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Sfaturi pentru invatarea limbii engleze
Sfaturi pentru invatarea limbii engleze
Invatarea unei limbi straine este asemenea unei calatorii. Aceasta calatorie poate fi placuta si interesanta, sau obositoare si dificila. Va oferim aici cateva sfaturi cu ajutorul carora sa va puteti bucura mai mult de aceasta minunata experienta!
Eficienta, eficienta, eficienta
Nu este un secret ca o limba straina se invata cel mai bine atunci cand locuiesti in mijlocul celor care vorbesc aceasta limba. Interactiunea contiuna este cel mai eficient mod de a invata o limba straina. Dar, daca nu planuiti sa va mutati prea curand in S.U.A., exista si alte solutii. Cautati un vorbitor fluent de limba engleza (chiar daca nu este strain) si petreceti cat mai mult timp impreuna, straduindu-va sa vorbiti numai si numai in limba engleza. Incet-incet, muzicalitatea limbii engleze va va deveni tot mai familiara si veti culege cuvinte noi din mers.
Pe locul al treilea se afla mijloacele multimedia, in special filmele si muzica in limba engleza, eventual subtitrate. Faceti rost de cat mai multe filme in limba engleza si uitati-va la ele din nou si din nou. Nu conteaza foarte mult calitatea filmului, important este sa fie foare multe dialoguri si eventual sa se vorbeasca clar (accente jamaicane sau irlandeze nu va sunt de prea mult folos in aceasta faza a procesului de invatare). Foarte multi tineri au invatat limba engleza de la desene animate si dallas (pe cand cartoon-network era in engleza).Pe locul patru se afla CD-urile speciale pentru invatarea limbii engleze, de genul Rosseta Stone sau Pimsleur, care sunt bunicele, dar raportul pret calitate le dezavantajeaza. Vom vorbi despre ele pe larg in viitor.Cititul este un alt mijoc de exersare a limbii engleze. In ziua de azi, pe langa biblioteci si librarii, veti gasi enorm de mult material de citit pe internet.
De asemenea nu trebuie subestimata puterea jocurilor in invatarea unei limbi straine.
Pe viitor vom trata toti acesti pasi in detaliu.
Pana atunci succes si nu uitati, have fun!Where there's a will there's a way.Unde este vointa se gaseste si posibilitate.
You can't have your cake and eat it too.Nu poti sa ai prajitura si sa o si mananci.
You can't tell a book by it's cover.Nu poti judeca o carte dupa copertile ei.
Actions speak louder than words.Faptele vorbesc mai tare decat cuvintele.
Don't wash your dirty linen in public.Nu-ti spala rufele murdare in public.
There is more than one way to skin a cat.Exita mai multe modalitati de a jupui o pisica. (Cu sensul de: sunt mai multe moduri in care poti sa faci un anumit lucru)
Don't put all your eggs in one basket.Nu-ti pune toate ouale intr-un singur cos.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.O pasare in mana face mai mult decat doua pasari din tufis.
As you make your bed, so you must lie upon it.Asa cum iti faci patul, trebuie sa dormi in el.
He who laughs last laughs best.Cine rade la urma rade mai bine.
Cuvinte necesare
Bine ati venit in sectiunea Cuvinte necesare.
Aici gasiti cele mai importante cuvinte din limba engleza .Adjectiveable = capabil (to be able to do something = a fi n stare sa faca ceva
absent = absent; (absent minded neatent, distrat )
active = activ, energic; agil
actual = real, adevarat, veritabil
afraid = speriat; (to be afraid of a-i fi teama de; I am afraid not cred ca nu)
alive = (de) viu; (Look alive! Misca-te! )
ancient = antic; vechi
angry = mnios, suparat; (to be angrily somebody a se supara pe cineva)
appropriate = potrivit, convenabil
asleep = adormit, (fast asleep dormind profund)
available = disponibil; folositor; de gasit
awake = treaz; constient
aware = constient ( awareness = constienta )
bad = rau, imoral( bad language = cuvinte de ocara); neplacut( bad weather = vreme rea);
de calitate proasta (bad translation = traducere proasta )
basic = de baza, fundamental, esential
beautiful = foarte frumos, magnific
big = mare; important; vast; ncins, mpresmuit; corpolent;
( to grow big = a se ngrasa; to tolk big = a lua pe cineva de sus )
bitter = acerb, aspru, amar; nversunat; patrunzator; riguros
black = negru; brun; (fig) obscur, sumbru, trist
blind = orb, obscur; insensibil la
blue = albastru;( the blues = proasta dispozitie; blues = (melodie) bluz )
brave = curajos, brav, viteaz; (fig) faimos, excelent
bright = stralucitor; vese; politicos; luminos;destept, ager (bright faces= fete vesele);
brilliant = stralucitor, sclipitor
broad = larg; mare, gros, ntins; vast; deschis la minte
brown = brun, brunet, oaches; maro, cafeniu; saten; sumbru;
( in a brown study = cufundat n gnduri )
busy = agitat, ocupat; n miscare; neastmparat, zburdalnic; srguincios, zelos, prompt
calm = calm; linistit; (to get calm = a se calma )
capitalist = capitalist
careful = atent; grijuliu; prudent, econom; plin de griji, ngrijorat
central = central; important; principal
certain = sigur; convins; oarecare ( for certain = cu siguranta; a certain person = o oarecare persoana )
cheap = ieftin; prost; fara valoare
chemical = chimic
clean = curat; nevinovat; pur
clear = clar, limpede; curat; lamurit
clever = istet; priceput; destept
close = apropiat; nchis; (close at hand = prin apropiere; close to = aproape de; close friend = prieten apropiat)
cold = rece; neprietenos
comfortable = comod; confortabil; ( make yourself comfortable = fa-te comod )
common = comun, obisnuit; al tuturor; (the common man = omul de pe strada )
communist = comunist
complete = complet, ntreg
complex = complex; complicat
concerned = preocupat, interesat, grijuliu
conscious = constient (de)
content = multumit
contrary = contrar, nefavorabil
cool = racoros; rece; calm (keep cool= fii calm )
cruel = crud; nemilos
curious = curios; dornic sa stie; ciudat
current = n uz; curent; actual
damp = umed
dangerous = periculos
dark = ntunecos; de culoare nchisa; neplacut
dead = mort; amortit;( the dead of night toiul noptii; dead-end = fundatura; dead sure = foarte sigur)
deaf = surd
dear = drag; scump ( she is a dear = e o dulceata
deep = adnc; profund
delicate = fin; fragil; delicat
delightful = ncntator; minunat
dependent = dependent
different = diferit
difficult = greu, dificil
direct = drept; direct; sincer
dirty = murdar; obscen
due = datorat; cuvenit;( due to = datorita; due = datorie,cotizatie )
dull = tern; mohort; prost; plictisitor; bont
dumb = mut
dusty = prafos, prafuit
early = timpuriu; la nceput de
easy = usor; tihnit
economic = economic
elastic = elastic; flexibil
electric = electric
empty = gol; nelocuit; fara continu
equal = egal; (equal to = n stare sa )
exact = exact; precis
excited = emotionat, excitat, surescitat, enervat
fair = drept; cinstit, rezonabil; potrivit; frumos; blond; corect
false = fals; gresit
familiar = familiar
famous = celebru; renumit
far = departe; mult; (so far = pna acum; so far, so good = pna acum toate bune; far and away = de departe;)
fat = gras; garnisit; ( fat- head = prostanac )
fertile = roditor, prolific
few = putin, putina
final = final; decisiv; definitiv
financial = financiar
fine = senin; bun; fin; ascutit; (one fine day = ntr-o buna zi;)
firm = tare; solid; ferm; sigur
foggy = cetos; vag
following = urmator
foolish = prostesc
foreign = strain; extern
free = liber; generos
frequent = frecvent; obisnuit
fresh = proaspat; curat; aprins; ndraznet; (fresh water = apa dulce )
friendly = prietenos; amical
funny = nostim; caraghios; ciudat
full = plin; bucalat; ntreg (full stop = punct )
general = general; vag; nedefinit ( as a general rule = n general )
