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Steven Saylors, P.E. Senior Specialist, Electrical Engineering Vestas ROS TSS BoP Engineering NCSA Ancillary Services Provided from Wind Power Plant Augmented with Energy Storage IEEEPES GM 2014 – National Harbor MD July 29, 2014

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Page 1: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Steven Saylors, P.E.Senior Specialist, Electrical EngineeringVestas ROS TSS BoP Engineering NCSA

Ancillary Services Provided from Wind Power Plant Augmented with Energy Storage

IEEE‐PES GM 2014 – National Harbor MDJuly 29, 2014

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2

Based on papers written for EWEA and IEEE

Coauthors are :

- Philip C. Kjær, Chief Specialist- Electrical Engineering: VWS TSS Power Conversion Systems

- Rasmus Lærke, Specialist- Plant Control Systems: VWS TSS Control System Design

DISCLAIMER

Information contained in the following expresses general views and shall merely be viewed as a contribution to the debate on the potential of wind turbines in general.

Information contained in the following shall not be construed as an expression of the policies or views of Vestas or as a detailed description of the properties or functioning of wind turbines manufactured by Vestas.

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Presentation Outline

1. Motivation2. Definition of features3. Control Structure4. Test ResultsA. Primary Reserve (PR)B. Inertial Response (IR)C. Power Oscillation Damping (POD)5. Market Participation Experience6. Conclusions & Perspectives

Page 4: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Motivation

• TSOs consider Wind Power Plants as sources of ancillary services:• Primary Reserve• Inertial Response• Power Oscillations Damping

• Traditionally supplied by Conventional Power Plants.• Increased % of wind power requires more ancillary services 

for grid stability.

• For new WPPs to provide ancillary services that require active power modulation:A. Overloading turbines  Redesign or increase component stressB. Curtailing operation of turbines  Permanent energy loss + 

Forecast errorsC. Augmenting WPPs with Energy Storage Systems

• Technical feasibility studies have only been conducted sporadically to date.

• Financial assessments from turbine curtailment or overload are largely unreported.

• Interest in what Energy Storage can do as complement.

∆P, ∆Q

Page 5: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Wind Power Plant with Energy Storage ‐ Utility scale 

EnergyStorage

ManagementSystem

4 x 3MW1.2MW + 0.4MW x 0.25h

Page 6: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Definition of featuresPrimary Reserve (PR) + Inertial Response (IR)

IRP

0PPRP

maxf

0fSSf

SG Tripped

Power Oscillations Damping(POD)

AugmentedWPP + ESS

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Multi‐Asset Power Plant Controller

Page 8: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Features Controllers

• Primary Reserve 

• Inertial Response

• Power Oscillations Damping

IRP

PRP

PODPf

f

sTsT1

Page 9: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Wind Power Plant + Energy Storage Test Results

Down‐regulation by wind power plant

Up‐regulation by energy storage system Inertial Response + 

Primary Reserve

10600

10800

11000

11200

11400

11600

11800

12000

12200

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Pref_AWPP_kW

P_Elspec_WPP_kW

P_Elspec_WPP_kW

Power Smoothing Power oscillation damping

Page 10: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Test Results – Inertial Response + Primary Reserve• WPP providing IR + PR• Available wind power ~9.5MW.• Wind plant curtailed

ESS providing IR + PRWind plant producing available power

[Hz] [Hz]

[seconds] [seconds]

Output [kW] Output [kW]

0.5 Hz/s10s to Fmin

Page 11: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

• WPP providing POD• Available wind power ~12MW.• Wind plant curtailed

ESS providing PODWind plant producing available power

 

0 20 40 60 80 100-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Time [s]

Act

ive

pow

er [M

W]

0 20 40 60 80 100-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Time [s]

Act

ive

pow

er [M

W]

∆PTest Results – Power Oscillation Damping

ΔP : POD Controller Reference Signal (to a 0.1 Hz simulated oscillation)Pout : WPP Output

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Test Results – Combined Power Oscillations Damping

• Assets response

• ESS active power –frequency 1

• WPP reactive power –frequency 2

System oscillation event containing two frequencies0.1Hz + 1Hz

[seconds]

[seconds]

POD signal [kW]

Output [kW]

Output [kVAr]

Page 13: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Market Participation Experience fromLem Kær Wind Farm& Energy Storage System

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Energy Storage Installation

14

ESS1: A123. 53’ container0.4MW / 0.25hLiFePO4BMSAir-conFire suppressionHeat exchangerPower electronic converterTransformer 0.48/10kV10kV circuit breaker

ESS2: Power electronic converterTransformer 0.48/10kVHeat exchangers

ESS2:AltairNano. 53’ container1.2MW / 0.25hLi4Ti5O12BMSAir-conFire suppression

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Metering

Meter 1:  ES consumptionMeter 2:  ES generation

Common meter for WPP + ES

Lem Kær plant.

