Segregation of urban spaces in South African Cities

Segregation of urban spaces in South African Cities

Kya Sands/Bloubosrand, Johannesburg

Sandton/Alexandra, Johannesburg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=PZFQBqTPsoo



Divided cities: South Africa's apartheid legacy photographed by

drone

Johnny Miller used a drone to take aerial photographs of the gulf

in living conditions for the poor and the wealthy in South Africa.

‘During apartheid, segregation of urban spaces was instituted as

policy,’ he says. ‘Roads, rivers, buffer zones of empty land and

other barriers were constructed to keep people separate. Twenty

two years after the fall of apartheid many of these barriers, and

the inequalities they have engendered, still exist. Often,

communities of extreme wealth and privilege will exist just metres

from shacks’

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzDTsqDsm4U A brief history of SA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzDTsqDsm4U

FILE 1 : Who are the South Africans?

FILE 2 : The dark years of Apartheid

FILE 3 : Mandela: a hero for the world

FILE 4 : South Africa’s challenges

South Africa is a multifaceted country. Because it’s a huge

country, its geography is very diverse: the coastline is very

long and opens on to the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic

Ocean; there are mountains, waterfalls and enormous parks.

Its wildlife is also very rich (penguins, ostriches, springboks

and of course the Big Five). It seems the country has an

amazing amount of attractive sights and breathtaking

landscapes. The names of South African cities sound either

English, Dutch or African, which is a reminder of how

multicultural the country is.


A-THE RAINBOW NATION

1- Where was this photo taken? What’s the atmosphere like? 2- How does it illustrate South Africa’s nickname?

3- What attracted different settlers? 4- To what extent is the rainbow the right symbol for South Africa?

1. This photo must have been taken at a rugby / football

match. Two people are wearing the typical South

African jersey. The atmosphere seems friendly and

cheerful.

2. South Africa’s nickname – ‘The Rainbow Nation’ – is

well-earned: the supporters that appear on this photo

belong to different backgrounds; they are all South

Africans celebrating the same event.

3. Most white settlers were looking for new opportunities in a rich

country (mineral wealth) while the French were escaping religious

persecution. Asian settlers came for mining and sugar cane farming

after the abolition of slavery.

4. It is the right symbol: even though people come from different

backgrounds, look different and speak different languages, they are

all South Africans. They are like the different colours of the

Rainbow: while they do not exactly mix, they live together in peace

and harmony.


B-SOUTH AFRICA’S « BORN FREE » GENERATION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85vE-9Luu3Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V13sovQ-w1E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Co-uaxftr0Y

1- What is the nature of the document? 2- How much do the Born Frees know about Apartheid? Why? 3- How optimistic are these young people? Why?










1. This is a report that was made on Freedom Day 2012.

The journalist interviewed ‘born-free’ South Africans.

2. They know about what happened because they talked

about it with their parents; one girl says that’s why she

‘values democracy’. She knows what her parents went

through and is ‘fully aware’ of how lucky she is to have

been born in 1994.

5. On the whole, most of them are optimistic because

they are aware of the achievements of their country. One

says she’s ‘proud’ of the way South Africa has progressed.

They acknowledge the incredible heritage from the past

and are very positive about today’s South Africa: they’ve

got friends ‘from all races’; it has become much ‘easier

for black girls’, only ‘the older generation feels

resentment’. So they’re convinced their country has a

‘bright future’.


C-MIRACLE RISING

1. As the caption shows, these people are ANC supporters who

came to listen to Nelson Mandela during the first democratic

elections in South Africa (1994). The crowd is so big some people

climbed on to the billboard, probably to catch a glimpse of their

hero.

2. The billboard looks like a ballot: it has the name of the party, the

photo of the party leader and the box to tick. It’s probably aimed at

illiterate voters. The slogan is very basic: ‘Vote for jobs, peace and

freedom’. It means that the promise of the ANC is to guarantee basic

human rights in a democracy.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKDrRdfvUg8 Miracle rising

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKDrRdfvUg8

3. It starts like a fairy tale, with ‘Once upon a time’. That’s because

what happened is truly miraculous. Civil war was avoided and a

democracy was born.

4. The words and phrases that explain the ‘miracle’ are: ‘a new era’,

‘the first free fair democratic elections’, ‘justice prevailed’, ‘colours

accommodating’, ‘negativity’ turned into ‘positivity’, ‘I never thought

I would see the end of apartheid in my life’. They are all about

unbelievable achievements, incredible improvements, reconciliation

instead of a bloodbath and retaliation.

5. There’s Bono (U2 lead singer), Charlize Theron (South African

actress), Oprah Winfrey (American talk show star), Christiane

Amanpour (CNN journalist) and Jeremy Thompson (Sky News

journalist). They are all talking about why the dismantling of

apartheid and the birth of the South African democracy can be

seen as a dream come true.

