Fruit consumption on-farm and in peri-urban markets; Kenya

and Peru Stepha McMullin & Jason Donovan

6th June 2013, IFPRI, Washington D.C

ICRAF’s involvement in A4NHOutcomes Outputs1. 1 Data and evidence to measure food consumption patterns, constraints to access to nutritious foods, consumers' knowledge, awareness and knowledge gaps related to diverse diets and nutritious foods etc

1.1.1 Data + evidence published on consumption patterns, availability, access, use + processing of nutritious foods; information on dynamics of food purchases, own-production, sales of nutrient-rich foods, market access and overall nutrient gaps1.1.2 Database on nutritional value of lesser known and local foods1.1.3 Data + evidence published regarding poor consumers' knowledge, awareness, knowledge gaps, diverse diets and nutritious foods1.1.4 Portfolio of information/education/communication materials developed

1.3 Tools and technologies developed to enhance nutrition along the value chain; used by a variety of value-chain actors

1.3.1 Top performing technologies identified and tested to enhance nutrition along the value chain

Nutrition-sensitive value chain: Fruits

Input Production Postharvest/Storage

Processing/Export

Retail/ Market

Varieties with highest nutrient content, e.g. vitamin A

Early and late maturing varieties to extend the harvest period

Portfolios of diverse fruit spp. year-round fruit production

Picking fruits at the right ripening stage with the highest nutrient content

Cold storage to maintain nutrients

Improved processing techniques to maintain the nutrient content

Better packaging to support nutrient retention

Enhanced marketing pathways to get the product to consumers in short time to retain nutrients

Awareness creation among consumers

Consumer Access

Domestic & Int

Optimal soil fertility to produce nutrient-rich fruits

Tree mgt & cropping systems

Fruits for NutritionDeficiency of Iron, Vit A, Vit C in SSA Fruits have high nutritional value

Nutrient contents of selected Fruits:

Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods;Fruits for the Future Series, ICUC, Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/),etc.

Fruit harvest seasons

Fruit Availability in Malawi and Zambia

Planting season

Harvest season

Key Research Questions• How do tree foods contribute to family nutrition, and does this change through the

seasons?• How do they contribute to family income and how is this income spent?• Do families with diverse fruit trees on their farm consume more fruits and are better

nourished than those with less fruit trees? Reasons? • What is the nutrient content of products from underutilized tree species (less known, less

used)?• How to develop fruit tree portfolios to fill nutrition gaps location-specific

recommendations for optimal combinations and numbers of fruit/nut species?• What fruit are available at which time and at what price at the markets? Are there gaps in

fruit supply and if yes, why?• How can nutrition sensitive fruit value chains be developed and/or promoted for better

nutrition and economic returns? (CRP2 , SD2)• What are the cultural, socio-economic and environmental factors influencing the

cultivation of food trees and consumption of their products?• How can technical agroforestry knowledge be disseminated with nutritional information?

ICRAF Seed Grant Project

Kenya

In collaboration with Bioversity International Kenya

Undernourishment

Undernourishment in East AfricaCountry Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Tanzania Reg

Average

Undernourished population

41 31 21 34 25

Underweight under 5

29 16 16 16 20

Stunting under 5 44 35 38 42 40

Data Source: various, Country DHS reports 2006-2011, Sanderson and Auricht 2012 AIFSC

Low F&V ConsumptionFruit & Vegetable Consumption

Country % Of Households consuming

Quantity Kg/pp/py % of food budget % of total budget

KenyaVegetableFruitVariance

894643

882662

836

614

EA AverageVegetableFruitVariance

944648

481534

867

625

Country level data available for Ethiopia (1997), Malawi (1997), Tanzania (2000), Kenya (1997)Source: Collated from Ruel, M.T, Minot,N and L.Smith. Patterns and determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in sub-Saharan Africa. Background paper for the Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on Fruit and Vegetables for Health, 1-3 September 2004, Kobe Japan

Fruit & Vegetable Consumption (Yearly/kg & Daily/gram)

Country Fruit (kg/pp/py) Grams p/day Veg (kg/pp/py) Grams p/day

Kenya 26 71 88 241

Regional Avg. 15 40 50 136

Factors that constrain fruit consumption & production

•Lack of awareness of nutrition benefits•Loss of traditional nutrition systems based on local agro-biodiversity erosion of PGR & related IK•Degradation of natural vegetation for agri-intensification•Low purchasing power and limited frequency of purchases