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The potential services a Wind Power Plant augmented by embedded Energy Storage can provide

• Ancillary services– Primary Reserves– Secondary Reserves– Tertiary Reserves– Black Start

• Load Shifting – Energy Arbitrage• Transmission Curtailment• Forecast Error Reduction• Ramp Rate reduction (dp/dt control)• Voltage Control• Islanding

Results from a 2009 Vestas study on a 66MW wind plant in three different locations (electricity markets).

NPV (%) relative to best case (GFR)

Primary Reserve

Page 17: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Charging Strategy• Charging added to power reference when freq>49.98Hz, according to SoC.• If freq < 49.98Hz for  >15 minutes, charge during 15 minutes to reach SoCref.

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Danish TSO      Primary Reserve Approval Test

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

‐2000

‐1500

‐1000

‐500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2700 2900 3100 3300 3500 3700 3900 4100 4300 4500 4700 SoC [0/00]

Power [k

W]

Time [sec]

15 minute activation

P_Elspec_ESS1+ESS2+AUX

SOC 1

SOC 2

Power [kW]

State of Charge

>85% round-trip efficiency

Charge

Discharge

15 min 30 min0 min

90%

10%

1.4MW

-1.6MW

SoC ESS1 [%]

SoC2 ESS2[%]

Page 19: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5x 106 No samples vs. frequency (1 sec update)

Num

ber s

ampl

es

Frequency

49.86

->49.87

49.88

->49.89

49.9-

>49.9

149

.92->49

.9349

.94->49

.9549

.96->49

.9749

.98->49

.9950

.00->50

.0150

.02->50

.0350

.04->50

.0550

.06->50

.0750

.08->50

.0950

.1->5

0.11

50.12

->50.13

50.14

->50.15

Frequency data recorded at site

Up‐regulation

49.98 Hz

Page 20: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Operations

Investment 100%Yearly net result 14%Cost of capital 10,59%

NPVNominal  power rating 1600 kWNominal  storage energy capacity 400 kWhStorage discharge per day 400 kWhStorage charge per day 720 kWhAuxil iary consumption per day 400 kWhStorage efficiency 56 %Storage+auxil iary efficiency 36 %Storage util isation 2,1 %Market participation rate 96 %

Metered energy purchase 27 c/kWhMetered energy sales 6 c/kWh

Page 21: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Simulation power/energy ratio for primary reserve

ESS Capacity

(discharge time with

ESS full power )

PFRAV

A [%]

15 min discharge time 100,0010 min discharge time 100,007.5 min discharge time 100,006 min discharge time 100,005 min discharge time 99.944 min discharge time 99.823 min discharge time 99.062 min discharge time 95.701 min discharge time 84.630.5 min discharge time 72.260.1min discharge time 48.39 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

ESS capacity [min]

PFR

ser

vice

ava

ilabi

lity

[%]

Simulations are based on 1 year grid frequency data (2012).

Page 22: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Conclusions and Perspectives1. It is technically possible to augment the wind power plant with energy storage to provide ancillary services with reduced need for

turbine curtailment or overload, such as for: power smoothening, synthetic inertia, power oscillation damping. Currently, none are traded.

2. A single power plant controller can host ancillary service algorithms and co-ordinate and dispatch between turbines and energy storage units.

3. Turbines / storage can be operated individually or in combination to deliver adequate ancillary service responses, within technical limits.

4. TSO has approved storage unit for Primary Reserve market participation.

5. Asymmetrical up-/down regulation bids maximize revenue per installed storage rating.

6. Storage life-time is crucial to life cycle cost – and requires field verification.

Outlook – financial / technical:

• Reductions of storage price and system price (commoditize) – but how fast (cf. Li-ion and pace of EV market)?

• Possible wider aggregation of turbines/plants with common storage facility to reduce ratings.

• Ancillary services market development (eg. ERCOT).

• Detailed technical performance specifications are necessary for any evaluation of feasibility of ancillary service provision from wind power plants - with/without storage!

Thanks to:

Page 23: Services Provided from Wind Power Augmented with Energy ... · Transformer 0.48/10kV 10kV circuit breaker ESS2: Power electronic converter Transformer 0.48/10kV Heat exchangers ESS2:

Thank you for your attention.