FILE 2 : The dark years of Apartheid.

A-Apartheid in 90 seconds.

1. The words on the sign are written in Afrikaans. It is a language spoken by the descendants of the early white settlers who were Dutch, French or English. Afrikaans was the dominant language of the apartheid regime.

2. It says that these taxis are only meant for white people. It shows that every aspect of society was organised by law.


A-Apartheid in 90 seconds.

3. The five major dates are:

– 1948: that’s when apartheid was adopted (it officially declared

white supremacy, ‘whites officially superior’);

– 1960: that’s when resistance became more visible

(demonstration in Sharpeville, Nelson Mandela and the ANC);

– the 1980s is the decade when ‘open conflict erupted’ (protests

ended up in riots);

– 1990 is the year Nelson Mandela was released;

– 4 years later, he was elected president.

4. Black people couldn’t live where they wanted, couldn’t do

business and couldn’t own land. Transport and school were

separated and interracial marriage was banned. Non-whites couldn’t

vote and were considered aliens in their own country.

In a word, they were denied every right, even that of being

considered citizens.

5. The liberation movement was called the ANC (African National

Congress); its leader was Nelson Mandela and its method went from

peaceful and non-violent actions to violence.


B-The Sharpeville massacre


B-The Sharpeville massacre

1. Pick out the numbers you can hear and say what they

correspond to.

2. What was the starting point of this event?

3. What was its impact?

4. Why is Nelson Mandela mentioned?

1. March 21st 1960: thz Sharpville massacre

Then 2, 1300 and 69 can be heard:

In two minutes, the police fired 1,300 bullets and killed 69 protesters.

3 is also mentioned: it’s the number of decades between this event and Nelson

Mandela’s release.

27 is the number of years Nelson Mandela spent in jail.

1994 is the year when he was elected as South Africa’s first black president.

2. The starting point was a peaceful protest against the passbooks that controlled

every movement of non-white people.

B-The Sharpeville massacre FILE 2 : The dark years of Apartheid.

3. It was a turning point in the anti-apartheid movement because it

ignated worldwide outrage and this is also when the ANC decided

non-violence wasn’t adapted to their fight any longer.

4. Nelson Mandela is mentioned because he signed the new South

African constitution in Sharpeville(1996), probably to pay tribute to

the victims of injustice.


C-The photo that changed everything

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOU15CQL2Mc



1. Two young black South Africans are running to seek assistance for

a third boy (Hector Pieterson) who was shot at by the police while

he was protesting with other black students.

2. This photo became iconic because it is shocking; these are three

innocent kids fighting against an unjust regime that does not hesitate

to open fire and shoot to kill. It shocked the world and made South

Africa an international pariah.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCoApV4_Jkg

THE SOWETO UPRISING 1976




1- What are these people celebrating? 2- Comment on the colours and the slogan.

https://www.cbsnews.com/video/1990-nelson-mandela-released-from-prison/













1. They are celebrating Nelson Mandela’s release. They are in Soweto, Johannesburg’s township, and this liberation is a day of victory and joy for them. 2. ‘Free at last’ is a slogan loved by Martin Luther King, probably taken from the Bible. It means they have been waiting for too long a time to be free. Their colours are the colours of the ANC.


D-Nelson Mandela’s release


3- Comment on Nelson Mandela’s look and attitude. 4- Pick out elements that show this is a major event. 5- Comment on the crowd’s reaction.













3- Nelson Mandela looks very thin and tired. Yet, he’s smiling and

there’s something triumphant in his salute.

4. The world has been waiting to see Nelson Mandela for nearly

three decades. And nobody really knows how he is living this

historic moment.

5. The crowd is cheering, brimming with joy, overwhelmed by

emotion and excitement. ANC flags are flying, people are breaking

through the barriers: they want to see their hero.

1-How did SA go from a police state to democracy? 2- To what extent are photos the best way to have an impact worldwide?

1. – The apartheid regime had to be supported by the state of emergency. The

non-white community was denied every right. This could not last (documents A,

B and C).

– Resistance grew and gained momentum (documents A, B and C). The

apartheid regime couldn’t but crumble and lead to a new South Africa with a

new leader (document D).

2. – Photos are a universal language ; you don’t need to master a foreign

language to get their meaning; it’s immediate.

