Upload
landyn-lickey
View
228
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Advanced Database Systems
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 2
Query Processing 1Lecture 7
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Today's LectureIntroduction to query processingPhases of Query ProcessingQuery decompositionHeuristical Approach to Query Optimization
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 3
IntroductionFirst Topic
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 4
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 5
IntroductionIn network and hierarchical DBMSs, low-level procedural
query language is generally embedded in high-level programming language.
Programmer’s responsibility to select most appropriate execution strategy.
With declarative languages such as SQL, user specifies what data is required rather than how it is to be retrieved.
Relieves user of knowing what constitutes good execution strategy.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 6
IntroductionAlso gives DBMS more control over system
performance.
Two main techniques for query optimization: Comparing different strategies based on relative costs, and
selecting one that minimizes resource usage. Heuristic rules that order operations in a query;
Disk access tends to be dominant cost in query processing for centralized DBMS.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 7
Query Processing Activities involved in: parsing, validating,
optimizing, and executing a query
Aims of QP:
Transform query written in high-level language (e.g. SQL), into correct and efficient execution strategy expressed in low-level language (implementing relational algebra/RA);
Execute strategy to retrieve required data.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 8
Query OptimizationActivity of choosing an efficient execution strategy for
processing query.
As there are many equivalent transformations of same high-level query, aim of QO is to choose one that minimizes resource usage.
Generally, reduce total execution time of query.
May also reduce response time of query.
Problem computationally intractable with large number of relations, so strategy adopted is reduced to finding near optimum solution.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 9
Example: Different StrategiesFind all Managers who work at a London branch.
SELECT *FROM Staff s, Branch bWHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND (s.position = ‘Manager’ AND b.city = ‘London’);
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 10
Example: Different StrategiesThree equivalent RA queries are:
1. (position='Manager') (city='London') (Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo) (Staff X Branch)
2. (position='Manager') (city='London')(Staff Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo Branch)
3. (position='Manager'(Staff)) Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo (city='London' (Branch))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
SELECT * FROM Staff s, Branch bWHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND (s.position = ‘Manager’ AND b.city = ‘London’);
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 11
Example: Different StrategiesAssume:
1000 tuples in Staff; 50 tuples in Branch; 50 Managers; 5 London branches; no indexes or sort keys; results of any intermediate operations stored on disk; cost of the final write is ignored; tuples are accessed one at a time.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 12
Disk Access Cost(position='Manager') (city='London') (Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo) (Staff X
Branch) Cost: (1000 + 50) + 2*(1000 * 50) = 101050
(position='Manager') (city='London')(Staff Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo Branch) Cost: 2*1000 + (1000 + 50) = 3050
(position='Manager'(Staff)) Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo (city='London' (Branch)) Cost: 1000 + 2*50 + 50 + 2*5 = 1160
Cartesian product & join operations are much more expensive than selection, and third option significantly reduces size of relations being joined together.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
1000 tuples in Staff; 50 tuples in Branch;50 Managers; 5 London branches;
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 13
Phases of Query Processing
Second Topic
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 14
Phases of Query ProcessingQP has four main phases:
Decomposition (consisting of parsing and validation); Optimization; Code generation; Execution.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 15
Phases of Query Processing
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 16
Dynamic versus Static OptimizationThe first three phases of QP can be carried out:
Dynamically every time query is run; Statically when query is first submitted.
Advantages of dynamic QO arise from fact that information is up to date.
Disadvantages are that performance of query is affected, time may limit finding optimum strategy.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 17
Dynamic versus Static OptimizationAdvantages of static QO are removal of runtime
overhead, and more time to find optimum strategy.
Disadvantages arise from fact that chosen execution strategy may no longer be optimal when query is run.
Could use a hybrid approach to overcome this. If system detects that the database statistics have changed
significantly then use the dynamic QO
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 18
Query DecompositionThird Topic
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 19
Query DecompositionAims are to transform high-level query into RA
query and check that query is syntactically and semantically correct.
Typical stages are:1. analysis, 2. normalization, 3. semantic analysis, 4. simplification, 5. query restructuring.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 20
1. AnalysisAnalyze query lexically and syntactically using
compiler techniques.
Verify relations and attributes exist.
Verify operations are appropriate for object type.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 21
Analysis - ExampleSELECT staff_noFROM StaffWHERE position > 10;
This query would be rejected on two grounds:
staff_no is not defined for Staff relation (should be staffNo).
Comparison ‘>10’ is incompatible with type position, which is variable character string.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 22
AnalysisFinally, query transformed into some internal
representation more suitable for processing.
Some kind of query tree is typically chosen, constructed as follows:
Leaf node created for each base relation.
Non-leaf node created for each intermediate relation produced by RA operation.
