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Organization of the Search GuideSection I - Introduction:ProvidesabasicintroductiontothefeaturesoftheNTISDatabase,howitdiffersfromothergovern-mentand/orscientificandtechnicaldatabasesandhowitsupple-mentsothergovernmentdatabases.
Section II - NTIS Database Elements: Eachcomponentfieldofthebibliographicrecordisdefinedwithexamples.PresentstherecordstructureandcompositionoftheNTISDatabase.Changesintheuseofafieldarediscussed.NTIS’namesandlabelsforthefieldsinthebibliographiccitationareidentified.
Section III–Online Searching Hints:Includesonlinesearchinghintsarrangedalphabeticallybytopicandfield.Pointscoveredare:searchingaccessionnumbersandspeciallyassignedinforma-tionproducttypenumbers;abbreviations,acronyms;biologicalspecies;chemicalstudies;andverbalizationofscientificandmathematicalsymbols.Distinctionsbetweensponsoringagenciesandperformingagenciesinthecorporateauthorfieldareshown.
TheNTISsubjectcategorycodesareinterpretedwithemphasisonhealthcareandmedicine,environment,andbusiness-relatedinformation.Geographicfeaturesandlocationsaredemonstratedaswellasdiscussionsofdevelopingcountry,foreignlanguagedocumentsandtranslations.Searchingforreprints,maps,patents,andenvironmentalimpactstatementsarealsocovered.Theplace-mentandmeaningofsponsoringagencyacronymcodesarealsonoted.
Section IV – Selected References for Assistance in Searching the NTIS Database:ContainsalistofreferencestotheauthorityfilesusedbyNTISanditscooperatingagenciesattheDepart-mentofEnergy,NASAandtheDefenseTechnicalInformationCenter.
Section V –Online Access:Presentscontactinformationforthevendorsthatprovideaccesstothedatabase,includingthecompanyname,address,telephonenumberandfaxnumber.Eachonlineservice’ssearchanddisplaycommandsarepresented.AnNTISDatabasebibliographicrecordisfurnishedineachven-dor’sformatshowingthevendorFieldNamesandlabelsfortheNTISDatabase.Vendorsystemfeaturesarelisted.Foradditionalexamplesofthesearchprocess,requestindividualdocumentationfromeachonlinevendor.
Appendix A–NTISSubjectCategories:AlphabeticalListingbyMajorCategories
Appendix B–NTISSubjectCategories:AlphabeticalListingofAllCategories
Appendix C–NTISSubjectCategories:AlphabeticalListingwithScopeDescriptions
Appendix D–NTISSubjectCategories:NumericalListingofMajorCategories
Appendix E–NTISSubjectCategories:NumericalListingwithScopeDescriptions
Purpose of the Search GuideThisguideprovidestheinformationnecessaryforproductiveandcost-effectivesearchandretrieval.Usethismanualto:
• Minimize“falsehits,”whicharecommontosuchlargeandvarieddatabases;
• ClarifytheNTISDatabaseinformationderivedfrommultiplegovernmentsources;
• Gainanin-depthunderstandingofthedatabasestructure;
• Providebackgroundreferencesandhistoricalper-spective;and
• Serveasareferencemanualforusers,orateach-ingtoolattrainingseminars.
AudienceThispublicationtargets:
• Newonlinesearchers;
• Userswhoarefamiliarwithonlinesearchtech-niquesbutnotfamiliarwiththeNTISDatabase;
• Librariansorinstructorswhotrainusersoflibraryservices;and
• Researchersusingonlinesystems.
Search Guide for the NTIS DatabaseIntroduction
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Section I
IntroductionTheNTISDatabasecontainssummariesofscientific,technical,engineering,andbusinessinformationproductsacquiredbyNTISfrom1964tothepresent.Printedormicroformindexesprovideaccesstothetitlesthatpredatetheonlinedatabase.Thedatabaseisavailabletothepublicthroughanumberofcommercialven-dorsthatarelistedinSectionV.TheNTISDatabaseisupdatedonaweeklybasisbyNTIS.However,commercialvendorupdateschedulescanvary.
TheNTISDatabasecombinesunclassifiedinputfromtheDepartmentofDefense,DepartmentofEnergy,andNASA,withthatofnumerousothergovernmentagencies,amongwhicharetheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,andDepartmentoftheInterior,toofferusersawiderangeofinformationresources.ThefullreportsareavailablefromNTISforalmost90percentofthetitlesannouncedonthedatabase.DeliveryserviceandorderingoptionsaredescribedattheendofthisSearchGuide.
Leasing the NTIS DatabaseOrganizationsthatneedtosearchtheNTISDatabasefrequentlymaywishtoconsiderleasingtheNTISDatabasedirectlyfromNTIS.RequirementsandpricinginformationmaybeobtainedbycontactingtheOfficeofProductManagement(703)605-6515.
Document Delivery via NTISInordertosatisfyNTISDatabasedocumentrequestsbycustomers,NTISoffersacompetitivelypricedorderingservice.Deliveryisavailableforalmost90percentofthereportsfoundintheNTISDatabase.AftersearchingandidentifyingdocumentsfromtheDatabase,customerscancontactNTIStoorderthecorrespondingfull-textreports.Takeadvantageofthisvaluableservicebycalling1-800-553-6847or(703)-605-6000,orfaxordersto(703)605-6900.Customerscane-mailtheirdocumentrequeststo:[email protected],oraccesstheNTISWebsiteathttp://www.ntis.gov/forproductorderinginstructions.LinktoNTISPriceSchedulesfromtheCustomerSupportWebPagehttp://www.ntis.gov/pdf/pricode.pdf.
NTIS Online Searching Help DeskTheHelpDeskwillansweryourquestionsonsearchingthedatabaseanditssubjectcontentfrom8:30a.m.to5p.m.,Easterntime.Call(703)605-6585.
Scope of the CollectionViewedbyanymeasure,theNTISinformationcollectionisextremelyvariedinitsmakeup.TheNTISDatabasecontainsinformationaboutenvironmentalsciences,computersciences,telecommunications,healthcare,physicalsciences,internationaltrade,energy,transportation,regulations,researchadministration,business,educationandmore.
Onaverage,NTIShasaddedover60,000newtitlesperyeartotheNTISDatabaseoverthepasttenyears.ThesereportsbecomeapermanentpartoftheNTIScollection.AstheU.S.Govern-ment’scentraltechnicalandscientificinformationservice,NTISannouncessummariesoftheresearchandstudiessponsoredbymorethan600Federalagenciesaswellasfromstateandlocalgovernments.
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Subject CoverageBecausetheU.S.Governmentfundsmorethanhalfofthere-searchandengineeringactivitiesintheUnitedStates,theNTISDatabasecontainsinformationonmostscientificandtechni-calsubjects.ThenextchartshowsthiscoverageforFY2009.Thesubjectcategories,whichNTISusesincodingitsdatabaseentries,areexplainedindetailintheappendices.
Approximate Distribution By Subject Headings In NTIS Database ‑ Fiscal Year 2009
subject heading percent Administration&Management 15.00Aeronautics&Aerodynamics 3.00Agriculture&Food 6.00Astronomy&Astrophysics 1.00AtmosphericSciences 2.00Behavior&Society 24.00BiomedicalTechnology&HumanFactorsEngineering 1.00BuildingIndustryTechnology 1.00Business&Economics 15.00Chemistry 6.00CivilEngineering 3.00Combustion,Engines,&Propellants 1.00Communication 3.00Computers,Control,&InformationTheory 7.00Detection&Countermeasures 2.00Electrotechnology 2.00Energy 6.00EnvironmentalPollution&Control 8.00GovernmentInventionsforLicensing .10HealthCare 7.00Industrial&MechanicalEngineering 3.00Library&InformationSciences 3.00ManufacturingTechnology 1.80MaterialsScience 3.00MathematicalSciences 3.00Medicine&Biology 18.00MilitarySciences 16.00MissileTechnology 0.20NaturalResources&EarthSciences 8.00Navigation,Guidance,&Control 0.80NuclearScience&Technology 3.00OceanTechnology&Engineering 4.00Ordnance 2.00Photography&RecordingDevices 0.20Physics 8.00ProblemSolvingInformationforState&LocalGovernments 10.00SpaceTechnology 2.00Transportation 7.00Urban&RegionalTechnology&Development 12.00
Note: Citations may have been coded with more than one category.
The NTIS Database and Related Products
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Information SourcesThetitlesintheNTIScollectionaresubmittedbyhundredsofgovernmentagencies,numerousstateandlocalgovernments,federalcontractors,academicinstitutions,foreigngovernments,internationalorganizationsandprivatesectororganizations.
SincetheAmericanTechnologyPreeminenceAct(PublicLaw102-245)passedin1991,NTIS’wealthofinformationhasincreaseddramatically.TheATPArequiresallfederalagen-ciestosubmittheirfederally-fundedscientific,technicalandengineeringinformationtoNTISwithin15daysofthedatetheproductismadepubliclyavailable.Consequently,NTIScanprovideitscustomerswithtimelyaccesstoamorediverseandcomprehensiverangeofinformation.Ann
International SourcesNTISistheleadU.S.Governmentagencyforcooperationininternationaltechnicalinformationexchange.Overseasorgani-zationsthatcurrentlycontributetotheNTIScollectionincludetheNationalAerospaceLaboratoryinJapan,MicromediainCanada,andmanymore.
Information Product TypesTheNTISinformationcollectioncontainsawidevarietyoftypesofpublications,aswellasothermediafordistributinginformation.ThefollowingtableprovidesasnapshotofsomeofthetypesofinformationproductsreceivedbyNTISin2009.
The NTIS Database and Related Products
Types of Information Products
U.S. Government Produced NumberTechnicalreports 27,295Conferenceproceedings 564Journalarticles 1,614Theses 1,401Bibliographies 12ComputerProducts 91Audiovisuals 31
Foreign Acquisitions Technicalreports 711Conferenceproceedings 5Theses 21Bibliographies 0Top Ten Foreign Contributors
Fiscal Year 2009
country of origin number of citations 1. Netherlands 327 2. Finland 112 3. UnitedKingdom 72 4. Sweden 65 5. Italy 63 6. Canada 57 7.Norway 40 8. Japan 28 9. China 7 10. Taiwan 4
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Inthe1960’s,undertheaegisoftheCommitteeonScientificandTechnicalInformation(COSATI),FederalCouncilonSci-enceandTechnology,themanagersofscientificandtechnicalinformation(STI)programsinthefederalgovernmentadoptedstandardguidelinesforcatalogingtechnicalreports.Fouroftheseagencies,NTIS,theDepartmentofEnergy’sOfficeofScientificandTechnicalInformation,theNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sScientificandTechnicalInformationProgram,andtheDefenseTechnicalInformationCenter,exchangebib-liographictapesandcooperateoninformationservices-relatedprojects.Theseagencies,alongwiththeDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,sponsormorethan90percentoffederallyfundedresearchanddevelopment.
ThefieldsoftheNTISDatabasearepresentedbelowintheorderthattheyappearontheelectronicmediasenttoonlinedatabasevendors,andotherorganizationsthatleasethedatabasefromNTISforinternaluse.EachvendorhasauniqueloadoftheNTISDatabaseandtheplacementofthefieldsmayvary.
Field Name: NTIS Order No.
Examples:CitationsindexedandabstractedbyNTIS PB2000-123456CitationsprovidedbyNASA N2000-12345/6CitationsprovidedbytheDepartmentofDefense AD-A123456/7,AD-D123456,AD-MCitationsprovidedbytheDepartmentofEnergy DE2000123456
Definition:EachtitlehasauniqueNTISordernumber(acces-sionnumber/identificationnumber)assignedinthisfield.ThisnumbershouldbeusedwhenorderingthetitlefromNTIS.AllNTISordernumbershavealphabeticprefixes.Someal-phabeticprefixesindicatetheoriginatingagencyofthereportcollections,asshownintheaboveexamples.Thealphabeticprefixisfollowedbyafive-toeight-digitnumberandthreealphabeticcharacters.Whensearching,itisagoodpracticetotruncateafterthefirstsixdigitstofindanaccessionnumber;however,whenplacinganorder,theentirealphanumericnumberordermustbeused.Note: Not all of the government agencies that have individual accession number alphabetic prefixes are shown in the examples. The examples are limited to agencies with the largest volume of records in the database.
Field Name: Subject Category Codes
Examples: 70A,48DDefinition:NTISanditspredecessororganizationhaveusedtwosubjectclassificationschemes:1)theCommitteeonScientificandTechnicalInformation(COSATI);and2)theNTISSubjectCategoryClassification.Anyonedocumentmayhaveuptofivesubjectcategoriesassignedtoit,althoughsomedocumentsmayhavemore.Ifatitlecoversthreeormoresubcategoriesofamajorsubjectcategory,itisassignedtothegeneralsectionofthemajorcategorycode.Eachcitationinthedatabasecontainsthefullnumberofsubjectcategorycodesthatreflectthesubjectscoveredby20percentormoreofthereport.TheNTISSubjectCategoryClassificationhasbeenusedex-clusivelysinceJuly1986.AlistofthesubjectcategorycodesisincludedinthisguideasAppendixB.Itisusedtoarrangethecitationsintosubjectareas.
Field Name: NTIS PricesNote: This field is not searchable.
Example:PCA02/MFA01Definition: Thesearealphabeticcodesforeachmediuminwhichtheitemisdelivered:PaperCopy(PC),Microfiche(MF),CD-ROM,Audiovisual(AV),magnetictape(magtape),anddiskette.Thenumericpartofthecodedeterminesthepriceofanindividualitem.ThecurrentNTISPriceSchedulesareaccessiblefromtheNTISCustomerSupportWebPageathttp://www.ntis.gov/pdf/pricode.pdf.
Field Name: Corporate Source(s)
Example: ArmyInformationSystemsCommand,Chambers-burg,Pennsylvania.Definition: Thisisthenameoftheorganization(s)and/orau-thoraffiliation(s)thatperformedtheresearchandpreparedthereport(s).Thecorporatesourceisalsoknownasthecorporateauthorandperformingorganization.Since1980,NTIShasmaintainedanup-to-datemachine-read-ablecorporatesourceauthoritylistwithstandardizednamesandanine-digitorganizationcodenumber.Thenine-digitcodeappearsinthedatabaseandissearchable.Someonlineservicesasterisktheperformingorganiza-tionnamestodistinguishthemfromthesponsoringorganization(s).Thenamesoforganizationshavebeenenteredinfullandinabbreviatedforms.Examples: MassachusettsInst.ofTech MassInst.ofTech MassachusettsInst.ofTechnology
Data Elements of the NTIS DatabaseSection II
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Field Name: Title
Example:GuidetoEvaluatingThermalEffectsinConcretePavementsDefinition:Thenameofthedocumentthatappearsonthetitlepageordocumentcover.Acolonisusedwhenseparatingasubtitlefromthemaintitle.Foreignlanguagereportspresenttheforeignlanguagetitlefirst,followedbytheEnglishtranslatedtitleinparenthesis.WhenEnglishtranslationsaremadeofforeignlanguagedocuments,theEnglishtitleispresentedpriortotheforeignlanguagetitle.
Field Name: Journal and Database Issue
Thisfieldcontainsatitle’soriginalannouncementjournalvolumeandissueintheformat“JVVII”: whereJ=aletterdesignatingthejournal whereVV=atwo-digitvolumenumber;and whereII=atwo-digitissuenumber.Example:u9412,GRAI9412,GRA&I9412.ThiscorrespondstoreportsthatwereannouncedinGRA&IIssue9412.FollowingtheGRA&Iissuenumberarelettercodesthatdesignateotheragencies’announcementjournals.Someonlinevendorslisttheexampleshownandsometrans-latedthe“u”intoGRAIorGRA&Iwiththevolumeandissue.“n”wasthedesignatedprefixcodefordocumentswhichwereannouncedintheDepartment of Energy Announcement Jour-nals Nuclear Science Abstractsfrom1964–1976andEnergy Research AbstractsfromJanuary1976–August1976.AfterAugust1976,the“n”codeinthisfieldwasdiscontinued.“s”isusedinthisfieldtoidentifyNASAdocumentsannouncedinthejournal,ScientificandTechnicalAerospaceReports(STAR).Somevendorsusethe“s”andsomepresentthenameoftheSTARjournalinthisfield.Note:Definition:ThisfieldisusedtoidentifytheNTISAnnounce-mentJournalvolumeandissueinGRA&I,andanysourceagencyannouncementjournalvolumeandissueinwhichthecitationfirstappeared.