– Iconic photos are known to have had a much bigger impact than speeches or

articles. The shock you have when looking at one of them goes beyond words.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqfv0RpXzYg

https://www.sapeople.com/2016/05/12/south-africa-slips-third-biggest-economy-africa/

https://www.sapeople.com/2016/05/24/how-powerful-south-africa/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_-SOlCGEik

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPyGwuyVhOI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fziuLLgxmvc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Q_rIKlN--8


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhhzVfeqINY&list=PLEG4oPytb6duTgqss_vKRs-oyiAoX0orf&index=2

http://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/02/24/intv-amanpour-peter-hain-justice-malala-south-africa.cnn/video/playlists/controversy-in-south-africa/



























































FILE 3: Mandela : from division to unity

A-Meeting Mr. Mandela

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LocEnSvynGU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LocEnSvynGU

1. The narrator’s called Zelda la Grange. She’s an Afrikaner (l. 17: ‘Afrikaans. My

home language’, l. 28: ‘my people sent him to jail’). She was born in 1961 (l. 30: ‘I

was a mere twenty-three’, l. 1: ‘on October 1994’) in a family that hated Nelson

Mandela (l. 3: ‘my family regarded him as a terrorist’).

2. Zelda la Grange started her new job as a secretary in the seat of the South African

government when Nelson Mandela was elected president (l. 1-2). She had never

met him and didn’t expect to meet him at all (l. 2-4). But she accidentally bumped

into him in a corridor and when he shook her hand (l. 6-7) she was completely

overtaken by confusion (l. 5-7). He spoke to her in Afrikaans (l. 17), asked her name

(l. 21), where she came from and where she worked (l. 23-24). He held her hand for

a long time (l. 21, l. 23).

A-Meeting Mr. Mandela


3. She was overwhelmed by confusion, greeted him (l. 9) and started crying (l. 10). She had

been caught unaware and was in complete shock (l. 13). When she looked at his face, she

was touched by his old age and kindness (l. 18-21). As he continued to hold her hand she

‘started perspiring’ (l. 22) because this was both awkward (l. 22-23) and emotional.

Then she suddenly felt guilty (l. 26) and wanted to apologize (l. 29) because fort the first

time in her life she became aware that ‘her people’ were to blame for sending to jail such a

‘kindly spoken man with gentle eyes and generosity of spirit’ (l. 27) for such a long time.

4. The photo suggests that Nelson Mandela and Zelda la Grange eventually became very

close. She remained his closest personal assistant till the end of his life.

B-Freedom is indivisible

FILE 3: Mandela : a hero of the world.

1. This is Nelson Mandela’s autobiography. Its title refers to his long

fight against the apartheid regime and his long years in prison

before he could be totally free.

2. His autobiography was published a year after he became the first

democratically elected South African president.

3. He joined the ANC because he realized that ‘the freedom of

everyone who looked like he did’ (l. 3) was limited. That’s when his

‘hunger for freedom’ (l. 4-5) felt more acute. He became an audacious

young man (l. 8), a law-breaker (l. 9), a lonely homeless man (l. 10)

and a secluded person (l. 11). This was a tough decision to make

because it changed his life forever, and for the worse.

B-Freedom is indivisible


4. When he came out of prison, surprisingly enough he was not vengeful at all. On

the contrary, he felt he had a duty towards his people and his former enemies (l.

24): he had to liberate them from hatred.

5. He wrote his ‘long walk is not yet ended’ because in 1995, this was just the

beginning of South Africa as a democracy. After the dark years of apartheid, the

country had to invent itself again. So many problems had to be tackled, with the

danger of a hunger for vengeance, of a possible black backlash. Democratically

electing the first black president was just the starting point of a new South Africa.

The rest had to be built from scratch.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2mqRh-n0GI

Waterford: a school for all!





The school was founded in swaziland, in direct opposition to the apartheid regime in neighbouring South Africa, allowing black and white students from across the border to be educated together. Since then more than 5,000 children have passed through its doors, including those of Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Desmond Tutu.

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-22372070/southern-african-multi-racial-school-marks-50-years





















FILE 4: South Africa’s challenges

Does black and white still matter in the Rainbow nation?

A- Truth and reconciliation committee

Truth and reconciliation committee

3

4

5

3- The TRC was a ‘court-like body’ (l. 2), which means that it looked

like a court of justice, but its goal was not to judge people. The

whole point was to hear or to tell the whole truth about what had

happened (l. 14) so that perpetrators and victims of violence could

be reconciled.

4- It was held for perpetrators to come clean about the crimes they

had committed and obtain amnesty (l. 5-6) and for victims to be

heard about their sufferings or their losses (l. 3-4).


