Maria piyhav lg d, hi radii h garm rigialm craily driv rm a paag i h arliDrmii arraiv, which da h urh curyi prhap v arlir.51 Br h hr aplarriv, Mary hw Jh all hr wrldly pi,

    46 Dlhay, Synaxarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae (. 40 abv),93596. Dirk Kraumllr papr Makig h M Mary: TChalkpraia i h h Cury, dlivrd a h crc T

    Mhr Gd i Byzaium: Rl ic, Ic, ad x a Oxrd Ui-vriy (17 ad 18 Augu 2006), rach a imilar cclui. Ti paprhuld appar i h publihd prcdig h crc.

    47 Fr mr hPatria ad i aur, A. Brgr, Untersuchun-gen zu den Patria Konstantinupoleos , Pikila Byzaia 8 (B, 1988),ad p. 18796 rgardig h da; G. Dagr, Constantinople imagi-naire: tudes sur le recueil des Patria , Biblihqu byzai, ud 8(Pari, 1984).

    48 . Prgr, Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum, 2 vl. (Li-pzig, 19017), 2:22627, 263; PG 157:560AB, 593B.

    49 Jugi,La mort et lassomption (. 4 abv), 69394. Carr, Trad Auhriy (. 32 abv), 63, arm Jugi am. S al hdicui blw ad C. Mag, The Homilies of Photius, Patriarch of

    Constantinople, DOS 3 (Cambridg, Ma., 1958), 7677. I ligh hirahr la uag , Mag, Origi h Blachra Shri(. 16 abv), i ar r i hi u hi rm dcrib h garmprir h h cury: i i vry quiabl whhr i wa idi-fd a uch a hi im. N dub h draw juifcai rm a paagi hLife of Theodore of Sykeon ha pak h hm h big dad a mary a a rlic:Life of Theodore of Sykeon 128.12(A. J. Fugir, Vie de Thodore de Sykn, 2 vl. [Brul, 1970], 1:102ad 2:105). Jugi rgardd hi paag a a irplai, largly hbai i u . Ti rrc rm hLife of Theodore ial amalu i ha radii h Virgi garm appar havb limid maily Caipl a hi im: hi paag wuldb h fr vidc r h circulai hi Caiplia ra-dii i h prvic, prcdig hr uch wi by vral c-

    uri. Ouid Caipl, h Virgi ural garm m hav b h cr ai, a blw. All hi rglyavr h pibiliy a irplai; v i h paag il iauhic, h wrd may b a lar irprai. I ay ca,i d prvid vidc r h u hi rm i Caiplprir h h cury.

    50 Wgr,LAssomption, 29697.

    51 Jugi,La mort et lassomption, 691, . 1; Wgr,LAssomption (bh. 4 abv), 12930. Rgardig h da h arly Palm radii, Shmakr,Ancient Traditions (. 7 abv), 3246, 20579.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    12/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker64

    which iclud ly hr ural garm () adw uic (), ad h iruc him ha arhr dah h w uic huld b giv ach wwidw livig wih hr.52 Tu, accrdig hi ir-xual rrc, h rlic ha Galbi ad Kadidbrugh Caipl ad placd i a church hir Blachrai a wa rigially a pair, whichhard cmpay al wih h ural garm i whichh Virgi wa burid. Ti i a impra arly clu ha migh xpc cur vral dir im clhig c blgig h Virgi.

    By h ur h vh cury, h yp B vr-i h Galbi ad Kadid lgd had cm icirculai.53 Ti arraiv, ud idpdly by bhTdr Sykll ad hLife of the Virgin auhr,add grar clariy a umbr pi, icludigh rigi h Virgi garm (). I hi rvi-

    i, h ld wma xplai ha Mary, ju br hrdah, gav w hr garm () w piuvirgi, makig h likag wih h pid rm harly Drmii radii v mr clar.54 Mrvr,a alrady d abv, hi rvii h Galbi adKadid lgd ir h radii ha Mary hadud hi garm r waddlig clh, wrappighr wbr i i a h urd him, which wa hra why i rmaid ucrrupd ill i h vhcury.55 I h prc, h Virgi garm bcamaid wih drp hr bra milk. Alhugh hi

    paricular pi m hav all u h GrgiaLife of the Virgin, i prc i h rigial Grk vr-i hiLife i aurd by h iclui hi dail

    i h h-curyLies of the Virgin by Jh Gm-r ad Sym Maphra, bh which dpddircly hi primiiv Maria bigraphy.56 Tu, byh pig h vh cury, h yp B arra-iv h Galbi ad Kadid lgd idif hil garm wih a im Mary clhig ha hud waddl hr ia , a garm ha ill brh ai Mary li-givig milk. Alrady a hi arlyag, h aur Blachrai rlic had bgu hiad v mrg wih variu hr acrd xil ih piu radii Caipl.

    Frm hi pi hig bcm rahr my, adcui abu h aur Mary rlic ak hld ur urc r vral curi. A Amari WylCarr brv, bw h ixh ad ih curivariu urc r dir ad cradicrydcripi wha h aply characriz a a vriabl

    laudry chu Maria garm i h church Caipl.57 I hi prid, mim br hur h ighh cury, h Virgi girdl jid hrgarm i wha wa a bcmig a Tkpli,a Tdr Sykll am h imprial capial.58A alrady d, h fr idipuabl vidc hgirdl prc i Caipl cm ly rmPariarch Grma arly ighh-cury hmilyOn

    Marys Girdle, alhugh Grma dcrib h rlic irm clarly idicaig ha i vrai wa alradywll ablihd by ha im. I a rmark rmiic

    h Galbi ad Kadid lgd, Grma hav i hi day h girdl ill br viibl drp Maryimmacula bra milk.59 Bu r d Grmabgi prai Mary girdl ha h uddly cach

    52 Wgr,LAssomption, 22223; S al hBook of Marys Repose44 (h EhipicLiber Requiei), whr h rcipi ar idifd apr wm: V. Arra,De transitu Mariae apocrypha aethiopice, 2 vl.,CSCO 34243, 35152 (Luvai, 1973), 1:27 (Eh) ad 18 (La); Eglihra. i Shmakr,Ancient Traditions, 31617.

    53 Ohr urc rm arud h am im ha mi hi gar-m ar: a ,Life of Theodore of Sykeon 128.12 (Fugir, Viede Thodore de Sykn, 1:102 ad 2:105); a , Tphylac Sim-caa,Historiae 8.5 (d Br, Theophylacti Simocattae Historiae, 29192);

    ad a , a arly Kaki h Hly Fahr: P. Maa, Frh-byzantinische Kirchenpoesie, 2d d., Kli x r Vrlug udbug 52/53 (Brli, 1931), 31, rph 15. Rgardig h da hlar, Mag, Origi h Blachra Shri, 69 . 37.

    54 Tdr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d.,763DE); Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin (va Ebrck, d.,156 [Gr] ad 106 [Fr]).

    55 Tdr Sykll,Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d.,771DE); Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin (va Ebrck, d.,160 [Gr] ad 109 [Fr]).

