SVEUILITE J.J. STROSSMAYERA U OSIJEKUGRAEVINSKI FAKULTET

SEMINARSKI RAD

BRIDGES

PREDMET: ENGLESKI JEZIKPREDMETNI NASTAVNIK: LIDIJA KRALJEVISTUDENT: BARBARA ANTI, preddiplomski sveuilini studijCONTENT:

1. BRIDGE AND BRIDGE DESIGN.............................................................................32. HISTORY OF BRIDGES.............................................................................................33. FACTORS WHEN DESIGNING BRIDGES............................................................44. SRUCTURE TYPE.......................................................................................................55. MOST FAMOUS BRIDGES IN THE WORLD........................................................76. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................97. VOCABULARY.........................................................................................................108. SOURCES...................................................................................................................10

1. BRIDGE AND BRIDGE DESIGNBridge is a structure designed to provide continuous passage over an obstacle such as waterways, deep valleys, roads and other transportation routes. Bridges may also carry water, support power cables, or telecommunication lines.There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed, it also depends on the material that is used to make it, and the funds available to build it.2. HISTORY OF BRIDGESStructures of bridges have changed and progressed a lot over the centuries. The first bridges were made by nature itselff.e. a log has fallen across a stream or stones in a river. A natural bridge is formed through erosion by water flowing in the stream bed of the canyon.The first bridges made by humans were probably made of wooden logs and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. The Arkadiko Bridge which is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. It was built around the 13th century BC in Arkadiko, Greece.The greatest bridge builders in past were the ancient Romans. The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Some stand today. An example is the Alcntara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, in Spain. Also the Romans were the first ones to use cement and concrete in the construction of bridges.

Inhabited bridges are basically bridges with houses on them. Such bridges are designed for cities with large populations where accommodation is strictly limited.

Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just before to European colonization in the 16th century.

Iron bridge -in 1779, for the first time cast iron was used for building bridge. Later on, with Industrial revolution in 19th century cast iron along with steel was used in constrution

3. FACTORS WHEN DESIGNING BRIDGESEngineers must consider several factors when designing a bridge such as distance to be crossed and the features, such as a river, bay, or canyon, to be crossed. The amount of load the bridge will have to carry and the minimum spand and height required for traffic traveling across and under the bridge. The physical nature of the building site (the geometry of approaches, the strength of the ground, and the depth to firm bedrock), temperature, and environmental conditions also determine the best bridge design for a particular situation.If all these factors are not well considered, there is a big possibility of the bridge destruction. Well known example of it is a Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Tacoma Narrows Bridge, was a suspension bridge in the U.S. state of Washington. It collapsed under (64 km/h) wind conditions the morning of November 7, 1940.

4. SRUCTURE TYPEBeam bridges represent the simplest of all bridge designs. A beam bridge consists of a rigid horizontal called a beam that is supported at both ends, either by a natural land structure, or by vertical posts callrd piers. They are the most commonly used bridges in highway construction.

Cantilever bridges are more complex version of the beam-bridge design. In such a bridge, a tower is built on each side of the obstacle to be crossed, and the bridge is built outward, or cantilevered, from each tower. The towers support the entire load of cantilevered arms.

Arch bridges are characterized by their stability. In each arrch, the force of the load is carried outward from the top ends of the arch, where abutments keep the arch ends from spreading apart.

Truss bridges utilize strong, rigid frameworks that support these bridges over a span. Trusses are created by fastening beams together in triangular configuration. The truss framework distributes the load of the bridge so that each beam shares a portion of the load.

Suspension bridges consist of two large, or main, cables that are hung from towers. The main cables drape over two towers, with the cable ends buried in enormous concrete blocks known as anchorages. The roadway is suspended from smaller vertical cables that hang down from the main cables.

Cable-stayed bridges are just like suspension bridges, held up by cables. Here the roadway is attached directly to the towers by series of diagonal cables. This type of bridge has no main cables.

5. MOST FAMOUS BRIDGES IN THE WORLDSydney Harbor Bridge took over five years to complete during the Great Depression. Constructed of more than 53,000 tons of steel. Locals call it the "coat hanger" for good reason. It takes about 72,000 gallons of gray paint every year to keep the bridge looking sharp.

Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel -This unique bridge-tunnel hybrid is so extensive, so massive, that it's one of the planet's few structures that can be seen from space. It was built as a short-cut for residents traveling to and from Virginia, Maryland and Delaware, but more importantly, it provided the U.S. Navy with protection. Military leaders worried that during wartime, the bridges could be destroyed by the enemy and block the naval base in Norfolk. Thus, the tunnels were built to help get the Navy to where it needed to be without the support of the bridge.

Brooklyn Bridge -For more than a century, the Brooklyn Bridge has been connecting millions of people of Manhattan and Brooklyn. When the bridge opened in 1883, it was considered a marvel of modern engineering and still is to this today. In time when it was finished it was the longest suspension bridge in the world. One walk across the Brooklyn Bridge, and you instantly get in the New York state of mind. This architectural wonder shows off the beauty of the city like no other.

Tower Bridge is one of the London tourist attractions, this amazing structure is a must-see if you're in the English capital. Tower Bridge was completed in 1894, at a cost of about 1 million pounds. Back in the day, the main London Bridge became too congested for all the trade going on off the shores of London. People tried to cross the River Thames, but traffic was often just too heavy. The decision was to build another bridge to ease the traffic hence the Tower Bridge was conceived.

Golden Gate Bridge is so large that you could park 40 jumbo jets end to end along its length. Spanning the bay separating San Francisco from Marin County, it is the seventh-largest suspension bridge in the world. It cost $26 million. Keeping the steel safe from the corrosive sea air is enough custom-made Orange paint to cover the White House 17 1/2 times over. The result is one of America's and the world's most stunning, captivating and instantly recognizable icons.

6.CONCLUSION

Development of the bridges is very important for humanity. And nature itself created bridges from trees, rocks, etc. Bridges provide continuous passage over an obstacle such as waterways, deep valleys, roads and other transportation routes. They can also carry water, support power cables, or telecommunication lines. Without bridges we might never even go on the other side of the river, canal, sea. The building process can take a long time and cost a lot, but it sure made passage over an obstacle a lot faster, easier and cheaper.

7. VOCABULARYto provide continuous passage pruiti trajni prijelazto extand over an obstacle produljiti preko prepreke to span a gap premostiti otvor span raspon luka truss reetka to convert cast iron into steel pretvoriti lijevano eljezo u elik large-scale steel suspension bridge elini visei most velikih beam bridge gredni most arch bridge luni most suspension bridge visei most cable-stayed bridge ovjeeni mostcantilever bridge konzolni most truss bridge reetkasti most amount of load - koliina to build outward graditi prema van abutment potporni stup/ upornjakto prevent from spreading apart sprijeiti da se rairi/razdvoji attached to towers/roadway privren za toranj/cestu

8. SOURCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge Structures in time & space 1, Lidija Kraljevi http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab97 http://10mosttoday.com/10-most-famous-bridges-in-the-world/ http://www.009.cd2.com/members/how_to/bridge_development.htm http://www.travelchannel.com/interests/road-trips/articles/worlds-top-10-bridges=WyXLwQo04zEOsijek, lipanj 2015. godine Page 2