Field Name: Title Note
Example:Datafile,Audiovisual,Thesis,Software,FinalReport,Master’sThesis,Patent,PatentApplication,Models-simulation,VHSvideo,CD-ROM.Definition:Additionaltitleinformationthatclarifiesthedocu-mentorreporttype.Thefieldsometimescontainsasubtitle.
Field Name: Personal Author(s)
Example:Hyder,M.L.,Smith,J.C.Format: Full last name comma [space] first initial period [space] middle initial [period].
Definition:Thisfieldliststhepersonalauthor(s)name(s).Format:Namesarerecordedinthesameorderandastheyap-pearinthedocument,withfirstandmiddleinitials.Alltitles,degrees,Jr.,Sr.,II,IIIandIVareomitted.Priorto1984,somenamesappearwiththelastnamefollowedbythefirstnameandmiddlenameormiddleinitial.Note: There is no authority list for personal author names. Search-ers will need to develop search strategies to provide for variations, using truncation, adjacent, etc., to obtain all the reports by one author. Truncation in online searching means to cut a word short at any point in its order, for example, to retrieve all terms with a common root or both singular and plural forms.
Field Name: Report Date
Example: December2000 2June2000 c19Mar2001Definition:Thisfieldcontainsthedatethedocumentwascompleted.However,ontranslationsandjournalarticlesthisdatemaycorrespondtosomeothertime,suchasthedateofthetranslation,thedateofthejournalissue,thedateofafilingforapatent,orthedateofpublicationinsomeotherjournal.Note: Beginning in mid-1978, a lower case “c” appears for the citations of copyrighted material, as seen in the third example.
Field Name: Pagination or Number of Items
Example: 103p* 1magtape 2diskettesDefinition:Thisfieldcontainsthenumberofpaperormicro-fichepagesinadocument.Blankpagesarenotcounted.Thefieldalsonotesthenumberofmagnetictapes,diskettes,VHStapes,cassettes,etc.Note: An asterisk appearing after the page count indicates that the report generated a great deal of interest when it was announced. This is not a searchable field.
Field Name: Country of Publication
Example:FranceDefinition:Thecountryinwhichthedocumentoriginatedorwaspublished.Note: Each online vendor provides either the full country name or code in its specific search process. International agencies may supply the country in which they are located. In some cases, this field may be blank because the source agency did not provide the information.
Data Elements of the NTIS Database
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Field Name: Language of Document
Example: English,FrenchDefinition:Thelanguageinwhichthefulldocumentwaswritten.Note: If the abstract is in English, but the document is written in another language, then only the language of the full document is identified, and not the language of the abstract.
Field Name: Report Number
Example:DepartmentofTransportation TR-93-03-TEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA) EPA/600/J-94/280Definition: Thenumberthesponsoringagencyassignstothetitle.Mostreportnumbershavealphaprefixesfollowedbynumerics.Thisfieldmaybeblankormaycontainoneortworeportnumbersassignedbytheperformingorganization(s).Note: When the performing and sponsoring organization are the same, the sponsoring organization’s report number will appear in this field, but not in the monitor agency number field. If the docu-ment doesn’t have an agency report number, this field is blank.
Field Name: Contract or Grant Number(s)
Example: USDA-88-COOP-2-3482 NSF-BBS-8820984 DI-14-35-001-30501Definition:Thisfieldcontainsthecontractorgrantnumberassignedbyafederalagencytotheresearchprojectwhichresultedintheciteddocument.
Field Name: Project and Task NumbersNote: These have not been used since 1984.
Example:UCAl-WRC-W-428ARGUSCalibration
Field Name: Monitoring Agency Number
Example:AFGL-TR-85-0194 EPA/560/7-85/000-1Definition: Thisfieldprovidesthereportnumber(s)assignedbythesponsoringorganization(s)unlessthelatterisalsotheperformingorganization(s).Whenthesponsoringandperformingorganizationarethesame,themonitoringagencynumbersareplacedinthereportnumberfield.
Field Name: Supplementary Notes
Example: Seealso... Supersedes... Otherrelatedreports Pub.inProceedingsofthe AmericanControlConference... SponsoredbyDepartmentofEnergy, Washington,D.C. Sponsoredincooperationwith... Anyadditionalinformationabout thedocument
Definition: Thisfieldpresents:thesourceofatranslation;languageofareport,ifotherthanEnglish;sourceofaperiodi-calcitation;supplementalperformingorsponsoringorganiza-tions;additionalcontractsorgrants;andconferences,etc.
Field Name: Availability Statement
Example: AlsoavailableasPBYYYY-1234 AlsoavailableasasetofreportsDefinition: Astatementofavailabilitythatappearswhentherearespecialorderinginstructions,especiallywhenareportisnotavailablefromNTISorwhenthereportisavail-ablefromNTISandanotherorganization.Magnetictapesanddisketteproductsalwayscarryaspecialdescriptivestatementinthisfieldconcerningtheirformat.
Field Name: Descriptors
Example: Airpollutioncontrol Mechanicalproperties *CorrosionpreventionDefinition: DescriptorsaresingleormultiwordsubjecttermsassignedbyNTISorothercontributingagencies.Thesede-scriptorsusethecontrolledvocabularythesauriorwordlistswhichappearinthereferencelistAppendixA.Descriptorsprecededbyanasteriskarethosetermsdeter-minedtobeofgreatestimportanceindescribingthesubjectcontentofareport.Usetheseasteriskedtermstolimitanonlinesearch.ReportsindexedbyNTISareassigneddescrip-torsforthemostspecificconceptscoveredinthedocumentsandforapplicationsoftheresearch.ReportsannouncedbyNTISbutindexedbyanotheragencycontainthatagency’sdescriptorsfromitsownthesauri.Thethreemajoragenciescurrentlyprovidingtheirowndescriptorsare:theDepartmentofDefenseTechnicalInformationCenter(DTIC);DepartmentofEnergy(DOE);andtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA).
Field Name: Identifier
Example: Fugitivedust AIDS(AcquiredImmune DeficiencySyndrome) AutomobileexhaustemissionsDefinition: Identifiersaresingleormultiwordsubjecttermsusedtoexpressconceptsforwhichtherearecurrentlynoadequatedescriptors.Asnewconceptsandtechnologiesarise,newsubjecttermsnotfoundinexistingthesauriareplacedintheIdentifierfield.
IdentifiersprecededbyanasteriskhavethesamesignificanceasDescriptorsprecededbyanasterisk.Identifiersincludenamesofchemicalcompounds,cities,biologicalspecies,computerpro-grams,researchprojects,scientificinstruments,andmore.
Data Elements of the NTIS Database
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Field Name: Abstract
Example:Electronspectroscopyhasbecomeoneofourmostimportanttoolsforthestudyofelectronicstructureofsolidsandsurfaces.Underthiscontract,westudiedthepassiv-ationandinhibitionofcorrosion,utilizingthespectroscopictechniquesofx-rayphotoelectronabsorptionfinestructure(NEXAFS).Definition: AbstractsintheNTISDatabasemaybeeitherindicativeorinformative,basedonthetypeofdocument.Informativeabstractsidentifythemethods,results,applica-tions,andconclusions.Indicativeabstractsdescribecontentorscope,i.e.,ahandbookofchemicalformulas,chaptertitles,ortableofcontentsofatextbook.Abstractsareusuallylimitedto200words.TheNTISdata-basecontainsamixtureofauthorandNTIS-writtenabstracts.ManyoftheauthorabstractsaremodifiedbyNTIS.Since1980,nomodificationshavebeenmadetoabstractspreparedbytheDepartmentofDefense,DepartmentofEnergyortheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration.
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Abbreviations Abstractsandotherfieldsoftencontainabbreviations.However,allsubjecttermsarespelledoutinthedescriptororidentifierfields.
Accession Numbers (also known as NTIS Order Numbers) NTISordernumbersconsistofthispattern:alphacharacter-4digityear-sixdigits-threelettercode.
Example:PBYYYY-123456XABmaybetruncatedasPBYYYY-123456truncationsymbolnumber.
Whensearching,truncatethenumberafterthesixthdigit.WhensearchingforanNTISordernumbertherearetwooptions:(1)todisplayalistoftheneighboringordernumberstoselectthecor-rectnumberandclosing3-lettercodeor;(2)totruncatetheordernumberafterthesixthdigitfollowingtheyearnumber.
NTISproducesPBnumberswithafirstdigitorfirsttwo-digitnumberseriesdesignatingatypeofinformationproduct:
Example:Subscriptionproducts—Sub PB2001-9ComputerProducts PB2001-5ComputerProductSubscriptions PB2001-59(Eachexampleshouldbefollowedbyatruncationsymbol,whichvariesbyonlinevendor.)
Someagenciesthatmaintaintheirownnumberseriesarenotedintheaccessionnumberfielddescription.TheNTISaccession/ordernumberisnotalwaysthesameasthehostvendor’s.Search-ersshouldreviewtherecordformatandfieldqualifiersofthevendor(s)oftheirchoice.
SearchingforreportnumbersintheNTISDatabaserequiresskillbecauseofthepunctuationusedbetweenlettersandnumbers.Theaboveexamplesarespecifictocertainproducttypes.
Hint:Tolimitasearchtocomputerproducts,inadditiontousingdescriptororidentifiertermssuchas“datafile”and“software,”combinethesetwithPBYYYY-5plustruncationsymbol.
Acronyms NTISspellsouteachacronymusedinacitationiftheauthorhassuppliedit,unlessitissocommonthatitwouldbeunnecessarytodoso,e.g.,DNAforDeoxyribonucleicAcid.Withintheab-stract,thephraseexplainingtheacronymisplacedfirst,followedbytheacronyminparenthesis.Intheidentifierfield,boththecompletephraseandacronymareprovidedforsearching.
Biological Species Plants,animals,andmicroorganismsareindexedwiththeirgenusandspeciesnamesand/orthefamilyname.Thecommonnameisalsoindexediftheauthorhasuseditand/orifitisknown.Ifabiologicalsubjecttermisinoneoftherecommendedthesauri,itispostedinthedescriptorfield.
Examples:Descriptors:Liriodendrontulipifera andalsoTuliptree.Descriptors:Mammals;Carnivora;TaxonomyIdentifiers:Hyaena;HyaenaBrisson;StripedHyaena, Felidae;PantheraleopersicaDescriptors:Parasiticdiseases;Plasmodium knowlesi;RhesusmonkeysIdentifiers:Laboratoryanimals
Subject Category Codes/Classification
What they are NTISclassifiescitationsinto39subjectcategories.Eachofthesesubjectcategoriesisdividedintosubcategories.Thismethodprovidessortingcategoriesforbothhardandsoftsciences.
Allsubjectcategoriesconsistofthreecharactercodes:twonumericsandonealphacharacter.Thenumericcodesrepresententirecategoriessuchaschemistry,environmentalpollutionandcontrol,civilengineering,etal.Thealphacodesareusedtodes-ignatesubcategorieswithinthesebroadcategories.ThenumberofNTISsubcategoriespostedtoaninformationproductaveragefromonetofive,althoughtherearesomereportswithmore.
What they do Althoughmostonlinesearchingisconductedusingsubjectindexterms(keywords),subjectcategoriesarealsoveryimportant.Subjectcategoriescanbecombinedwithkeywordstoeliminatefalseretrievals(“hits”).
Example:Combining“Lead”withtheNTISsubjectcategory57Y(Toxicology),retrievesreportcitationsaboutthetoxicityoflead,ratherthanleaduseasanadditiveinironalloys.Example:Citationsfor“Geothermalenergy”reportscanberetrievedbysearchingtheNTIScategory97Pbecausethiscategoryisspecifictogeothermalenergy.Note: Subject categories may be designated as Category Codes or Subject Headings by the online vendor. Always review field desig-nations in the vendor(s) documentation.
NTIS Subject Categories ListedinAppendixBarethesubjectcategoriesNTISusestoclassifynewdocuments.Eachsubjectcategoryisfollowedbyalistofsecondarysubjectcategories.Searchescanbeconductedbyusingtheactualtextofasubjectcategory(i.e.,managementinformationsystems),orusingthesubjectcategorycode(i.e.,70C)thatfollowseachsubject.Becauseeachabstractinthedatabaseisindexedonallwordsintheabstract,searchingusingthesubjectcategorycodewillreducethenumberofstrayhitsandprovidealistofmorerelevantdocuments.
Online Searching HintsSection III
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Category Codes with Asterisks (Highlighted Subject Category Codes) Anasteriskdisplayedafterthesubjectcategorycodeindicatesthatthereportishighlightedforbeingparticularlysignificantinitscontent,approachorpresentation.Tolimitasearch,useanasteriskwiththesubjectcodeinthesearchstatement.
Chemical Nomenclature NTISusesthechemicalnames,tradenames,CASregistrynum-bers,andcommonnamesincludedinthedocumentasdescriptorsoridentifiers.Foracomprehensiveretrieval,searchallknownnamesandclassesofacompound.
Chemicalcompoundsarelistedwiththeircommonname,chemicalname,andclassofcompounds.NTISlistscompoundshierarchicallywiththeirchemicalclassespostedinthedescriptorfieldaswellastheindividualchemicalname.Ifnumerouschemi-calcompoundsarethesubjectsoftheresearch,theclassesofcompoundsaregenerallylisted,butnoteachindividualchemicalcompound.
Standardchemicalabbreviationsfortheelementsmaybeusedintheabstracts,butthenameoftheelementisalwayspostedinitsentiretyinthedescriptorfield.Chemicalelementsmayalsobepostedintheirelementgroups,suchasalkalimetals,alkalineearthmetals,rareearthmetals,etc.
Examples:Descriptors: Hydrochloricacid Chlorine Anilines AminesExamples1.Descriptors: Chlorobenzenes(generalclass) Identifiers:Trichlorobenzenes 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene2.Descriptors: Metals Platinum Preciousmetals(generalclass) Rhodium3.Descriptor: Chlorobenzenes(generalclass) Identifier: Pentachlorobenzene(specific compoundnotfoundinrecognized thesauri)4.Descriptors: Chlorineorganiccompounds (generalclass) Chlorobenzenes Chloroform Carbontetrachloride5.Inorganiccompoundsnotfoundinthesauri: Leadacetate Descriptor: Leadinorganiccompounds Identifier: LeadacetateSince1979,theChemicalAbstractService’s(CAS)RegistryNumberSystemcitesuniquenumbersiftheyarementionedintheitembeingindexed.Registrynumbersarerecordedintwoformats:thestandardformatwithdashesbetweennumbers,
ortheabbreviatedformatwithoutdashes.Thusthenumbermayappearas“CASRegistryNo:10016-20-3”oras“CASRegistryNo:10016203”intheidentifierfield.Itmayalsobeknownas“CASNo.10016-20-3.”Eachonlinesupplierhasafieldqualifierforthesenumbers.Example:Identifier: Chloramines,CAS7782505.Identifier: Formaldehyde,CAS50-00-0.Forindustrialchemicals,pesticides,andpharmaceuticals,NTISusestheChemicalAbstractsServicenomenclatureandtheapprovedcommonname.NTISusestheUnitedStatesAdoptedNames(USAN)(ReferenceNo.)whenclassifyingdrugs.Example:Descriptor: MetalComplexesIdentifier: FDDC[Bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate]Example:Descriptor: ChlorinatedaromatichydrocarbonsIdentifier: PCBs(Polychlorinatedbiphenyls) Polychlorinatedbiphenyls
Chemical Trade Names TradenamessuchasNylonarepostedinadditiontothegenericplasticorpolymername.
