SELF GOVERNMENT- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ANDasrdlf2017.com/asrdlf2017_com/envoitextefinal/auteur/textedef/306.pdf · SELF GOVERNMENT- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ... Self- Government,

Cities and regions in a changing Europe: challenges and prospects

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SELF GOVERNMENT- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND

THE QUALITY OF LIFE-THE EXAMPLE OF ANAVRA, MAGNESIA,

GREECE-LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

STAMATIOU ELENI, MSc, PhD, PPhD, Greek Ombudsman

LACROIX RICHARD –NICOLAS, MSc, PhD, PPhDcand., Athens Technological Institute

[email protected]

Abstract

Anavra Magnesia a successful implementation of regional sustainable development: A remote

village whose principal income source was mountainous agriculture and herding of sheep

which created health problems as the animals lived with humans within the village limits. It

provided insufficient jobs for the local population. The social services and infrastructure were

problematic: The elderly had no assistance for their care; the youth were unemployed and left

for distant jobs in larger cities. Traditional homes and architectural/ cultural monuments were

unpreserved and falling apart. The village had no paved roads, no access to the national bus

network, no public lighting, no waste water sanitation network, no clinic nor any local doctor,

no local teacher (day-care and school required travel hours away), no sports infrastructure and

expensive electric current and natural water sources near the village were underexploited.

The state made no efforts to save this village in economic decline, after 1990 sustainable

growth, prosperity and quality of life was achieved when the new elected mayor Mr. Dimitris

Tsoukalas a former executive from the Greek Electric Power Company knowledgeable in

renewable energy sources returned to his village from Athens and secured European funds.

Inhabitants supported the plan to have the entire energy produced locally from wind-energy

parks which enabled it to self-finance all previously mentioned infrastructure and social

expenses and create an environmental-cultural park and a permanent animal sanctuary. While

exempted from law "Kapodistrias" (1998), for merging municipalities, the Law "Kallikratis"

(2011) merged it with the unsustainable larger municipality of Almiros holding back its

progress. Today, despite the economic crisis, thanks to past decades achievements, residents

enjoy an excellent quality of life with high incomes.


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Keywords

Self- Government, Sustainable Development, Quality of Life, Anavra Magnesia

Introduction

Anavra Magnesia, from a degraded mountainous village with a pre-defined path to decline and

desertification, has become a model of sustainable development and prosperity of the

inhabitants, with the highest per capita income in Greece. Its evolution, exploiting the

comparative advantages on the basis of sustainable Development, made the settlement a

model for development within and outside Greece. The beginning of great progress began

after 1990, when Dimitris Tsoukalas a former executive from the Greek Electric Power

Company, sought with his wife Mrs Machi Karalis, architect, Professor of NTUA, the return to

his hometown of Anavra and his active role in the local community. He focused on sustainable

development and the exploitation of local comparative advantages over the sixteen year

period of his total mandate (1991-1994, 1998-2010) as a Mayor of Anavra.

The above as well as the basic infrastructure were implemented on the basis of plans, studies

and supervision, which were a voluntary unpaid offering of his spouse’s invaluable experise

and time. The transformation of the settlement into a place of prosperity and development

has had many positive social, economic, demographic, environmental and developmental

effects.

1. The evolution of Anavra and its importance for the greater region

Anavra is a mountain settlement of the Prefecture of Magnesia, located on Mount Othris, at an

altitude of 900 m, near a rich water basin where its name originated from (Map 3). Far from

the big urban centers (250 kms from Athens) and the nearest (72 kms from Volos, 40 kms from

Lamia as well as from Almyros, etc.), it borders the municipalities of Almyros on the side of

Magnesia prefecture, Domokos on the side of Fthiotida prefecture and Narthaki from the side

of Larisa prefecture (Map 1,2, picture1).

The surface of the community is 121.9 km2. The population at the 2001 census numbered 987

total inhabitants, 700 of which were year round permanent residents [KARALI 1994, 2002].

