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What is the largest source of water pollution in the nation? Industrial Effluent Urban Runoff Agricultural Runoff Gaseous Emissions Wastewater Effluent Construction Runoff “Agricultural runoff is the single largest source of water pollution in the nation’s rivers and streams, according to the E.P.A.” – New York Times

Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

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Page 1: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

What is the largest source of water pollution in the nation?

Industrial Effluent

Urban Runoff

Agricultural Runoff

Gaseous Emissions Wastewater Effluent

Construction Runoff

“Agricultural runoff is the single largest source of water pollution

in the nation’s rivers and streams, according to the E.P.A.” – New

York Times

Page 2: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

Parker, Philip J., Busch, Dennis L.,

Fitzgerald, Kyra C., and Dana Gibson

Passive Stormwater Agricultural

Runoff Sampling

American Water Resource Association (AWRA) –

Wisconsin Section 38th Annual Meeting Student

Presentation, Chula Vista Resort, Wisconsin Dells,

WI, March 14, 2014.

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1. Splitting Accuracy “Volume” of Multi-

Orifice Passive Samplers

2. Representativeness of Samples

from Multi-Orifice Passive Samplers

3. Plate Sampler –coefficients of

discharge experiments

Overview

0. Agricultural Runoff Monitoring Background

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“In 2006, an early thaw in Brown County melted frozen

fields, including some that were covered in manure.

Within days, more than 100 wells were contaminated with

coliform bacteria, E. coli,

or nitrates — byproducts

of manure or other

Fertilizers...”

-New York Times (2009)

Page 5: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

Flume Background

• Multiple geometries of flumes

• Each geometry of flume has an

associated rating curve which graphs

flow as a function of water depth

• We developed rating curves for each of

our H-flumes

Cutthroat Flumes

Parshall Flumes Trapezoidal FlumesH Flumes

Page 6: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

Agricultural Runoff Monitoring

• Why?-Estimate pollutant loading

• What?-Automated samplers

• What’s new?-Researching a less expensive

agricultural runoff sampling method

Page 7: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Automated

Sampler and a Passive Sampler

Automated Sampler Passive SamplerBoth Require

(+) Remotely

triggered

(+) Refrigerated

samples

(+) Programmed to

sample at a

certain time or

volume

(+) Obtains a discrete

sample

(-) Requires power

(-) Routine

maintenance

(-) May be “overkill”

in some instances

(-) Costly

• A person to collect

sample

• A person to analyze

sample

• Routine maintenance

(+) No power

required

(+) Less expensive

(+) No moving

parts

(+) Ability to

obtain

composite

sample

(-) No refrigeration

(-) New method

less known

(-) Cannot generate

hydrograph

Page 8: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

Plate SamplerStevens Sampler

Multi-Orifice Samplers

Page 9: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

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1. Splitting Accuracy “Volume” of Multi-

Orifice Passive Samplers

Overview

Page 10: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

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Splitting Accuracy “Volume” of Multi-Orifice Passive Samplers

3

2

1

Plate SamplerStevens Sampler

Page 11: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

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2. Representativeness of Samples

from Multi-Orifice Passive Samplers

Overview

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Representativeness of the Multi-Orifice Passive Sampler

Runoff Quantity

Runoff Quality

• SS

• Nutrients

• Particle Size

Page 13: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

Runoff Quantity Results

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Runoff Quality Results

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Particle Size

Runoff Quantity Results

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3. Plate Sampler – coefficients of

discharge experiments

Overview

Page 17: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

Apparatus used to simulate an H-flume by maintaining

constant head

Orifice Overflow Head measurement

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Discharge Coefficients

Theoretical flow from an orifice is dependent

upon

• The area of the orifice,

• Thickness of the plate,

• The head of the fluid above the orifice.

QTheoretical > QActual

Which is a function of orifice diameter

and accounts for flow restriction

associated with the equipment (i.e. loss

due to friction)

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• >400 trials were

performed

Diameter

Head

Thickness

Entrance type

Coefficients of Discharge

• Procedure

Tare water

collecting beaker

Collect a timed

water sample

Weigh sample

Repeat 3 trials for 1

stage

Repeat for multiple

stages

Cd values ranged from

0.6 to 0.9

Page 20: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

More Recently

• Calculated coefficients of discharge used

to design new plates

• Obtaining flowrates from the multi-

orifice plates

• Compared to expected flow from H-

flume using the rating curves (split)

Page 21: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

Slit-weir

Point gage to measure head

Hydraulic bench

Valve to control Q

Ongoing Research

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Summary

Plate Sampler:

• Consistent flow splits

• Representative water quality samples (particulate and

dissolved contaminants)

• Range of Cd values for varied parameters

Ongoing research: currently slit-weir plate sampler coefficients

of discharge to use in the design of a V-notch – weir plate

sampler (infinite orifices)

Page 23: Session2A5Fitzgerald Presentation.pdf 2575 KB Mar 24 2014

ReferencesParker, P. J., and D. L. Busch. "Field-scale Evaluation of a Multislot

Passive Sampler." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 68.2 (2013): 83-

88. Soil and Water Conservation Society. Web. 5 Feb. 2014.

Fitts, Charles R. Groundwater Science. Waltham, MA. Elsevier, 2002.

2013: Second Edition.

Duhigg, Charles. "Health Ills Abound as Farm Runoff Fouls Wells." The

New York Times. The New York Times, 17 Sept. 2009. Web. 28 Jan. 2014.

Hoeft, Mike. "Most Water Pollution Violations in Brown County Traced

Back to Farms, Municipal Water, Sewer Projects." Green Bay Press

Gazette 1 Aug. 2010: n. pag. Web

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Slit-weirPerforated baffle

Solid baffle