Example:Descriptors:Nylon,Polyamideresins.
Computer Programs and Products Computerproductsincludedatafilesandsoftwareavailableonmagnetictape,diskette,CD-ROM,videotapes,andopticaldisks.
Searchforitemsthatidentifyprogramsandproductsbyaddingtheterms“software,”“computerprograms,”“datafile,”and/or“model-simulation”wheneverapplicable.Whensearchingforcomputerprogramsinmachine-readableform,combinetheterms“software”or“computerprogram”andtheterms“magnetictape”or“diskette,”(foundintheTitleNotefield,seep.11ofthismanual)usingtheappropriatefieldqualifier.
Corporate Sources TwotypesofcorporatesourcesarefoundintheNTISdatabase:performingorganization(s)andsponsoringorganization(s).
Online Searching Hints
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Performing Organization(s)Mostreportsarecatalogedwiththenameoftheorganization(s)thatpreparedthereport.Whensearchingforcorporatesourcesfortheyearspriorto1980,usersmustbeawareofthecatalog-ingdifferencescausedbymultipleagencyrules.Thesediffer-encesgenerallyoccurredinabbreviationsandinpunctuation.In1980,NTIScreatedacorporatesourceauthoritydatabaseandanine-digitcodeforeachcorporatesource,eliminatingthesediscrepancies.Thenine-digitcodesappearineachcita-tion.
Sponsoring Organization(s)Thesponsoringorganizationisalwaysagovernmentagency.Thesponsoringorganizationislistedifitisalsotheperform-ingorganization.BeginningwithNTISDatabaseGRA&Iissue74-21,reportscatalogedbyNTIShaveincludedthesponsoringorganizationaswellastheperformingorganization.BeginningwithNTISDatabaseGRA&Iissue76-21,DOEreportshavebeencatalogedwiththesponsoringorganization.
Examplesofperformingorganization(s)andsponsoringorganization(s)inthesamereport(s):
Example: PB94-171444XAB P.O. EmoryUniv.,Atlanta,Ga.,CarterCenter S.O. AgencyforInternationalDevelopment, Washington,D.C.BureauforLatin AmericaandtheCaribbeanExample: PB94-173358XAB P.O. NorthCarolinaStateUniv.atRaleigh. SeaGrantColl.Program S.O. NorthCarolinaDept.ofEnvironment, Health,andNaturalResourcesExample: DE94003817XAB P.O. WestinghouseSavannahRiverCo.,Aiken, SC S.O. DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC
Seealsolistingunder“Sponsoringagencykeywordacronyms”onpage19.
Data Reportscontaininglargeamountsoftabulardataaretaggedbythekeywords“Tables(Data)”or“Statisticaldata.”
Delimited/Declassified ReportsDeclassifiedmaterialsandreportswithlimiteddistributionstatusareaddedtotheNTISDatabasewiththedateitwasacquiredbyNTIS,ratherthanthedatethereportwasprepared.Generallythephrase,“Distributionlimitationnowremoved”willbeincludedintheSupplementalNotesinanyrecordfordeclassified/delimitedmaterials.
Department of Defense (DoD) Declassi‑fied/Delimited Items DeclassifiedreportsfromtheDepartmentofDefensecontainaspecialsearchablecodeintheidentifierfield:NTISDODXA,NTISDODXB,NTISDODXD,etc.Usingthiscodeasasearchtermrestrictsasearchtodeclassifiedreports,or,alternatively,
toensurethatnosuchreportsareincludedinthefinalsearchresults.Between1975and1977,morethan30,000declassifieditemswereaddedtothedatabase.After1977,NTISreceivesdocumentsfromDODastheyaredeclassified.Itisadvisabletolookforthephrase,“Distributionlimitationnowremoved”onDODreportsinadditiontothecode.
Developing Countries NTISannouncesreportsforandaboutdevelopingcountries.Since1979,NTIShasusedthedescriptor“developingcountryapplication”fortitlesrelevanttoforeigngovernments.Reportsaboutadevelopingcountryareusuallyindexedwithoneofthefollowingdescriptors:“developingcountries”or“developingna-tions.”Seealsosubjectcategorycode96Gand96H.
Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) EnvironmentalImpactStatementsaretheenvironmentalreviewsrequiredformajorfederalprojectsthatmightadverselyaffecttheenvironment.AllpreviouslyreleasedEISwereannouncedthroughtheNTISDatabasebeginningwiththeJune1,1971up-dateandendingwiththeApril15,1974update.Sincethen,NTIShasreceivedirregularshipmentsofEIS.
Mostoftheseenvironmentalimpactstatementscanbesearchedbyenteringtheterm,“environmentalimpactstatements-Final”or“environmentalimpactstatements-Draft”inthedescriptororidentifierfield.SomeearlyEISwerenotassignedeitheroftheseterms;however,theycanberetrievedbysearchingfortheprefix“EIS”aspartoftheNTISaccession/ordernumber,truncatingafterthefirstthreecharactersofthenumber,andusingtheap-propriatefieldqualifier.
AnothermethodofselectingEISistousetheNTISsubjectcat-egorycodeEnvironmentalImpactStatements,68H.
Note: This subcategory has been in use since March 15, 1973.
Foreign Language In1979,NTIScreatedafieldtoclassifyreportswritteninalanguageotherthanEnglish.Priorto1979,reportsinforeignlanguageswerementionedinthenotesfield.Englishcannotbesearcheddirectly.
Reports of Non‑U.S. Origin Countrynamesareassignedinthedescriptororidentifierfields.Usingacountrynameinthedescriptororidentifierfieldsearchesforreportsaboutthatcountry.
Countrynamesincitationspriorto1980indicatethatthedocu-menteitheroriginatedinthatcountryorthatthedocumentisaboutthatcountry.In1980,afieldforcountryofpublicationwasaddedtothebibliographiccitationwhenthesourcecountrywasotherthanUnitedStates.SincecountrycodesarenotassignedtodocumentsoriginatingintheUnitedStates,non-U.S.itemscanbeeliminatedusingNOTlogic.
Note: Each online supplier provides search instructions for docu-ments originating in the United States.
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Foreign Research and Technology In1979,NTISbeganusingthesubjectterm“foreigntechnology”toidentifydocumentsaboutcurrentforeignresearch,techniques,andtechnology.Manyofthesereportshavebeenpreparedout-sideoftheU.S.,andincludedocumentspublishedasaresultoffellowshipsorresearchprogramsawardedtoforeignnationalsandsponsoredbyU.S.governmentagencies.
International Business Information TheNTISDatabasecontainsasubstantialamountofnon-U.S.business-relatedinformationespeciallyintheareasofscience,engineeringandtechnology.Reportsincludeforeignmarketsur-veys,foreignsectoralanalysis,industrysubsectoranalysis,andothereconomicstudies.Keysourcesofthistypeofinformationare:theU.S.TradeandDevelopmentProgram,theInternationalTradeAdministration,andtheDepartmentofCommerce’sOfficeofGeneralCounsel.Titlesarepostedwith“exporttradeinforma-tion”and/or“foreignmarketing”identifiers.
Note: The terms foreign marketing and foreign technology are different. For example, tourism doesn’t have a technology compo-nent, but it does have a marketing component.
Seealsolistingunder“translations”onpage19.
Geographical Areas Geographiclocationisincludedonlywhenitisanimportantfacetofanindexeditem.
Thefollowingindexingguidelinesapply:
1.Itemsreferringtoanareainacountrycoveringtwoormorestatesorprovincesareindexedtotheregionandnottheindividu-alstatesorprovinces:
Example: CentralRegions(UnitedStates) GreatPlainsRegion(UnitedStates) NewEngland(exception-regionnot included)
2.Reportsreferringtoindividualstates,provinces,orpartsofstateswithinacountryareindexedtothestates,provinces,anditsparentpoliticalunit:
Example: NorthwestRegion(Iowa) OzarkRegion(Missouri) NorthernRegion(Virginia)
3.Statesandotherpoliticalregions,includingcities,aremodi-fiedwiththecountrynameexceptforthoseofGreatBritain,CanadaandtheUnitedStates.Theymaybepostedinthedescrip-tororidentifierfield.
Example: Arkansas BavariaRegion(Germany) BritishColumbia
4.Coastsaremodifiedwiththecountryorlandareaandpostedintheidentifierfield:
Example: AtlanticCoast(UnitedStates) AtlanticCoast(Canada) GulfCoast(UnitedStates) PacificCoast(Mexico)
Online Searching Hints
5.Naturalfeatures,otherthancoasts,donotreceiveapoliticalmodifier.Thenaturalfeaturemodifierappearslastandispostedinthedescriptorfield.
Example: MississippiDelta SusquehannaRiverBasin MexicoGulf(forGulfofMexico)
6.Lakesandmountainsappearastheyarelistedonstandardmaps.Theyarepostedinthedescriptorfield.
Example: AlpsMountains(Europe) LakeErie GreatSaltLake
Government‑Owned Inventions for Licensing (See also Patents) EffectivewithNTISDatabaseGRA&IIssue72-23(Dec.1,1972),NTISbegantoannounceallpatentsandpatentapplica-tionsissuedtoU.S.governmentagenciesthatareavailableforpubliclicensing.
Hint:U.S.government-ownedapplicationscanbesearchedbycombiningtheterms“patents”or“patentapplications”withNTISSubjectCategory90.IfNTISsubjectcategory90isnotcombinedwitheitheroftheseterms,foreignpatentswillalsoberetrieved.
Health Care/Medicine Subjects Since1980,NTIShasusedtheNationalLibraryofMedicine’sthesaurus,MedicalSubjectHeadings-AnnotatedAlphabeticList-ing,asitsindexingauthorityforreportsinthehealthcareandmedicinefields.Thesubjectcategoriesspecifictothissubjectare:
• Medicine&Biology(57);
• HealthCare(44);and
• BiomedicalTechnologyandHumanFactorsEngi-neering(95).
Threesubcategoriesspecifictothissubjectare:
• UrbanandRegionalTechnologyandDevelop-ment–HealthServices(91F);
• ProblemSolvingforStateandLocalGovern-ments–Humanresources(43C);andPolice,FireandEmergencyServices(43D).
Journal Reprints NTISreceivesandannouncesapproximately500-600journalreprintseachyear.AbouthalfofthesearticlesareoriginatedbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefense;othersarefromtheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(formerlyNationalBureauofStandards)andtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
SomejournalarticlesareavailablefromNTISdependinguponthefundingagency.BeginningwithNTISDatabaseGRA&Iissue75-03,February1975,thedescriptor“reprints”hasbeenassignedtothemajorityofthereprints.Thedocumenttypeisalsonotedasajournalarticle.
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Maps Thedescriptor“maps”isusedwhenevermapsareanintegralpartofareport.Reportsdescribingthewaymapsaremadeareindexedwiththedescriptor“mapping.”
Patents AllU.S.governmentpatentsandpatentapplicationsenteredintotheNTISDatabaseareassignedeither“patents”or“patentappli-cations”inthedescriptorortitlenotefield.Someonlinevendorsdisplayitasthedocumenttypefield.
Sponsoring Agency Keyword Acronyms EffectivewithNTISDatabaseissue7309,May1973,NTISplacedanacronymrepresentingthereport’ssponsoringorganization(s)intheidentifierfield.Thisinformationcanalsobefoundbyenteringtheagencynameasasearchterminthecorporatesource/sponsoringagencyfield.
BeginningwithNTISDatabaseissue7419,October1974,theagencyacronymsareprefixedwiththe“NTIS”acronym.
Examples:NTISDE DepartmentofEnergyNTISDOD DepartmentofDefenseNTISNASA NASANTISCOMNBS NationalInstituteofStandards& Technology(NIST).Note: This acronym combines the Department of Commerce and the former agency name of National Bureau of Standards (NBS).
Thesecodesarehelpfulwhensearchingforsponsoringorganiza-tionsratherthanperformingorganizations,ortofindallreportssubmittedtoNTISbyonespecificagency.
Note: Although a complete list of these source agency acronyms is not available, the meaning of an agency acronym often may be determined from the corporate source field.
Superfund TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)administerstheSuperfundprogram,whichwasestablishedin1980withthepassageoftheComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityAct(CERCLA).In1986,CongresspassedtheSuperfundAmendmentandReauthorizationAct(SARA)whichupdatedandimprovedCERCLA.
AllpubliclyavailabledocumentsfromtheOfficeofEmergencyandRemedialResponse(OERR)areavailablefromNTIS.
Hint:Usethedescriptor“Superfund”tolocaterelevantdocu-ments,suchasSuperfundRecordofDecisionreports.
Translations Eachyear,NTISannouncesapproximately1,000translationsreceivedfromandfundedbygovernmentagencies.Priorto1976,alltranslations,exceptthoseoriginatingwithDOEandNASA,wereassignedthedescriptor“translations.”Since1976,DOEandNASAtranslationsalsohavebeenindexedwith“translations.”
Seealsolistingunder“foreignlanguage.”
Verbalization Allsubscripts,superscripts,Greekletters,scientificandmath-ematicalformulaearefullyspelledoutintheabstractoftherecord.
Example: alpha,beta,gamma,etc. PeroxideappearsasH2O2orHsub2Osub2. WaterappearsasH2OorHsub2O
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Searching the NTIS DatabaseSection IV
*Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions.Fordiskette,NTISOrderNo.:PB95-503504,$30
*Guidelines for Descriptive Cataloging of Reports: A Re-vision of COSATI Standard for Descriptive Cataloging of Government Scientific and Technical Reports.NTISOrderNo.:PB86-112349
NTIS DIALOG Information Services, Inc. (File 6) Bluesheets.DIALOGInformationServices,Inc.Includesfield-by-fielddescriptionofDIALOGsystemsearchcapabilities.http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0006.html
List of Applicable Thesauri*Defense Technical Information Center Thesaurus.DefenseTechnicalInformationCenter,Alexandria,Va.NTISOrderNo.:AD-A378274http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/index.html
International Energy Subject Thesaurus.Joint Thesaurus: ETDE/INIS Joint Reference Series No. 1 (Rev. 1)June2004DOEreportno.:IAEA-ETDE/INIS-1(Rev.1).Containsover21,000termsandincludesdefinitions,entrydate,andbroaderandnarrowerterms.http://www.etde.org/edb/reference.html
International Energy Subject Thesaurus Supplement. ETDE/INIS Joint Thesaurus,IAEA-ETDE/INIS-1(Suppl.42)Updatedmonthly.http://www.etde.org/edb/reference.html
*Medical Subject Headings Publications AlphabeticallistingofallsubjectdescriptorsusedbytheindexersandcatalogersattheNationalLibraryofMedicine(NLM).Updateannually,forinformationaboutorderingfromNTIS,gotohttp://www.ntis.gov/product/mesh.asphttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html
*NASA Thesaurus, Volume 1: Hierarchical Listing. January1998.Containsover25,000subjecttermsthatareusedintheNASAScientificandtechnicalinformationsystemNTISOrderNo.:N1998-0010926http://www.sti.nasa.gov/thesfrm1.htm
*NASA Thesaurus, Volume 2: Rotated Term Display. January1998.NTISOrderNo.:N1998-0010863http://www.sti.nasa.gov/thesfrm1.htm
*NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion) Thesaurus Supplement: A Three-Part Cumulative Supplement to the 1998 Edition of the NASA Thesaurus. Supplement7.
Thesupplementtothe1998editionoftheNASA Thesau-rusincludesallnewtermsandassociatedheirarchiesaddedsincethecutoffforthe1998edition(December1997).NTISOrderNo.:N2001-0066734http://www.sti.nasa.gov/thesfrm1.htm
TEST: Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms. 1967.AvailablefromAmericanAssociationofEngineeringSocieties,111119thSt,NW,Suite403,Washington,D.C.,20036.1-888-400-2237or(202)296-2237.
Transportation Research Thesaurus (TRT).July1999.CD-ROMorpapercopyavailablefromCDBEnterprises,[email protected];Telephone:301-593-8901.