In 1942 the community was included in Magnesia prefecture, from Larissa prefecture which it

was a part of unil that time. It administratively belongs to the new enlarged (since 2010)

Municipality of Almyros of the Region of Thessaly (according to the program of Local

Government and Decentralized Administration "Kallikratis"), despite their considerable


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distance. The "Kapodistrias" (1998) law on the unification of the municipalities of Greece

excluded the Anavra Community from the mergers because it complied with all the relevant

conditions (its distance from the urban centers of the prefecture of Magnesia and the

neighboring prefectures, the homogeneity of the geological embankment, Population,

employment of residents, etc.) [ANAVRA-ZO].

It is distinguished by a rich natural environment, a variety of flora and fauna and water

resources, which derives from the proximity of Anavra with the springs of the river Enipea, the

tributary of Pinios (the third in Greece in length). The wider area was inhabited since the

Neolithic era. The settlement dates back to the 6th c. During the Byzantine period, the region

was a site of barbarian invasions, which forced many residents to abandon it. Already from the

beginning of the 15th century there was a presence of breeders, employment and

specialization for which the village is famous to this day [KARALI 1994, 2002].

During the Ottoman occupation and the 17th and especially the 18th century (with 10,000

inhabitants in its peak, part of these nomads in the mountainous areas) it became known as a

significant economy focused on livestock farming and related activities, as well as for the

operation of cooperatives.

Anavra was known to export its goods towards Northern Greece, the island of Syros and

abroad. In the period 1815-1821 (pre-revolutionary period) due to constant turmoil, the

population fled to neighboring cities. In the meantime, from the beginning of the 19th century

until the liberation (21.6.1881) and the annexation of Thessaly to Greece, due to its prosperity,

the area was often the victim of robbers' raids, resulting in the fortification of settlements, the

fleeing of a population and to its gradual decline[KARALI 1994,2002].

In 1900 the settlement numbered about 1,000 people, with exclusive occupation of free-range

livestock and its derivatives. From 1998 to 2010 it was among the 100 communities of the

Kapodistrias legislation for the merger of the first-level local authorities.

Its geographical location, its mountainous character, its past difficult accessibility, and its

distance from urban centers of the wider region were of particular importance in major

historical events of the last centuries.

In 1943 it was destroyed by the deliberate arson of the Italian occupation army.The few

remaining residents partially rebuilt the village, which, after years was flattened by the

earthquakes of 1956 and was hit by the earthquakes of 1980. Those who remained were

almost exclusively elderly breeders (Table 1).The village was on a path of decline and decay.

The reversal started from 1990 onwards, with the utilization of community resources and,


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above all, with the election of the Community authority (1991) and its active role in the local

community.

Map 1. Community of Anavra.Source: el.wikipedia.org

Map 2. The geographical position of Anavra in Magnesia, Thessaly.Source: ANAVRA-ZO

Annual census Population

1940 1.168

1951 886

1961 1.043

1971 852

1981 661

1991 899

2001 987

Table 1. Demographic evolution of Anavra. Source: NSSG

2. The former situation

In 1980, the settlement was isolated, lacking attractiveness for visitors and new residents,

showing an image of abandonment. Typical was the severe demographic decline, the majority

of the population were elderly people, the unemployment of productive ages was so great that

http://el.wikipedia.org/


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youth sought work at the major urban centers of the country or the wider region (Volos,

Almiros, Lamia, etc.). The proximity of residents to animals (over 15,000) in settlements caused

health, hygiene and functionality problems, which were exacerbated by the lack of a waste

disposal system [LACROIX]. The lack of a main technical infrastructure (mostly damaged water

supply network) lack of accessibility, such as paved main and inland roads (existence of dirt

roads only), resulting in difficult transportation in the winter, and a lack of infrastructure for

health, education, culture and sports were good indicators. Indicatively, despite the

geographical isolation and distance of the village from the neighboring settlements, there was

no primary school in operation, nor was there a place for gathering the inhabitants (general

assemblies, etc.). The need for the community to provide shelter to landless and new citizens,

the relocation of breeders to the most appropriate parts of the settlement, and the care of

lonely and/or elderly patients had to be included in the

planning.