gentle = blnd; tandru; prietenos; placut; lin
glad = bucuros; mbucurator; (glad rags = haine de sarbatoare )
good = bun; cum trebuie; cumsecade; benefic; capabil; placut; (to have a good time = a se distra;
in good time = la timpul potrivit; as good as = aproape; good-for-nothing = neispravit;
good looking = frumos; good-natured = altruist; good sense = bun simt )
grateful = recunoscator
great = mare; bun; important; minunat; (great coat = palton)
greedy = lacom
green = verde; crud; neexperimentat
grey = cenusiu, gri, plumburiu, sur
guilty = vinovat
handsome = aratos; generos
happy = fericit
hard = tare; dur; greu; dificil; aspru; puternic ( a hard nut to crack = o problema grea; hard-hearted =insensibil )
healthy = sanatos; benefic
heavy = greu; greoi; nchis; sumbru; plicticos; (heavy-handed = nendemnatic; heavy-hearted = ndurerat; )
high = nalt; important; acut; nobil; (high and low = toate paturile sociale )
honest = sincer; cinstit
hot = fierbinte; iute; violent; ritmat
human = uman
hungry = flamand
ill = bolnav; prost; rau; aspru
important = important; de vaza
impossible = imposibil
independent = independent
individual = individual
industrial = industrial
injured = ranit; vatamat; ofensat
intelligent = inteligent
interesting = interesant
international = international
joint = comun, unic
kind = bun; prietenos; amabil
large = mare; ntins; deschis (la minte)
last = ultim; recent
late = trziu; ntrziat; fost; decedat
lazy = lenes
left = stng
legal = legal
likely = probabil
little = mic; micut; putin; tnar; putin; (little by little = treptat; after a little = dupa putin)
local = local
lonely = singuratic; izolat; retras
long = lung; mult; mare;
loose = slobod; liber; larg; imoral; vag;( to have a screw loose a-i lipsi o doaga )
loud = tare
low = scund; jos; redus; mic; scazut; primar, umil
lucky = norocos
main = principal
major = major, important
many = multi; multe (one too many = n plus )
material = material; esential; de baza
medical = medical
merry = vesel
mild = blnd; slab
military = militar
modern = modern
much = mult
narrow = ngust; limitat; mic; strict
national = national
natural = natural; normal; nnascut
nearby = aproape; apropiat; meschin
necessary = necesar
nervous = nervos; speriat
neutral = impartal
new = nou; modern
next = urmator, viitor; (next to nothing = aproape nimic)
nice = dragut; placut; frumos; bun; subtil
noisy = zgomotos
normal = normal
north = nordic
nuclear = nuclear
old = batrn; vechi; demodat; versat
only = singur
open = deschis; neacoperit; liber, sincer
opposite = opus; omolog; de vis-a-vis
original = original; initial
other = alt; diferit
oval = oval
own = propriu; personal
pale = palid; deschis, pal
particular = particular; exact; pretentios
past = ultim
peaceful = pasnic, tihnit
peculiar = caracteristic; specific; ciudat; deosebit
perfect = perfect; complet; notoriu
permanent = nencetat, permanent
personal = personal; particular
pleasant = placut; agreabil
polite = politicos; rafinat
political = politic
poor = sarac; sarman; biet; umil
popular = popular
popular = popular
powerful = puternic
pretty = dragut; frumos; placut; mult
previous = anterior; precedent
present = prezent; de fata; actual
private = particular; propriu; secret; intim; (private! = intrarea oprita )
professional = profesional; profesionist
public = public; popular; deschis; renumit ( publicschool =liceu particular )
quick = rapid; vioi; ager; inteligent
quiet = linistit; tacut; cuminte; placut
rapid = rapid; abrupt
ready = gata; pregatit; prompt; la ndemna
real = real; natural; adevarat; imobiliar
realistic = realist
reasonable = rational; ntelept; moderat; acceptabil; drept; cinstit
recent = recent
red = rosu (red-letter day = zi de sarbatoare; red -handed = (prins) asupra faptului )
regular = regulat; obisnuit; normal; adevarat
responsible = responsabil
rich = bogat; luxos; costisitor; satios; abundent
right = corect; drept; just; exact; bun; potrivit
roast = fript, prajit
rough = aspru; agitat; brut; dur (rough copy = ciorna )
round = rotund; circular; n circuit
royal = regal
sacred = sacru; solemn
sad = trist; mohort
safe = ferit; sigur; sanatos; precaut; seif
same = acelasi
satisfactory = satisfacator
scientific = stiintific; experimentat
secret = secret; ascuns; izolat
serious = serios; grav; de nadejde; sever
several = mai multi
significant = important
sharp = ascutit; ironic; abrupt; iute (la gust); patrunzator; abil; crncen
short = brusc; scurt, pe termen scurt
sick = bolnav; abatut ( sick -leave = concediu medical)
similar = asemanator; identic
simple = simplu; necomplicat; usor; neprefacut; pur; fraier; neimportant; incult
single = singur; numai unul; necasatorit ( single-minded = cu o idee fixa)
sincere = sincer; neprefacut
sleepy = somnoros; plicticos; rascopt
slow = lent; greoi (la minte) (a slow train = tren personal )
small = mic; neimportant, marunt; umil, sarac
smooth = neted; plan; lins; lin; placut
social = social
socialist = socialist
soft = moale; catifelat; fin; nealcolic; dulce; matasos; linistit; milos; slab; molatic
(soft boiled = (ou) moale; soft palate = cerul gurii)
solid = solid; masiv; robust; durabil
sorry = mhnit; suparat
sour = acru
special = special; deosebit; extraordinar
specific = specific; tipic; precis
square = (la) patrat; ntins; categoric ( square brackets = paranteze drepte; square root = radacina patrata )
still = linistit; tacut (still life = natura moarta)
stormy = furtunos, vijelios
straight = drept; n ordine; direct, sincer
strange = ciudat; strain
strong = puternic; solid
stupid = prost
successful = victorios; reusit
sure = sigur
sweet = dulce; proaspat; potabil; placut (sweet meat = bomboana)
tall = nalt; exagerat
terrible = groaznic; enorm; deprorabil
thick = gros; dens; des; prost; (thick with = plin de; thick set = mic si ndesat )
thin = subtire; slab; redus; rar
thirsty = nsetat; uscat
tired = obosit
traditional = stramosesc; traditional
trip =
true = adevarat; loial; exact
top = de deasupra; de sus; maxim
total = total; complet
ugly = urt; amenintator; dificil
useful = util; capabil
usual = obisnuit
valuable = valoros
various = divers; diferit
violent = violent; puternic
warm = cald; entuziast; milos
weak = slab; slabit; apos; nepriceput; moale
wealthy = bogat
wet = ud; umed; ploios (wet nurse = doica )
white = alb; palid (white coffee = cafea cu lapte; white-haired carunt )
whole = ntreg; nevatamat; tot ( whole meal = faina integrala )
wide = larg; lat; spatios; vast; larg deschis
wild = salbatic; barbar; crud; violent; furios; nesabuit
wise = cu scaun la cap; ntelept; prevazator
wonderful = minunat
worth = n valoare de; valoros; care merita
wrong = gresit; fals; incorect; rau; nepotrivit
yellow = galben; las
young = tnar; la nceput; novice
Numerale zero = zero = 0
one = unu = 1
two = doi = 2
three = trei = 3
four = patru = 4
five = cinci = 5
six = sase = 6
seven = sapte = 7
eight = opt = 8
nine = noua = 9
ten = zece = 10
eleven = unsprezece = 11
twelve = doisprezece = 12
thirteen = treisprezece = 13
twenty = douazeci = 20
thirty = treizeci = 30
fifty = cincizeci = 50
hundred = suta = 100
thousand = mie = 1.000
million = milion = 1.000.000
first = prim; nti ( first rate = de calitate)
second = al doilea
third = al treilea; a treia
fourth = al patrulea
fifth = al cincilea
sixth = al saselea
seventh = al saptelea
eighth = al optulea
ninth = al noualea
tenth = al zecelea
eleventh = al unsprezecelea
twelfth = al doisprezecelea
thierteenth = al treisprezecelea
twentieth = al douazecilea
thirtieth = al treizecilea
fiftieth = al cincecilea
