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Session 9 Networking & Operating Systems (part 2). IPv6, OSI, Standards. Networking & Operating Systems. IPv6. 1995 – RFC 1752 IPng 1998 – RFC 2460 IPv6 Functional enhancements for a mix of data streams (graphic and video) Driving force was address depletion 128-bit addresses - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 1
Session 9Networking & Operating Systems
(part 2)
IPv6, OSI, Standards
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 2
Networking & Operating Systems
IPv6
●1995 – RFC 1752 IPng●1998 – RFC 2460 IPv6●Functional enhancements for a mix of
data streams (graphic and video)●Driving force was address depletion
128-bit addresses●Started in Solaris 2.8, Windows 2000
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 3
IPv6 Packet w/Extension Headers
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 4
OSI Layers
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 5
OSI Environment
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 6
Internet Standards and RFCs
● Internet Architecture Board (IAB)- overall architecture
● Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)- engineering and development
● Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)- manages the IETF and standards process
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 7
Request For Comments (RFC)
●RFCs are the working notes of the Internet research and development community
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 8
Standardization Process
●Stable and well understood●Technically competent●Substantial operational experience●Significant public support●Useful in some or all parts of Internet
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 9
Key difference from ISO: operational experience
RFC Publication Process
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 10
Internet
draft
Experim ental Inform ationalProposed
standard
Draft
standard
Internet
standard
Historic
IET F
IESG
< 6 m onths
> 6 m onths
> 4 m onths
tw o independent
im plem entations
Hands-onExercises
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 11
What Is My IPAddress?
●You can find it for your interface using any one of the commands:ifconfigifconfig –aifconfig [interface]netstat -i
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 12
Here’s How I Bring the Interface Up
●Assume my interface is eth0, then use:ifconfig eth0
●You will get:
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 13
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:30:1b:48:dc:3d inet addr:192.168.0.100 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::230:1bff:fe48:dc3d/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1494920 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1219954 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1621598747 (1.6 GB) TX bytes:302524693 (302.5 MB) Interrupt:17
Here’s An Example:
●Assume my interface is eth0, then use:ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255 up
●You probably don’t have permission to do this
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 14
How Do I Know I Can Get Out On the Network?
●We use the ping command● It is very simple. It sends an ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST packet to a target host
and waits for an answer● It is one of the workhorses of network debugging●Here’ an example:ping www.google.edu
●Some sites disable ping responses!
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 15
Ping Sample
papacosta@papacosta-desktop:~$ ping www.google.com
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.226.208) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from lga15s28-in-f16.1e100.net (74.125.226.208): icmp_req=1 ttl=55 time=9.82 ms
64 bytes from lga15s28-in-f16.1e100.net (74.125.226.208): icmp_req=2 ttl=55 time=9.86 ms
64 bytes from lga15s28-in-f16.1e100.net (74.125.226.208): icmp_req=3 ttl=55 time=10.7 ms
64 bytes from lga15s28-in-f16.1e100.net (74.125.226.208): icmp_req=4 ttl=55 time=13.6 ms
^C
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 9.821/11.013/13.607/1.545 ms
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 16
netstat Command to Check Routing
●The netstat command provides a wealth of information about the state of your computer's networking software, including interface statistics, routing information, and connection tables
●Here are some typical commands to monitor connection status: netstat -a see interface status: netstat -i display routing table: netstat -r –n View operational stats: netstat -s
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 17
nslookup Command●The nslookup command is a very old command (used in
both UNIX and DOS/Windows) to query the DNS database●Here is an example:nslookup www.google.com
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 18
dig Command●The dig command is in functionality, but has more sensible defaults, provides more info, and has a nicer user interface●Here are a few examples:dig www.google.comdig google.com anydig google.com mxdig google.com nsdig -x 216.239.34.10
●This can get even more involved:dig +nocmd google.com any +multiline +noall +answer
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 19
Important URLs
● Internetworking Technology Handbook – Cisco’s excellent and extensive Wiki on networking technology
● http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfcsearch.html - great place to search RFCs
● Dig How To Guide - an excellent explanation, with lots of examples, on how to effectively use the dig command line tool
● Linux: Check Network Connection Command – good explanation of the ss and netstat commands
● IP Chicken – this displays your “public” IP address
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 20
Homework
Review the SlidesDo the Exercise: ipconfig, ping,
netstat, nslookup, & digComplete the Take-Home Exam
Fall 2011Nassau Community College ITE153 – Operating Systems 21