Pict.1. General View of Anavra, Magnesia. Source:ANAVRA-ZO

The neglect of the environment, natural (deterioration and forest fires due to livestock

farming), cultural (devaluation of architectural heritage), as well as residential (non-repair of

old buildings, poor quality of housing, difficult conditions of hygiene, etc.) The non-exploitation

of the comparative advantages of the area and the lack of interest in the development of

know-how were visible, while the renewable energy sources of the area remained untapped.


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Livestock farming and production declined. Lack of interest was highlighted in terms of tourist

attraction and promotion of the image of the settlement, while the economic decline, the low

level of income of the employed in livestock farming was characteristic. This was accentuated

by the zero absorption of community funds, the lack of income for the community and the

benefits to the residents, etc.

Map 3. Settlement of Anavra and the Environmental Park marked with main infrastructure and poles of attraction. Source:ANAVRA-ZO.

3. Strategic planning and prioritization- Initiatives and projects

The vision of the Community Authority was to create a small, modern and progressive

community, with income generation, promoting culture and upgraded quality of life by

exploiting the comparative advantages of the region and renewable energy sources. It was also

the rise of the population, the attraction of young people and scholars from the wider region

and large urban centers [STAMATIOU & MAVROMATIS], the impoverishment of immigration

and the security of the population (zero unemployment and crime). The primary concern was

the relocation of animals to a more mountainous, more suitable area outside the populated

city limits, for accommodation and grazing, which led to the development of organic livestock

farming. The need was to develop a road infrastructure, water supply, waste management

[LACROIX], education, health and culture.A strategic-business planning process followed: the

mapping of the problems of the settlement, their classification and their ranking by policy

axes.The comparative advantages (water, air, sun, etc. and livestock farming) and the

possibility of their optimal utilization were evaluated. Given the available natural resources of

the area and the aim of protecting the natural and man-made environment [STAMATIOU 2003,


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2006,2012], sustainable development was recognized as the right choice (area depletion,

conservation of resources and energy, upgrading of its image, modernization of its operation,

quality of life, as well as educational and tourist or developmental attraction of visitors and

potential new residents [LACROIX].The most important goal was the absorption of the

available Community funds and state funding (programme ‘’Theseus’’ 2006-2010, with criteria

such as mountainousness, etc.), while seeking additional resources. Following the hierarchy of

basic needs, the small road network was completed (only a main road was operating), the

water supply network was restored and road and other infrastructure projects were launched,

while the supply of (7) de-icing machines was implemented. The village was now accessible by

car, with paved roads, cement and asphalting. Reforms of the square and community buildings

followed by improvement techniques, functional and aesthetic interventions and the creation

of open public spaces for the gathering and resting of the residents (squares, plateaux,

fountains, etc.) that highlight the natural beauties and Traditional character of the place (Pict.

1-4, 6-8). Anavra managed to achieve high growth rates, zero unemployment and a high level

of quality of life. One of the objectives was not only to curb population decline and migration,

but also to increase the population and ensure growth trends. In Anavra many citizens that

had left returned once the working situation and living conditions were attractive again.The

community has contributed to the provision of land on favorable terms and on condition of

their residence and work there. In particular, with the aim of further strengthening the

population, an extension of the settlement was implemented, with the provision of plots to

homeless citizens with a symbolic purchase (L. 3463/2006 of the Code of Municipalities and

Communities, Chapter E-property, Article 187: Sale of land to homeless citizens). Two primary

schools (30 pupils in 2009) and a kindergarten (10 toddlers in 2009), all day long, housed in

modern teaching buildings were built in the settlement. The school building has a teacher rent-

free home (with free water supply, electricity and telephone services), as well as a rural

doctor's office, a doctor's home (due to mountainousness and difficult access, the state even

waranteed a higher salary for these public servants relocating to Anavra).In addition, the

village has a Folk Animal Life Museum, a Citizen Service Center (KEP), a closed gym for both

adults and children, fully equipped (with free use for the public), football and basketball

stadiums to Olympic dimensions and specifications, smaller playgrounds and a sheltered two-

storey 60-seat parking space on the main square which supports traffic and free car parking.

