Sel Pro & Eukaryot

*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *STRUCTURE & ORGANIZATION OF PROCARYOTIC & EUCARYOTIC CELL

Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi

*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Prokaryotic Cell


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Prokaryotic cells are less complex than Eukaryotic cells.They are very small and most are surrounded by a stiff cell wall.Some are propelled by flagella.Surface projections made of protein called Pilli are used to attach to surface or to exchange genetic material.Some secrete a capsule or slime layer to help them attach to hosts or to evade attack by immune cells.Prokaryotic Cell


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *The cytoplasm is relatively homogenous. They have a single, circular strand of DNA usually coiled and contracted in the nucleoid region of the cell. But it is not separated from the rest of the cytoplasm by a membrane.Prokaryotic cells also lack membrane enclosed organelles. Their cytoplasm contains ribosomes. Photosynthetic bacteria also contain internal membranes that have light-capturing proteins and enzymes embedded in them.


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Prokaryotic cell has 3 architectural regions:Appendages (attachments to the cell surface) in the form of flagella and pili (or fimbriae)Cell envelope consisting of a capsule, cell wall and plasma membraneCytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Characteristics of typical bacterial cell structures

Structure Function(s) Predominant chemical compositionFlagellaSwimming movementProteinPili

Sex pilusMediates DNA transfer during conjugationProteinCommon pili or fimbriaeAttachment to surfaces; protection against phagotrophic engulfmentProtein



Capsules (includes "slime layers" and glycocalyx)Attachment to surfaces; protection against phagocytic engulfment, occasionally killing or digestion; reserve of nutrients or protection against desiccationUsually polysaccharide; occasionally polypeptideCell wallGram-positive bacteriaPrevents osmotic lysis of cell protoplast and confers rigidity and shape on cellsPeptidoglycan (murein) complexed with teichoic acidsGram-negative bacteriaPeptidoglycan prevents osmotic lysis and confers rigidity and shape; outer membrane is permeability barrier; associated LPS and proteins have various functionsPeptidoglycan (murein) surrounded by phospholipid protein-lipopolysaccharide "outer membrane"



Plasma membranePermeability barrier; transport of solutes; energy generation; location of numerous enzyme systemsPhospholipid and proteinRibosomesSites of translation (protein synthesis)RNA and proteinInclusionsOften reserves of nutrients; additional specialized functionsHighly variable; carbohydrate, lipid, protein or inorganic



ChromosomeGenetic material of cellDNAPlasmidExtrachromosomal genetic materialDNA


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Cilia & Flagella


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Bacterial Cell Wall


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *The structure of the muramic acid subunit of the peptidoglycan of Escherichia coli (Gram bacteria)


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Schematic diagram of the peptidoglycan sheet of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram + bacteria)


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Gram positive cell wall


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Gram negative cell wall


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Plasma membrane


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Sporulation


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Eukaryotic Cell


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Cell Organization

Cell Part:Structure:Functions:Plasma membrane

Cell wallMembrane composed of a double layer of lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol) within which proteins are embedded; proteins may extend entirely through the lipid bilayer or protrude on only one face

Depend on the organismServes as an external cell barrier; acts in transport of substances into or out of the cell; externally facing proteins act as receptors (for hormones, neurotransmitters) and in cell-to-cell recognition

Strengthen and give shape to the cellCytoplasmCellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes; consists of fluid cytosol, containing dissolved solutes, inclusions (stored nutrients, pigments granules), and organelies, the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm.


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi * Cell Part: Structure: Functions:

Cytoplasmic organellesMitochondriaRod-like, double-membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristaeSite of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cellRibosome'sDense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins; free or attached to rough ERThe sites of protein synthesisRough endoplasmic reticulumMembrane system enclosing a cavity, the cistern a, and coiling through the cytoplasm; externally studded with ribosome'sMakes proteins that are secreted from the cell; makes the cell's membrane



Smooth endoplasmic reticulumMembranous system of tubules; free of ribosomesSite of lipid metabolismGolgi apparatusA stack of smooth membrane sacs close to the nucleusPackages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell and inclusion in lysosomes; sends membranes from rough ER to their destinationsLysosomesMembranous sacs containing acid hydrolasesSites of intracellular digestionPeroxisomesMembranous sacs of oxidase enzymesThe enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances; the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide



MicrofilamentsFine filaments of the contractile protein actinInvolved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form the cell's cytoskeletonIntermediate filamentsProtein fibres; composition variesThe stable cytoskeleton elements; resist tensile forces acting on the cellMicrotublesCylindrical structures composed of tubulin proteinsSupport the cell and give it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements, form centriolesCentriolesPaired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubulesOrganise a microtubule network during mitosis to form the spindle; form bases of cilia and flagella



NucleusSurrounded by the nuclear membrane; contains fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatinControl center of the cell; responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing the instructions for protein synthesisNuclear membraneDouble bilipid membrane containing proteins; pierced by pores; continuous with the cytoplasmic ERSeparates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleusNucleoliDense spherical (non-membrane-bounded) bodiesSite of ribosome subunit manufactureChromatinGranular, threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Differences of Plasma Membrane :

BacteriaArchaebacteriaEukaryotProteinHighHighLowComposition of lipidPhospholipidPhospholipid, Sulpholipid, Glycolipid, IsoprenoidPhospholipid

Structure of lipidStraight chainBranched chainStraight chainLink of lipidEsterEtherEsterSterolAbsentAbsentPresent


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Generalized structure of a membrane lipids


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Differences of Cell Wall :

MicroorganismChemical composition of cell wallAlgaeCelluloseFungiChitinProtozoaPellicle (CaCO3, SiO2)BacteriaPeptidoglycanArchaebacteriaPseudopeptidoglycan


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Composition of Peptidoglycan :(Bacteria)Amino sugars :N-acetylglucosamineN-acetylmuramic acid Linked by glycosidic bond ( 1-4)

Amino acids : L- & D- alanine, D-glutamic acid, lysine, diaminopimelic acid


*Mikrobiologi Dasar Lab. Biokimia Nutrisi *Composition of Pseudopeptidoglycan :(Archaebacteria)Amino sugars :N-acetylglucosamineN-acetyltalosaminuronic acid Linked by glycosidic bond ( 1-3)

Amino acids : L- alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine


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