once = o data;( once a week = o data pe saptamna; once more = nca o data; once and again = din cnd n cnd;
at once = imediat; all at once = dintr-o data )
twice = de doua ori; (twice as much = de doua ori pe att )
double = dublu
Verbe accept = a accepta; a recunoaste
accuse = a acuza
acquire = a dobndi; a-si forma
act = a actiona; a se comporta
add = a adauga; a aduna; a uni
to add to = a spori
advance = a nainta, a avansa
advise = a recomanda; a sfatui; a preveni de
agree = a consimti; a fi de acord; a se ntelege (bine)
amuse = a (se) distra; a (se) amuza
answer = a raspunde
apologize = a cere scuze
appear = a aparea; a parea ; a se arata; a se prezenta (la)
apply = a aplica; apply (to)= a se adresa; a pune (frna); a se aplica; a corespunde;
to apply for= a solicita
approve = a aproba
arrive = a sosi (la); a parveni (la)
ask = a ntreba; a cere; a invita
astonish = a uimi
attack = a ataca
attempt = a ncerca; a tenta; a compromite
attend = a frecventa; a asista; a servi; a urma (scoala etc.); a ngriji; a nsoti
(attend to) a se tine de (treaba etc.), a se ocupa de;
to attend upon = a servi; (attend to) a fi atent la
avoid = a evita
be = a fi , a exista
beat = (trec. beat, part. trec. beaten) a bate, a macina, a strivi
become = (trec. became, part. trec. become) a deveni; a sta bine, a se potrivi;
to become of= a se ntmpla cu
begin = (trec. began, part. trec. begun) a ncepe; a debuta;
to begin with = n primul rnd
behave = a se comporta, a se purta
believe = a crede
belong = (belong to) a apartine (cuiva)
bend = (trec. part. trec. bent) a ndoi, a cura, a nclina; (fig) a aplica, a dirija
bind = ( trec. si part. trec. bound) a (se) lega; a bandaja; a obliga; a garnisi cu bordura (pantofii, etc.);
a lega din nou (o carte); a bombani; a (se) ntari; a (se) solidifica
bite = (trec. bit, part. trec. bitten ) a musca; (d insecte) a ciupi
bleed = a lua snge; a debursa, a plati (cu bani din buzunar);a sngera; a pierde snge; a purja
blow = (trec. blew, part. trec. blown) (d vnt) a bate; a fi luat (de vnt); a sterge praful; a sufla (la un instrument); a insufla
boil = a fierbe; boil over = a da n foc
borrow = (borrow from) a mprumuta (de la)
break = (trec. broke, part. trec. broken) a (se) sparge; a (se) rupe:
to break a door open = a forta o usa; a ncalca:
to break a law = a ncalca o lege;
to break a promise = a nu se tine de o promisiune; a ntrerupe;
to break one's fast = a nu mai posti;
to break down = a esua; a se defecta; a ntrerupe;
to break off = a face o pauza;
to break out = a izbucni;
to break up = a se narui
breathe = a respira, a rasufla
bring = (trec., part. trec. brought) a aduce; a conduce; a purta de grija; a transporta; a reduce; (fig) a pune;
to bring about = a cauza, a produce;
to bring out = a publica;
to bring down = a cobor, a duce n jos (o persoana), a umili, a abate;
to bring together = a reuni, a asambla, a recomanda, a reconcilia
broadcast = a semana (seminte) din zbor; a difuza (stiri), a radiodifuza
build = (trec., part. trec. built) a construi, a dura; (fig) a edifica, a fonda
burn = (trec, part. trec. burnt sau burned) a arde; a incendia; a distruge; a arde (caramida, etc)
burst = (trec., part. trec. burst) a izbucni, a exploda; a face sa erupa; a rupe, a sfarna; a despica, a crapa;
to burst into = a intra ca o futuna
bury = (trec., part. trec. buried) a ngropa, a nmormnta; (fig) a nfunda, a ascunde
buy = (trec., part. trec. bought) a cumpara
calculate = a calcula, a socoti; a chibzui a conta pe
call = a striga; a chema; a numi, a califica; a convoca; a rechema; a considera
a striga; a face o vizita; to call for a se cere; to call up a suna la telefon
can = (negativ cannot, trec. si subj. could) a putea; a sti;
I can see a fly there = vad o musca acolo;
can (= may) I smoke here? = pot sa fumez aici?;
I could slap you! = ce ti-as mai da o palma!
catch = trec., part. trec. caught) a prinde; a se agata de; a se mbolnavi;
to catch by = a prinde din urma;
to catch red-handed = a prinde asupra faptului
cause = a cauza, a pricinui
celebrate = a sarbatori; (a celebrated poet = un poet renumit )
change = a se schimb (I've change d my mind m-am razgndit )
choose = (trec. chose, part, trec. chosen) a alege; a prefera
climb = a (se) sui, a (se) urca
close = a nchide; a strnge (rndurile); to close in = (d zile) a se scurta
come = (trec. came, part. trec. come) a veni; a deveni;
to come across = a da peste;
to come back = a se ntoarce;
to come in = a intra;
come on! = haide!;
to come to = a-si reveni
complain = a se plnge
confirm = a confirma; a fi de acord
congratulate = a felicita
consider = a se gndi sa/la; a lua n consideratie
continue = a continua; a (se) mentine; (it will be continued = va continu )
control = a controla; a combate
cook = a gati
correct = a corecta; a potrivi (ceasul)
cost = a costa; a lua (timp)
cough = a tusi
count = a numara; a socoti;
to count on a conta pe
create = a crea; a produce
cross = a traversa; a trece; a-si face cruce; a se ncrucisa
cry = a striga; a plnge
cure = a vindeca
cut = (trec., part. trec. cut) a taia; a croi;
to cut away/off = a reteza;
to cut back = a reduce;
to cut down = a rapune;
to cut out = a croi
........Alte verbe (in ordine alfabetica) - cat de curand.SubstantiveAccident = accident, intamplare, nenorocire, caz, eveniment, patanie
Action = actiune, fapta masura, comportare, influenta, effect ,
activitate, operatie, intriga, subiect al unei opera literare,
batalie, lupta,
Actor = actor , comediant m artist
Addition = adaugare ; adaos ; (mat) adunare ; in addition to pe lnga;
(fam) nota de plata
Address = adresa ; alocutiune; discurs ; (pl) omagii
Advantage = avantaj ; profit ; (to turn something to advantage =a valorifica ceva;
to take advantage of a profita de)
Advertisment = advertisement
Administration = conducere
Advice = sfat ; (pl) informatii
Affair = treaba ; legatura (sentimentala)
Afternoon = dupa amiaza
after-game = revansa
after-pains = s.pl dureri care survin nasterii
the aftermath of war = urmarile razboiului
afterbirth = placenta
after-ages = posteritate
after effect = efect secundar
after math = consecinta
Age = vrsta, etate; era ( vi a mbatrni)
Agency = agentie ; mijloc
Aggression = agresiune ; atac
Agriculture = agricultura
Aid = ajutor ; complice (vt a ajuta; a salva; a asista)
Aim = tinta ; tel ( vt (at) a ndrepta spre; a dirija; a lansa)
Air = aer; (by air =cu avionul)
Airplane = avion
Airport = aeroport
Alcohol = alcool
Ally = aliat; confederat(a (se) alia; a (se) uni)
Ambassador = ambasador
Ambition = ambitie ; tel
Amercican = american
Amount = total ; suma ; cantitate ; (fig) valoare ( a se referi (la); a se reduce (la)
amount (to) =a se ridica la, a ajunge)
Amusement = amuzament ; divertisment
Angel = inger
Anger = mnie ; furie
Angle = unghi; vrf ; punct de vedere ; undita f (vi a pescui)
Animal = animal
Anniversary = aniversare
Apparatus = aparat ; dispozitiv
Apple = mar
Appoimant = ntlnire ; numire ; slujba ; ora (la dentist)
Approval = aprobare ; consimtamnt
Arch = arc
Archer = arcas
Architect = arhitect ; constructor
Area = suprafata ; domeniu ; ntindere
Argument = argument ; discutie ; nentelegere ; cearta ; controversa
Arm = brat ; arm in arm= brat la brat; stema
Arms = arme
Army = armata; multime
Arrival = sosire
Art = arta
Article = articol
Artist = artist (plastic)
Ash = frasin; cenusa
Assistant = auxiliar ; asistent ; adjunct
Assistance = asistenta ; ajutor
Astronaut = astronaut
Atmosphere = atmosfera
Atom = atom ; particica
Attempt = ncercare ; efort ; tentativa (vt a ncerca; a tenta; a compromite)
Attention = atentie ; pay attention to =fii atent la interj. Drepti !