Root of tree represents query result.
Sequence is directed from leaves to root.Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 23
Example: R.A.T.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
(s.position=‘Manager’(Staff)) s.branchNo= b.branchNo(b.city=‘London’(Branch))
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 24
2. NormalizationConverts query into a normalized form for easier
manipulation.
Predicate can be converted into one of two forms:
Conjunctive normal form: (position = 'Manager' salary > 20000) (branchNo = 'B003')
Disjunctive normal form: (position = 'Manager' branchNo = 'B003' ) (salary > 20000
branchNo = 'B003')
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 25
3. Semantic AnalysisRejects normalized queries that are incorrectly
formulated or contradictory.
Query is incorrectly formulated if components do not contribute to generation of result. If some join specifications are missing
Query is contradictory if its predicate cannot be satisfied by any tuple. (position = 'Manager' position = Assistant' )
Algorithms to determine correctness exist only for queries that do not contain disjunction and negation.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 26
Semantic AnalysisFor queries we can construct:
A relation connection graph. Normalized attribute connection graph.
Relation connection graph Create node for each relation and node for result. Create edges between two nodes that represent a join, and edges between nodes that represent projection.
If not connected, query is incorrectly formulated.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 27
Example: Checking Semantic CorrectnessSELECT p.propertyNo, p.streetFROM Client c, Viewing v, PropertyForRent pWHERE c.clientNo = v.clientNo AND
c.maxRent >= 500 AND c.prefType = ‘Flat’ AND p.ownerNo = ‘CO93’;
Relation connection graph not fully connected, so query is not correctly formulated.
Have omitted the join condition (v.propertyNo = p.propertyNo) .
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
c.maxRent >= 500c.prefType = ‘Flat’ p.ownerNo = ‘CO93’
c.clientNo = v.clientNo
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 28
4. SimplificationObjectives of this stage
Detects redundant qualifications, Eliminates common sub-expressions, Transforms query to semantically equivalent but more easily
and efficiently computed form.
Typically, access restrictions, view definitions, and integrity constraints are considered.
Assuming user has appropriate access privileges, first apply well-known idempotency rules of boolean algebra.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Idempotency Rules
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 29
p (p) p p (p) pp false false p false pp true p p true truep ( ~ p) false p (~p) truep (p q) p p (p q) p
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Example: Simplification
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 30
X
no result
Heuristical Approach to Query Optimization
Fourth Topic
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 31
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 32
Transformation Rules: Rule 1 Conjunctive Selection operations can cascade
into individual Selection operations (and vice versa).
pqr(R) = p(q(r(R)))
Sometimes referred to as cascade of Selection.
branchNo='B003' salary>15000(Staff) = branchNo='B003'(salary>15000(Staff))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 33
Transformation Rules: Rule 2 Commutativity of Selection.
p(q(R)) = q(p(R))
branchNo='B003'(salary>15000(Staff)) = salary>15000(branchNo='B003'(Staff))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 34
Transformation Rules: Rule 3 In a sequence of Projection operations, only the
last in the sequence is required.
LM … N(R) = L(R)
lNamebranchNo, lName(Staff) = lName(Staff)
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 35
Transformation Rules: Rule 4 Commutativity of Selection and Projection.
If predicate p involves only attributes in projection list, Selection and Projection operations commute:
A1, …, Am(p(R)) = p(A1, …, Am(R))
where p {A1, A2, …, Am}
fName, lName(lName='Beech'(Staff)) = lName='Beech'(fName,lName(Staff))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 36
Transformation Rules: Rule 5 Commutativity of Theta join (and Cartesian
product).
R p S = S p R R X S = S X R
Rule also applies to Equijoin and Natural join. For example:
Staff staff.branchNo=branch.branchNo Branch =
Branch staff.branchNo=branch.branchNo Staff
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 37
Transformation Rules: Rule 6 Commutativity of Selection and Theta join (or
Cartesian product).
If selection predicate involves only attributes of one of join relations, Selection and Join (or Cartesian product) operations commute:
p(R r S) = (p(R)) r S
p(R X S) = (p(R)) X S
where p {A1, A2, …, An}
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 38
Rule 6 (cont’) If selection predicate is conjunctive predicate having form (p
q), where p only involves attributes of R, and q only attributes of S, Selection and Theta join operations commute as:
p q(R r S) = (p(R)) r(q(S))
p q(R X S) = (p(R)) X (q(S))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 39
Rule 6 (cont’) For example:
position='Manager' city='London'(Staff Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo Branch) =
(position='Manager'(Staff)) Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo (city='London'
(Branch))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 40
Transformation Rules: Rule 7Commutativity of Projection and Theta join (or
Cartesian product).