    56 S Jh Gmr,Life of the Virgin 43 (Wgr,LAssomption,39495); ad Sym Maphra,Life of the Virgin 53 (Layv, d.,

    Menologii anonymi byzantini, 2:383). Rgardig h dpdc hw itae h MaximuLife, va Ebrck, d.,Maxime le Con-

    fesseur, XI XXX IX (Fr); ad Shmakr, Grgia Li h Vir-gi (. 2 abv). T widprad ucc Sym maphra hiarlirLife of the Virgin dub xplai why i Grk rigial wa prrvd: Sym vri rplacd i. A Rapp brv, Sym

    mlgi i prrvd i a la 693 maucrip: Rapp, ByzaiHagigraphr, 32.

    57 Trad Auhriy, 63; al va Ebrck, Cul d laVirg, 182 (bh . 32 abv).

    58 Homily on the Virgins Robe (Cmbf, d., 754B).

    59 Homily on the Virgins Girdle (PG 98:376B); Jh GmrLifeof the Virgin al appar mi drp Mary milk ill viibl hr girdl, a lhugh a Wgr , hr i m ambiguiy i hipaag , ad i i irly impibl ha i migh rr hr gar-m: Wgr,LAssomption, 39495.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    13/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 65

    himl ad irrup hi cmium h girdl callai al, i ly r a mm, Chalkpraiahr gra rlic, h waddlig clh Chri, hi.60 Apparly, by h bgiig h ighhcury, h clh wr vrad algid hgirdl a Chalkpraia ad wr al blivd wachvr ad prc h aihul, bidig ad rikig dwmi.61 Culd hi prhap xplai hPatria rprha bh Mary girdl () ad hr garm ()wr hud a hi church? Ar all, h yp B ar-raiv h Galbi ad Kadid lgd rpr haMary had ud hr garm (), wha warigially a pair, waddl hr wbr . Prhap h

    Patria rc a claim by Chalkpraia p Marycd garm, hr amd , a a im wh hVirgi Blachrai garm wa icraigly idifdmr pcifcally a hr .

    O cur, Grma hmily acually cra mrprblm ha i pially lv: hi prai Chalk-praia waddlig clh () dircly cra-dic h claim h Galbi ad Kadid lgd haBlachrai garm had waddld h ia Ju, aculd b prvd by ill viibl drp Mary bramilk. Ti diagrm rval ha durig h vhcury Chalkpraia ad Blachrai advacd cmp-ig claim p h clhig i which Mary hadwaddld Chri62 ad, urhrmr, ha bh hriugh auhica hir rlic, h girdl ad h

    garm rpcivly, wih a appal ill-viibl rac Mary bra milk.63 T paralll claim udub-

    dly rc h rivalry ha had cm xi bwCaipl ld ad m rvrd Maria hri,a ach ugh ud h hr i bh h umbrad h imprac i rlic.64 I rmai ucraiwhich hri wa fr ak uch claim bhal i rlic, iamuch a Grma hmily i harli urc irmai abu Chalkpraia rl-ic, ad i h ca Blachrai garm, h radii i u a waddlig clh appar b a cdarydvlpm. Nvrhl, i i clar ha by h cl h vh cury, bh Chalkpraia ad Blachraipd impra Maria rlic, ad radii c-cd wih ach hri idifd amg h a garmha Mary had ud waddl Ju, adducig drp Mary bra milk a validai.

    T Life of the Virgin, whil prhap h arlidcum mi hi prc Mary girdl a

    Chalkpraia, d add much clariy hi cu-i. TLifem kw hig Chalkpraiaclaim hu h waddlig clh Chri, ad iGalbi ad Kadid lgd idif hi rlic wih hVirgi Blachrai garm. Mrvr, i mi hgirdl ly vry abruply, xplaiig ha i hi way himmacula mhr Chri al gav h am ciyhr hly girdl. A alrady d, i i dicul kwxacly wha mak hi paag, ic prir hipi h arraiv giv cidrai Mary girdl.Prhap h auhr blivd ha Galbi ad Kadid

    had brugh h girdl Caipl ghr wihBlachrai garm, ad prhap, makig h aump-i ha h ldrly Jwih wma had pd hmbh, h idif h girdl a h cd w gar-m ( / ) ha Mary gav hr r-va ju br hr dah.65 Such, a la, i h luiprpd by va Ebrck, wh li uppr rm avaria radig i h Syaxari Caipl haidif h girdl a h w garm.66 Y

    60 Homily on Marys Girdle (PG 98:376D377B). Bh rlic wrill a h hri ca. 888, wh h uur pariarch Euhymi dliv-rd hi hmilyOn Marys Girdle (Jugi,Homlies mariales, 1:506, 512).Tr i al a hym h girdl by Jph h Hymgraphr (PG105:1013CD); h girdl i al mid i a ih-cury accu a miracl a h church Chalkpraia: Lackr, ByzaiichMarimirakl (. 42 abv), 853.

    61 Grma Caipl, Homily on Mar ys Girdle (PG98:377B).

    62 Alxadr Kazhda brv ha Adrw Cr hmili

    h Naiviy Mary brig i cu a vral pi Mary -, herwaddlig clh, which may rval y ahr Maria rlici Caipl. Kazhda pcula h urc A drw ir-: wa h rlic prhap hud i h church whr Adrw dlivrdhi hmili? A. Kazhda,A History o f Byzantine Literature (650850)(Ah, 1999), 45.

    63 I am rahr puzzld by Mag claim ha h girdl i rprd ahi im a harig h am rigi a hr Blachrai garm: Mag,Caipl a Tkpli (. 33 abv), 19. I d kw wha bai h mak hi claim (h d ay); prhap h radig rm

    h Syaxari Caipl adducd by va Ebrck, Maximele Confesseur, 1:XXIVXXV (Dlhay, Synaxarium ecclesiae Constan-

    tinopolitanae, 93536).64 Kraumllr, Makig h M Mary (. 46 abv), pr hb dicui hi rivalry ha I hav ; al N. H. Bay, TSupraural Ddr Caipl,AB 67 (1949): 16577, 258. 24; va Ebrck, Cul d la Virg (. 32 abv), 18188, alhughmay va Ebrck argum ar rahr pculaiv.

    65 Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 105, 122 (va Ebrck,d., 136, 156 [Gr] ad 92, 106 [Fr]).

    66 Va Ebrck, d.,Maxime le Confesseur,1:XXIVXXV; Dlhay,Synaxarium e cclesiae Constantinopolitanae, 93536.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    14/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker66

    h Galbi ad Kadid lgd a qui dlibralyha h garm had g w dir wm, ly whm i idifd a h ld wma rlaiv.67Urualy, hi paag rm hLife of the Virginprmp mr qui ha i awr, ad i add vrylil wha i alrady kw rm Grma arlyighh-cury hmily.68

    my f G, l-aptd, d eyc hy

    Cmplicaig mar urhr ill ar h la-ap-l radii rm h arly Drmii arraiv,

    wih which h Life of the Virgin bgi i dicui Mary rlic. Uilizig h dvic a apl wharriv la paricipa i h Virgi ural, hrlic radii cu ai h dicvry ymr Mary clhig, hr ural garm. O h m rmarkabl (ad rahr w) pi uiyamg h arly Drmii radii i hir ar uai-mu agrm ha ju prir h Virgi dah, hapl wr miracululy raprd rm h d h arh i rdr b pr r hr dparur rm

    hi wrld.69 A w hav alrady d, hwvr, i aumbr accuicludig m ha ar arly h apl, mim idifd a Tma, idlayd ad d rach Jrualm i im r Marydah.70 Wh a h la apl rqu h aplp h Virgi mb, hy ar urprid fd hmb mpy, xcp r h ural garm ha hl bhid, hr ural wrappig (/)ad/r hr burial hrud (/).71