Attraction = atractie
Aunt = matusa
Authority = autoritate ; autorizatie ; mandat
Automobile= automobil
Autumn = toamna
Avenue = strada; bulevard ; alee ; (fig) cale de acces
Baby = bebelus
baby-carriage = carucior (pt. copil)
babyhood = primul nascut (babyish = adj infantil, copilaros, pueril, naiv)
Back = spate (he fell on his back =a cazut pe spate; at the back of= n spatele
stand back= dati-va napoi!; napoi ; put it back =pune-o napoi;
I am back home =sunt din nou acasa)
backbone = sira spinarii
back-yard = curtea din spate
Bacon = slanina
Bag = poseta; sacosa;( bag and baggage =cu catel cu purcel ; to bag = a umfla )
Baker = brutar (to bake = a coace; a se bronza )
Balance = cntar ; (in the balance =n dubiu; balance sheet =bilant)
Ball = minge; bal; bulgare de zapada; ghem ; cocolos ;
Ballot = bula ; bulgare ; buletin ; vot
Band = legatura; orchestra; lungime de unda; (tehn) banda
Bank = mal (de ru) ; panta , povarnis ; rambleu ; banca ( the Bank= Banca Angliei )
bank-clerk = comis de banca
Bar = bar ; bucata (de sapun etc.); bara ; bariera ; jur.( the Bar =barou , parchet )
Barber = barbier , frizer
Base = baza ; suport ; postament ; tapla ; sol (adj josnic; inferior)
Basin = bazin , rezervor ; castron ; chiuveta , lighean
Basket = cos
Bath = baie (n cada) ; cada
bath-chair = fotoliu rulant
bath-gown = halat de baie
Battle = batalie ; lupta ; battle field = cmp de lupta
Beach = plaja ; prundis ; mal ; tarm
Beard = barba
Beauty = frumusete
Bed = pat
Bedroom = dormitory
Beef = carne de vaca
Beef tee = supa de vaca
Beer = bere
Behaviour = comportare ; purtare ; conduita ; tinuta ; maniere
Belief = ncredere; credinta
Bell = clopot ; clopotel ; sonerie ; (bell of a flower= caliciul/cupa unei flori)
Bench = banca (n parc) ; bancheta ; parchet ; tibunal; curt, magistratura
Benefit = folos ; ajutor ; avantaj ; binefacere ; beneficiu
Bill = cioc ; nota de plata ; factura ; afis ; ( bill of fare= meniu;) halebarda f
bill-board = afisier
Bird = pasare; ( queer bird= tip ciudat)
bird's-eye-view = vedere panoramica
Birth = nastere ; origine
Birthday = zi de naster
Biscuit = biscuit, pesmet, prajitura
Bishop = episcop
Bit = bucatica, strop, farma, particica,s zabala ; bucatica (de hrtie etc.) ; cifra binara ;
(a bit =putin; not a bit = deloc )
Bite = muscatura ; ciupitura (de tntar etc.)
Blackboard = tabla (la scoala)
Blade = lama ; fir (de iarba) ; frunza lunga si subtire ; lopata (pt zapada) ,
(fig) persoana energica
Blanket = patura ; cuvertura ; nvelitoare
Block = bila ; gravura n lemn; buturuga ; butuc ; pietroi ; obstacol ; cliseu ;
(block of flats = bloc (de locuit) )
Blood = snge, temperament; rasa (de cal); in cold blood cu snge rece
Blouse = bluza ; camasa ; corsaj
Blow = lovitura (de pumn etc.); soc ; percutie; purjare
Board = scndura ; bord ; tabla (de sah) ; masa ; ( board and lodging = casa si masa;
on board! =n vagoane! )
Boarder = pensioner
Boat = vapor ; barca ; ambarcatiune
Body = corp ; trup ; cadavru ; caroserie ; corsaj ; persoana
body-linen = lenjerie de corp
Bomb = bomba
Bone = os ; oseminte ; fildes ; ( she's skin and bone =e numai piele si oase )
Book = carte ; the Book = biblia ; libret (de opera) ; registru
Booking-office = birou de nregistrare ; ghiseu
Boot = gheata
Border = mal ; margine ; frontiera ; plat banda
Bottle = sticla ; flacon ; biberon ;
Bottom = fund ; baza ; dedesupt ; spate ; vapor ;
(from the bottom of one's heart =din strafundul inimii )
Box = cutie; lada ; separeu (la restaurant) ; loje (la teatru) ; box ; palma ;
(box somebody's ears a palmui pe cineva )
Boy = baiat ; baietel ; fiu
Bread = pine ; ( bread and butter = pine cu unt; slice of bread =felie de pine )
Brain = creier ; (fig) judecata ; spirit ; cap
Brake = feriga ; iarga ; tufis ; lastaris ; grapa ; frna ; furgon ; cabrioleta
Branch = ramificatie ; ramura ; creanga ; bransa ; afluent ; sucursala ; linie deviata ;
ambransament
Breakfast = mic dejun
Breath = respiratie ; rasuflare ; suflu
Bridge = pod ; punte ; pasarela ; bridge (joc) ; calus (la vioara)
Brother = frate
Brush = perie ; pensula ; matura ; periere; ncaierare ; coada de vulpe ; urma luminoasa
( to brush up a mprospata cunostintele )
Building = cladire ; constructie ; edificiu
Bullet = glonte
Burn = arsura
Burst = explozie ; izbucnire ; hernie
Bus = autobus
Business = afaceri ; magazin ; ocupatie ; meserie ; comert ; clientela
Butcher = macelar
Button = nsture
Butter = unt
cabinet = dulap , vitrina , cabinet
caf = cafenea
cake = tort ; prajitura ; bucata (de sapun etc.) ; tableta (de ciocolata) ; coaja crusta
cake shop = patiserie
camera = aparat de fotografiat sau filmat
campaign = campanie
cancer = cancer
candidate = candidat; aspirant
cap = boneta ; basca ; sapca; capison ; capsula
capital = capitala ; majuscula ; capital
capitalism = capitalism
capitalist = capitalist
captain = capitan
car = masina ; autoturism dining-car= vagon restaurant ; spleeping-car = vagon de dormit
card = carte de vizita ; fisa ; felicitare ; carte de joc ; roza vnturilor
card-case = carnet de vizite
care = grija, (take care= ai grija; to take care of=a avea grija de) ; solicitudine ;
precautie, atentie ; suparare, neliniste
carpet = covor
........Alte substantive (in ordine alfabetica) - cat de curand.