Exceeding this is a double multipurpose room of around 350m2, which has been leased to a

restaurant to accommodate the visit of a large number of visitors. About 500 permanent


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residents, almost 100% of them, are employed in the farming of small and large free-range

animals. With the relocation of the animals to three (3) modern forage farms (assembled farms

with light, water and food in fenced areas), which were created outside the village and were

completed by 1994, the development of livestock farming began. The next objective was

organic livestock farming: the available 130,000 acres of forest outside the village (at altitudes

of 1,000-1,500 m), which are not polluting, could represent free farmland (L.3463/2006

Ratification of the Code of Municipalities and Communities, Article 182: Disposal - pasture

management) for the grazing of the animals nine months a year. The remaining three winter

months animals are protected in livestock farms. Thanks to the expertise of scientists invited

to produce organic products and the use of subsidies, organized livestock production was

organized with very high return on investment, which led to the promotion of organic livestock

farming, milk production and organic feta cheese of labeled place of origin which are mainly

exported to Germany, production of registered designation of origin and procurement of these

market demands for the markets of the cities of Karditsa, Trikala, Volos, Athens, etc.

[LACROIX]. The employment with organic livestock is due to the prosperity of Anavra and its

inhabitants, attracting many new households, with 80 modern livestock farms in 3 stock-

breeding parks housing a standard livestock infrastructure of 25,000 animals in the winter, a

standard ultra-modern slaughterhouse, the first public in Greece with a biological line, which

also serves settlements of the wider region, etc. Thus, Anavra is now showing a dynamic

growth of small and medium-sized enterprises [STAMATIOU & MAVROMATIS] in the organic

livestock sector, where both the modernization of the production process and the sustainable

certification of the products yielded additional benefits [LACROIX].

The role of the community was crucial in achieving these transformations of the local

community, crucial to fulfilling the vision created for its progress. In 1993 the community was a

pilot of organic livestock development for the Ministry of Agriculture, and farmers' incomes

increased by up to 1,300% a year (from € 10,000 to € 140,000).

Two major development projects for the protection and management of the environment and

the promotion of the nature and culture of the region [STAMATIOU 2003, 2006, 2012],

respectively, are the Aeolian Park in Alogorachi and the Environmental Cultural Park (Pict. 4) in

the springs of Anavra (Pict. 2, 3).

Also in the wider area are a game haven and three climbing fields, which are poles of

attraction. In particular, the attraction for the visitor is the environmental and cultural park - at

the same time a museum of tradition - which has been created with a focus on the areas rich


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aquatic element. It is located on a fenced area of 240 acres and 2 km long, starting from the

springs of Anavra and developing, along the path of the Enipea River (which flows from the

springs of Anavra and crosses the village). Restored traditional and other folk-style facilities

can be found lying in between ancient trees on a five-kilometer-long route and adjacent to

springs, bridges, playgrounds and stone-built décor. A small outdoor theater (Pict. 8) has been

created around the springs (Pict.2, 3).At the same time, information centers with information

plates were constructed in Greek and English [KARALI 1994, 2002]. The possibility of releasing

certain groups of animals (hares, deer, etc.) into the park was also considered. The park is also

used to revive traditional customs. The museum is also an opportunity for community revenue,

as primary and secondary schools and higher education institutions are interested in visiting

for the price of a symbolic ticket.The Anavra community has benefited from the rational

utilization of available resources and investment in its comparative advantages (Tables 2, 3, 4)

while making sure that it acquires its own independent resources through the exploitation of

wind power. In cooperation with a Spanish company, the Anavra community has implemented

a wind farm with a capacity of 17.5 MW, capable of generating electricity for 13.000

households. (Pict. 5,9).The electricity is bought by PPC, while the community for the use of the

space it owns (L.3463/2006, Ratification of the Code of Municipalities and Communities, article

