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Session 22 1
Comparative Emergency Management
Session 22 Slide Deck
Session 22 2
Session Objectives
1. Provide a Brief Background on Disaster Recovery
2. Describe Pre- and Post-Disaster Recovery Planning and Coordination
3. Discuss the Various Recovery Finance Options Available to Disaster Impacted Communities and Countries
4. Examine Several Special Recovery Considerations
Session 22 3
Disaster Impacts
• Environmental damage• Property and infrastructure damage and
destruction• Disruption of social systems• Economic disruption and loss• Physical and psychological consequences to
people
Session 22 4
Recovery Defined
“The emergency management function by which countries, communities, families, and
individuals repair, reconstruct, or regain what has been lost as result of a disaster and,
ideally, reduce the risk of similar catastrophic consequence in the future”
Session 22 5
Recovery Characteristics
• Takes months to years• Complex planning and operational
considerations• Diverse range of stakeholders• Victims influential in determining outcomes• Community ownership is key• Tied to economic development
Session 22 6
Recovery Stakeholders
• Victims• Community• Governments (all jurisdictional levels)• Businesses• NGOs• Insurance• Foreign Governments• International Organizations / IFIs
Session 22 7
Recovery Phases
• Short-Term Recovery• Long-Term Recovery
Session 22 8
Short Term Recovery
• Begins as soon as the disaster manifests itself • Typically focus on stabilizing the lives of the
affected people • Sometimes called “relief”• Tend to be temporary and often do not directly
contribute to the community’s actual long-term development
• Tend to be guided by response plans
Session 22 9
Long-Term Recovery
• Does not begin in earnest until after the emergency phase of the disaster has ended
• Community or country begins to rebuild and rehabilitate
• Vulnerability reduction opportunities exist• More funding required
Session 22 10
Typical Recovery Actions
• Provision of temporary, interim, and permanent shelter
• Inspection of structures, and the demolition of those which cannot be repaired
• Removal and disposal of cleared debris• Rehabilitation and/or reconstruction of
infrastructure• Repair of damaged buildings
Session 22 11
Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning• “PEPPER”• Identify hazards, analyze risk, and determine ways
to reduce those risks • Greater understanding of long-term effects is
gained• Many recovery processes common to all hazard
types• Decisions that have long-term repercussions are
better made in the pre-disaster environment• More organized planning methodology than
leaving planning until after a disaster happens
Session 22 12
Post-Disaster Recovery Planning
• Acutely necessary function• Performed in a time-constrained setting• No normal procedures for development
review and approval• More sharply focused / more realistic• Public consensus must be built• Development must wait for risk reduction
analysis
Session 22 13
Recovery Coordination
• Vital, but extremely difficult to achieve• Mechanisms required at local, regional,
national, and international levels• Wide representation key to success• Mechanism becomes central repository of
information and assistance
Session 22 14
Recovery Committee Member Examples
• Environmental officers• Floodplain manager• Building officials• Rural and urban planners• Environmental organizations• Private development and construction
agencies
Session 22 15
Recovery Assessment
• Damage and needs information required for planning
• Identifies strategies for employing available resources and setting action priorities
• Response assessment information transfers• Determines priorities / order
Session 22 16
Funding Options
• Insurance• Government-based emergency relief funds• Donations• Loans• Catastrophic bonds and weather derivatives• Private development funding• Incentives, and • Tax increases
Session 22 17
Allocation of Recovery Funding
• Disbursement dependent on the affected government’s preferences and abilities
• Some governments allow funding to go directly to the victims / some manage spending themselves
• Funds also disbursed as direct grants or loans • The speed with which humanitarian relief must be
provided often makes monitoring and auditing of funds more difficult than in more traditional development processes
Session 22 18
Recovery Personnel• In recovery, heavy demand for personnel• Community may have enough funding and materials
but a shortage of personnel to support the workload– The most important personnel source is the affected
region itself – many need immediate employment– Have a vested interest in the outcome of the recovery
effort / most in tune with the community’s character• Second personnel source = relief agencies• Third source = military forces
– Sheer numbers, maneuverability, technical expertise, equipment, manageability, and relatively low cost
• Fourth source = private contractors
Session 22 19
Recovery Materials• Two options: local and imported.• Local is preferable because:
– Supports the local economy – Ensures materials are appropriate for the local climate– Ensures materials are culturally acceptable
• Goods available in local markets means procurement is faster and more efficient
• Local procurement can exhaust local inventories and cause a ‘market shock’ where prices are
• Wage inflation for skilled workers • Massive devastation to the environment • Recycling is a third option
Session 22 20
Resisting the Urge to Return to Normal
• The greatest obstacle that recovery planners face • First emerges in the short-term phase • Victims want to return to their old life as quickly
as possible simply to put an end to suffering • Tremendous pressure for disaster managers• Public outcry echoed / amplified by the media• Businesses losing opportunities will voice
disapproval• Pressure on politicians at all government levels
Session 22 21
Opportunity in Disguise• Recovery period presents an opportunity
– A chance of increasing community resilience – Economic revitalization– Urban improvement / rezoning / modernization
• Opportunity to create a better, more resilient, and more successful community that rarely exists otherwise– Pressure to rebuild as quickly as possible makes such an
opportunity difficult to exploit– Pre-disaster planning helps
• After a disaster, mitigation opportunities / conditions change considerably – Budgets may swell with relief funding– Dangerous buildings may have been destroyed
Session 22 22
Ensuring Recovery Equity• The poor bear a greater brunt of the disaster and
face greater recovery difficulty – Because more resources available to the wealthy to
ensure that risk is reduced before the disaster– E.g., insurance, disaster-resistant construction, lower-
risk neighborhoods, risk education
• Contingent upon disaster managers and recovery planners to ensure equitable distribution
• Poor need advocates on the planning team• Cultural vulnerabilities also exist
Session 22 23
Community Relocation• In some cases, the only viable option for reducing
future disaster risk is to relocate the community• This is a complicated undertaking, and is rarely
effective – Extremely difficult to locate safer sites within close
proximity to the original community– Substantial infrastructure may still be intact or
repairable– The cost to relocate is usually higher than the cost to
rebuild• Relocation viable if planners work closely with
the affected community / ensure that their concerns are addressed and their needs are met