Greetings
Hello , HiSalut !
Good morningBuna dimineata !
Good nightNoapte buna !
Good-bye, byeLa revedere !
See you soonPe curand !
See you laterNe vedem mai tarziu !
PleaseVa rog
Thank youMultumesc
You're welcomeCu placere
Excuse meMa scuzati
SorryImi pare rau
CongratulationsFelicitari !
Good luckNoroc , Bafta !
Time - Timpul
secondsecundaseasonanotimp
minuteminutyearan
houroradecadedeceniu
dayzicenturysecol
weeksaptamanamillenniummileniu
monthlunaeternityeternitate
morningdimineataeveningseara
noonpranz / amiazanightnoapte
afternoondupa amiaza midnightmiez de noapte
MondayLuniFridayVineri
TuesdayMartiSaturdaySambata
WednesdayMiercuriSundayDuminica
ThursdayJoi
January IanuarieJulyIulie
FebruaryFebruarieAugustAugust
MarchMartieSeptemberSeptembrie
AprilAprilieOctoberOctombrie
MayMaiNovemberNoiembrie
JuneIunieDecemberDecembrie
to wetwetweta uda
springprimavarafall, autumntoamana
summervarawinteriarna
The Body -Corpul omenesc
facefatamouthgura
chinbarbieneckgat
shoulderumararmbrat
elbowcotforearmantebrat
armpitsubsuoara backspate
chestpieptwaisttalie, mijloc
abdomenabdomenbuttocksbuca, fesa
hipsoldlegpicior
thighcoapsakneegenunchi
calfgamba
The hand - Mana
wristncheietura minii knucklencheietura a degetelor
fingernailunghiethumbdeget mare (de la mna)
index fingerdegetul aratatormiddle fingerdegetul mijlociu(de la mijloc)
ring fingerdegetul inelarlittle fingerdegetul mic
palmpalma
The Head - Capul
hairparforeheadfrunte
earurechecheekobraz
nosenasnostrilnara
jawfalcabeardbarba
mustachemustatatonguelimba
toothdintelipbuza
The Eye - Ochiul
eyebrowsprnceanaeyelidpleoapa
eyelashesgeneirisiris
pupilpupila
The Foot - Piciorul
ankleglezna heelcalci
instepscobitura picioruluibig toedegetul mare
toedeget de la picior little toedegetul mic
toenailunghia de la picior
The Internal Organs - Organele interne
braincreierspinal cordsira spinarii
throatgtwindpipetrahee
esophagusesofagmusclemuschi
lungplamnheartinima
liverficat stomachstomac
intestinesintestineveinvena
arteryartera kidneyrinichi
pancreaspancreasbladdervezica
Women's clothing - Men's Clothing - Haine pentru femei si barbati
Women's clothing
blousebluza, camasa skirtfusta
dressrochiezipperfermoar
glassesochelarilenslentila
sunglassesochelari de soarepursegeanta
strappanglica, cureajewerly boxcutie pentru bijuterii
jewerlybijuterieringinel
earringcercelbraceletbratara
necklacecolier, sirag beadsmargele
locketmedalionveilvoal
bra(ssiere)sutienslipcombinezon
pantieschilotihose, stockingsciorapi
pijanaspijamalenightgowncamasa de noapte
high heel shoepantof cu toc inaltcoathaina, palton, jacheta
sweaterjerseu, puloverglovesmanusi
mittensmanusi cu un deget scarfesarfa, sal, basma
Men's Clothing
shirtcamasa sleevetmneca
tagetichetacollarguler
pocketbuzunarbuttonsnasturi
t-sharttricousuitcostum
tiecravataknotnod
pantspantalonishortspantaloni scurti
beltcureabucklecatarama
hatpalarieunderwearlenjerie de corp
sockssoseteshoespantofi
shoe lacessiret-urisoletalpa
bootsghetesandalssandale
slipperspapuci de casabathrobehalat de baie
vestvestawatchceas (de mna)
leather jackethaina de pielecapbasca, sapca
The Family -Familia
The Family
grandmothetbunicagrandfatherbunic
uncleunchimothermama
fathertataauntmatusa
cousenvarsister-in-lowcumnata
brotherfratesistersora
brother-in-lowcumnathusbandsot
nephewnepot (de unchi)niecenepoata (de unchi )
daughterfiica sonfiu
People and relationships
womanfemeie manbarbat
husbandsotwifesotie
babybebelusparentsparinti
childrencopiiboybaiat
girlfatagrandparentsbunici
granddouthernepoatagrandsonnepot
Fruits - Fructe
applemarapple corecotorul marului (miezul cu samburi)
apple slicefelie de marseedsamanta
bananabananapeelcoaja (de fructe)
orangeportocalagrapefruitgrepfrut
lemonlamielimelamie verde
plumprunaprunepruna uscata
peachpiersicaapricotscaise
avocadofruct de avocado pearpara
melonpepene watermelonpepene verde
pineappleananas coconutnuca de cocos
mangomangocherriescirease
grapesstruguriraisinsstafide
olivesmaslinestrawberrycapsuna
raspberryzmeurablackberriesmure
Vegetables - Verdeturi, zarzavat
pepperardeieggplantvanata
potatocartofchili pepperardei iute
lettucesalata verdecabbagevarza
carrotmorcovasparagussparanghel
artichokeanghinarebeetsfecla
cucumbercastravetegarlicusturoi
cornporumbbroccolibroccoli
cauliflowerconopidatomato(patlagica) rosie
onionceapamushroomsciuperci
celerytelinapumpkindovleac
zucchinidovlecelbeansfasole
peasmazareradishridiche
podpastaiespinashspanac
Morfologie
Bine ati venit in sectiunea Morfologie. Aici veti invata minimul necesar despre partile de vorbire, luate in ordine alfabetica :AdjectivulAdjectivele, in limba engleza , sunt invariabile ( nu se acorda cu substantivele in gen,numar si caz ).
Adjectivele stau inaintea substantivelor (I like Chinese food) sau dupa anumite verbe auxiliare
(to appear, to be, to become, to feel, to get, to look, to keep,to seem, to taste, to make,to smell,to sound,
to turn, to taste).
Desi stau dupa verbe, ele nu descriu verbul si subiectul propozitiei (in majoritatea cazurilor - substantive
sau pronume).
Ex: The examination did not seem difficult.
Your friend looks nice.
Unele din adjectivele care pot sta numai dupa verbele auxiliare: asleep, awake, afraid, alike, alive, alone,
annoyed, difficult, ill, nice, sorry, upset, well
(She is alone.).
Asa cum am mai spus, avem adjective care stau inaintea substantive:
Ex : I like big black dogs.
She was wearing a beautiful long red dress.
Care este ordinea corecta pentru adjective ?1)Ordinea generala: opinion, fact
Ex : a nice French car (not a French nice car)
"Opinion" este ceea ce crezi despre subiectul propozitiei/frazei .
"Fact" este ceea ce este adevarat despre subiectul propozitiei/fraziei.