157: Incomes) receives (depending on the wind potential from 50.000-60.000 ) Up to EUR 100

000 per year.With these additional resources, the community could maintain the unique for

Greece - Community slaughterhouse that provided a biological line of European standards that

even covered the needs of neighboring areas (eg Domokos in Fthiotida, Almyros in Magnesia,

etc.) and was a source of additional income. Resolving key infrastructure issues in relation to

livestock transport and livestock infrastructure and everyday life improved the income and

quality of life of residents and increased the population (Table 1, 2, 3, 4). The restoration of

17th-century stone bridges (Pict.7) and churches, as well as remarkable traditional buildings

and the promotion of cultural infrastructures and poles, contributed to the upgrading of the

settlement's image as a tourist attraction.Because tourism is not a priority for livestock

farmers, this lives room for private investment of other residents to create hostels, restaurants

and related infrastructure, based on the needs and style of the region.The planning of the

hydroelectric park, from the water of the Anavra springs, was also aimed at a revenue inflow

(100,000 euros), while a major social contribution was expected to be the installation of a

district heating system with a budget of € 1,700,000 (European funds) according to the

Technical University of Western Macedonia, Greece.


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A significant social contribution is considered to be the Nursing home (with swimming pool) to

provide high quality services (health, wellness, etc.) for the elderly. In order to preserve the

work of the community in the natural, cultural and cultural environments, in August 2010, the

non-profit civil society "Volunteer Organization of Magnesia Anavras for Environment,

Sustainability and Culture" was founded with the distinctive title " ANVRA-ZO "by seven

partner members, including members and employees of the former Community authority.

Picture.2, 3 Anavra springs, Magnesia. Source: ANAVRA-ZO

Pict. 4. Environmental Park. Pict. 5.Wind-energy park on Othris mountain.Source: ANAVRA-ZO


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Pict. 6.Formation of a traditional faucet on a plateau.Pict.7. Traditional stone bridge.Source:ANAVRA-

ZO.

Picture 8. Theater formation in the environmental park. Source: ANAVRA-ZO

4. Developmental Results and multiple benefits

Anavra, Magnesia, is a small and formerly isolated mountainous village that has managed to

escape the trajectory of decline and underdevelopment and is nowadays not only a pioneering

example of local and sustainable development (Pict. 9), but also unique to the exploitation of

Community resources. At the same time, it did not base its growth on reliance of the state, but

in pursuing its own revenues, it carried out a series of development initiatives, and

subsequently it provided feedback on social benefits [STAMATIOU 2003, 2006, 2012]. It has

evolved into a model rural settlement and the first in Greece to fully meet its energy needs

from renewable energy sources.The living standards of the residents, especially those engaged

in organic livestock farming and after their integration into corresponding programs, is among

the highest in Greece and is among the few mountainous settlements in Greece where the

population shows a remarkable increase (doubled in the last 15 years) And continuous growth

trends are expected even with the economic crisis in the future.This is because it offers

significant incentives, bringing together both urban centers (work, entrepreneurship, housing,


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high income, health, welfare, education, sports, social networking, training, cultural and

artistic events, etc.) Country side (life in nature, clean environment, high-quality food products,

etc.). The inhabitants - now with perhaps the highest per capita income in Greece – no longer

leave in search for a better fortune in big cities. On the contrary, after their studies, they

leave the urban centers to return to their village and create businesses dealing with the wider

livestock sector or related branches (ecology, agriculture, organic farming, etc.) with a focus on

innovation and Sustainable development.

Dealing with the renewable energy sector (and forms beyond those already in use) is

estimated to be profitable and the scope for further scientific research and innovation to be

exploited (in spite of the lack of incentives from the state in favor of sustainable energy). The

same applies to cooperatives of rural orientation and marketing of local products, mild forms

of tourist facilities and other service companies (language school, hair salon, laundry, etc.).