If projection list is of form L = L1 L2, where L1 only has attributes of R, and L2 only has attributes of S, provided join condition only contains attributes of L, Projection and Theta join commute:
L1L2(R r S) = (L1(R)) r(L2(S))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 41
Rule 7 (cont’)If join condition contains additional attributes not
in L (M = M1 M2 where M1 only has attributes of R, and M2 only has attributes of S), a final projection operation is required:
L1L2(R r S) = L1L2( (L1M1(R)) r (L2M2(S)))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 42
Rule 7 (cont’)For example:
position,city,branchNo(Staff Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo Branch) =
(position, branchNo(Staff)) Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo (city, branchNo (Branch))
and using the latter rule:
position, city(Staff Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo Branch) =
position, city ((position, branchNo(Staff)) Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo
( city, branchNo (Branch)))
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 43
Transformation Rules: Rule 8Commutativity of Union and Intersection (but not
set difference).
R S = S R R S = S R
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 44
Transformation Rules: Rule 9Commutativity of Selection and set operations
(Union, Intersection, and Set difference).
p(R S) = p(S) p(R) p(R S) = p(S) p(R) p(R – S) = p(S) – p(R)
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 45
Transformation Rules: Rule 10Commutativity of Projection and Union.
L(R S) = L(S) L(R)
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 46
Transformation Rules: Rule 11Associativity of Theta join (and Cartesian
product).
Cartesian product and Natural join are always associative: (R S) T = R (S T) (R X S) X T = R X (S X T)
If join condition q involves attributes only from S and T, then Theta join is associative: (R p S) q r T = R p r (S q T)
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 47
Rule 11 (cont’)For example:
(Staff Staff.staffNo=PropertyForRent.staffNo PropertyForRent)
ownerNo=Owner.ownerNo staff.lName=Owner.lName Owner =
Staff staff.staffNo=PropertyForRent.staffNo staff.lName=lName (PropertyForRent
ownerNo Owner)
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Cannot simply move the bracket!
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 48
Transformation Rules: Rule 12Associativity of Union and Intersection (but not
Set difference).
(R S) T = S (R T) (R S) T = S (R T)
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 49
Example: Use of Transformation RulesFor prospective renters of flats, find properties that
match requirements and owned by CO93 Assumption: there are fewer properties owned by owner CO93
than prospective renters
SELECT p.propertyNo, p.streetFROM Client c, Viewing v, PropertyForRent pWHERE c.prefType = ‘Flat’ AND
c.clientNo = v.clientNo AND v.propertyNo = p.propertyNo ANDc.maxRent >= p.rent AND c.prefType = p.type AND p.ownerNo = ‘CO93’;
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
ExampleSELECT p.propertyNo, p.streetFROM Client c, Viewing v, PropertyForRent pWHERE
c.prefType = ‘Flat’ AND c.clientNo = v.clientNo AND v.propertyNo = p.propertyNo ANDc.maxRent >= p.rent AND c.prefType = p.type AND p.ownerNo = ‘CO93’;
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 50
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 51
Example
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Rule 1, 2, 6
1. Split conjuction of selections into individual selection (rule 1)
2. Reorder selection and commute the selection and cartesian products (rule 2 and 6)
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 52
Example
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Cartesian Product +
Selection = Join
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 53
Example
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Rule 11: reorder the equijoin
450
10050 1004
4 50
Assumption: there are fewer properties owned by owner CO93 than prospective renters
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 54
Example
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Rule 4 & 7
Move projections down to past the Equijoints and create new Projection as required
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 55
Example
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
p.type=‘flat’
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 56
Heuristical Processing Strategies Perform Selection operations as early as possible.
Keep predicates on same relation together.
Combine Cartesian product with subsequent Selection whose predicate represents join condition into a Join operation.
Use associativity of binary operations to rearrange leaf nodes so leaf nodes with most restrictive Selection operations executed first.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) 57
Heuristical Processing StrategiesPerform Projection as early as possible.
Keep projection attributes on same relation together.
Compute common expressions once. If common expression appears more than once, and result not
too large, store result and reuse it when required. Useful when querying views, as same expression is used to
construct view each time.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Quiz 1Buatlah R.A.T dari query berikut dan kemudian
lakukan optimisasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan Heuristic! Tuliskan: SQL query Relational algebra Initial R.A.T Optimized R.A.T
Tampilkan firstname dan nomor branch dari staff yang bekerja di branch London dimana salary mereka lebih besar dari 10000!