2)Ordinea normala a adjectivelor este :
size, age/temperature , shape, colour, material, origin:
Ex : a big, old, square, black, wooden Chinese table
Size : small, little, thiny, big
Age/Temperature : old, new, hot, cold
Shape : round, square
Color : yellow, red, blue
Material : plastic, silver
Origin : Chinese, Romanian, Franch
3) Determiners usually come first, even though they are fact adjectives:
articles (a, the)
possessives (my, your...)
demonstratives (this, that...)
quantifiers (some, any, few, many...)
numbers (one, two, three) Here is an example with opinion and fact adjectives:
adjectivesnoundeter-mineropinionfactageshapecolourtwoniceoldroundredcandlesCand vrem sa folosim doua adjective care se refera la o culoare folosim and.
Ex: Newspapers are usually black and white.
Gradele de comparative ale adjectivelor :-gradul pozitiv : arata prezenta normala a unei calitati a obiectelor (fara comparatii)
Ex : She is beautiful.
-gradul comparativ : compara doua sau mai multe obiecte
oin masura egala : comarativul de egalitate : he is as tall as his brother
oin masura inegala :- comparativul de superioritate : he is taller then she.
- compartivul de inferioritate : not as tall as
-gradul superlativ: este de doua feluri : relative(in comparative cu alte elemente)
Ex : The biggeste : Cel mai mare
The smallest = Cel mai mic
The most important = Cel mai important
absolute (fata de el insusi)
Ex : Very gig = Foarte mare
Very small = Foarte mic
Very/Highly important = Foarte important
Comparativul de egalitate se formeaza prin incadrarea adjectivului : asas
Ex : as tall as = la fel de inalt ca, tot atat de inalt ca
Pentru sens negative : incadram adjectivul in : not as/ soas
Ex : not as/so tall as = nu atat/ asa de inalt cat/ca
Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaza incadrand adjectivul in expresia :
not so(as)as sau lessthen
Ex : not as tall as/ not so tall as = nu atat de inalt ca
Less tall then = mai putin inalt ca
Atentie la aceste 4 expresii:So much the better = Cu atat mai bine
So much the worse = Cu atat mai rau
So much the more = Cu atat mai mult
So much the less = Cu atat mai putin
Expresia cu cat..cu atat nu are echivalent in limba engleza.
(Cu cat) mai curand, (cu atat) mai bine = The sooner, the better.
(Cu cat este)casa mai veche, (cu atat este) pretul mai mic. = The older the house,
the smaller the price.
Adjectivele terminate in e mut suprima aceasta vocala inaintea terminatiilor -er , -est .
Ex : large larger the largest
fine finer - the finest
Adjectivele terminate in y precedat de o consoana, schimba pe y in i inaintea lui er si est .
Ex : heavy heavier the heaviest
Adjectivele terminate in y precedat de o vocala raman neschimbate :
Ex : gay gayer the gayest (vesel) Acest adjective este foarte rar folosit in
sensului lui propriu, intrand in raza vulgar a vocabularului.
Adjectivele monosilabice terminate in consoana, o dubleaza la comparative si
la superlative :
Ex: big bigger the biggest
Unele adjective au forme diferite la comparativ si superlativ:
Good better the best = bun(a)
Well better the best = bine
Bad worse the worst = rau
Ill- worst the worst = bolnav
Much more the most = mult(a)
Many more the most = multi(e)
Little less the least = putin
Adjectivele posesive:Se pun intotdeauna inaintea substantivelor:
My = meu, mea, mei , mele
Your = tau, ta, tai, tale
His = lui, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansului, dumnealui, domniei sale
Her = ei, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansei, dumneaei
Its (pers III neutru) = lui, ei , sau, sa, sai , sale
Our = nostril, nostru, noastra, noastre
Your = vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre, d-voastra
Their = lor, dansilor, danselor, dumnealor
Adjectivele demonstrative:
Pentru apropere:
This = acest, acesta, ast, asta, aceasta, asta
Those = acestia, acesti, asti, astia, aceste, acestea, astea, , aste
Pentru departare:
That = acela, acel, ala, aceea, acea, aia
Those = acei, aceia, ai, aia, acelea, alea
AdverbulAdverbul este cel care ne spune mai mult despre verb, care intareste verbul.
Majoritatea adverbelor se formeaza din adjective.
Ele seformeaza astfel:
- pentru majoritatea adverbele - la adjectiv se adauga teminatia -ly :
bad - badly
hard - hardly
- pentru adjectivele care se termina in -le, ca sa formam adverb, se shimba terminatia -le
in -ly
simple - simply
probable - probably
-pentru adjectivele care se termina in y, precedat de o consoana, ca sa formam adverb
shimbam pe y in i si apoi adauga terminatia -ly
easy - easily
happy - happily
Exceptii :well = bine; cum trebuie
fast = repede; strns
very = foarte; chiar; prea
never = niciodata; deloc
always = totdeauna
often = adesea
still = nca; si mai; totusi
Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor sunt aceleasi ca si la adjective si se formeaza in
acelasi moduri.
Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ
badly worse the worst
far farther the farthest
further the furthest
late later the latest
the last = ultimul
little less the least
well better the best
Adverbele sunt de mai multe feluri :
- de loc
- de mod
- de timp - precizat
- neprecizat : already = deja, pana acum
always = intotdeauna
ever = totdeauna, vreodata
just = tocmai
often = adesea
never = niciodata
sometimes = uneori, cateodata
seldom = rareori
still = inca, mai
O modalitate usoara de a tine minte adverbele de timp si care ne arata cat de des cineva
face ceva :
100%always
usually
frequently
often
50%sometimes
occasionally
rarely
seldom
hardly ever
0%never
ArticolulArticolul nehotarat (care se traduce in romana : un , o ):
a = inaintea unei consoane (a car)
an = inaintea unei vocale (an inkpot)
Articolul nehotarat este acelasi pentru toate genurile. Trebuie tinut cont atunci cand vorbim ca articolul nehoratat
nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa el. LA plural nu exista articol nehotarat(atunci cand este cazul
se folosestie some = niste, unele).
Exista unele exceptii :a ewe = o oaie/mioara
a Europian = un european
a union = o uniune, un sindicat
a university = o universitate
Articolul horatat:Articolul hotarat in limba engleza este THE , atat la singular cat si la plural, la toate genurile.
Ca si la articolul nehotarat, in vorbire, articolul hotart nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa el.
ConjunctiaConjunctia este partea de vorbire care leaga cuvinte sau propozitii.
Conjunctiile pot sa fie:
- coordonatoare = atunci cand leaga doua propozitii de acelasi fel;
- subordonatoare = atunci cand leaga o propozitie principala cu una secundara.
Conjunctiile coordonatoare Conjunctiile coordonatoare arata ca elementele pe care ele le unesc sunt identice(similare)
in importanta si structura.
+
Intotdeauna conjunctiile coordonatoare se gasesc intre cuvintele sau propozitiile pe care
le leaga. I like [tea] and [coffee].
[Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].
Conjunctiile coordonatoare sunt sapte (7) la numar. Ele sunt cuvinte simple, formate din
doua sau trei litere.
Iara un mod usor si distractiv de a tine minte conjunctiile coordonatoare :FANBOYS
ForAndNorButOrYetSo
Conjunctiile subordonatoare Cele mai comune conjunctii subordonatoare sunt :
after
although
as
because
before
how
if
once
since
than
that
though
till
until
when
where
whether
while
Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga o propozitie secundara de una principala. Intotdeauna
conjunctia subordonata se gaseste in fata propozitiei secundare.
Ram went swimming although it was raining.
Ram went swimming although it was raining.
Although it was raining, Ram went swimming.