*Thesaurus of Water Resources Terms: A Collection of Water Resources and Related Terms for Use in Indexing Technical Information1989.BureauofReclamation,DenverCO.NTISOrderNo.:PB95-146213
Itemswithanasterisk(*)areavailablefromNTIS;U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NTIS,Springfield,VA22161.Whenordering,youwillneedtheNTISordernumberasindicated.Yourorderingoptionsinclude:Online-insertordernumberasrequestedathttp://www.ntis.gov/help/orderplacing.asp,Byphone(NTISSalesDesk)-1-800-553-6847or703-605-6000,Fax-703-605-6900,[email protected]
TheNTISSalesDeskisavailableforassistance8a.m.-6p.m.;EST,Monday-Friday.TheSalesrepresentativewillverifyatitle,ordernumberorpriceforyou.ForfurtherorderinginformationseetheNTISWebpageathttp://www.ntis.gov/help/orderplacing.asp
Manyofthesereferencesaremadeavailableonlineonthesourceagency’swebsite.Whereavailable,thesewebaddressesarelistedattheendtheentry.
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Section V
TheNTISDatabaseisavailablefromseveralonlinevendors.Eachonlineservicehasitsowncommands,prompts,menuscreens,searchablefields,displayandprintformats,searchsoftwareandspecialfeatures.Thissectionpresentsasummaryofthebasicfeaturesofferedbytheonlinevendors.Formoredetailedinstructions,contacttheindividualonlineprovider.
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)http://www.csa.com7200WisconsinAvenue,Suite601Bethesda,MD20814Telephone:301-961-6700Fax:301961-6720E-mail:[email protected]
DatesofCoverage:1964-current
UpdateFrequency:Biweekly
Size:Over2,150,000records
AN Accession Number:UsethisnumbertoorderthefulltextfromNTIS.
Field CodesAB=Abstract AG=Agency AN=AccessionNumber AU=Author AV=Availability CL=Classification CO=CountryofOrigin DE=DescriptorsID=IdentifiersLA=LanguageNT=Notes
NU=OtherNumbersPA=PatentApplicationDataPB=PublisherPD=PublicationDatePI=PatentIssueDatePY=PublicationYearRP=ReportNumberSF=SubfileSO=SourceTI=TitleUD=Update
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Sample Record - CSA
TI: Title Production,Prices,Employment,andTradeinNorthwestForestIndustries,FourthQuarter1996
AU: Author Warren,DDAV: Availability OrderthisproductfromNTISby:phoneat1-800-553-NTIS(U.S.custom-
ers);(703)605-6000(othercountries);faxat(703)321-8547,andemail:[email protected],Springfield,VA22161,USA.NTISPrices:PCA08/MFA02
SO: SourcePerformer: ForestService,Portland,OR.PacificNorthwestResearchStation.July1997.143p.Report:FSRB-PNW-226
RP: ReportNumber FSRBPNW226;PB97199830AB: Abstract Providescurrentinformationonlumberandplywoodproductionandprices;
employmentintheforestindustries;internationaltradeinlogs,lumber,andplywood;volumeandaveragepricesofstumpagesoldbypublicagencies;andotherrelateditems.
LA: Language EnglishPY: PublicationYear 1997PD: PublicationDate 19970700CO: CountryofOrigin UnitedStatesPT: PublicationType ForestServiceresourcebulletinDE: Descriptors Woodproducts;Forestindustry;Sectoralanalysis;Lumber;Plywood;
Production;Prices;InternationalTrade;Industries;Employment;Volume;Exports;Imports;Tables(Data);Agriculturaleconomics
CL: Classification 48DNaturalResources&EarthSciences:Forestry;96ABusiness&Eco-nomics:DomesticCommerce,Marketing,&Economics;96CBusiness&Economics:InternationalCommerce,Marketing&Economics
UD: Update 199722AN: AccessionNumber PB97199830
Online Services Access – CSA
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Data Star (the Dialog Corporation) http://www.dialog.com11000RegencyParkway,Suite10Cary,NorthCarolina27511Telephone:800-334-2564or919-462-8600Fax:919468-9898or919468-6900E-mail:[email protected]
DatabaseLabel:NTISYearsOnline: NTIS–October1980–todate NT80–1975toSeptember1980 NT74–1970to1974 NTZZ–AllofNTISsince1970Updatefrequency:Monthly
SystemFeatures:
• MAP–extractsandsavestermstouseinanotherdatabase• RANK–statisticalanalysisofsearchresults• Left-handtruncationonImsmarqtrademarkdatabases• TelecommunicationslinktoDIALOG• Promptedofflineprintandalertrequests• SmartAlerts–youchoosethedaytheAlertsrun• KWICprintformat–seesearchtermsincontext• Subaccountexpandedto16characters
List of Selected Data-Star Search Commands
Label Description ExampleAN AccessionNo. 1_:PB90ADJ100041ADJXAD.AN.AU Author 2_:ABERNATHY-$.AU.IN CorporateSource 3_:MINERAL$ADJMANAGEMENT.IN.TI Title 4_:DRILLINGWITHOIL$ADJSPILL$.TI.YR Year 5_:89.YR.JN JournalAnnouncementCode 6_:U9002.JN.RN ReportNo. 7_:OCSADJEISADJEAADJMMS$.RN.PR NTISPrices —Displayonly—CC SubjectCategory 8_:68D.CC.MJ MajorDescriptors 9_:OFFSHORE-DRILLING.MJ.MN MinorDescriptors 10_:WATER-POLLUTION.MN.ID Identifier 11_:NTISDIMMS.ID. 12_:OIL-SPILLS.ID.AB Abstract 13_:GASSAMEENVIRON$4.AB.Additional ParagraphsTA TitleAnnotation 14_:ANNUALWITHREPORT.TA.DE DescriptorSuperlabel 15_:OFFSHOREADJDRILLING.DE.AV Availability —Displayonly—SN SponsoringAgency —Displayonly—NT TitleorSupplementaryNote —Displayonly—-Limit OptionsUP Updatecode 1_:OFFSHOREDRILLING 2_:..L1UP>PB89JN Journalannouncementcode 3_:..L1JN=UJNYR Journalannouncementcode/year 4_:..L1JNYR>89YR Year 5_:..L1YR>88
Online Services Access – Data Star
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Print Formats
SHORT ANAUTIYRTA -:..PSHORT/1-5MEDIUM ANAUTIYRTAAB -:..PMEDIUM/1-10LONG ANAUTIYRTAABDE -:..PLONG/2,6,9Byparagraph (e.g.,Title) -:..PTI/1-5Fulldocument Allparagraphs -:..PALL/1-10
Note: There is no free format for this database.RANKcountstheoccurrencesofuniquetermswithinaspecificfieldfromasearchsetyouhavecreated.MAPautomaticallyextractsandsavesdatafromselectedfieldsofasetofrecords,therebyeliminatingtime-consumingscanningandre-keying.Thestoredsearchmaythenbeexecutedinanotherdatabase,orsavedforlateruse.
Sample Record – Data-Star
AN DE00758362-XAB200011 AccessionNo./UpdateAU Milligan-M. Author(s)IN Performer(s):NationalRenewableEnergyLab., CorporateSource
Golden,CO. Sponsor(s):USDepartmentofEnergy SponsoringAgency Performingauthorcode(s):888888888 PerformingOrg.CodeTI Modelingutility-scalewindpowerplants, TitleoftheReport
Part1,Economics PD: 29,June2000,40.P PublicationDateJN: u2000102,n199901 JournalannouncementCodeRN: NREL/TP-500-27514 ReportNumberCN ContractAC36-99G010337 ContractNumberPR: PCA04/MFA01 PriceAV: Productreproducedfromdigitalimage.Orderthisproduct Availability
fromNTISbyphoneat1-800-553-NTIS(U.S.customers); (703)605-6000(othercountries);faxat(703)605-6900;[email protected],Springfield,VA,22161,USA.
CC 97I,97G. ClassificationcodesMJ Wind-Power-Plants,Electrical-utilities,Economics. MajordescriptorsMN Operation,Reliability,Mathematical-models, Minordescriptors
Power-Generation,LoadAnalysis,Life-Cycle-Cost.ID Wind-Energy,Electricity-Generation, Keywords
Wind-Power-Plants,Modeling,Production-Cost-ModelsAB Astheworldwideuseofwindturbinegeneratorscontinues Abstract
toincreaseinutility-scaleapplications,itwillbecomeincreasinglyimportanttoassesstheeconomicreliability impactoftheseintermittentresources.
(Actual abstract abbreviated for this example.)
Online Services Access – Data Star
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The DIALOG Corporation http://www.dialog.com11000RegencyParkway,Suite10Cary,NorthCarolina27511Telephone:800334-2564or919-462-8600Fax:919-468-9898or919-468-6900E-mail:[email protected]
Print Options User-definedformats:canbespecifiedusingthedisplaycodesindicatedinthesearchoptionstables,e.g.,TYPES3/TI,JN,PY/1-5.
List of Selected DIALOG Search Commands Command Explanation ExampleBegin ToconnecttoNTISfile B6Sterm Searchterm smediaEterm Expandterm:displaysonlineindex emedia inalphaorderaroundsearchtermTorD Toviewonlineresultsusing t5/3/1-4 oneofDialog’seightformatsPR Toprintoff-linesearchresults pr5/3/1-4PR- Tocanceloff-lineprints pr-p002AND,OR,NOT Logicalconnectors(w)(1w) Proximityconnectors(n)(1n) Proximityconnectors(f) Proximityconnectors field(l) Proximityconnectors descriptors(s) Proximityconnectors subfieldSAVETEMP Tosavesearchstrategyfor7days savetempSAVE Tosavesearchstrategypermanently saveEXS Torunasavedsearch exssa001LOGOFFHOLD Tosaveasearchfor30minutesRECALL Tolistsearchsaves recallsaveRELEASE Topurgesearchsaves releasesaveHELP Toexplainsystemcommands helpfile6; andfilestructure helpfield6 filepricelist helprates6 Limitbyyears helplimit6DS Todisplaysearchhistory DS3;DS1-10 TodisplayselectedsetsSORT Tosortsearchresultsbytitle,etc. sorts1/all/tiNTISprice Paper/Microfiche helpntiscode;codetables Papercopyexception helpntisecod; Diskettes helpntisdcod; Magnetictapeproducts helpntistcodTime&Charges Atlogoff&end savecostRANK<DE> ToanalyzetermfrequencyTARGET Searchusingrelevanceranking
Online Services Access – DIALOG
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Sample Record–Dialog
RN PB2001-104037/XAB NTISAccessionNo.TI Logic-Based,PerformanceDrivenElectricVehicle Title SoftwareDesignTool(Finalrept.Jul98-Aug00)AU Blackketter,D.M.;Alexander,D.G. PersonalAuthorCS IdahoUniv.,Moscow.NationalInst.forAdvanced CorporateSource TransportationTechnology. Corp.SourceCodes:009858007 Corp.SourceCodesSP DepartmentofTransportation,Washington,D.C. SponsoringAgency ResearchandSpecialProgramsAdministrationRN ReportNo.:NIATT-N01-10 ReportNo. Feb200130p(Reportdate,pagination) –displayonly–LA English LanguageJA JournalAnnouncement:USGRDR0113 JournalAnnouncementNT SponsoredbyDepartmentofTransportation, Note Washington,D.C.,ResearchandSpecialPrograms Administration.Productreproducedfromdigitalimage. OrderthisproductfromNTISbyphoneat1-800-553-NTIS (U.S.customers);(703)605-6000(othercountries);faxat (703)605-6900;[email protected] at5285PortRoyalRoad,Springfield,VA22161,USA.NTIS NTISPrices:PCA03/MFA01. –displayonly–CP UnitedStates CountryofPublicationCN DTRS98-G-0027 ContractNumberAB Thegoalofthisresearchwastodevelopcomputer-based Abstract logicalgorithmsandbuildthemintoSmartHEV,aseries hybridelectricvehiclesoftwaredesignprogram. (Abstract abbreviated for this example.)DE ElectricVehicles;*Computeraideddesign; Descriptors *Vehicledesign;VehiclePerformance;Computer software;Algorithms;Hybridvehicles;ID SmartHEVdesignprogram;NTISDOTOUR IdentifiersSH 85H(Transportation—RoadTransportation); SectionHeadings 41A(ManufacturingTechnology—Computer (SubjectCategories) AidedDesign(CAD)
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Search Name/Description Example Tag AA AbstractAvailable AAY [PhraseIndexed] Searchestheabstractavailablefield AU Author AUM.Beyermann [WordIndexed] SearchesauthorbyInitialsandlastname AB Abstract ABPhaseParticles [WordIndexed] SearchestheAbstractsummaryforkeywords AN Accessionnumber ANPB97-210801/XAB [PhraseIndexed] SearchestheexactaccessionNumber/uniqueidentifier. CA CorporateSource CAOakRidgeNationalLab [WordIndexed] Searchescorporatesourcebysourcename CC SubjectCategoryCode CC46C [WordIndexed] or Searchesforwordsinthesubjectcategorycode.Thiscan CCOptics&Lasers besearchedbothbycodeandbyspelled-outsubjectCR ContractNumber CRAC05-96OR22464 [PhraseIndexed] Searchesfortheexactcontractnumber CY CountryofPublication CYFrance [PhraseIndexed] Searchesfortheexactcountryofpublication DE Subjectheadings DESovereignty [PhraseIndexed] Searchesfortheexactdescriptor
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DT PublicationDate DT1997 [NumericallyIndexed] SearchesthePublicationdateinYYYYformat ID Identifiers IDInternationalAffairs [WordIndexed] Searchesforwordswithintheidentifiersfield LA Language LAGerman [PhraseIndexed] Searchestheoriginallanguageofthedocument MC MajorConcepts MCInternationalRelations [PhraseIndexed] Searchesfortheexactmajorconcept NI NumberofItems NI52 [WordIndexed] Searchesforwordsornumbersinthenumberofitemsfield NO Note NOReporttoCongress [WordIndexed] Searchesforkeywordsinthenotesfield PG Pagination PG10 [NumericallyIndexed] Searchesthenumberofpagesnumerically RE ReportNumber RESUNY-TR-48 [NumericallyIndexed] Searchesthereportnumberfield SO Source SODepartmentofEnergy [WordIndexed] SearchesforwordswithinatitlelistedinthesourcefieldofareviewSP SponsoringOrganization SPDepartmentofEnergy [WordIndexed] Searchesforwordsinthesponsoringorganization SU Descriptors SUInternationalRelations [WordIndexed] SearchesforwordsintheSubject,DescriptorsandIdentifiersfield TI Title TIPreventiveAction:CasesandStrategies [WordIndexed] Searchesforwordsinthetitleofthearticle
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Elsevier Engineering Information Inc.1CastlePointTerraceHoboken,NJ07030T:+1-800-221-1044F:+1-201-356-6801E-mail:[email protected]:http://www.ei.org
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In Expert Search, fields that can be searched: Field Field Code Abstract AB Accessionnumber AN Allfields All Author AU Authoraffiliation AF Availability AV Classificationcode CL Contractnumber CT Controlledterm CV Countryoforigin CO Documenttype DT Filingdate PA Language LA Monitoringagency AG Notes NT Patentissuedate PI Reportnumber RN Subject/Title/Abstract KY Title TI Uncontrolledterm FL
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NTIScanbeviewedin3recordformats:citation,abstractanddetailedrecords.Eachabstractanddetailedrecordhasalinknamed“OrderFromNTIS”whichtakestheusertotheNTISordersystem.
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Example of an NTIS Detailed Record Accession number: ADA410873 Title: EnergyConversioninLaserPropulsionII Authors: Larson,C.W.;Mead,F.B.;Kalliomaa,W.M. Author affiliation: AirForceResearchLab.,EdwardsAFB,CA.SpaceandMissilePropulsionDiv. Author affiliation codes: 115210002441421 Report number: AFRL/PRS-ED-TP-2001-247 Publication date: Dec2001 Pages: 22p Language: English Country of origin: UnitedStates Document type: Technicalpaper Notes: PaperpresentedattheAIAAAerospaceSciencesMeeting&Exhibit(40th)heldin
Reno,NV,on14-17Jan2002. Abstract: Thispaperreportsonananalysisofoverallenergyconversioninlaserpropulsion.