    Svral arly Drmii arraiv iclud a vri hi radii, ad whil i i dicul da m h arraiv prcily, hr i gd vidc ha hla-apl radii had alrady bgu circula i hGrk Ea br h bgiig h vh cury.T arli wi hi rlic radii i a Armiahmily h Drmii aribud (icrrcly) JhChrym. Alhugh i i ulikly ha hi hmily i

    a arly a va Ebrck prp (h urh cury),hr ar ig ha h l Grk rigial i amg harli Drmii accu, prbably blgig hixh cury.72 Ahr arly Drmii arraiv haiclud h la-apl radii i h Grgia Tran-

    situs P.-Bail, wh liurgical radii lca hcmpii i Grk rigial mim durig hvh cury.73 Nihr h arraiv, hugh,

    67 Va Ebrck claim ha Jh GmrLife o f the Virgin , i

    i Drmii arraiv, dcrib ly garm ha wa giv awma prir Mary dah: va Ebrck, d.,Maxime le Confesseur,92 . 5. Ti, hwvr, hi cradic wha wa publihd by Wgr(LAssomption [. 4 abv], 36869). Prhap va Ebrck cmpldii JhLife of the Virg in will clariy hi pi, i i i pub-lihd. Al, i i a all clar rm h x Jh Life ha hudrd bh rlic a big hud a Blachrai, a va Ebrckal maiai; I am m ucrai a why va Ebrck mak hiclaim: va Ebrck, d.,Maxime l e Confesseur, 109 . 52 (Fr); Wgr,

    LAssomption, 39497.

    68 O pibiliy i ha hi paag h girdl may b irp-lai, irducd ihr by h Grgia ralar, Euhymi, r bym br him wh wad cmpl h accu Mary rlicwih a la a bri mi hr girdl. Cmpari wih quivalpi i hLife of the Virgin by Jh Gmr ad hLife by SymMaphra culd uppr hi viw. SymLife (rahr urpriigly)mak mi h girdl whavr, cmig a cl wih hGalbi ad Kadid lgd. Jh GmrLife, hwvr, irduch girdl ghr wih Mary garm () a h bgiig h Galbi ad Kadid ry, which Jh haily ummariz, adhrar hy agai appar ghr, a Jh acrib h divi pr-ci h ciy ad h mpir bh rlic (Wgr,LAssomption,39495). Nvrhl, i i qual ly pibl ha bh Sym ad Jhhav mid hi paag bcau h diculi dicud abv.

    69 T mai xcpi hi ar h arly Cpic radii, whichivlv ly a w h apl: Shmakr, Ancie nt Traditions

    (. 7 abv), 5763; ad idm, T Sahidic Cpic Hmily h Drmi-i h Virgi Aribud Evdiu Rm: A Edii MrgaMSS 596 & 598 wih ralai,AB 117, . 34 (1999): 24183.

    70 T la-apl radii ad hir arli rpraiv ardicud i Shmakr,Ancient Traditions, 6771.

    71 N al ha Jh Talica arly vh-curyHom-ily on the Dormition mim mi ha h apl dicvrdMary grav clh by rpig hr mpy mb h hird day.Y h fal ci hi hmily i xrmly prblmaic: h vari-u maucrip h -irplad vri h hmily xhibi arahr dramaic divriy i hir cclui. Alhugh Jugi lcd amaucrip ha cclud wih h dicvry Mary ural garma big i all prbabiliy h cl h rigial, m maucrip hi vri h hmily d mi h dicvry ay grav

    clh. I ligh hi, Jh hmily ca b ud a a rliabl wi- h radii abu Mary grav clh. S Jugi, Homliesmariales (. 40 abv), 2:36970, 4015.

    72 P.-Jh Chrym,Homily on the Dormition 15, 17 (M. vaEbrck, U hmli armi ur la drmii aribu Chry-m, OC74 [1990]: 199233, 21819 [Arm] ad 23132 [Fr]). O hixh-cury da, Shmakr,Ancient Traditions, 6970; Mimui,

    Dormition et Assomption (. 31 abv), 33437.

    73 Shmakr,Ancient Traditions, 71, 13240. S al Mimui,Dor-mition et Assomption, 31516. Mimui a l idif hLetter of (Ps-)

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    15/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 67

    ha ayhig ay abu h a Mary grav clhar hir dicvry, r ar hr ay hi hir v-rai. T arli vri h la-apl radii,a rcd i h w x, rgd ccibw h garm ad ihr Caipl rh church Blachrai. Ti likag wa achivd, im, by h m amu h la-apl radii,h xcrp rm hEuthymiac History prrvd iJh Damacu cd hmily h Drmii.74Nw l, hEuthymiac History appar hav baLife Euhymi (d. 473), h udr cbiicmaicim i Pali. Nvrhl, i radiiabu h Virgi ural rlic wr widly dimiadi mdival Byzaium, hak hir iclui i Jhppular hmili h Drmii.

    Nar h d Jh cd hmily r h Drmi-i, h x irduc a ciai rm hEuthymiac

    History, bk 3, chapr 40, a paag ha appar ivry kw maucrip Jh cd Drmiihmily, icludig h arli, cpid i 890.75 Nvr-hl, i pi i impccabl ramii hirywihi h maucrip radii, hr i gral agr-m ha hi lgd h Virgi urary rlic wa

    rigially a par Jh hmily. Accrdig hipaag rm hEuthymiac History, h Virgi gravclh wr Caipl a h rqu h Empr Pulchria ad dpid a h church Blachrai. T quai appar a Jh gag i arhrical cvrai wih h Virgi mb, i whichh ak h mb, rahr labraly, whr i Mary bdy;h mb rpd wih qual lquc, xplaiig hai ha b rmvd rm h wrld. T h paagrm h Euthymiac History xpad urhr hradii Mary mb by irducig hr uraryrlic. A hi pi, h c hi rm Jrualm Caipl, whr Pulchria ad Marcia ar aid hav buil h church i Blachrai a h bgiig hir rig. Hpig hr hir w hri hVirgi wih a impriv Maria rlic, hy ak adva-ag h ambly a Chalcd apprach Bihp

    Juval Jrualm wih a rqu ha Mary bdilyrmai b Caipl r dpii i hchurch Blachrai, whr hy culd prc h imp-rial capial.76

    Juval rpd by xplaiig ha, dpi hilc h cripur h mar, accrdig aaci ad rvrd radii Mary pad rm hiwrld i miraculu ahi. T apl wr gahrd wi hr dah, ar which hy aw hr burial.Y hir cmpay wa dlayd: a uamd77apl arrivd hr day ar hr burial bu ill wihd

    vra hr hly bdy la im. Wh h aplrpd h mb gra h la apl rqu,hy wr urprid dicvr ha h bdy wa g:all hy ud wihi wr hr grav clh ().