Atentie la urmatoarele constructii :...either ...or = ...sau ...sau
...neither ...nor = ...nici ...nici
...nor only ...but also = ...nu numai ...ci(dar)si
...both ...and = ...ata ...cat si
NumeralulNumeralul cardinal :zero = zero = 0
one = unu = 1
two = doi = 2
three = trei = 3
four = patru = 4
five = cinci = 5
six = sase = 6
seven = sapte = 7
eight = opt = 8
nine = noua = 9
ten = zece = 10
Atentie la o deosebire de limba romana. In limba engleza se foloseste virgula in locul
punctului din romana.
hundred = suta = 100
thousand = mie = 1,000
million = milion = 1,000,000
Astfel ceea ce scriem in romana 1,7 - in engleza vom scrie 1.7 = one point seven.
Numeralul ordinal :first = prim;
second = al doilea
third = al treilea; a treia
De la patru in sus , numealul ordinal se formeaza din numeralul cardinal + th (dar
atentie ca -y se inlocuieste ci - ieth ).
fourth = al patrulea
fifth = al cincilea
sixth = al saselea
seventh = al saptelea
eighth = al optulea
ninth = al noualea
tenth = al zecelea
eleventh = al unsprezecelea
twelfth = al doisprezecelea
thierteenth = al treisprezecelea
twentieth = al douazecilea
thirtieth = al treizecilea
fiftieth = al cincecilea
Datele se exprima in limba engleza cu numeralul ordinal :
The first of May sau May the first
Numeralul multiplicativ :once = o data;
twice = de doua ori;
De la trei in sus , numeralele multiplicative se formeaza din cel cardinal + times
three times = de trei ori
four times = de patru ori
Numeralele fractionale :one whole = un intreg (o unitate)
one haf = o jumatate = 1/2
one third = o treime = 1/3
one quarter = un sfert, o patrime = 1/4
one tenth = o zecime = 1/10
PrepozitiaPrepozitiile sunt cuvintele care fac legatura intre partile de vorbire.
Sunt peste 150 de prepozitii in limba engleza.Lista cu cele mai uzuale prepozitii le gasiti la
Cuvinte necesare/Prepozitii.
Prepozitii de loc:In general se tine cont de urmatoarele reguli:
at = pentru un punct, un reper
in = pentru o anumita zona
on = pentru o suprafata
Iata aici cateva exemple :
atinon
punct, un reperzonasuprafata
at the cornerin the gardenon the wall
at the bus stopin Londonon the ceiling
at the doorin Franceon the door
at the top of the pagein a boxon the cover
at the end of the roadin my pocketon the floor
at the entrancein my walleton the carpet
at the crossroadsin a buildingon the menu
at the entrancein a caron a page
Exista expresii standar cu prepozitiile de loc.Iata-le :atinon
at homein a caron a bus
at workin a taxion a train
at schoolin a helicopteron a plane
at universityin a boaton a ship
at collegein a lift (elevator)on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the topin the newspaperon a horse, on an elephant
at the bottomin the skyon the radio, on television
at the sidein a rowon the left, on the right
at receptionin Oxford Streeton the way
Prepozitiile de timp :at = atunci cand timpul este precizat
in = pentru luni, ani, secole si perioade lungi
on = pentru zile si date
Iata cateva exemple: atinon
timp precizatluni, ani, secole si perioade lungizile si date
at 3 o'clockin Mayon Sunday
at 10.30amin summeron Tuesdays
at noonin the summeron 6 March
at dinnertimein 1990on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtimein the 1990son Christmas Day
at sunrisein the next centuryon Independence Day
at sunsetin the Ice Ageon my birthday
at the momentin the past/futureon New Year's Eve
Atunci cand folosim last, next, every, this - nu folosim si at, in, on.
Exemple:
I went to London last June. (not in last June)
He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
Pronumele
Pronumele personale :Nominativ :
I = eu
you = tu, dumneata, dumneavoastra
he = el, dansul, dumnealui
she = ea, dumneaei
we = noi
you = voi
they = ei,ele, dansii, dansele, dumnealor
Acuzativ-dativ :
me = mi-, ma, pe mine, imi
you = ti, te, pe tine, iti, dumitale, dumneavoastra
him = i-, l-, pe el, ii,(lui)
her = i-, -o, pe ea, ii
us = ne-, noua, pe noi
you = v-, voua, pe voi
them = i-, le-, loe, pe ei, pe ele
Pronumele reflexive :myself = eu insumi/insami, pe mine insumi/insami
yourself = tu insusi/insati, pe tine insuti/insati
himself = el insusi/pe el insusi
herself = ea insasi/pe ea insasi
ourselves = noi insine, pe noi insine
yourselves = voi insiva, pe voi insiva
oneself = pe sine insusi (insasi)
Pronumele posesiv :mine = al meu, a mea, ale mele, ai mei
yours = al tau, a ta, ale tale, ai tai
his = al lui, a lui, ale lui, ai lui
hers = a ei, ale ei, al ei, ai ei
ours = a noastra, al nostru, ale noastre, ai nostri
yours = al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre
theirs = al lor, a lui, ai lor, ale lor
Pronumele demonstrative sunt identice ca forma cu adjectivele demonstrative(numai ca in
cazul pronumelor, acestea inlocuiesc substantivele).
Substantivul
Substantivul, in limba engleza, are patru genuri:- genul masculin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen masculin
(boy, man, son , brother, king)
- genul feminin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen feminin
(woman, mother, girl, wife, sister)
- gen neutru = substantivele care denumesc obiecte si animale
(dog, , purse, window, cat)
- genul comun = substantivele care au aceeasi forma atat la masculin cat si la feminin
(teacher, doctor, friend, author)
Deosebirea dintre substantivele feminine si masculine se face astfel:- se foloseste cuvinte diferite pentru feminin si masculin :
Feminin
Masculin
aunt = matusauncle = unchi
daughter = fiicason = fiu
girl = fata
bou = baiat
hen = gainacock = cocos
nice = nepoatanephew = nepot
sister = sorabrother = frate
mother = mamafather = tata
wife = sotie husband = sot
woman = femeieman = barbat
- se adauga un sufix:
prince - princess
actor - actress
waiter - waitress
- pentru locuitorii unei tari, terminate in sh si ch, genul persoanei se indica folosind
cuvintele: man si woman.
an Englishman - an Englishwoman
a Romanianmam - a Romanianwoman
Pluralul substantivelor :1)- In general se realizeaza adaugand "-s" la substantivul la singular:
cat + "s" = cats
dog + "s" = dogs
2)- pentru substantivele terminate in "s", "x", "sh", "ch","zh", "z" sau "j" pluralul se
formeaza adugand "-es" sau "-s", daca substantivul se termina in "e" mut.
bus + "es" = buses
box + "es" = boxes
dish + "es" = dishes
church + "es" = churches
mirage + "s" = mirages
prize + "s" = prizes
bridge + "s" = bridges
3)- a) - pentru substantive terminate in "y" pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand
"-s", daca "y" final este precedat de o vocala(a, e, i, o, u).
boy + "s" = boys
- b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "y", unde "y" final este precedat de o consoana,
pluralul substantivelor se formeaza astfe: se transforma "y" in "i" si apoi se
adauga "-es"
baby - y + "s" = babies
4)- a) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", pluralul substantivelor se formeaza
adaugand "-s", daca "o" este precedat de o vocala (a, e, i, o, u).
radio + "s" = radios
- b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", unde "o" este precedat de o consoana,
pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand "-es".
tomato + "es" = tomatoes
Atentie : - pentru substantivele legate (referitoare) de muzica - pot forma
pluralul adaugand "-s", chiar daca "o" este precedat de o consoana
piano + "s" = pianos
5)-pentru substantivele terminate in "f" sau "fe", pluralul substantivelor se face
adaugand "-s".