Experimentalstudiesofalaboratory-scalepropulsiondevicethatabsorbslaserenergyandconvertsthatenergytopropellantkineticenergywerecarriedout.TheMyraboLaserLightcraft(MLL),propelledbylaser-heatedair,wasstudied.
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NTIS price code: PCA03/MFA01 Project number: 1011 Task number: Task0046 Journal announcement: u0314 NTIS controlled terms: Laserapplications|Energyconversion|Kineticenergy|Carbondioxidelasers|
Rocketpropulsion|Solidpropellants|Blowdown|Experimentaldata|Symposia|Spacecraft|Thermodynamics|Pulsedlasers|Thermalexpansion|Heating|Highenergylasers|Ionization|Chemicalequilibrium|Reflectors|Equationsofstate|Delrin
Uncontrolled terms: Laserheatedpropellant|Laserpropulsion|Laserenergy|Conversionefficiency|Laserheatedair|Mll(Myrabolaserlightcraft)|Lightcraft|Equilibriumexpansion|Frozenexpansion|Airexpansion|Equilibriumblowdown|Frozenblowdown
NTIS classification codes: 46COpticsandLasers|81BCombustion,EnginesandPropellantsElectricandIonPropulsion|81GRocketEnginesandMotors|84AAstronautics
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Ovid Technologies http://www.ovid.com333SeventhAvenueNewYork,NY10001Telephone:800-950-2035;InNewYorkCity:646-674-6300Fax:646-674-6301 E-mail:[email protected]
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Record StructureLabel Field Function ExamplesAN AccessionNo. Search tib-b89-82561-xab.anUP UpdateCode Search 9406.up limit ..1/1up=9406AU Author Search strueder,L.au strueder,$.auIN Institutionand Search computerapplications.in InstitutionCode ij535353.inTI Title Search eigenvalueproblem.tiTA TitleAnnotation –displayonly–NT Notes –displayonly–YR PublicationYear Search nov1993.yr.,1993.yr limit ..L/2yr=1993JN JournalAnnouncement Search u9006.jnSA SponsoringAgency Search nasa-cr-194662.sa nasa.saRN ReportNumber Search mpi-pae-exp-el-208.mCN Contractand/or Search nasi-18605.cn GrantNumbersPN Projectand/or –displayonly– TaskNumbersPR Price –displayonly–AV Availability –displayonly–CC SubjectCategoryCodes Search 89d.cc.and72b.ccMJ MajorDescriptors Search problemsolving.mjMN MinorDescriptors Search energyresolution.mnDE Descriptors Search algorithms.de (MJ,MN) reactingflow.deID Identifiers Search ntisnasa.idAB Abstract Search supersonic combustion.ab
Coverage:1964topresent
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AccessionNumber PB2001-107910-XABAuthor BunteK;AbtSR.Institution RockyMountainResearchStation,FortCollins,CO.;114618000Title SamplingSurfaceandSubsurfaceParticle-SizeDistributionsinWadableGravel-and
Cobble-BedStreamsforAnalysesinSedimentTransport,Hydraulics,andStreambedMonitoring.
YearofPublication MayAbstract Thisdocumentprovidesguidanceforsamplingsurfaceandsubsurfacesedimentfrom
wadablegravel-andcobble-bedstreams.Afterashortintroductiontostreamstypesandclassificationsingravel-bedrivers,thedocumentexplainsthefieldandlaboratorymeasurementofparticlesizesandthestatisticalanalysisofparticle-sizedistributions.Analysisofparticleparameters,includingshape,density,andbulkdensityarealsodiscussed.Thedocumentdescribesthespatialvariabilityofbed-materialparticlesizesaswellasthehorizontalandverticalstructureofparticledeposits.Thediscussionofsamplingproceduresandequipmenthelpstheusertomakeappropriateselectionsthatsupportthesamplingobjective.Sample-sizeestimatesmaybeobtainedfromempiri-caldataorcomputedfromstatisticalrelationshipsbetweensamplesizeandaccuracy.Thedocumentexplainsavarietyofmethods,theirusageandprerequisites.Adetaileddiscussionofsamplingschemesguidesthe!usertoselectappropriatespatialsam-plingpatternsnecessarytoproducerepresentativesamples.
JournalAnnouncement u0122ReportNumber RMRS-GTR-74Price NTISPrices:PCA21/MFA04Availability Productreproducedfromdigitalimage.OrderthisproductfromNTISby:phoneat
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SubjectCategoryCodes 48G.48EMajorSubjectDescriptors Hydraulics
StreambedsSedimenttransport
MinorSubjectDescriptors SamplingproceduresSamplingequipmentSamplesize
Identifiers *Particle-sizeanalysis.Bedmaterials.Spatialsamplingstructures.SpatialvariabilityNotes Finalrept.454PAGESUpdateCode 0122
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SilverPlatter Information, Inc.http://www.silverplatter.com100RiverRidgeDriveNorwood,MA02062-5043Telephone:800-343-0064or781-769-2599 Fax:781-769-8763 E-mail:[email protected]
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BelowaretheNTISfieldswiththeirabbreviation.Fieldslistedinboldarelimitfields.
List of Selected SilverPlatter Search Fields
Label Field NameAB AbstractAG AgencySourceCodeAN AccessionNumberAU PersonalAuthorAV AvailabilityNote*CA Corporate Author CodeCC Subject Category CodesCI Country of Intellectual OriginCN Contract/GrantNumber(s)CS CorporateSourceDE DescriptorsDEM MajorDescriptorsDER MinorDescriptorsID IdentifiersIDM MajorIdentifiersIDR MinorIdentifiersLA LanguageNT DescriptiveNote*PR NTISPriceCodes*PY Publication YearRD ReportDate/Pagination*RN ReportNumberSC SubjectCategoriesTI TitleUD Update Date
• TheAV,NT,PR,andRDfieldsarenotsearchable.Thecitation,abriefrecord,consistsoftheTI,AN,CS,RD,NT,AV,PR,RN,andCNfields.FormoreonNTISfields,selectGuidefromtheHelpmenu.
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Sample Record - SilverPlatter
TI PreventingtheDiseasesofAging:SpecialFocus:Healthy Title Aging.ChronicDiseaseNotesandReports,Volume12,Number3,Fall1999AN PB2001102122XSP AccessionNumberAU Ramsey-T. PersonalAuthorsCS Performer:NationalCenterforChronicDiseasePrevention CorporateSource andHealthPromotion,Atlanta,GA.RD 1999.20p. ReportDate/PaginationPY 1999 PublicationYearNT ColorillustrationsreproducedinblackandwhiteAV Productreproducedfromdigitalimage.Orderthisproduct DescriptiveNote fromNTISby:phoneat1-800-533-NTIS(U.S.customers); (703)605-6000(othercountries);faxat(703)605-6900;and [email protected] 5285PortRoyalRoadSpringfield,VA,22161,USACI UNITED-STATES CountryofIntellectualOriginLA ENGLISH LanguagePR PCA03/MFA01 NTISPriceCodesDE Elderly-persons;Treatment-;Population-growth;Alzheimer’s- Descriptors disease;Arthritis-;Diabetes-;Physical-activities;Quality-of-life; Demography-;Public-health;Health-statistics;Trends-;DE *Aging-;*Chronic-diseases;*Prevention-; DescriptorsID *CDC-Center-for-Disease-Control;*Center-for-Disease-Control Identifiers SC Medicine-and-biology-Clinical-Medicine(57E); SubjectCategories Medicine-and-biology-Public-health-and-industrial-medicine(57U); Health-planning-and-health-services-research-Community- and-population-characteristics(44C) CC 57E,57U,44C,44,57 SubjectCategoryCodesAB Thenewmilleniumbringsthenationmanychallenges,butnone Abstract
ismoretroublingthatthatofcaringforincreasinglylargepopulationofAmericansolderthan65years.Notonlyhasthebirthratedecreasedsince1964,whenthebabyboomended;atthesametime,lifeexpectancyhasincreaseddramatically,from47yearsin1900to76yearsin1990.Adultsoverthan85yearsarethefastest-growingpartofthepopulation;by2030,theyareexpectedtonumber8.5million.‘Ifdiseasepatternsstaythesame,thehealthcaresystemwillhavetospendanadditional$400to$500billiontocoverthecostsofanolderpopulation’,saidJamesS.Marks,MD,MPH,Director,NCCDPHP.Howeverlifesylechangesandincreasedemphasisonpreventioncouldreversethetrendsofincreasingchronicdisease,disability,anddeath.
AG: HEWCDC AgencySourceCodeCA: 104227000 CorporateSourceCodeUD: 200106 UpdateDate
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http://www.cas.orgChemicalAbstractsService2540OlentangyRiverRoadP.O.Box3012Columbus,Ohio43210Telephone:800-848-6533.OhioandCanada800-848-6538,or614-447-3600Fax:614-447-3713 E-mail:[email protected]
SystemFeatures:
· 1964tothepresent· Morethan2,121,220records(9/00)· Updatedweekly· Automaticcurrent-awarenesssearches(SDIs)arerun weekly
STN Search and Display Field Codes
Search Field Name Search Code Search Examples Display CodesBasicIndex(containssingle None SMOTORISTS AB,CT,TI,UTfromwordsfromthetitle(TI), (or/BI) SDRIVINGHABIT#abstract(AB),controlledterm(CT), SDRIV?(2W)EXPER? anduncontrolledterm(UT)fields) SCOAL(S)MINE# SPATCL110? SANALYSIS/BI,CCApplicationNumber /AP S6376852/AP NRAuthor(patentinventor) /AU SMCCARTHY,PE/AU AUClassificationCode(COSATI, /CC S85/CC CCNTIS.etc.)(code,maincode S10A/CC(NTIS),andtext) S*57E/CC STRANSPORTATION?/CC S(GROUP(W)BEHAVIOR)/CCControlledTerm(includes /CT SALCOHOLLAWS/CT CTmainheading) S*HEATRECOVERY/CTCorporateSource(performing, /CS S(DEPART?(2W)INTERIOR)/CS CSsponsoring,orcooperating SCOMBUSTIONENGINEERING?/CSperformingorganization, S(BETHESDA(L)SPONSOR)/CSpatentassignee) S(ROME(W)AIR(L)COOP)/CSCountryofIntellectual /CY SGERMANY?/CY CYOrigin(codeandtext) SDE/CYEntryDate(1) /ED SL1ANDED>=19980100 Notdisplayed (or/UP)Language(codeandtext) /LA SL1ANDENGLISH/LA LA SL1ANDEN/LANumberofContract(grant, /NC SAID-DSAN-C-0063/NC NCproject,ortask) SBMFT/NCNumberofReport(NTISOrder /NR SPB85-138436!XAD/NR NRNumber)(numberandprefix) SL1ANDPB/NROtherSources(journaland /OS SGRA&I8507/OS OSdatabaseissue) SGREENHOUSE#NOTINIS/OSPatentNumber /PN S4387655/PN NRPublicationDate(1) /PD S19810501/PD PD S19980100-19980600/PDPublicationYear(1) /PY SPY>=1997 PDSource(containsnumberof /SO STRRLSR826/SO NC,NRcontract,numberofreport)Title /TI SMETHOD?/TI TI SFINALREPT/TI(1)Numericsearchfieldthatmaybesearchedusingnumericoperatorsorranges.
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Select, Analyze, and Sort Fields The SELECT command is used to create E-numbers containing terms taken from the specified field in an answer set.
The ANALYZE command is used to create an L-number containing terms taken from the specified field in an answer set.
The SORT command is used to rearrange the search results in either alphabetic or numeric order of the specified field(s).
Field Name Field Code Analyze/ Select SortAbstract AB Y NAuthor(PatentInventor) AU Y YClassificationCode CC Y YControlledTerm CT Y NCorporateSource CS Y YCountryofIntellectualOrigin CY Y YLanguage LA Y YNumberofContract NC Y YNumberofReport NR Y YOtherSource OS Y YSource SO Y(1) NPublicationDate PD Y YTitle TI Y(default) YUncontrolledTerm UT Y N(1)SelectsoranalyzestheNRwith/SOappendedtothetermscreatedbySELECT.
DISPLAY and PRINT Formats Anycombinationofformatsmaybeusedtodisplayorprintanswers.Multiplecodesmustbeseparatedbyspacesorcommas,e.g.,DL11-5TIAU.Thefieldsaredisplayedorprintedintheorderrequested.Hit-termhighlightingisnotavailableinthisfile.
Format Content ExamplesAB(1) Abstract DTIAB13AN(1) AccessionNumberandNTISOrderNumber D1-5ANAU Author(patentinventor) D2AUTICC(1) ClassificationCode DCCCS CorporateSource(patentassignee) DCS (includesAU)CT(1) ControlledTerm DCTCY(1) CountryofIntellectualOrigin DCYLA(1) Language DLATINC(1) NumberofContract(grant,projectortask) DNCNR(SO) NumberofReport(patentnumber, DNR applicationnumber)OS OtherSource DOSPD(1) PublicationDate DPDTI(1) Title DTI1-10,13UT(1) UncontrolledTerm DCTUT5-15ALL AN,TI,AU,CS,NC,NR,PD,LA,CY,OS,AB, D1-3ALL CC,CT,UTBIB AN,TI,AU,CS,NC,NR,PD,LA,CY,OS DL28BIB (BIBisthedefault) DDALL ALL,delimitedforpost-processing DDALLIALL ALL,indentedwithtextlabels DIALLIBIB BIB,indentedwithtextlabels DIBIBIND(1) AN,CC,CT,UT DINDTRIAL(TRI)(1) TI,CC,CT,UT DTRIALTOTAL(1) No online display fee for this format.
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DISPLAY BIB
AN 98(07):1300NTISOrderNumber:PB98-851769/XAB
TI PoultryorAvianVaccinesandInoculation.(LatestcitationsfromtheU.S.PatentBibliographicFilewithExemplaryClaims).(PublishedSearch.)
CS NERAC,Inc.,Tolland,CTSponsor:NationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,VA
NR PB98-851769/XAB50-250citations.NTISPrices:PCN01/MFN01Availability:OrderthisproductfromNTISby:phoneat1-800-553-NTIS(U.S.customers);(703)605-6000(othercountries);faxat(703)321-8547;andemailatordersntis.fed-world.gov.NTISislocatedat5285PortRoyalRoad,Springfield,VA,22161,USA.Notes:SponsoredinpartbyNationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,VA.
PD Jan1998
LA English
CY UnitedStates
OS GRA&I9807;ERAC,Inc.1995
DISPLAY IND
AN 98(12):2944NTIS
CC *71RWoodandpaperproducts,88EReferencematerials
CT *Bibliographies;*Fireresistance;*Fireresistantcoatings;*Papers;*Wood;Fireprotection;PatentsPublishedSearches
UT NTISPSPTO;NTISNERACD
Sample Records – STN International
DISPLAY IALL ACCESSIONNUMBER: 98(24):1272
NTISORDERNUMBER: N19980210778/XAB
TITLE: CouplingProcessesBetweenAtmosphericChemistryandClimate.(SemiannualReportNo.2.)
AUTHOR: Ko,M.K.W.;Weisenstein,D.;Shia,R.L.;Sze,N.D.
CORPORATESOURCE: AtmosphericandEnvironmentalResearch,Inc.,Cambridge,MASponsor:NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,Washington,DC(055522000;A6525710)
NUMBEROFCONTRACT: Contract:NAS5-97039
NUMBEROFREPORT: N19980210778/XAB;NAS1.26:206865;NASA/CR-1998-20686568p.NTISPrices:PCA05/MFA01Availability:OrderthisproductfromNTISby:phoneat1-800-553-NTIS(U.S.customers);(703)605-6000(othercountries);faxat(703)605-6900;[email protected],Springfield,VA,22161,USA.