The peculiarity of the village lies in the achievement of its reference to a model of

development by the practical application of the concept of "sustainability", ie the promotion of

new and innovative ideas and the development of the region with respect to the environment

[PANTERA] and proper use of the Natural resources (with zero incidents of fire).

Is an absolute positive and encouraging example for both the local population and the

authorities of other settlements, and it is also a basis for raising awareness, focusing and all

kinds of State aid and investment on the local agent [STAMATIOU & MAVROMATIS].

Picture 9 . Comparison of Anavra with Greek and European data regarding the installation of wind parks. Source: http://images.tanea.gr/assetservice/Image.


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5. Preconditions and necessities

A great concern for the local population and the previous local authorities was the inclusion of

the village in the Law Kallikratis with its inclusion in the Municipality of Almyros.

Anavra, with its geographic, geomorphological, climatic and other characteristics (not flat, at a

very high altitude and far from the nearest settlements), continues to experience difficulty in

developping joint actions with neighboring settlements. An isolated village with unique

features, needs and capabilities, the failure to initially join ‘’Kapodistrias’’ Law (of 1998) to

unite with other communities of Greece, as an independent / pure 'local' self-government

entity, came at a price with the “Kalikratis” Law when it lost its independence in manageability

and achievement of the Objectives by the Authority. On the contrary, the surrounding villages

included in a wider, unified municipal ensemble showed little growth as compared to Anavra

(bureaucracy, delays, difficulty of controlling a larger field of supervision, ignorance -

degradation of local problems, etc.). The example of Anavra Magnesia is typical of risking a

community-model in development and the environment to become a simple member of a

wider municipal authority, isolated and degraded and with problems in the management of

everyday life of citizens (waste collection, etc.). This particular experience from Anavra

highlights the need to apply additional safeguards for small local communities so that the

concentration of the administrative structure does not prevent the design of decentralized

development actions and environmental management.

6. Possibilities and Prospects - Urban and regional development

The achievement of upgrading a small isolated mountain settlement to a model of sustainable

development, a symbol of self-sufficiency and prosperity, overthrow negative indicators

(unemployment, immigration, etc.), made Anavra, Magnesia an example of successful

sustainable local government. The exploration of its evolution over time and its role in the

wider region, made us discover, the prior situation with the decline, the strategic planning of

the public authority to reverse that trend, focused on the the major priorities, initiatives,

projects, and highlighted some of the achieved developmental results and multiplier benefits

revealed in this case study. The methodology was also presented together with the process of

interventions, the importance of exploiting the comparative advantages of the village and the

reliance on renewable energy sources and finally the enormous change that was achieved in

over a decade for the village and its inhabitants.Though its integrated local development


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programme, Anavra experienced a transformation attributed to the proper implementation of

promising best practices in European standards of sustainable development. By scheduling

priorities according to local needs, and in time, the Community of Anavra proceeded with a

series of techniques, mainly of projects of different scale, breadth, service and feasibility, while

foreseeing the needs of future projects (Table 2, 3, 4).

Anavra demonstrated that active citizenship in all kinds of environmental prevention,

protection and rehabilitation efforts is vital. In Greece, all kinds of State aid is needed to

reproduce this successful example, which is the nucleus for wider and multifaceted local and

regional development, but also highlightes the potential of the capabilities that can be

achieved by any local government through the exploitation of its resources, experience and

dynamics.