roof + "s" = roofs
giraffe + "s" = giraffes
- Exista exceptii la aceasta regula.Unele substantive terminate in "f" sau "fe" fac
pluralul schimband pe "f" in "-ves". Iara aceste exceptii :
calf - calves = vitel/ vitei
elf- elves = spiridusi/i
half - halves = jumatate/jumatati
knife - knives = cutit/cutite
leaf - leaves = frunza/frunze
loaf - loaves = franzela,paine/franzele
life - lives = viata/vieti
penknife - penknife = briceag/bricege
sheaf - sheaves = snop/snopi
staff - staves = portativ
scarf - scarves = esarfa, fular/esarfe,fulare - dar si scarfs
self - selves = ins, fiinta
shelf - shelves = raft/rafturi
thief - thieves = hot/hoti
wolf - wolves = lup/lupi
wife - wives = sotie/sotii
6)- urmatoarele substantive nu respecta nici o regula in formarea pluralelor :
SingularPlural
algaalgae
alumnaalumnae
alumnusalumni
antenna (on a bug's head)antennae
antenna (on a television)antennas
appendixappendixes, appendices
bacteriumbacteria
bisonbison
buffalobuffalos, buffaloes, buffalo
busbuses, busses
cactuscacti, cactuses
childchildren
corpscorps
criterioncriteria
crisiscrises
datumdata
deerdeer
diedice
dwarfdwarfs, dwarves
footfeet
fishfish, fishes
goosegeese
halfhalves
hippopotamushippopotami, hippopotamuses
hoofhoofs, hooves
louselice
manmen
mediummedia
memorandummemoranda
moosemoose
mousemice
octopusoctopi, octopuses, octopodes
ox oxen
scarfscarves, scarfs
seriesseries
sheepsheep
staff (stick or line for
charting music)staves
staff (group of workers)staffs
stegosaurusstegosauri
swineswine
talismantalismans
toothteeth
wharfwharfs, wharves
womanwomen
VerbulIn limba engleza sunt doua categorii de verbe:
-verbe regulate
-verbe neregulate
Verbele regulate:Cele mai multe verbe in limba engleza sunt regulate. Ele se conjuga astfel:
Indicativ prezent : I call
I do not call
You call
You do not call
He calls
He does not call
She calls
She does not call
We call
We do not call
You call
You do not call
They call
They do not ask
Forma interogativa: Forma interogativ-negativa:
Do I call ?
Don't I call ?
Do you call ? Don't you call ?
Does he call ?
Doesn't he call ?
Does she call ?
Doesn't she call ?
Do we call ?
Don't we call ?
Do you call ?
Don't you call ?
Do they call ?
Don't they call ?
- - - La indiativ prezent, numai prsoana a treia (III-a) singular, verbele primesc un "-s",
celelalte ramanand neschimbate.
- - - Pentru verbele terminate in "ch", "sh", "ss", "x" - la persoana III-a singular va fi
"-es".
- - - Verbele terminate in "y" precedate de o consoana, schimba pe "y" in "i" si primesc
terminatia "-es".
- - - Verbele terminate in "o" primesc terminatia "-es"
Toate verbele din limba engleza (cu exceptia celor doua verbe auxiliare: HAVE = a avea si
BE = a fi) se conjuga la formele simple interogative si negative cu ajutorul auxiliarului
DO/DOES.
Past tense :La Imperfect si Perfect Simplu verbele neregulate primesc terminatia "-ed".
I called
You called
He called
she called
We called
You called
They called
Forma negativa:
I did not call
You did not call
He did not call
She did not call
We did not call
You did not call
They did not call
Forma interogativa:
Forma interogatv-negativa:
Did I call ?
Didn't I call ?
Did you call ?
Didn't you call ?
Did she call ?
Didn't she call ?
Did he call ?
Didn't he call ?
Did we call ?
Didn't we call ?
Did you call ?
Didn't you call ?
Did they call ?
Didn't they call ?
Future Tense:Viitorul in limba engleza se formeaza cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare SHALL/WILL urmate de
infinitiv.
- auxiliarul SHALL - pentru persoana I singular si plural
- auxiliarul Will - pentru restul persoanelor
I shall call
You will call
He will call
She will call
We shall call
You will call
They will call
Forma negativa :
I shall not (shan't) call
You will not call
He will not call
We shall not call
You will not call
They will not call
Forma interogativa :
Shall I call ?
Will you call ?
Will he call ?
Will she call ?
Shall we call ?
will you call ?
Will they call ?
Mai-mult-ca-perfect(past perfect):M.m.c.p se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar HAVE la trecur (adica HAD) +participiu
trecut al verbului.
I had called
You had called
He had called
She had called
We had called
You had called
They had called
Conditionalul prezent :
Se formeaza cu verbele auxiliarele SHOULD/WOULD + infinitivul verbului.
I should call
You would call
...
Conditionalul trecut :Se formeaza din conditionalul prezent al verbului HAVE + participiu trecut al verbului
I should have called
you would have called
He would have called
She would have called
We should have called
You would have called
They would have called
Participiu prezent:Se formeaza adaugand "-ing" la infinitivul verbului.
to call = a striga, a suna -> calling = strigand
Participiu trecut :Se formeaza adaugand "-ed" la infinitivul verbului
call -> called
Nr.TenseFormUsed to expressRomana
1.Present Tense SimpleS + V1 Do/Does + S + V1S + Do/does + not + V11.actiuni obisnuite repetabile2.adevaruri general valabile3.repros, constatari4.in loc de viitpr- pentru actiuni planificate oficialPrezent
2.Present Tense ContinousS + To be + V-ing1.actiuni care se petrec in momentul vorbirii(now, at present, at the moment)2.actiuni temporare(today, this week, this mounth)3.repros accentuat aproape de prezent.4.actiuni oficiale planificate neoficialPrezent
3.Present Perfect SimpleS + have/has + V3Have/has + S + V31.actiune termiata in moment trecut neprecizat (lately, just, always, offe, ever, never)2.actiune terminata in perioada de timp neterminata (today, this week)3.actiune terminata care are legatura cu prezentulPerfect compus
4.Present Perfect ContinousS + have/has + been + v-ingHave/has + been + S + V-ingactiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent sau al carui rezultat se vede acum in prezentFor + perioada de timpSince + inceputul de timpprezent
5.Past tense simpleS + V2 Did + S + V1S + did + not + V1Actiunitrecute terminate in momentul precizat(ago, last, yesterday, in 1990)perfect compus
6.Past tense continousS + was/were + V-ingactiune trecuta in progres:while + timp continuuwhen + timp simpleimperfect
7.Past perfect simpleS + had + V3exprima o actiune trecuta terminata inaintea altei actiuni trecutem.m.c.p.
8.Past perfect continousS + had + been + V-ingactiune trecutain progres, inceputa inaintea altei actiuni trecuteimperfect
In limba engleza este foarte important sa stim conjugarea celor doua verbe auxiliare :HAVE
si BE.
TO HAVE = a aveaIndicativ prezent :I have
you have
He has
She has
We have
You have
They have
Imperfectul si perfect simplu:I had
you had
He had
She had
We had
You had
They had
M.m.c.p.I had had
you had had
He had had
She had had
We had had
You had had
They had had
Viitorul:I shall have
You will have
He will have
She will have
We shall have
You will have
They will have
Conditional prezent :I should have
You would have
He would have
She would have
We would have
You would have
They would have
Conditional trecut :I should have had
You would have had
He would have had
She would have had
We would have had
You would have had
They would have had
Participiu prezent: having
Participiu trecut : had
TO BE = a fiIndicativ prezent :I am
You are
He is
She is
We are
You are
They are
Imperfectul:I was
You were
He was
She was
We were
You were
They were
M.m.c.p.:I had been
You had been
He had been
She had been
We had been
You had been
They had been
Viitor:I shall be
You will be
He will be
She will be
They shall be
You will be
Yhey will be
Conditional prezent:I should be
We would be
...
Conditionalul trecut :I should have been
He would have been
...
Participiu prezent : being
Participiu trecut : been
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