    Dionysius to Titus amg h arly wi hi radii, bu i hiiac hi mhd daig ar rliabl, a hy dpd irly hi yplgy dgmaic vlui: ibid., 34142. Jugi prpal h la vh r arly ighh cury m mr likly (Jugi,La mortet l assomption [. 4 abv], 157), alhugh i i dicul da hi x

    wih ay craiy. N al ha hi x dcrib ly h dicvry a mpy mb, wihu ay mi grav clh. T x wapublihd i G. Sruadza, ugh Diii Aripagaiy [TLr Diyiu h Arpagi], iHnots ew norotspatmut iwn asn

    Dawt i ew Movsesi K horenats woy [Hiry h Old ad Nw C-crig David ad M K hrai] (Caipl, 1874), 11015;ra. P. Vr, Da apcryph Schrib Diyiu d Arpagia iu br di Auahm Mari, ThQ69 (1887): 13338.

    74 I h dicui ha llw, I u Euhymiac Hiry i r-rc h paag cid i Jh hmily ad Euthymiac History dcrib h w l largr wrk rm which hi xcrp wa ak.N al ha h A rabic Drmii arraiv did by Michl vaEbrck (U mi idirc d lHiir Euhymiaqu da u lc-ur arab pur l Ampi,Parole de lOrient67 [197576]: 47991)

    i a clly likd wih h Euhymiac Hiry a va Ebrckidica. Ti arraiv i b udrd a y ahr xampl h la-apl radii.

    75 A criical x h Euhymiac Hiry a prrvd i Jh DamacuHomily on the Dormition 2.18 may b ud i B. Kr,d.,Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, 5 vl. , Pariich xud Sudi 7, 12, 17, 22, 29 (Brli, 196988), 5:53639. P. Vul, d.,

    Homlie s sur la natiit et la dormition , SC 80 (Pari, 1961), 16975 ibaically a crrcd rpri h x rm h Parlgia Graca (PG96:74852).

    76 Whil i i irly ulikly ha hi lgd rc ay hiricalv, i i a all impibl, a Jugi ugg (La mort et lassomption,164), ha h ryal cupl migh hav had m kwldg h radi-i abu h rmval Mary bdy rm hi wrld. Alhugh hradii mrgd wihi h mairam rhdx Chriia di-cur ly i h lar fh cury, hir hiry clarly xd i hurh cury: Shmakr,Ancient Traditions (. 7 abv), 932.

    77 I bh h PG ad h Vul dii ( . 75), hi apl iidifd a Tma: PG 96:749A; Vul, d.,Homlies sur la natiit,170. Nvrhl, Kr criical dii, which I llw hr, d prvid a am r h la apl, ad mwha urpriigly, hr i idicai ay am i h apparau: Kr, d., Die Schriftendes Johannes von Damaskos, 5:539. Accrdig Jugi, h apl i amd i h arli maucrip, cpid i 890: Jugi, La mort etlassomption, 162 . 2. Wgr al rpr ha i h idpd vr-i h Euhymiac Hiry, prrvd i a Siai maucrip rmh ighh r ih cury, h apl i imilarly uamd: Wgr,

    LAssomption (. 4 abv), 137 . 3.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    16/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker68

    TEuthymiac History h idif vral hwh wr pr r h v, ciig a i urch amu paag rm P.-Diyiu, On the Diine

    Names3.2, which dcrib h apl ambly r hVirgi ural.78 Ar harig h hig, h imp-rial cupl akd Juval d hm h hly caiig Mary ural garm (), ad whh did, Pulchria ad Marcia dpid h rlic i hchurch h Tk a Blachrai.

    Bgiig wih Mari Jugi, chlar arahr ha idifd hi paag a a irplaii Jh hmily, albi a vry arly ; mrvr,Jugi, ad hr wh hav llwd him, v didh vry xic a x ild h Euthymiac His-tory, rm which hi paag culd hav b lid.Bh Jugi ad h m rc dir Jh x,Biaz Kr, dimi h Euthymiac History a a

    ur fci, a prd hiry ha wa ivd byh rgr wh ird hi radii abu Mary rl-ic i Jh cd hmily, prbably mim i hih cury.79 Nvrhl, hak largly h wrk Ai Wgr, w w kw ha hi ciai rmhEuthymiac History wa ak rm a acual x, aw-lLife h fh-cury Paliia maicladr Euhymi.80 Alhugh Wgr rmai cvicdha h paag i Jh hmily i a arly irplai,h dmra ha hEuthymiac History wa i aca acual x ud by hr wrir, icludig Nik

    h Black Muai, wh i hiPandektai (cmpdbw 1059 ad 1067) qu a paag rm lwhri hEuthymiac History.81 Likwi, Cma Vir

    mad u h Euthymiac History idpdly Jh wh cmpig hi Drmii hmili i hlar ighh cury,82 ad h paag cid by Jhappar i a idpd a i a udid Grkmaucrip h ighh r ih cury.83 O hibai, Wgr cclud ha a acual x ild h

    Euthymiac History mu hav b i circulai by 750a h la, ad ha i vry wll may blg h ixhcury, a pii al adpd by Sim Mimui adva Ebrck, bh whm aach mr cfdc a ixh-cury da.84

    Rcly, Alxadr Kazhda ha uggd ha hprvailig viw hi paag a a irplai mrircidrai:85 giv ha hi widly rcivd piir alm irly raig laid u lg ag byJugi i hi grudbrakig udy h Drmiiradii, cidrai Kazhda prpal i lg

    vrdu. Fr all h may mri Jugi pirigrarch, crai apc hi wrk rc a dgmaicir i playig up radii uggig h Virgiimmraliy, a pii impra h Rma Cah-lic dgma h Aumpi (1950), i h prclama-i which Jugi playd a cral rl.86 I umruiac, Jugi mad highly quiabl dcii idaig crai marial, i paricular by ampig da a lar prid radii abu Mary mb rhr radii uggig hr dah.87 Iamuch a h

    78 B. R. Suchla, d., Corpus Dionysiacum, 2 vl., vl. 1,Pseudo-Dio-nysius Areopagite De diinis nominibus, Pariich x ud Sudi33 (Brli, 1990), 141.

    79 Jugi,La mort et lassomption, 15967; Kr, d.,Die Schriften desJohannes von Damaskos, 5:504. Kr apparly ha rad Wgrad llw Jugi clly hi pi a wll a hr whr Wgr hadmrad ha Jugi wa clarly i rrr. Kr al llw Jugi iarguig ha ic Adrw Cr did rr hi radii i hihmili h Drmii, i culd hav b i circulai dur-

    ig hi liim, ic h ad Jh wr bh rm Syr-Palia paricularly pruaiv argum.

    80 Euhymi imprac i h udai Juda maicimi wll kw rm Cyril Scyhpli ixh-curyita Euthymii,a rahr dir x which ha urvivd: E. Schwarz, d. ,Kyrillos vonSkythopolis, U 49.2 (Lipzig, 1939), 585.

    81 Wgr,LAssomption , 13639. S al Mimui,Dormition etAssomption (. 31 abv), 556. T ciai i Nik h Black Mu-aiPandektai i ud i PG 96:748 . 58. Fr h da cmpi-i, J. Tma ad A. C. Hr, d.,Byzantine Monastic Foundation

    Documents: A Complete Translation of the Suriing Founde rs Typikaand Testaments, 5 vl., Dumbar Oak Sudi 35 (Wahig, DC,2000), 1:37778.