Main development infrastructures in operation in Anavra (2009) The wind-energy park: Located a little farther from the village, it earns up to $ 100,000 a year in the community as a fee for the use of space. This amount corresponds to 3% of the value of the electricity produced, purchased by the Greek power company DEH. The three herding farms, with light, water and proper construction, house 25,000 animals in the winter (Heavy snowfall). The rest of the months graze freely in the mountains. So their meat is famous for its distinct flavor. Livestock farming is the main source of income in Anavra. The standard organic line slaughterhouse, unique in Greece, certified and European Union code (564), ultra-modern equipment with 2 lines, one of which is considered organic. This created the basis for the development of livestock farming, with the result that producers earned substantial sums of subsidies from the European Union, with funds being made available to them. The environmental-cultural park, of 240 acres. Fenced area that is also a folk tradition museum. It is a potential source of income for the community, as many schools are interested in visiting and the introduction of a symbolic ticket will cover its maintenance costs. The two-storey parking lot of 60 seats, which facilitates traffic and offfers free parking to resients and visitors. Particularly useful in snowy days during the winter holiday season, which the square is overwhelmed by visitors who come to purchise the famous Anavra meats. The gym with state-of-the-art equipment, soccer and basketball courts and the folk museum.

Table 2.Main development infrastructures in operation in Anavra(2009)Source: PANTERA

ANAVRA- SECTORS OF PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN THE YEARS 1991-1994 AND 1999-2010

EXTERNAL ROAD NETWORK CONNECTING TO PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION

INTERNAL ROAD NETWORK

INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS

REPAIR OF PUBLIC AREAS WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE CITY.

HEALTH - SOCIAL WELFARE - PUBLIC HYGIENE

EDUCATION – SPORTS - CULTURE

CULTURAL - ENTERTAINMENT EVENTS

LIVESTOCK

COMMUNITY FUNCTION – COMMUNICATION

PROJECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

COMPLETE STUDIES< FOR INCLUSION IN PROGRAMES

Table 3. Anavra- sectors of projects implemented in the years 1991-1994 and 1999-2010


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ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURAL PARK

PERMANENT GAME SHELTER (8000 ACRES, EXTENSION OF THE PARK)

DISTRICT HEATING

SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECT

WIND-ENERGY PARK

SOURCES OF ANAVRA

Table 4. Anavra – List of Sustainable Development Projects. Source: PANTERA

References

ΑΝΑVRA-ΖO, www.anavra-zo.gr/index.php/el/anavra_el

ΕΣΥΕ- National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG) www.greekscapes.gr/index.php

KARALI M. (2002), ‘‘Community of Anavra Almiros Magnisias. A Local Development Experiment

on Local Government Initiative’’, in Geografies (in Greek) 4, p. 123-129.

KARALI M. (assiduity) (1994), The past, present and future of Anavra (in Greek), Conference

Proceedings, 31 July -1 August 1993, Athens, Community of Anavra Magnisias (in Greek).

LACROIX R-N.(2010), Green Procurement - Development of Methodology, Strategies and Policy

(in Greek), Νomiki Vivliothiki, Athens.

LIDORIKI http://lidoriki.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post_04.html

PANTERA N.(2009), The Anavra’s mystery (in Greek),17.6.2009www.anavra-goura.gr/index.php

STAMATIOU E., MAVROMATIS P. (2012), Local Government, Sustainable Development and quality

of Life. The case study of Anavra (Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece) – Capabilities and Perspectives,

RERIVALLON & DIKAIO (in Greek) v. 4/2011 Oct-Dec., Athens, p. 616-644.

STAMATIOU E.(2006),«Regional Development and Local Development - The case of

Municipalities of medium-sized cities in Greece», International Conference Self government:

Actor of Democracy and Leverage of Social Change and Development, 19-20.5.2006 Under

the "GREECE 2020" program, ΙΝΕΡΠΟΣΤ organization (in Greek)

(proceedings http://www.inerpost.org/attached/delphes/delfoi-20Eleni%20Stamatiou.doc).

STAMATIOU E. (2003), Evolution de la Législation et de la Politique Urbaine en Grèce, University

of Thessaly, Discussion Paper Series, University Press, Volos 9(20) p. 447-488.

http://www.greekscapes.gr/index.php

http://lidoriki.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post_04.html

http://www.anavra-goura.gr/index.php

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