PUBLICATIONDATE: 1Mar1998
LANGUAGE: English
COUNTRY: UnitedStates
OTHERSOURCE: STAR3617
ABSTRACT: Theoverallobjectiveofthisprojectistoimprovetheunderstandingofcouplingprocessesbetweenatmosphericchemistryandclimate.Modelpredictionsofthefuturedistributionsoftracegasesintheatmosphereconstituteanimportantcomponentoftheinputnecessaryforquantitativeassessmentsofglobalchange.Wewillconcentrateonthechangesinozoneandstratosphericsulfateaerosol,withem-phasisonhowozoneinthelowerstratospherewouldrespondtonaturaloranthropogenicchanges.ThekeymodelingtoolsforthisworkaretheAER2-dimensionalchemistry-transportmodel,theAER2-di-mensionalstratosphericsulfatemodel,andtheAERthree-waveinteractivemodelwithfullchemistry.Wewillcontinuedevelopingourthree-wavemodelsothatwecanhelpNASAdeterminethestrengthandweaknessofthenextgenerationassessmentmodels.
CLASSIFICATIONCODE: 68EnvironmentalPollutionandControl55AtmosphericSciences
CONTROLLEDTERM: *Manenvironmentinteractions;*Ozone;*Environmenteffects;*Climate;*Atmosphericcomposition;*Atmosphericchemistry;Traceelements;Sulfates;Mathematicalmodels;Airpollution;Aerosols
UNCONTROLLEDTERM:NTISNASA
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Alphabetical Listing by Major CategoriesAppendix A
70‑AdministrAtion & mAnAgement700-General70A-InventoryControl70B-ManagementPractice70C-ManagementInformationSystems70D-PersonnelManagement,LaborRelations
&ManpowerStudies70E-ResearchProgramAdministration
&TechnologyTransfer70F-PublicAdministration&Government70G-Productivity
51‑AeronAutics & AerodynAmics510-General51A-Aerodynamics51B-Aeronautics51C-Aircraft51D-Parachutes&Decelerators51E-Avionics51F-TestFacilities&Equipment
98‑Agriculture & Food980-General98A-AgriculturalChemistry98B-AgriculturalEconomics98C-AgriculturalEquipment,Facilities,
&Operations98D-Agronomy,Horticulture,&PlantPathology98E-AnimalHusbandry&VeterinaryMedicine98F-Fisheries&Aquaculture98G-AgricultureResourceSurveys98H-FoodTechnology
54‑Astronomy & Astrophysics540-General54A-Astrogeology54B-Astronomy&CelestialMechanics54C-Astrophysics54D-CosmicRayResearch
55‑Atmospheric sciences550-General55A-Aeronomy55B-DynamicMeteorology55C-MeteorologicalDataCollection,Analysis,
&WeatherForecasting55D-MeteorologicalInstruments
&InstrumentPlatforms55E-PhysicalMeteorology55F-WeatherModification
92‑BehAvior & society920-General92A-JobTraining&CareerDevelopment92B-Psychology92C-SocialConcerns92D-Education,Law,&Humanities92E-InternationalRelations
95‑BiomedicAl technology & humAn FActors engineering
950-General95A-Prosthetics&MechanicalOrgans95B-TissuePreservation&Storage95C-BiomedicalInstrumentation
&Bioengineering95D-HumanFactorsEngineering95E-LifeSupportSystems95F-Bionics&ArtificialIntelligence95G-ProtectiveEquipment
89‑Building industry technology890-General89B-ArchitecturalDesign
&EnvironmentalEngineering89C-ConstructionManagement&Techniques89D-StructuralAnalyses89E-BuildingStandards&Codes89G-ConstructionMaterials,Components,
&Equipment89H-BuildingEquipment,Furnishings,
&Maintenance
96‑Business & economics960-General96A-DomesticCommerce,Marketing,
&Economics96C-InternationalCommerce,Marketing,
&Economics96D-ConsumerAffairs96E-MinorityEnterprises96F-Banking&Finance96G-ForeignIndustryEconomicDevelopment96H-ForeignBusiness&Economics
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99‑chemistry990-General99A-AnalyticalChemistry99B-IndustrialChemistry
&ChemicalProcessEngineering99C-PolymerChemistry99D-Basic&SyntheticChemistry99E-Photochemistry&RadiationChemistry99F-Physical&TheoreticalChemistry
50‑civil engineering500-General50A-HighwayEngineering50B-CivilEngineering50C-ConstructionEquipment,Materials,
&Supplies50D-Soil&RockMechanics
81‑comBustion, engines, & propellAnts810-General81A-Combustion&Ignition81B-Electric&IonPropulsion81C-Fuel&PropellantTanks81D-Jet&GasTurbineEngines81G-RocketEngines&Motors81H-RocketPropellants81I-NuclearPropulsion81J-Reciprocation
&RotatingCombustionEngines
45‑communicAtion450-General45A-Policies,Regulations,&Studies45B-Radio&TelevisionEquipment45C-CommonCarrier&Satellite45D-Sociopolitical45E-Graphics45F-Verbal45G-Communication&InformationTheory
62‑computers, control & inFormAtion theory
620-General62A-ComputerHardware62B-ComputerSoftware62C-ControlSystems&ControlTheory62D-InformationProcessingStandards62E-InformationTheory62F-PatternRecognition&ImageProcessing62R-ApplicationsSoftware62S-DataFiles
63‑detection & countermeAsures630-General63A-AcousticDetection63B-Electromagnetic
&AcousticCountermeasures63C-Infrared&UltravioletDetection63D-MagneticDetection63E-NuclearExplosionDetection63F-OpticalDetection63G-PersonnelDetection63H-RadiofrequencyDetection63I-SeismicDetection
49‑electrotechnology490-General49A-Antennas49B-Circuits49C-ElectromechanicalDevices49D-ElectronTubes49E-OptoelectronicDevices&Systems49F-Power&SignalTransmissionDevices49G-Resistive,Capacitive,
&InductiveComponents49H-SemiconductorDevices
97‑energy970-General97A-Reserves97B-EnergyUse,Supply,&Demand97E-ElectricPowerTransmission97F-FuelConversionProcesses97G-Policies,Regulations&Studies97I-ElectricPowerProduction97J-Heating&CoolingSystems97K-Fuels97L-EngineStudies(EnergyRelated)97M-Batteries&Components97N-SolarEnergy97O-MiscellaneousEnergyConversion
&Storage97P-GeothermalEnergy97Q-SelectedStudiesInNuclearTechnology97R-EnvironmentalStudies
68‑environmentAl pollution & control680-General68A-AirPollution&Control68B-NoisePollution&Control68C-SolidWastesPollution&Control68D-WaterPollution&Control68E-PesticidesPollution&Control68F-RadiationPollution&Control68G-EnvironmentalHealth&Safety68H-EnvironmentalImpactStatements
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90‑government inventions For licensing
900-General90A-MechanicalDevices&Equipment90B-Chemistry90C-NuclearTechnology90D-Biology&Medicine90E-Metallurgy90F-Electrotechnology90G-Instruments90H-Optics&Lasers90I-Ordnance90J-FoodTechnology
44‑heAlth cAre440-General44A-PlanningMethodology44B-AgencyAdministrative
&FinancialManagement44C-Community&PopulationCharacteristics44D-HealthCareAssessment
&QualityAssurance44E-HealthCareMeasurementMethodology44F-HealthCareForecastingMethodology44G-Environmental&OccupationalFactors44H-HealthCareTechnology44J-HealthDeliveryPlans,Projects&Studies44K-HealthServices44L-HealthCareNeeds&Demands44M-HealthResources44N-HealthCareUtilization44P-HealthEducation&ManpowerTraining44Q-Health-RelatedCosts44R-Economics&Sociology44S-Legislation&Regulations44T-Data&InformationSystems44U-HealthCareDeliveryOrganization
&Administration
94‑industriAl & mechAnicAl engineering940-General94A-ProductionPlanning&ProcessControls94B-QualityControl&Reliability94C-PlantDesign&Maintenance94D-JobEnvironment94E-EnvironmentalEngineering94F-Tooling,Machinery,&Tools94G-ManufacturingProcesses
&MaterialsHandling94H-IndustrialSafetyEngineering94I-Hydraulic&PneumaticEquipment94J-NondestructiveTesting94K-Laboratory&TestFacilityDesign
&Operation
88‑liBrAry & inFormAtion sciences880-General88A-Operations&Planning88B-InformationSystems88C-Marketing&UserServices88D-Personnel88E-ReferenceMaterials
41‑mAnuFActuring technology410-General41A-ComputerAidedDesign(CAD)41B-ComputerAidedManufacturing(CAM)41C-Robotics/Robots41D-Productivity41E-Manufacturing,Planning,Processing
&Control41F-Joining41G-QualityControl&Reliability41H-PlantDesign&Maintenance41I-JobEnvironment41J-Tooling,Machinery,&Tools41K-EngineeringMaterials41L-Tribology41M-Optics&Lasers41N-ComputerSoftware41O-DomesticCommerce,Marketing,
&Economics41P-ResearchProgramAdministration
&TechnologyTransfer
71‑mAteriAls sciences710-General71A-AblativeMaterials&Ablation71B-Adhesives&Sealants71C-Carbon&Graphite71D-Ceramics,Refractories,&Glass71E-Coatings,Colorants,&Finishes71F-CompositeMaterials71G-Corrosion&CorrosionInhibition71H-Elastomers71I-Fibers&Textiles71J-Iron&IronAlloys71K-Lubricants&HydraulicFluids71L-MaterialsDegradation&Fouling71M-MiscellaneousMaterials71N-NonferrousMetals&Alloys71O-Plastics71P-RefractoryMetals&Alloys71Q-Solvents,Cleaners,&Abrasives71R-Wood&PaperProducts
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72‑mAthemAticAl sciences720-General72B-Algebra,Analysis,Geometry,
&MathematicalLogic72E-OperationsResearch72F-StatisticalAnalysis
57‑medicine & Biology570-General57A-Anatomy57B-Biochemistry57C-Botany57D-ClinicalChemistry57E-ClinicalMedicine57F-Cytology,Genetics,&MolecularBiology57G-Dentistry57H-Ecology57I-Electrophysiology57J-Immunology57K-Microbiology57L-Nutrition57M-OccupationalTherapy,PhysicalTherapy,
&Rehabilitation57N-Parasitology57O-Pathology57P-PestControl57Q-Pharmacology
&PharmacologicalChemistry57S-Physiology57T-Psychiatry57U-PublicHealth&IndustrialMedicine57V-Radiobiology57W-StressPhysiology57X-Surgery57Y-Toxicology57Z-Zoology
74‑militAry sciences740-General74A-AntiaircraftDefenseSystems74B-AntimissileDefenseSystems74C-AntisubmarineWarfare74D-Chemical,Biological,
&RadiologicalWarfare74E-Logistics,MilitaryFacilities,&Supplies74F-MilitaryIntelligence74G-MilitaryOperations,Strategy,&Tactics74H-NuclearWarfare74I-PassiveDefenseSystems
75‑missile technology750-General75A-Air&Space-LaunchedMissiles75B-MissileGuidance&ControlSystems75C-MissileLaunching&SupportSystems75D-MissileTrackingSystems
75E-MissileTrajectories&ReentryDynamics75F-MissileWarheads&Fuses75G-Surface-LaunchedMissiles75H-Underwater-LaunchedMissiles
48‑nAturAl resources & eArth sciences480-General48A-MineralIndustries48B-NaturalResourceManagement48C-NaturalResourceSurveys48D-Forestry48E-SoilSciences48F-Geology&Geophysics48G-Hydrology&Limnology48H-Snow,Ice,&Permafrost48I-Cartography
76‑nAvigAtion, guidAnce, & control760-General76A-ControlDevices&Equipment76B-GuidanceSystems76C-Navigation&GuidanceSystemComponents76D-NavigationSystems
77‑nucleAr science & technology770-General77A-FusionDevices(Thermonuclear)77B-Isotopes77C-NuclearAuxiliaryPowerSystems77D-NuclearExplosions&Devices77E-NuclearInstrumentation77F-RadiationShielding,Protection,&Safety77G-RadioactiveWastes&Radioactivity77H-ReactorEngineering
&NuclearPowerPlants77I-ReactorFuels&FuelProcessing77J-ReactorMaterials77K-ReactorPhysics
47‑oceAn sciences & technology470-General47A-MarineEngineering47B-DynamicOceanography47C-Physical&ChemicalOceanography47D-BiologicalOceanography47E-MarineGeophysics&Geology47F-OceanographicVessels,Instruments,
&Platforms47G-Hydrography47H-UnderwaterConstruction&Habitats
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79‑ordnAnce790-General79A-Ammunition,Explosives,&Pyrotechnics79B-Armor79C-Bombs79D-CombatVehicles79E-Detonations,ExplosionEffects,&Ballistics79F-FireControl&BombingSystems79G-Guns79H-Rockets79I-UnderwaterOrdnance
82‑photogrAphy & recording devices820-General82A-Holography82B-PhotographicTechniques&Equipment82C-RecordingDevices
46‑physics460-General46A-Acoustics46B-FluidMechanics46C-Optics&Lasers46D-SolidStatePhysics46E-StructuralMechanics46G-PlasmaPhysics46H-RadiofrequencyWaves
43‑proBlem‑solving inFormAtion For stAte & locAl governments
430-General43A-Finance43B-Economic&CommunityDevelopment43C-HumanResources43D-Police,Fire,&EmergencyServices43E-Energy43F-Environment43G-Transportation
84‑spAce technology840-General84A-Astronautics84B-ExtraterrestialExploration84C-MannedSpacecraft84D-SpacecraftTrajectories&FlightMechanics84E-SpaceLaunchVehicles
&SupportEquipment84F-SpaceSafety84G-UnmannedSpacecraft
85‑trAnsportAtion850-General85A-AirTransportation85C-MetropolitanRailTransportation85D-TransportationSafety85E-PipelineTransportation85F-GlobalNavigationSystems85G-Marine&WaterwayTransportation85H-RoadTransportation85I-RailroadTransportation
91‑urBAn & regionAl technology & development
910-General91A-EnvironmentalManagement&Planning91B-Transportation&TrafficPlanning91C-FireServices,LawEnforcement,
&CriminalJustice91D-Communications91E-Housing91F-HealthServices91G-UrbanAdministration&Planning91H-RegionalAdministration&Planning91I-EmergencyServices&Planning91J-EconomicStudies91K-SocialServices91L-Recreation
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Ablative Materials and Ablation...................................... (71A)Acoustic Detection ............................................................. (63A)Acoustics............................................................................ (46A)Adhesives and Sealants......................................................(71B)Administration and Management...................................... (70)Aerodynamics.................................................................... (51A)Aeronautics.........................................................................(51B)Aeronautics -Test Facilities and Equipment..............................................................(51F)Aeronautics and Aerodynamics.......................................... (51)Aeronomy........................................................................... (55A)Agricultural Chemistry.................................................... (98A)Agricultural Economics.....................................................(98B)Agricultural Equipment, Facilities, and Operations............................................................. (98C)Agricultural Resource Surveys........................................ (98G)Agriculture and Food........................................................... (98)Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Pathology.................................................... (98D)Air and Space-Launched Missiles................................... (75A)Air Pollution and Control................................................. (68A)Air Transportation............................................................ (85A)Aircraft............................................................................... (51C)Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, and Mathematical Logic..............................................(72B)Ammunition, Explosives, and Pyrotechnics.......................................................... (79A)Analytical Chemistry........................................................ (99A)Anatomy............................................................................. (57A)Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine........................................................................(98E)Antennas............................................................................ (49A)Antiaircraft Defense Systems........................................... (74A)Antimissile Defense Systems.............................................(74B)Antisubmarine Warfare................................................... (74C)Architectural Design and Environmental Engineering.................................(89B)Armor..................................................................................(79B)Astrogeology...................................................................... (54A)Astronautics....................................................................... (84A)Astronomy and Astrophysics.............................................. (54)Astronomy and Astrophysics Cosmic Ray Research.................................................. (54D)Astronomy and Celestial Mechanics................................(54B)Astrophysics....................................................................... (54C)
Atmospheric Sciences.......................................................... (55)Atmospheric Sciences Dynamic Meteorology..................................................(55B)Avionics...............................................................................(51E)Banking and Finance.........................................................(96F)Basic and Synthetic Chemistry........................................ (99D)Batteries and Components...............................................(97M)Behavior and Society........................................................... (92)Biochemistry.......................................................................(57B)Biological Oceanography.................................................. (47D)Biomedical Instrumentation and Bioengineering...................................................... (95C)Biomedical Technology and Human Factors Engineering.................................. (95)Bionics and Artificial Intelligence.....................................(95F)Bombs................................................................................. (79C)Botany................................................................................ (57C)Building Construction Management and Techniques............................................................. (89C)Building Construction Materials, Components, and Equipment..................................... (89G)Building Equipment, Furnishings, and Maintenance......................................................... (89H)Building Industry Technology............................................. (89)Building Standards and Codes.........................................(89E)Building Structural Analyses........................................... (89D)Business - Foreign Industry Development and Economics............................................................. (96G)Business - International Commerce, Marketing, and Economics......................................... (96C)Business and Economics...................................................... (96)Business Domestic Commerce, Marketing, and Economics............................................................. (96A)Carbon and Graphite....................................................... (71C)Cartography........................................................................(48I)Ceramics, Refractories, and Glass.................................. (71D)Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare........................................... (74D)Chemistry.............................................................................. (99)Chemistry - Physical and Theoretical..............................(99F)Chemistry - Photo and Radiation.....................................(99E)Circuits................................................................................(49B)Civil Engineering...............................................................(50B)Civil Engineering (Heading)............................................... (50)
NTIS Subject Categories Alphabetical Listing by All Categories
Appendix B
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Civil Engineering Construction Equipment, Materials, and Supplies............................................... (50C)Clinical Chemistry............................................................ (57D)Clinical Medicine...............................................................(57E)Coatings, Colorants, and Finishes....................................(71E)Combat Vehicles................................................................ (79D)Combustion and Ignition.................................................. (81A)Combustion, Engines and Propellants Electric and Ion Propulsion.........................................(81B)Combustion, Engines, and Propellants.............................. (81)Common Carrier and Satellite......................................... (45C)Communication.................................................................... (45)Communication Graphics.................................................(45E)Communication and Information Theory...................... (45G)Communication Policies, Regulations, and Studies................................................................... (45A)Communications - Sociopolitical..................................... (45D)Communications - Verbal..................................................(45F)Composite Materials..........................................................(71F)Computer Aided design (CAD)........................................ (41A)Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM).........................(41B)Computer Control Systems and Control Theory............................................................. (62C)Computer Hardware......................................................... (62A)Computer Information Processing Standards...................................................................... (62D)Computer Information Theory.........................................(62E)Computer Software............................................................(62B)Computers, Control, and Information Theory................................................ (62)Consumer Affairs.............................................................. (96D)Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition............................... (71G)Cytology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology.....................(57F)Dentistry............................................................................. (57G)Detection and Countermeasures......................................... (63)Detonations, explosion effects, and ballistics..................................................................(79E)Dynamic Oceanography....................................................(47B)Ecology............................................................................... (57H)Education, Law, and Humanities.................................... (92D)Elastomers......................................................................... (71H)Electric Power Production.................................................(97I)Electric Power Transmission.............................................(97E)Electromagnetic and Acoustic Countermeasures..........................................................(63B)Electromechanical Devices............................................... (49C)Electron Tubes................................................................... (49D)