    82 Cma Vir, Homi ly on the Dor mition 4:1521 (Wgr,LAssomption, 33132).

    83 Siaiicu gr. 496, l . 246v251v. Ti vri d am hapl, ad i lack h iiial ciai bk 3, chapr 40 ad hrlm ud cc i wih Jh hmily: Wgr,LAssomption,137 . 3.

    84 Ibid., 13738; va Ebrck, mi idirc (. 74 abv), 48085;Mimui,Dormition et Assomption, 55661.

    85 Kazhda,History of Byzantine Literature (. 62 abv), 8182.

    86 Rgardig Jugi rl i h dgma prclamai ad hi Immr-

    ali bli rgardig h Virgi, P. E. Dugga, T AumpiDgma: Sm Raci ad Ecumical Implicai i h Tugh Eglih-Spakig Tlgia (S..D. di., Iraial MariaRarch Iiu, Uivriy Day, 1989), 5763.Owig parly Jugi iuc, h Vaica dfii dlibraly l p hqui whhr Mary acually did r .

    87 S, r xampl, Jugi dicui Mary mb, which h darahr la i pi cvicig archalgical vidc h crary(Jugi,La mort et l assomption , 8592, 68187; c. Shmakr,AncientTraditions, 98107); r h paag rm P.-Diyiu On the Diine

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    17/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 69

    Euhymiac Hiry dal wih Mary mb ad rlicrm hr ural garm, i i urpri ha Jugiargud ly ha i wa la bu ha hr wa vrv uch a x i h fr plac: i wa all a irpla-r ivi. Mrvr, Jugi udradig hEuhymiac Hiry i al id up wih hi icrrcudradig Blachrai Maria rlic, which, ad abv, h dad vry la, blivig ha TdrSykll hmily had b cmpd i rp hRuia aack 860 rahr ha h Avar aaul.Cquly, Jugi rgardd h Euhymiac Hiry ah arli xa radii ccrig Blachrai rlic.T Euhymiac Hiry cur idif Blachraigarm a a ural garm, which cradicd Jugiimmrali bli, ad hu culd , i hi viw, b aarly radii. Trr, i pi igifca vidc h crary, paricularly rm h maucrip radi-

    i, Jugi argud r a la da r bh h EuhymiacHiry ad hi rlic.88 I viw h ac, i i wrhraiig h pibiliy ha Jugi hlgical ccrmay hav iucd hi pii h EuhymiacHiry, paricularly w i ligh Wgr xcl-l wrk hi radii, which udrcu m Jugi ky argum.

    Alhugh Jugi cra hi dicui h Euhy-miac Hiry ha h appar cidr h qui irplai prir ad paraly rm ay qu-i abu h da h x, hi prjudgm h

    Euhymiac Hiry a ly la bu irly fci-iu drmi hi raig rm h ar. T bulk hi argum r irplai ci i cmpari yl ad vcabulary bw h Euhymiac Hi-ry ad h r Jh hmili h Drmii.Jugi cra paricularly h dir wrd ud dcrib h Virgi clhig: ad i h Euhymiac Hiry, ad i Jh

    cd hmily. Y giv h gra divriy xpr-i ud dcrib Mary clhig i hr urc, prhap huld mak much hi paricu-lar dirc. Similarly, Jugi pi dirc ihw h w urc, Jh hmily ad h EuhymiacHiry, dcrib h Virgi burial ad h a hrbdy, ad hw hy characriz h auhriy hirxra-biblical urc.89 Bu i h paag ci a acualx, a Wgr ha w hw, h brvai armaigl. Whhr Jh himl r a irplarirducd h paag i h hmily, i i hardly aurpri fd ha i auhr dir lighly rm Jhhmily i vcabulary ad c.

    Jugi addiially argu ha bcau Adrw Cr, Jh cmprary ad curyma, d m hav kw hEuthymiac History, h Jhculd hav had acc ay uch urc.90 I, hw-

    vr, Adrw i b ur adard, h hr wr wri accu Mary Drmii availabl a allwh h cmpd hi hmili r h Drmii i harly ighh cury, ic, rahr aihigly, Adrwclaim ha h culd fd arlir radii abu hVirgi dparur rm hi li: ly h paag rmOn theDiine Names prd a rua xcpi,accrdig him.91 Clarly, Adrw did lk vryhard (r did lik much wha h ud), r dpi hiprd igrac, h Chriia Ea had b awahwih Drmii arraiv r a la w curi,92 ad

    hi cmprari Jh ad Grma d appar hav had ay rubl fdig urc.93 Tu, i hardlym raabl ha Adrw ilc i rgard h

    Euthymiac History huld b ud call i xici qui.

    O all h argum ha Jugi mur i avr irplai, ly rally mri ay riu cid-

    Names, whr h adp a rahr dubiu radig prv hi rmapparig giv arly imy Mary dah ad ural (Jugi,

    La m ort et la ssomption , 99101; c. Shmakr,Ancient Traditions,

    2930); r h hmilyIn Simeonem et Annam aribud imhy Jrualm (Jugi, La mort et l assomption, 7076; c. B. Capll,L hmli liurgiqu du prdu imh d Jrualm,EphL63 [1949]: 526)

    88 Mag xpr urpri ha a chlar a wll irmd a Jugihuld hav argud ha h maphorion wa ad br h ihcury ad ha h rigial rlic wa prbably urary: Mag, Ori-gi h Blachra Shri (. 16 abv), 69. I d m, hw-vr, ha Jugi wa uirmd; rahr, hi udradig h rlicrc hi bradr irprai h Drmii radii.

    89 Jugi,La mort et lassomption, 16162.

    90 Ibid., 16364. T argum i rpad i Kr, d.,Die Schriftendes Johannes von Damaskos, vl. 5, 505. Jugi brvai ha h cpyi h arli maucrip (rm 890) wr i h margi

    ; d add vry much: i ly dmra a igl cpyiigrac hi hiry wh xic i byd qui (whhri wa addd by Jh r i m l irplai).

    91 Adrw Cr,Homily on the Dormition2(PG 97:1060A1064B).N ha h rdr Adrw fr w hmili h Drmii irvrd i h PG: Jugi,La mort et las somption , 234.

    92 S Shmakr,Ancient Traditions, 977.

    93 B. E. Daly, On the Dormition of Mary: Ea rly Patristic Homilies(Crwd, NY, 1998), 20, 2 2; Mimui, Dormition et As somption ,165, 169.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    18/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker70

    rai, ad ha i hi iiial pi: h Euhymiac Hi-ry irrup h aural w Jh dicur.94Tr i idd a crai i which hi ciairm hEuthymiac History culd appar irruph hmily rhric. A d abv, i hi ci Jhvry raly addr Mary mb il, a i [i] wraliv, iquirig abu h lcai hr bdy. T mbh r h llwig rp: Why d yu k ia mb wh ha b ak up h abracl hav? . . . Hr hly, acrd bdy l i wrappig clh[] bhid, ad ar harig wih m hr hli,ar fllig m wih h ragrac im ad mak-ig m a hly hri, h wa raid up ad dpard,crd by agl ad archagl ad all h havlypwr. T mb awr ciu a m lgh,ar which Jh cclud, Yu , dar ahr adbrhr, wha hi illuriu mb ha ay u. T,

    i rmv h quai rm hEuthymiac History,h hmily ciu wih, Ad wha hall w awr h mb urlv?95 I i hard hw rmvigh Euhymiac Hiry allw a r lgical cc-i bw h paag ha i hrwi dirupdby hEuthymiac History rlic radii.