A- Truth and reconciliation committee

5- It was considered ‘very successful’ (l. 9) and ‘a crucial

component of the transition to full and free democracy in

South Africa’ (l. 7-8). It means that, although the TRC was

frightening and very challenging, South Africans

confronted their past with a view to eventually forgiving

those who made them suffer or being forgiven what they

had done in the name of white minority rule.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDz5BwiY8Es



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKmZcmOWP0s

B- South Africa’s townships, 20 years after apartheid.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKmZcmOWP0s

1. This is Soweto. It’s South Africa’s biggest township. We learn that 40% of South

African households live in a township because ‘they are too poor to live

elsewhere’.

2. The main problem is the lack of basic services like running water and electricity.

People feel frustrated because their ‘lives have not changed’ since the end of

apartheid.

3. The older generation feels more ‘grateful’ because there are visible

improvements: ‘a shopping mall, sports facilities, a theatre’ and a ‘growing middle

class’.

B- South Africa’s townships, 20 years after apartheid.

FILE 4: The limits of the Rainbow nation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dqskOKyYCQ

The rebirth of Johannesburg

Johannesburg is a city that is undergoing what could be called a rebirth.

After years of crime and violence, officials have made efforts to make the streets

safer which has led to more people and businesses moving back.

24 Aug 2013 BBC

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-23817497/the-rebirth-of-johannesburg















https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqSpIt_bAEI

Who should own South Africa's land? Twenty five years ago this month South Africa’s leaders agreed an historic constitution that paved the way for the end of white rule. But despite the end of apartheid, the majority of land remains under white ownership. South Africa’s ANC government says the solution lies in enforced land redistribution. The BBC’s Africa Editor Fergal Keane explains. Produced by Piers Scholfield and Olivia Lace-Evans 15 Nov 2018 BBC



https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=629601956

'We've Been Through Darker Times': Barack Obama Speaks In South Africa

July 17, 2018




How far has Apartheid legacy turned the South African territory into a space of unity and exchange?

ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: Former President Barack Obama gave a speech in South Africa today honoring the legacy of Nelson Mandela. It's one of Obama's most high-profile appearances since he left the White House 18 months ago. And it offered a kind of preview of what we might hear from the former president this fall when Obama is expected to campaign for his fellow Democrats running in the midterm elections. NPR's Scott Horsley reports. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) UNIDENTIFIED SINGERS: (Singing in foreign language). SCOTT HORSLEY, BYLINE: Some 14,000 South Africans gathered in a Johannesburg cricket stadium on the eve of what would have been Mandela's 100th birthday. Obama, who calls Mandela the inspiration for his own political activism, recalled the day in 1990 when the anti-apartheid leader was released after 27 years in prison. The Berlin Wall had come down just three months earlier, and Obama said the world seemed full of hope for the spread of democracy, prosperity and freedom. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) BARACK OBAMA: And all that progress is real. It has been broad, and it has been deep, and it all happened in what by the standards of human history was nothing more than a blink of an eye. HORSLEY: But Obama says globalization has also brought rising inequality and insecurity, ultimately triggering a political backlash that caught many observers by surprise. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

OBAMA: And just as people spoke about the triumph of democracy in the '90s, now you're hearing people talk about the end of democracy and the triumph of tribalism and the strong man. HORSLEY: Obama urged his audience not to surrender to that kind of cynicism. He held up Mandela as an example of perseverance in the face of adversity. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) OBAMA: We've been through darker times. We've been in lower valleys. HORSLEY: Obama has generally avoided the spotlight since leaving office last year, but he is expected to campaign for his fellow Democrats this fall. Progressives, he says, have a good story to tell, but they have to make their case to people who feel genuinely uneasy about the changes around them. And they can't talk only to themselves. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) OBAMA: Democracy demands that we're able also to get inside the reality of people who are different than us so we can understand their point of view. Maybe we can change their minds, but maybe they'll change ours. HORSLEY: Obama did not mention President Trump by name, but he did criticize politicians who, in his words, just make stuff up. And while Trump told a British newspaper last week that mass immigration is changing the culture of Europe in a negative way, Obama argued for a more inclusive culture, one that's tolerant, dynamic and multiracial. (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

OBAMA: And if you doubt that, just ask the French football team that just won the World Cup... (CHEERING) OBAMA: ...Because not all of those folks - not all of those folks look like Gauls to me... (LAUGHTER) OBAMA: ...But they're French. HORSLEY: As he often did when he was president, Obama will host a town hall meeting in Johannesburg tomorrow for some 200 young African leaders. He quoted Mandela, who said young people are capable when aroused of bringing down the towers of oppression and raising the banners of freedom. Obama added, now's a good time to be aroused. Scott Horsley, NPR News, Washington.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OhgueIub8o




South Africa’s Unfinished Revolution

https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2013/03/south-africa-has-made-incredible-progress-since-apartheid-but-it-still-must-address-its-corruption-and-deepen-its-democracy.html












































Documents

Segregation of urban spaces in South African Cities