Consumption & Use, local

knowledge

•Lack of well adapted fruit tree varieties•Poor dissemination of quality planting material•Lack of sufficient tree domestication techniques & its dissemination•Low on-farm fruit tree productivity due to poor farming practices•High seasonality of common fruits- periods of no availability Nutritional gaps

Production•High seasonality of common fruits periods of no availability or gluts of fruits causing wastage•Lack of fruit processing facilities & technologies, perishability & high post-harvest loss•Poorly organised fruit marketing pathways along VC•Imperfect markets Informal/formal market pathways poorly analysed

Value Chains & Markets

On-Farm fruit production, consumption and

marketing of fruits in Western Kenya

Household/ On-farm Fruit Tree

Diversity

HH income

HH Consumption

HH expenditure

Nutrient intake- whole diet

(calories, protein, micro-nutrients)

HH Dietary Diversity

Food Purchases

Non-Food Purchases

Sustainable Diets

Better Nutrition?

Markets?

Seasonality

Availability

Nutritional-Gaps

More and more diverse income?

More and more diverse food ?

HH Decision-making? Women’s access to resources, role as producers, IG, care-givers, guardians of HH N&H

Markets work better?

Socio-cultural determinants

Prices & Availability?

Consumer preference?

HH Income?

Cost to HH & feasibility of Fruit production?

Study Objectives1. Identify key trends in gender-disaggregated preferences, attitudes and decision-making

processes of rural households for fruit consumption, fruit production, income generated from this activity and expenditure on food and non-food purchases.

2. Document diversity and seasonal availability of fruit trees on farms, assess how this contributes to household fruit consumption and income generation and undertake food consumption surveys to identify nutritional gaps and the contribution of fruits to the overall diet.

3. Characterize informal and formal fruit value chains and identify the constraints to expanded supply and demand of nutrient-rich fresh fruits with the aim to develop stronger market linkages from rural to urban locales.

4. Establish a network and partnerships for the design of interventions to address bottlenecks in this area and to leverage fruit value chains for improved nutrition.

A4NH V.C Objectives 1 & 2

ActivitiesActivity Activity details Data Collection Centre

mainly responsible

1 Perform baseline survey to identify trends in the patterns and determinants of fruit consumption to inform wider data collection in Phase II (Intervention); (Survey 1): Consumption patterns Nutritional gap analysis Decision-making processes Socio-economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors Gender variances

24 Hr RecallFood FrequencyDietary Patterns ( PCA, DDS)

Bioversity and ICRAF

2 Perform baseline survey to assess on-farm fruit tree diversity and fruit production as well as to identify bottlenecks. And to assess formal and informal tree fruit value chains, diversity and availability in markets; (Survey 2 + 3): Production volumes and factors influencing volumes Decision-making processes Seasonality Income generation Market availability and farmer-market linkages Market Scan

Household/ On-Farm surveyMarket Surveys

ICRAF and ROP

3 Analysis of data from surveys 1 and 2 to develop recommended interventions to address the opportunities and bottlenecks for improving fruit value chain: production, marketing and consumption of fruits year round. Design nutrition-sensitive interventions for increasing consumption

Based on activity 1, 2&3 ICRAF and Bioversity

4 Perform a workshop to strengthen collaboration between partners engaged in Agriculture-Nutrition-Health in Kenya; disseminate findings and brainstorm with partners about future entry points and interventions for improving nutrition along fruit value chains through enhancing availability, accessibility and use of tree fruits

Partner development ICRAF and ROP

Study Area:Western Kenya

Humid Upper Midlands

Semi-humid Lower Midlands

Survey 1 and 2• 3-4 AEZs (upper to lower

midlands, humid to semi-humid climate)

2 transacts to cover (parallel):• An altitude gradient• A precipitation gradient• Gradient proximity & distance

to forests• 5 villages per transect (=10)• 30 HH per village (=300)• Market Survey (tbd)

FGD1 FGD per village (=10) 5 Male + 5 Female

Partners: Bioversity Int & ROP

Schedule of Activities 2013/14Activity June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan

Methodology Design X

Survey Design and Field work Preparation

X

Identify Key Partners X

Baseline survey 1 + FGD X

X

X

Baseline survey 2 + 3 X

X X

Data entry and analysis X X X X

Workshop with key partners X

Report Compilation X X

Develop Phase II Intervention Project X X

ICRAF A4NH Regional Strategy Workshops

WCA: 7th & 8th February

Sahel Node: 8th & 9th February

Southern Africa: 8th & 9th April

East Africa: 27th & 28th June

Latin America, South Asia, South East Asia to follow soon!