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 58
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
AnswerSQL Query
SELECT fName, branchNo FROM Branch, Staff WHERE Branch.branchNo=Staff.branchNo AND
salary>10000 AND city='London'
Relational Algebra
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 59
fName, branchNo (city=‘London’ salary>10000
(Staff Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo Branch))
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Answer
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 60
staff branch
S.branchNo=B.branchNo
city=‘London’ salary>10000
fName, branchNo
staff branch
S.branchNo=B.branchNo
salary>10000
fName, branchNo
city=‘London’
fName, branchNo branchNo
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Quiz 2Buatlah R.A.T dari query berikut dan kemudian
lakukan optimisasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan Heuristic! Tuliskan: SQL query Relational algebra Initial R.A.T Optimized R.A.T
Tampilkan propertyNo beserta fname dari ownernya, dimana property tersebut berada pada kota Glasgow, memiliki kamar lebih dari 3 dan nomor telpon ownernya berawalan 0141!
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 61
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
AnswerSQL Query
SELECT propertyNo, fnameFROM PropertyForRent p, PrivateOwner oWHERE p.ownerNo=o.ownerNo AND city='Glasgow' AND
rooms > 3 AND telNo LIKE '0141%'
Relational Algebra
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 62
propertyNo, fName(city=‘Glasgow’ rooms>3 telNo like ‘0141%’
(PropertyForRent p.ownerNo=o.ownerNo PrivateOwner))
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Answer
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 63
PropertyForRent PrivateOwner
p.ownerNo=o.ownerNo
city=‘Glasgow’ rooms > 3
telNo like ‘0141%’
propertyNo, fName
PropertyForRent PrivateOwner
p.ownerNo=o.ownerNo
city=‘Glasgow’ rooms > 3
propertyNo, fName
telNo like ‘0141%’
propertyNo, ownerNo fName, ownerNo
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Tampilkan nomor branch dan nomor property yang dikelola oleh branch tersebut dengan persyaratan bahwa jenis property adalah Flat dan jumlah kamar 4.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 64
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Quiz 3Buatlah R.A.T dari query berikut dan kemudian
lakukan optimisasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan Heuristic! Tuliskan: SQL query Relational algebra Initial R.A.T Optimized R.A.T
Tampilkan nomor branch dan nomor property yang dikelola oleh branch tersebut dengan persyaratan bahwa jenis property adalah Flat dan jumlah kamarnya 4!
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 65
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
AnswerSQL Query
SELECT branchNo, propertyNo FROM Branch as b, PropertyForRent as pWHERE b.branchNo=p.branchNo AND
p.type=‘Flat’ AND p.rooms=4
Relational Algebra
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 66
branchNo, propertyNo (p.type=‘Flat’ p.rooms=4
(Branch b.branchNo=p.branchNo PropertyForRent))
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Answer
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 67
Branch PropertyForRent
s.branchNo=b.branchNo
type=‘Flat’ rooms=4
branchNo, propertyNo
Branch PropertyForRent
s.branchNo=b.branchNo
propertyNo, s.branchNo
type=‘Flat’ rooms=4
propertyNo, branchNo branchNo
branchNo, propertyNo (p.type=‘Flat’ p.rooms=4
(Branch b.branchNo=p.branchNo PropertyForRent))
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Quiz 4Buatlah R.A.T dari query berikut dan kemudian lakukan
optimisasi dengan menggunakan pendekatan Heuristic! Tuliskan: SQL query Relational algebra Initial R.A.T Optimized R.A.T
Tampilkan firstname dan lastname dari staff beserta nomor property dan nomor owner dari property yang dikelola oleh staff tersebut, dengan persyaratan bahwa posisi staff adalah Assistent dan jenis Propertynya adalah Flat!
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 68
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
AnswerSQL Query
SELECT fname, lname, propertyNo, ownerNoFROM Staff s, PropertyForRent pWHERE s.staffNo=p.staffNo AND s.position=‘Assistent' AND
p.type = ‘Flat’
Relational Algebra
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 69
fname, lname, propertyNo, ownerNo(s.position=‘Assistent’ p.type=‘Flat’
(Staff s.staffNo=p.staffNo PropertyForRent))
Tampilkan firstname dan lastname dari staff beserta nomor property dan nomor owner dari property yang dikelola oleh staff tersebut, dengan persyaratan bahwa posisi staff adalah Assistent dan jenis Propertynya adalah Flat!
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)
Answer
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. 70
PropertyForRent Staff
s.staffNo=p.staffNo
s.position=‘Assistent’
p.type=‘Flat’
fname,lname, propertyNo, ownerNo
PropertyForRent Staff
p.staffNo=s.staffNo
p.type=‘Flat’
fname,lname, propertyNo, ownerNo
s.position=‘Assistant’
propertyNo, staffNo, ownerNo fName, lname, staffNo
fname, lname, propertyNo, ownerNo(s.position=‘Assistent’ p.type=‘Flat’
(Staff s.staffNo=p.staffNo PropertyForRent))