    Nvrhl, a raabl a hi irpraiadmidly i, hr i clarly rm r ahr viwpi,which ha y b xplrd. Fr iac, i i air udrad why a irplar wuld hav ch irrup h w h dicur a hi pi ha

    i i imagi ha Jh himl digd hi ci h hmily arud hi lghy quai rm hEuthymiac History. I idd h w paag wrrigially cupld, a Jugi hyphi ugg, i i di-fcul xplai why a lar rdacr wuld ch ucha awkward p r a irplai. Alraivly, imay b ha Jh himl crad hi rhric dlibralyarud hi rrc, uig h quai clariy whah mb had prviuly awrd. Wh viwd ihi ligh, h Euhymiac Hiry irrupi hhmily aural w i arly dirupiv a Jugiad hr llwig him hav uggd. I ac, hEuhymiac Hiry cc ly wih a umbr largr hm i Jh hmilic rilgy bu quallywih h immdia cx h mb pch.

    Kazhda r h llwig bri am hEuhymiac Hiry ad i au i Jh hmily:hr i vidc ha i wa ird by mbdyl i hi x. I w aum, llwig h maucripradii, ha hHistoria euthymiaca wa a auhicpar h rilgy ad ha h ri lgy wa mhwccd wih rlai bw Jrualm ad C-aipl, h imagry h mprr i brillia ryalgarb appar f h vrall cx.96 Accrdig Kazhda, a majr hm Jh hmilic rilgy h Drmii i h crai a rhrical lik bwJrualm, w udr Ilamic rul, ad h imprial capi-al, Caipl; h Euhymiac Hiry uqu-iably rv hi purp, prhap v mr haKazhda hr rcgiz. T Euhymiac Hirymai rl i h hmily i clarly harmiz h ra-dii Mary Jrualm mb ad hr Drmii

    wih h radii hr rlic i Caipl. I,a Kazhda argu, Jh hmili wrk ablih aymblic cci bw h w m impracii h Chriia Ea, h h quai rm h

    Euthymiac History i a all iruiv bu igral hi largr hm hi rilgy.

    Y h Euhymiac Hiry ha v mr dircad bviu lik wih i immdia cx i h c-d hmily, pcifcally wih h mb dicur haprcd i. T mai hm h mb pch pr-fgur ach h Euhymiac Hiry cral pi:

    h mb mpi, h miraculu ralai hrbdy, h agl pr a hr mb, h ural garmha wr l bhid, ad h iabl ragrac hr mb. I m alm a i Jh ha digd hmb rp aicipa h quai rm h

    Euthymiac History. Wh viwd rm hi prpciv,h Euhymiac Hiry d much irruph w Jh hmily a i dvlp ad rmpha-iz ach h mai pi rm h mb pch.Idd, h quai irduci pr h pa-ag i prcily hi ahi: Ad ha all hi i rui cfrmd by hEuthymiac History, bk 3, chapr40.97 Wh viwd rm hi prpciv, h Euhy-miac Hiry i igrally likd h mb rp,

    94 Jugi,La mort et lassomption, 16061

    95 Jh Damacu,Homily on the Dormition 2.1719 (Kr, d.,Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, vl. 5, 539; ra. Daly, Onthe Dormition of Mary, 22122).

    96 Kazhda,History of Byzantine Literature , 82.

    97 Jh Damacu,Homily on the Dormition 2.18 (Kr, d.,DieSchriften des Johannes von Damaskos, vl. 5, 536; ra. Daly, On the Dor-mition of Mary, 224 [lighly mdifd]). O cur, Jh may hav giva mwha dir vri hi hmily wh h dlivrd i rally:i may b ha Jh himl addd h paag rm hEuthymiac His-

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    19/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 71

    which i illumia, ad d irrup h w dicur. T rhrical qui ha bgi h l-lwig ci, Ad wha hall w awr h mburlv? rv rcc wih Jh iiial cci,bu i d ly irduc a w pic. Jh uh qui hi cu away rm h mb il adward h Virgi uivral grac, which i limid hr mb bu i giv wihu maur i all crr h wrld. Trr, huld awr h mbaddr much wih rvrc r h mb ilbu by makig l a livig mmrial h Virgihrugh a imitatio Mariae. Tu Jh cclud hicd hmily.98

    Fially, w migh cidr h aur h urcil, hEuthymiac History, a apparly bcur big-raphy h udr maicim i h Juda dr.Wh i mr likly hav had acc uch a x ha

    Jh Damacu himl, a pri Jrualm ad amk Mar Saba?99 Wh viwd hrugh hi rahrdir l, Jh himl mrg a a icraiglylikly ag hi irplai, which vry wll mayb a igral par hi cd hmily. Whil Jugihyphi a vry arly irvi i h hmilyramii craily rmai plauibl, Jh iclui h paag himl i a qually viabl pibiliy hav a hi la da ha y b riuly cidrd.Jugi miak aumpi abu h -xic hEuthymiac History rm which hi paag wa

    ak ha clrd ubqu irprai. Oc hiaumpi i rmvd rm h dicui, h prpcha Jh wa himl h urc hi xual iriuddly bcm qui crdibl.

    Va Ebrck ha argud ha h la-apl radi-i i hLife of the Virgin driv rm hEuthymiac

    History, prumably i a r ablih a arly dar h lar x.100 Y hLife a pi bray

    ay pcifc kwldg hEuthymiac History r iry hw Bihp Juval, Pulchria, ad Marciabrugh Mary ural garm Caipl.Iad, hLife auhr xplai ha h ha lard hiirmai rm ral radii, harig i rm rliablurc wh (ad hi i i cra radii udi hEuthymiac History) hav ld him ha h laapl wa i ac Tma. Prumably hLife auhrcurd a arlir vri la-apl radii,a i circulad br hEuthymiac History rramdh lgd wih h cur bw Pulchria adJuval a Chalcd i a r rccil cicigradii h Virgi Blachrai garm ad hrgrav clh. I ac, h Blachrai garm, whry llw immdialy i hLife, i i ay waylikd wih h grav clh rm h la-apl radi-i, ad hLife giv h diic impri ha i i

    irducig a irly w im clhig a i ur h Galbi ad Kadid lgd.101 Ti dirccraily mak hLife dpdc hEuthymiac

    History highly dubul.Va Ebrck addiially cd ha h Life

    of the Virgin mi P.-Diyiu rrc Mary dah i On the Diine Names rval hLifedpdc hEuthymiac History, bu hi argu-m i pruaiv.102 Judgig rm hLife cm-prhiv, i auhr clarly k cidrabl r gahr a may dir radii abu h Virgi

    li a h culd fd, ad i i alghr likly ha i hiarch h wuld hav ucvrd hi amu paag awll. Tr i cmpllig ra aum ha lyrm hEuthymiac History culd hLife auhr havkw P.-Diyiu accu h Drmii; i i armr likly ha ach bigraphr cam up hi pidparaly. Mrvr, hLife of the Virgin hadl hirrc rm P.-Diyiu qui dirly rm hwi i hadld i hEuthymiac History, ad hi mcmpllig vidc hLife idpdc. Jhciai rm hEuthymiac History qu dircly rmOn Diine Names immdialy ar i accu hla apl ad h dicvry Mary rlic, prumably

    tory ad ablihd h cci wih hi hmily a h crad hlirary vri ha ha b pad dw i may maucrip.