Electronic Resistive, Capacitive, and Inductive Components......................................... (49G)Electrotechnology................................................................. (49)Energy................................................................................... (97)Energy Environmental Studies........................................ (97R)Energy Policies, Regulations, and Studies...................... (97G)Energy Reserves................................................................ (97A)Energy Use, Supply, and Demand....................................(97B)Engine Studies (Energy Related)......................................(97L)Engineering Materials...................................................... (41K)Environmental Engineering..............................................(94E)Environmental Health and Safety................................... (68G)Environmental Impact Statements.................................. (68H)Environmental Pollution and Control................................ (68)Fibers and Textiles..............................................................(71I)Fisheries and Aquaculture................................................(98F)Fluid Mechanics.................................................................(46B)Food Technology................................................................ (98H)Forestry.............................................................................. (48D)Fuel and Propellant Tanks............................................... (81C)Fuel Conversion Processes................................................(97F)Fuels................................................................................... (97K)Fusion Devices (Thermonuclear)..................................... (77A)Geology and Geophysics....................................................(48F)Geothermal Energy............................................................(97P)Global Navigation Systems................................................(85F)Government Inventions - Biology and Medicine................................................................ (90D)Government Inventions - Chemistry................................(90B)Government Inventions - Electrotechnology...................(90F)Government Inventions - Food Technology..................... (90J)Government Inventions - Instruments............................ (90G)Government Inventions - Mechanical Devices and Equipment............................................... (90A)Government Inventions - Metallurgy...............................(90E)Government Inventions - Nuclear Technology.................................................................... (90C)Government Inventions - Optics and Lasers.................................................................... (90H)Government Inventions - Ordnance..................................(90I)Government Inventions for Licensing................................ (90)Guns ................................................................................... (79G)Health Care ........................................................................... (44)Health Care Agency Administrative and Financial Management .........................................(44B)Health Care Assessment and Quality Assurance ................................................ (44D)
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Health Care Community and Population Characteristics ............................................................. (44C)Health Care Data and Information Systems ...................(44T)Health Care Delivery Organization and Management ......................................................... (44U)Health Care Economics and Sociology ............................ (44R)Health Care Environmental and Occupational Factors ................................................ (44G)Health Care forecasting Methodology .............................(44F)Health Care Legislation and Regulations ........................ (44S)Health Care measurement Methodology .........................(44E)Health Care Needs and Demands .....................................(44L)Health Care Technology ................................................... (44H)Health Care Utilization ..................................................... (44N)Health Delivery Plans, Projects, and Studies .................. (44J)Health Education and Manpower Training .....................(44P)Health Planning Methodology ......................................... (44A)Health Resources ...............................................................(44M)Health Services .................................................................. (44K)Health-Related Costs ........................................................ (44Q)Heating and Cooling Systems ........................................... (97J)Highway Engineering ....................................................... (50A)Holography ........................................................................ (82A)Human Factors Engineering ............................................ (95D)Hydraulic and Pneumatic Equipment ..............................(94I)Hydrography ..................................................................... (47G)Hydrology and Limnology ............................................... (48G)Immunology ........................................................................ (57J)Industrial and Mechanical Engineering ............................ (94)Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Plant Design and Maintenance ................................... (94C)Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Production Planning and Process Controls ........................................................................ (94A)Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Quality Control and Reliability ...................................(94B)Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Process Engineering .....................................................(99B)Industrial Job Environment ............................................. (94D)Industrial Laboratory and Test Facility Design and Operation .................................................. (94K) Industrial Safety Engineering .......................................... (94H)Infrared and Ultraviolet Detection .................................. (63C)International Relations ......................................................(92E)Inventory Control ............................................................. (70A)Iron and Iron Alloys ........................................................... (71J)Isotopes ................................................................................(77B)Jet and Gas Turbine Engines ........................................... (81D)
Joining .................................................................................(41F)Library and Information Science Marketing and User Services ...................................... (88C)Library and Information Science Personnel ......................................................... (88D)Library and Information Sciences ..................................... (88)Library and Information Sciences Operations and Planning ............................................ (88A)Library Information Systems ...........................................(88B)Life Support Systems .........................................................(95E)Logistics, Military Facilities, and Supplies ......................(74E)Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids .................................... (71K)Magnetic Detection ........................................................... (63D)Management Information Systems ................................. (70C)Management Practice ........................................................(70B)Manned Spacecraft ........................................................... (84C)Manufacturing Job Environment ......................................(41I)Manufacturing Computer Software ................................ (41N)Manufacturing Domestic Commerce, Marketing, and Economics ......................................... (41O)Manufacturing Optics and Lasers ...................................(41M)Manufacturing Plant Design and Maintenance ......................................................... (41H)Manufacturing Processes and Materials Handling .............................................. (94G)Manufacturing Productivity ............................................ (41D)Manufacturing Quality Control and Reliability .............................................................. (41G)Manufacturing Research Program Administration and Technology Transfer ..................(41P)Manufacturing Technology ................................................. (41)Manufacturing Tooling, Machinery, and Tools ........................................................................ (41J)Manufacturing, Planning, Processing, and Control ...................................................................(41E)Marine and Waterway Transportation ........................... (85G)Marine Engineering .......................................................... (47A)Marine Geophysics and Geology ......................................(47E)Materials Degradation and Fouling .................................(71L)Materials Sciences ................................................................ (71)Mathematical Sciences ......................................................... (72)Medicine and Biology .......................................................... (57)Medicine and Biology Electrophysiology ..........................(57I)Meteorological Data Collection, Analysis, and Weather Forecasting ............................................ (55C)Meteorological Instruments and Instrument Platforms .......................................... (55D)Metropolitan Rail Transportation ................................... (85C)
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Microbiology ...................................................................... (57K)Military Intelligence ...........................................................(74F)Military Operations, Strategy, and Tactics ..................... (74G)Military Sciences .................................................................. (74)Mineral Industries ............................................................ (48A)Minority Enterprises .........................................................(96E)Miscellaneous Energy Conversion and Storage ................................................................... (97O)Miscellaneous Materials ...................................................(71M)Missile Guidance and Control Systems ............................(75B)Missile Launching and Support Systems ........................ (75C)Missile Technology ............................................................... (75)Missile Tracking Systems ................................................. (75D)Missile Trajectories and Reentry Dynamics ....................(75E)Missile Warheads and Fuses .............................................(75F)Natural Resource Management ........................................(48B)Natural Resource Surveys ................................................ (48C)Natural Resources and Earth Sciences .............................. (48)Navigation and Guidance System Components .................................................................. (76C)Navigation Control Devices and Equipment ............................................................. (76A)Navigation Guidance Systems ...........................................(76B)Navigation Systems ........................................................... (76D)Navigation, Guidance, and Control .................................... (76)Noise Pollution and Control ..............................................(68B)Nondestructive Testing ...................................................... (94J)Nonferrous Metals and Alloys .......................................... (71N)Nuclear Auxiliary Power Systems ................................... (77C)Nuclear Explosion Detection .............................................(63E)Nuclear Explosions and Devices ...................................... (77D)Nuclear Instrumentation ...................................................(77E)Nuclear Propulsion .............................................................(81I)Nuclear Reactor Engineering and Nuclear Power Plants ........................................... (77H)Nuclear Reactor Fuels and Fuel Processing .....................(77I)Nuclear Reactor Materials ................................................ (77J)Nuclear Reactor Physics ................................................... (77K)Nuclear Science and Technology ......................................... (77)Nuclear Technology Selected Studies .............................. (97Q)Nuclear Warfare ................................................................ (74H)Nutrition ..............................................................................(57L)Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, and Rehabilitation .......................................................(57M)Ocean Technology and Engineering ................................... (47)Oceanographic Vessels, Instruments, and Platforms ................................................................(47F)
Operations Research ..........................................................(72E)Optical Detection ................................................................(63F)Optics and Lasers .............................................................. (46C)Optoelectronic Devices and Systems ................................(49E)Ordnance .............................................................................. (79)Ordnance - Fire Control and Bombing Systems ..................................................(79F)Parachutes and Decelerators ........................................... (51D)Parasitology ....................................................................... (57N)Passive Defense Systems .....................................................(74I)Pathology ........................................................................... (57O)Pattern Recognition and Image Processing .....................(62F)Personnel Detection .......................................................... (63G)Pest Control ........................................................................(57P)Pesticides Pollution and Control .......................................(68E)Pharmacology and Pharmacological Chemistry ..................................................................... (57Q)Photographic Techniques and Equipment .......................(82B)Photography and Recording Devices ................................. (82)Physical and Chemical Oceanography ............................ (47C)Physical Meteorology .........................................................(55E)Physics ................................................................................... (46)Physiology ........................................................................... (57S)Pipeline Transportation .....................................................(85E)Plasma Physics .................................................................. (46G)Plastics ................................................................................ (71O)Polymer Chemistry ........................................................... (99C)Power and Signal Transmission Devices ..........................(49F)Problem Solving for State and Local Governments - Finance ............................................... (43A)Problem Solving for State and Local Governments-Economic and Community Development .....................................(43B)Problem Solving for State and Local Governments Environment .........................................(43F)Problem Solving Information for State and Local Governments ................................................. (43)Productivity ....................................................................... (70G)Prosthetics and Mechanical Organs ................................ (95A)Protective Equipment ....................................................... (95G)Psychiatry ...........................................................................(57T)Psychology ..........................................................................(92B)Public Administration and Government ..........................(70F)Public Health and Industrial Medicine ........................... (57U)Radiation Pollution and Control ......................................(68F)Radiation Shielding, Protection, and Safety ......................................................................(77F)
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Radio and Television Equipment ......................................(45B)Radio Frequency Detection .............................................. (63H)Radio Frequency Waves ................................................... (46H)Radioactive Wastes and Radioactivity ............................ (77G)Radiobiology ...................................................................... (57V)Railroad Transportation .....................................................(85I)Reciprocating and Rotating Combustion Engines ..................................................... (81J)Recording Devices ............................................................. (82C)Reference Materials ...........................................................(88E)Refractory Metals and Alloys ...........................................(71P)Research Program Administration and Technology Transfer ..............................................(70E)Road Transportation ......................................................... (85H)Robotics/Robots ................................................................. (41C)Rocket Engines and Motors ............................................. (81G)Rocket Propellants ............................................................ (81H)Rockets ............................................................................... (79H)Seismic Detection ................................................................(63I)Semiconductor Devices ..................................................... (49H)Snow, Ice, and Permafrost ................................................ (48H)Social Concerns ................................................................. (92C)Soil and Rock Mechanics .................................................. (50D)Soil Sciences ........................................................................(48E)Solar Energy ...................................................................... (97N)Solid State Physics ............................................................. (46D)Solid Wastes Pollution and Control ................................. (68C)Solvents, Cleaners, and Abrasives ................................... (71Q)Space Extraterrestrial Exploration ..................................(84B)Space Launch Vehicles and Support Equipment ......................................................(84E)Space Safety ........................................................................(84F)Space Technology ................................................................. (84)Spacecraft Trajectories and Flight Mechanics .......................................................... (84D)State and Local Governments - Transportation ............................................................. (43G)State and Local Government Energy ...............................(43E)State and Local Governments - Human Resources ........................................................ (43C)State and Local Governments Police, Fire, and Emergency Services ............................................. (43D)Statistical Analysis .............................................................(72F)Stress Physiology .............................................................. (57W)Structural Mechanics .........................................................(46E)Surface-Launched Missiles .............................................. (75G)Surgery ............................................................................... (57X)
Tissue Preservation and Storage ......................................(95B)Tooling, Machinery, and Tools ..........................................(94F)Toxicology .......................................................................... (57Y)Transportation ...................................................................... (85)Transportation Safety ....................................................... (85D)Tribology .............................................................................(41L)Underwater Construction and Habitats ......................... (47H)Underwater Ordnance ........................................................(79I)Underwater-Launched Missiles ....................................... (75H)Unmanned Spacecraft ...................................................... (84G)Urban Administration and Planning ............................... (91G)Urban and Regional Technology and Development ............................................................ (91)Urban and Regional Technology Communications .......................................................... (91D)Urban Economic Studies ................................................... (91J)Urban Emergency Services and Planning ........................(91I)Urban Environmental Management and Planning ................................................................ (91A)Urban Fire Services, Law Enforcement, and Criminal Justice ................................................... (91C)Urban Health Services .......................................................(91F)Urban Housing ...................................................................(91E)Urban Recreation ...............................................................(91L)Urban Regional Administration and Planning ................................................................ (91H)Urban Social Services ....................................................... (91K)Urban Transportation and Traffic Planning ...................(91B)Water Pollution and Control ............................................ (68D)Weather Modification ........................................................(55F)Wood and Paper Products ................................................ (71R)Zoology ................................................................................(57Z)
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Alphabetical Listing with Scope DescriptionsAppendix C
70‑AdministrAtion & mAnAgement
700‑GeneralOrganizationalstructureandorganizationtheory.