• Regional input and prioritization• Interactive format brainstorming• Topics: Production, Value Addition, Markets-Consumption• Priority Areas – Challenges – Opportunities – Entry Points• Multi-stakeholder engagement: ICRAF scientists, Nutritionists, Universities, Govt.

level, Farmers, Extension agents, Private Sector, NGO’s

Develop our global strategy for T4NH

A4NH seed-fund research

Leveraging tree-fruit value chains for improved nutrition in peri-urban areas

What is the potential to improve off-farm nutrition and

strengthen rural livelihoods?

Jason DonovanICRAF - Lima, Peru

VC development for tree fruits: Challenges at both ends of the chain

Consumption: limited demand?

• Low F&V consumption: Ecuador: 87% men, 90% of women

below WHO recommended level of F&V consumption

• Growing consumption of oils, fats and butters (10% of

children <5 in Lima are overweight or obese)

• Abundance of high-fat, high-sugar beverages and snacks

marketed to lower-income households

• Time constraints: Increasing number of women in the labor

force, dependence on fast food (street vender, franchise)

Production: limited incentives for fruit production

• Smallholder production of a diverse range of exotic and

indigenous fruits, but limited market outlets

• High-risk market environment; market imperfections (work

by Gruère, Giuliani, and Smale 2006)

Producer vs. consumer approaches to designing nutrition interventions

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Rest of the chain

Target group

Producer focus• Objective: improve nutritional outcomes of poor producers and

rural communities (overriding concern: chronic under-nutrition)• Mechanisms: upgrading productive capacities of smallholders

(technical assistance for production and post-harvest management, micro enterprise development)

• Limitations: don’t address overarching need to increase/diversity income generation

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Target group

Consumer focus • Objective: improve dietary practices (balanced diets),

address the effects of under nutrition • Mechanisms: education, feeding programs, social

marketing, public purchase programs• Limitations: dependence of external funding, does not

address demand for and access to nutritious and quality foods

Rest of th

e chain

Nutrition-oriented approach to value chain development

Consumers• Nutrient excesses/deficiencies • Access to nutritious foods • Demand: latent vs. expressed;

revealed vs. stated preferences• Perception of quality and price for

healthy foods

Producers, processors, traders• Business/livelihood strategies

(and related outputs)• Flexibility and responsiveness for

improved nutritional outcomes • Relations among actors, including

information flows, provision of services, imposition of standards

• Access to services and inputs

Critical success factors (CSF)

for improved nutrition

outcomes through VCD

Capacity of private sector

actors and smallholders to

respond to CSF

Multi-level, multi-disciplinary

strategy for improved

nutrition performance of VCs

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Nutrition-oriented approach

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Determine critical success factors (CSF) for improving nutrition

Improved access to services and inputs

Vertical alliances

Strengthen response capacity to CSF

Horizontal alliances

Seed fund research in PeruObjective

Characterize the potential of interventions in tree-fruit value chains to impact nutritional outcomes of peri-urban consumers

Specific objectives

1. Identify the actual and potential contribution of tree fruits to healthy diets in peri-urban areas

2. Characterize key factors that influence the demand for tree fruits in peri-urban areas (access, quality, cost)

3. Identify key actors in VCs for tree fruits (processors, wholesalers, retailers), and their strategies regarding nutrition and safety

Seed fund research in Peru

Research partner: • Nutritional

Research Institute (Lima, Peru)

Research location• San Juan de

Lurigancho, District of Lima (pop: 1.1M)

Implementation plan (2013-14) What? When?

Elaborate collaborative research plan with IIN

June

Review existing information on consumer diets

June-Aug

Design data collection tools for households, businesses

Aug

Collect household level data (n=40) Sept-DecCollect data from businesses Sept-DecAnalysis and report writing Jan

ConclusionsImplementation challenges

• Complexity: multi-actor, multi-product, multi-discipline -- need for

critical feedback/reflection, iterative development of conceptual

framework

• Leaving comfort zone: intensive collaboration with IIN in all

aspects of consumer data collection and analysis

• Site selection (and potential trade-offs) Lima: greater potential for impact rural livelihoods, but nutrition generally

better in Lima than elsewhere

Outside Lima: greater potential to address nutrition, but smaller markets, with

less economic activity (Huánuco as potential alterative)

Looking forward…

• Potential to contribute to the emerging debates on VCs and

nutrition through on-the-ground R&D

• Potential to contribute to debates on developing VCs that link

smallholders to growing urban markets