    98 Jh Damacu,Homily on the Dormition 2.19 (Kr, d.,DieSchriften des Johannes von Damaskos, 5:53940; ra. Daly, On the

    Dormiti on of Mary, 222).

    99 Kazhda,History of Byzantine Literature , 7677.

    100 Maxime le Confesseur, 2:XVIIXIX. Much va Ebrckargum dpd hi cci a Arabic arraiv h la-apl radii wih h Euhymiac Hiry i hi mi idi-rc (. 74 abv), bu a d abv, hr i acual ly lil ha wuldugg a cci. I i b udrd a imply ahr vri h la-apl lgd.

    101 Jh GmrLife of the Virgin llw hi urc i carullydiiguihig bw Mary ural garm ad h rlic C-aipl: Wgr,LAssomption , 39295; Sym MaphraLifeof the Virgin iclud ly h Galbi ad Kadid lgd ad mak mi ihr Mary girdl r ural garm.

    102 Va Ebrck, d.,Maxime le Confesseur, 2:XVIIIXIX.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    20/22

    DOP

    Stepen J. Soemaker72

    i rdr idiy m h wh wr pr rh Virgi ural. TLife of the Virgin, hwvr, d dircly ci h paag rm On Diine Names buiad mrly allud i w para ccai,bh which ccur i i accu h Virgi dahrahr ha i h cx hr burial ad h la-apl radii. I ligh h vry dir mar iwhich hy ra hi paag rmOn the Diine Names,i i dicul i iclui a vidc hLife ofthe Virgin dpdc hEuthymiac History.

    Cc

    T cmpi ha mrg rm hi vrviw arlyMaria rlic radii i rahr chaic ad dijid.Nhig culd pimiz hi dirdr ay br hah cui vidcd i h Grk Maria hmili h ighh cury. Adrw Cr, i hi arlyighh-cury hmili h Drmii, i rluha hig a all rmaid bhid i h Virgi mb:ihr burial hrud () r ural wrappig().103 Y a w hav , h la-apl radi-i, wih hir cu h rlic Mary grav clh,wr alrady wll i plac by hi im ad may i ac ba igral par Jh Damacu cd Drmii

    hmily. Adrw iic hi pi i all h mrrag giv h pcial mphai ha hi cmpraryGrma plac h Virgi ural wrappig adhr hrud i hi hmili r h Drmii. Grmadcrib hw h aihul wh had gahrd r Maryural rid ak a pic hr burial hrud ()i hp ha uch a rlic wuld brig hm blig.H g rla hw h apl, wh acd wihh awm ak buryig h Virgi, ard uchighr bdy dircly, pcially ar wiig h hrribla Jphia, h Jw aid hav aackd hr bir

    durig h ural prci. Cquly, h aplwr carul uch ly hr hrud () a hyplacd hr i h mb. T, a hy wr i h vry

    ac layig hr r i h mb, Grma ll u,hr bdy wa uddly achd rm hir had; lyhr ural hrud () wa l bhid, which hapl immdialy hld rh a pr hr miracu-lu ralai.104 Jh Damacu al dcrib wihumiakabl clariy h wrappig clh, h ,ha wr l bhid i h mb. Clarly Adrw cagai, a i hi ailur fd ay prir radii Mary Drmii, ha ihr aild d hi hmwrkr did hav acc much a library.

    Ev mr puzzlig i h k ir vicd byAdrw hmili h Virgi Naiviy i Marywaddlig clh (), which h wr a hrmhr A urd hr.105 A Kazhda brv,Adrw cu Mary waddlig clh culd m ugg ha hi rlic, much lik hr waddligclh, had bcm a cu vrai i h imprial

    capial.106 I i pibl ha hi, Mary fr garm,huld b addd h vriabl uica hr clhigha appar hav arrivd i Caipl durigh arly Middl Ag? Or prhap Adrw imply pr- a dir udradig h Virgi ,irprig hm a hr waddlig clh rahr haural wrappig? I w p uid Caiplad add h mix h allgd cl miracl-wrk-ig clhig ha Mary l bhid i hr hmw Nazarh, a dcribd by h Piacza Pilgrim i hla ixh-cury, h cui urrudig Mary

    clhig rlic wll.107 Cmplicaig mar urhr

    103 Adrw Cr,Homily on the D ormi tion 1 (PG 97:1081D): ; S al Adrw Cr,Homily on the

    Dormition 3 (PG 97:1097C), whr h ak rhrically, ; ; ; ( big curh implid awr).

    104 Grma Caipl,Homily on the Dormition2 (3)910(PG 98:369A372A). Tr ar, hwvr, a cupl prblm wih Gr-ma accu Mary burial. Fr iac, i hi fr hmily, Gr-ma dcrib h uccul placm Mary bdy i h mb,i cra i pau ralai i hi hmily: PG 98:345A348A. Al, llwig h rala i Mary bdy, hi cd hm-ily rpr ha hr hrud wa h gly ak up i h air rmh Apl i a ligh clud . . . ad diappard. Nvrhl, accrd-ig ha am hmily, h apl h immdialy prducd hrhrud, which apparly had diappard, ad hy prd i h crwd a idipuabl vidc hr bdy miraculu ralai.

    O h umbrig Grma hmili, M. Jugi, L hm-li d Sai Grmai d Caipl ur la drmii d la SaiVirg,EO 16 (1913): 21921; Kazhda,History of Byzantine Literature(. 62 abv), 64.

    105 Adrw Cr,Homily on the Natiit y of the Theotokos 3 (PG97:860BC) ad 4 (PG 97:861C, 864A).

    106 Kazhda,History of Byzantine Literature , 45.

    107 Itinerarium Antonini Placentini 5 (P. Gyr, d.,Itineraria et aliaGeographica, CCSL 175 [urhu, 1965], 161); I hak Adrw Jacbr rmidig m hi radii.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    21/22

    DOP

    Th Cul f Fshi: Th Elis Lif f h Vigi d Csils Mi Rlics 73

    ill, a apprximaly h am im Grgry uridif Maria rlic a vral dir lcai ih Frakih kigdm. Whil h d idiy hwih im hr clhig, i i hard imagi (alhugh alghr impibl) ha h wr bdily rlic,iamuch a i h am x Grgry rla h radi-i Mary Drmii ad h miraculu rmval hr bdy rm hi wrld.108

    I addii, h alm culivad vagu wihwhich h arli urc dcrib Blachrai rl icurhr cmplica ay r cruc a rdrlyhiry h arly cul h Virgi clh. T arli- urc, h yp A Galbi ad Kadid lgd,dcrib hi pilrd garm i ly h m gralrm a a ad a . T yp B ar-raiv rm h lar ixh cury add ly h quallyvagu , a wll a irducig h ida ha hi

    im clhig had b ud by Mary a waddligclh r hr wbr . T yp B arraiv aludrcr h arlir vri lik bw hi gar-m ad Mary w uic, , a hy ar calldi h arly Drmii arraiv. Ohr urc rr-rig Blachrai rlic u may h am gricclhig rm, pcially , uil h mid-hcury, wh Sym Lgh fr u h rm dcrib Blachrai rlic i h cx h Ruia aack 860.109 Svral lar chriclrpa Sym idifcai h garm a a -

    r , bu all h dpd Symaccu ad imply rpa hi uag.110 Phiu, hwvr,wh wri a a ywi h v, rr hVirgi garm a a ad a ad d u h rm r.111 Evually,

    hi garm idiy a a , a vil r rb,appar hav abilizd, bu ly vr h cur hh ad lvh curi ad br.112 Fr hira, i i qui aachriic dcrib Blachrairlic a h Virgi rb r vil () i h ixhad vh curi, wh i i ar rm clar ha ihad aaid hi idiy.113

    Addig hi cui i h la-apl radi-i rm h arly Drmii arraiv. Bgiig ih ixh cury, h lgd Mary mpy mbidiy a dir r clhig rlic, h ural gar-m ha Mary l bhid ar hr bdy miraculuralai. Wih h impra xcpi h Euhy-miac Hiry, h arraiv rla mrly h apldicvry h garm ccaid by h la apl;hy ay hig abu h rlic ubqu a. M h la-apl radii urviv i laguag hr

    ha Grk, bu hir rpciv vcabulary r h im clhig m crrpd wih /r hr ural wrappig ad / r hburial hrud.114 Ti rlic radii i alm craily prvicial rigi, prhap Jrualm, a i uggd byi cci wih h Drmii radii, i cu Mary mb, ad i variac wih h rlic radi-i Caipl. Ohr ha h GrgiaLifeof the Virgin, h fr vidc ay iuc by hlgd h culur h imprial capial appari Grma Drmii hmili, whr h hw a

    ir i h rlic Mary burial garm, albi

    108 Grgry ur,In gloria martyrum, icipiu capiula; 1.8; 1.10;1.1819 (B. Kruch, d., Gregorii Episcopi Turonensis miracula et operaminora, 2d d., MGH, ScripRrMrv 1.2 [Havr, 1969], 35 [485],43 [493], 45 [495], 4950 [499500]). Fr Grgry accu MaryDrmii ad Aumpi, In glor ia martyrum 1.4 (Kruch, d.,Gregorii Episcopi Turonensis, 39 [489]).

    109 Sym Lgh, Chronicle (I. Bkkr, d.,Leonis grammatici

    chronographia , CSHB 47 [B, 1842], 24041).110 S Mag,Homilies of Photius (. 49 abv), 7677.

    111 Phiu, Homily IV: The Depa rture of the Russians 4 (C. Ml-lr,Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, 5 vl. [Pari, 1883], 5:169b170a; al S. Ariarch,

    , 2 vl. [Caipl, 1900], 2:4142,a cid i Carr, Trad Auhriy [. 32 abv], 84, . 37; ra.Mag,Homilies of Photius , 1023). S al Carr, Trad Auhr-iy, 6365. Jph h Hymgraphr, a cmprary Phiu, rr Mary garm a i hi hym hi ubjc:.

    , 12 vl., (Ah, 197077), 11:1925. Nvr-hl, accrdig Jugi, Jph ccaial ly ud h wrd i rrc hi garm, alg wih , , ,ad , alhugh Jugi d ci pcifc xampl: Jugi,Lamort et l assomption (. 4 abv), 694.

    112 S Carr, Trad Auhriy, 6269. S al Jugi,La mortet l assomption, 68996; Jai, Gographie ecclsiastique (. 32 abv),16263.

    113 A, r iac, Mag rquly rr hi garm i hiOrigi h Blachra Shri (. 16 abv). O hi pi, al Av.Camr, T Early Cul h Virgi, i Vailaki,Mother of God(.

    33 abv), 315, 1112; adm, Cul h Virgi (. 34 abv), 1112.114 P.-Jh Chrym,Homily on the Dormition 17 (va Ebrck,Hmli armi [. 72 abv], 219 [Arm] ad 232 [Fr]:(r ?); P.-Bail Caara, Transitus Mariae 87 (va Ebrck,LAmpi d la Virg [. 9 abv], 161):, ;Maximu h Cr,Life of the Virgin 117 (va Ebrck, d., 150[Gr]): ,; va Ebrck, mi idirc (.74 abv): , . A va Ebrck , h lar wrd maurba, bu urly hi i a amp rala . Hi amp idiy a a ralai m rahr dubiu.

  • 7/30/2019 Shoemaker - Marian Relics DOP 62

    22/22

    Stepen J. Soemaker74

    wihu h ry h la apl. Nvrhl, aw hav , Adrw pr cmpl igrac h r ay hr radii abu Mary burial. Tauhr hEuthymiac Historywa h fr mrg hradii h la apl dicvry Mary uralclh wih h vrai hr garm a Blachraiby caig h w rlic. Ta hi cradicd hwll-ablihd ry Galbi ad Kadid d m hav rubld i auhr: prhap h did kwhi largly Caiplia lgd. Y i pi hi rahr bviu i, h ucc Jh hmi-lic rilgy, which Bria Daly dcrib a h mclbrad all h aci hmili r h a hDrmii, urd ha hi amp a harmizaiwuld b widly dimiad ad iuial.115

    A r h garm vrad a h church Chalkpraia, hir idiy i ar mr raighrward,

    bu hir rigi ad arly hiry ar urpriigly murky.Grma arly ighh-cury hmily clarly idifh im a h Virgi girdl r bl () adh waddlig clh () hr wbr .Hw r wh hy arrivd i Caipl, hwvr,i ahr mar irly. Craily h arrival bhgarm prda Grma hmily, which ay h-ig hir ivi r ralai, ad hi ram h girdl i paricular ugg ha i i a rlic wihm hiry i h ciy alrady by hi im. T iaJu waddlig clh, hwvr, rai a dir

    vxig qui. Accrdig h yp B Galbi adKadid lgd, which da h lar ixh curya h la, h dv Blachrai garm hadclaimd r hir rlic h hr rvig a Chri

    waddlig clh. I wuld appar ha by h vhcury, h church Blachrai ad Chalkpraiahad bh advacd cmpig claim p h gar-m i which Chri had b waddld. N dub hvual idiy Blachrai garm wih a dir- r wrappig, Mary ural wrappig (al), i Jh Drmii hmili ly rvd cmplica mar urhr.

    Ti cui i rplicad rahr ha rlvd ih MaximuLife of the Virgin. Narly all h arlyrlic radii mak a apparac i h cda hGrgiaLife, bu i auhr mak amp rc-cil hm, ad h rul i a rahr dijid paich.I cmpari wih hr ci hLife, h di-ac amg h variu rlic radii hr ar lurpriigly urlvd. Ti m rc h wrk m brigig hig ghr r h fr im,

    wihu y kwig xacly hw mak hm f, a aim wh h cul Mary rlic i Caiplwa ill dvlpig ad mwha cud, br hhmili Grma ad Jh brugh a maur clariy, hwvr limid, h pracic. Such dirdri irly cgru wih hLife cmpii m-im durig h vh cury, h da idicad byumru hr aur hLife. Tu, whil hLiferlic radii d achr hLife h bgiig h vh cury i h way ha va Ebrck amp argu, hy cmpr wll wih h vh-cury

    Caiplia miliu i which hi arliLife ofthe Virgin wa m likly cmpd.

    Department of Religious Studies1294 Uniersity of Oregon

    Eugene, OR [email protected] Daly, On the Dormition of Mary, 21.