70A‑Inventory ControlInventoryanalysis;Inventorymodels;Obsolescence;Repair-re-
placementtradeoffs;Spareparts;Stocklevelcontrol;Usageprediction;Warehouseautomation;Stockpiling.
70B‑Management PracticeTheoryandconceptsofmanagementincludingrecordkeeping,
planning,scheduling,organization,coordination,decisionmak-ing,policymaking;Productivitymanagement;Costeffective-ness;Systemsmanagement;Contactmanagement;Managementmethods(PERT,PPB,etc.);Managementgames.Appliedstud-iesareclassifiedintheapplication.
Forresearchmanagement,use70E.
70C‑Management Information SystemsInformationsystemswhichincludedatacollection,dataprocessing,
andinformationdeliveryforuseindecisionmakinganevalua-tionbymanagers;Manualandautomatedsystems.
Seealso88B.
70D‑Personnel Management, Labor Relations & Manpower Studies
Selection,recruitment,management,utilization,andevaluationofpersonnel;Jobdescriptions;Jobanalysis;Salaryadministra-tion;Laborsupply;Laborunions;Arbitrationandbargaining;Industrialrelations;Fringebenefits,andincentives;Manpowerallocationrequirementsandutilization.
Forlibraryandinformationsciencepersonnel,use88D.Forhealthpersonnel,use44P.
70E‑Research Program Administration & Technology Transfer
Researchmanagement,development,andforecasting;Researchcontractmanagement;Researchneeds;Technologytransferandforecasting.Excludesresearchmethodsperse.Studiesofspecificprogramsareexcludedunlesstheydiscussaprogramatthenationallevel,technologyinnovation,ortrendsandimpactsofnewtechnology.
70F‑Public Administration & GovernmentNational,state,andlocalgovernmentstructure,operation,and
administration.Operationsofgovernmentagenciesandtheirinteractions;Intergovernmentalrelations.
Seealso43,91G,and91H.
70G‑ProductivityProductivityofbusinesses,government,employees,management,
andservices;Improvingqualityofworklife;Measurementofproductivityefficiencyandeffectiveness;Employeeattitudesandmotivation,manpowerutilizationandperformanceim-provement,jobsatisfaction,jobsecurity;Labor-managementcooperation,jointcommitteesparticipativemanagement,jobre-design;Alternativeworkschedules;Incentiveplans.Productiv-itybarriersincludingregulations,obsoletepractices,paperwork,andfinancingmethods.
Seealso70B,70D,70F,96A,and96G.Forspecificapplicationsofproductivitytomanufacturing,use41D
and94.
51‑AeronAutics & AerodynAmics
510‑GeneralIncludeslandingmats.
51A‑AerodynamicsAerodynamiccharacteristicsandproblemsofbodiesastheyare
affectedbythedynamicsofphenomenarelatingtoboundarylayer,lift,drag,laminarandturbulentflow,compressibleflow,lift,aerodynamicheating,vortexflow,wake,etc.inaerodynam-icregimes.Includesaircraft,groundvehicles,andstructures.
Seealso46B.Formissilereentrydynamics,use75E.Forspacecraftreentrydynamics,use84D.
51B‑AeronauticsAircraftoperationssuchastakeoffandlanding,all-weatherand
nightflight,taxiing,approach,letdown,in-flightrefueling,etc.Includesaviationaccidents.
51C‑AircraftDesign,production,andmaintenanceofaircraft,aircraftcompo-
nentsandequipment.Structuralstudiesofairframes,bodies,wings,fuselages;Militaryandcommercialaircraft;Balloons(excludesmeteorologicalballoons);Aircushionvehicles(ex-cludestrackedvehicles).
Seealso85Aand81D.Formeteorologicalballoons,use55D.Fortrackedaircushionvehicles,use85C.Forelectronicequipment,use51E.
*Everyprimarysubjectcategoryhasa“General”subcategorywhichcontainsitemswhosesubjectmatterfallseitherintoseveralsubcategoriesornoneofthesubcategorieswithinaprimarycategory.Inthegenericexamplethatfollows,thePrimarySubjectCategoryisAdministration&Management;theSubjectCategoryCodeis70;theSubcategoryandCodeis70A;andthedescriptionsfollow.Thedescriptionsaretheconceptscontainedinareport;becarefultoavoid“wordmatching.”
70‑AdministrAtion & mAnAgement
70A‑Inventory controlInventoryanalysis;Inventorymodels;Obsolescence;Repair-
replacementtradeoffs;Spareparts;Stocklevelcontrol;Usageprediction;Warehouseautomation;Stock-piling.
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51D‑Parachutes & DeceleratorsDeployabledevicesandstructurestoinducedraganddeceleration
ofaircraft,spacecraft,andtestvehiclessuchasrocketsleds.
51E‑AvionicsAirborneelectronicequipment.Includeselectronicequipmentused
forcommunications;Navigation;Controlsystems;Onboardairtrafficcontrol;Detection.
Seealso45,49,63,and76.
51F‑Test Facilities & EquipmentWindtunnels;Simulators;Flightsimulators.Forflightsimulatorsusedfortraining,use92A.
98‑Agriculture & Food
980‑General
98A‑Agricultural ChemistryTheapplicationofchemistryandchemicalanalysistoagriculture;
Fertilizerproduction;Soilchemistry;Chemistryoffeedingstuffs;Cropchemistry;Biochemicalstudies.
Forfoodchemistry,use98H.
98B‑Agricultural EconomicsEconomicsconditions,markets,subsidies,andpoliciesaffecting
agriculture;Farmmanagementandfinance;Landandlaboreconomics;Pricesandpricecontrol.
Seealso96C.
98C‑Agricultural Equipment, Facilities, & Operations
Agriculturalengineering;Agriculturalmachineryandtools;Seedpreservation;Planting,fertilizing,mulching,weeding,andharvesting;Pestanddiseasecontroltechniquesandequipment;Cropprotection;Cropdryingandstorage;Farmwatersupplies;Irrigationsystems;Farmsafety;Farmconstructionandopera-tion.
Forpestcontrol,seealso57P.Forfoodprocessing,use98H.
98D‑Agronomy, Horticulture, & Plant PathologyFieldcropproduction;Cultivationoforchards,gardensandnurser-
ies;Plantbiology;Plantbreeding,propagation,andhybridizing;Hydroponics.
Seealso57C.
98E‑Animal Husbandry & Veterinary MedicineProductionandcareofdomesticandwildanimals;Breeding,feed-
ing,management,rearing,testing,andtraining;Pets;Animalpathology;Toxiceffectsondomesticanimals;Animalquarantine;Diseaseresistance,controlandtreatment;Breeding,care,andutilizationoflaboratoryanimals.
Seealso57Z.
98F‑Fisheries & AquacultureFishing,fishingequipment,andshipboardprocessingoffisheries
products;Cultivationoffishes,shellfish,andalgaeinfreshorsaltwaterforcommercialorrecreationaluse;Useoffishladdersandweirs;Sportfishing.
Seealso47D,48B,and57Z.Forfishprocessing,use98H.
98G‑Agriculture Resource SurveysSurveystoscancropyields,soilmoisturecontent,cropdiseases,
andforestdiseases.Includesfisherysurveys;Satelliteandaerialsurveys.
98H‑Food TechnologyPasteurizing,curing,canning,dehydrating,freezing,irradiation,
freezedrying,etc.,offoodsandotheragriculturalproducts;Sanitationandfumigationofproducts;Foodadditivesandpre-servatives;Analysisandinspectionofproducts;Storage,pack-aging,anddisplayofproducts;Kitchenandcookingequipment.
Forbiochemicalstudiesoffoods,seealso57B.
54‑Astronomy & Astrophysics
540‑General
54A‑AstrogeologyStudiesofthestructureandcompositionofplanetsandotherbodies
inthesolarsystem.Forgeologyandgeophysics,seealso48F.
54B‑Astronomy & Celestial MechanicsPositionsandmotionsofthecelestialbodies;Ephemerides,
Eclipses.
54C‑AstrophysicsPhysicalandchemicalaspectsofcelestialbodies,theiroriginand
evolution.Includesastronomicalspectroscopy,radioastronomy,solarstructure,andplanetaryatmospheres.
54D‑Cosmic Ray ResearchDetectionandanalysisofcosmicrays.
55‑Atmospheric sciences
550‑General
55A‑AeronomyPhysicsandchemistryoftheupperatmosphere;Composition;
Chemicalreactions;Aurora;Airglow;Solar-terrestrialrelation-ships.
Forcosmicrayresearch,use54D.
55B‑Dynamic MeteorologyStudiesofatmosphericmotions;Atmosphericdiffusionmodels;
Atmosphericcirculation.Forairpollutionmovementstudies,use68A.
55C‑Meteorological Data Collection, Analysis, & Weather Forecasting
Climatology;Satellitemeteorology;Weatherprediction;Icefore-casting.
55D‑Meteorological Instruments & Instrument Platforms
Instrumentsusedtorecordmeteorologicalparameters;Meteoro-logicalballoons;Weatherstations;Soundingrockets;Remotesensors.
55E‑Physical MeteorologyAcoustical,electrical,optical,andthermodynamicpropertiesofthe
atmosphere;Cloudphysics;Precipitationtheory;Globalwarm-ing.
Seealso68A.
55F‑Weather ModificationChangeofweatherconditionsthroughartificialmeans;Fogdisper-
sal;Artificialprecipitation.
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92‑BehAvior & society
920‑GeneralIncludesgeneraloverallcensusstudies;Politicalscience.
92A‑Job Training & Career DevelopmentVocationaltraining;On-the-jobtraining;Retraining;Vocational
rehabilitation;Useanddesignoftrainingsimulators(includingflightsimulators)andequipment;Instructionalaids;Profes-sionaldevelopment;Careerdevelopment.
Forcurriculumdevelopment,use92D.
92B‑PsychologyHumanbehavior;Personality;Intelligence;Learningability;Judge-
ment;Motivation;Perception;Jobsatisfaction;Leadershipcharacteristics;Psychometrics;Adaptability;Social,industrial,group,organizational,interpersonal,andexperimentalpsychol-ogy;Clinicalpsychology;Physiologicalpsychology.
Forthemeasurementofhearing,vision,heartrate,respirationandotherphysiologicalresponsesasrelatedtobehavior,use57Tor57W.
92C‑Social ConcernsSociologyandsociometrics;Racerelations;Agegroupand
minoritygroupstudies;Socialrehabilitationofdrugabusers,alcoholics,physically,emotionally,andmentallyhandicapped,offenders,etc.;Culturalandeconomicdeprivation;Socialdiscrimination;Immigration;Demography;Socialservices,in-cludingchildcare,welfare,counseling,financialassistance,andemploymentandunemploymentservices;Attitudestudies.
Seealso43C,44,and91K.
92D‑Education, Law, & HumanitiesFormaleducation;Schoolsystems;Educationaladministration;
Curricula;Instructionaldevicesandmaterials,includingaudiovisual;Teachingmethods;Computer-assistedinstruction;Laws;Linguistics;Machinetranslation;Finearts;Archaeology;History;Anthropology;Humanities;Religion.
92E‑International RelationsPoliticalandsocialindicators;Crisesandcrisismanagement;Con-
flictanalysis;Foreignaid;Foreignpolicyandforeignaffairs;Internationalpoliticalscience;Disarmamentandarmscontrol;Espionage;Includesinternationalrelationshipsconcerningter-ritorialseas,fishing,extradition,andnaturalresources.
Seealso74H.Forinternationalcommerce,use96C.
95‑BiomedicAl technology & humAn FActors engineering
950‑General
95A‑Prosthetics & Mechanical OrgansIncludesmaterialsandequipmentgoingintohumanbodies,en-
ablingthemtofunctionproperly,eithertemporarilyorper-manently.Artificiallimbsandlimbbraces;Facialprosthetics,includingartificialeyes;Dentalprosthetics;Mechanicalorgansandmechanicalhearts;Circulatoryassistdevices;Artificialkid-neys,etc.;Biocompatiblematerialsincludingtissueadhesives,tissuecompatiblematerials,andantithrombogenicmaterials.
Forprosthodontics,use57G.
95B‑Tissue Preservation & StoragePreservationoforgans,tissue,andbloodfortransplantationor
transfusiontolivingorgans;Bloodandtissuebanks;Propertiesandevaluationofpreservedandstoredmaterials.
Seealso57J,57S,and57X.
95C‑Biomedical Instrumentation & Bioengineering
Includesmaterialsandequipmentusedtomonitorhumanbodyfunctions.Design,use,andperformanceofbiomedicalequip-ment;Biotelemetryincludingbiotelemetrytransducerandtransmitterequipment;Hospitalequipmentandsupplies;Dentalmaterialsandequipment;Equipmentforphysiologicalmonitor-ing;Diagnosticequipment;Biomedicallaboratoryequipment.
Seealso95A.
95D‑Human Factors EngineeringDesignoftools,instruments,equipment,andmachinerywithem-
phasisonoptimumutilizationbyhumans;Habitabilityofworkandlivingspace;Ergonomics;Interactionofmanandequip-mentintermsofsubsystemandsystemperformancerequire-mentsandevaluation.Encompassesmanualcontrols,tacticalkinesthesis,andotherhumansensorymodalitiesinvolvedinoperationofequipmentandunderstandingofpersonnelsubsys-tems;Man-machinesystems.Includesanthropometricstudies,protectiveequipment,protectiveclothing,andlifesupportsystems.
95E‑Life Support SystemsEquipmentandtechniquesforsustaininglifeinforeignenviron-
ments,suchasspace,underground,andunderwater;Closedecologicalsystems(includespressuresuits,divinggear,andbreathingapparatus).
Seealso95D.
95F‑Bionics & Artificial IntelligenceStudyofbiologicalprocessesinordertodevelopengineeringsys-
tems;Simulationofbiologicalprocesses;Comparativestudiesofcontrolsystemsformedbythebrainandnervoussystem;Pat-ternrecognitionsystemsbasedonbiologicalmodes;Biologicalapplicationsofinformationtheory;Cybernetics.
95G‑Protective EquipmentEquipmentprovidingprotectionagainstsuchenvironmentalele-
mentsasheat,cold,noise,machinery,andradiation.Forequipmentandtechniquesforsustaininglifeinenvironments
wherenormalrespirationisnotpossible,use95E.
89‑Building industry technologyIncludesfiresinbuildings.
890‑GeneralIncludesfiresinbuildings.
89B‑Architectural Design & Environmental Engineering
Architecture;Humanengineering;Sitesurveys;Interiordesign;Lighting;Heating,ventilating,andairconditioning;Heatlossstudies.Includesenvironmentalengineeringequipment.
Seealso97Jand94E.
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89C‑Construction Management & TechniquesExcavation;Fabrication(presiteandonsite);Constructiontech-
niques;Reconstruction;Managementincludingplanning,manpower,andlaborstudies.
89D‑Structural AnalysesDynamicsandstaticsofstructuresandstructuralmembersinclud-
ingkinetics,kinematics,vibrationandstressanalyses;Inducedenvironmentalstressesincludingearthquakes,wind,andflood;Foundationstresses;Soil-structureinteractions.
89E‑Building Standards & CodesStandardsandcodesforbuildings,equipment,components,and
materials.
89G‑Construction Materials, Components, & Equipment
Plumbing;Wiring;Insulation;Doorsandwindows;Walls;Joints;Beams;Constructionequipmentsuchasbulldozersandcranes.Includesflammabilityandfirestudies.Cementandconcrete.
Seealso50C.Forcementproperties,seealso71D.
89H‑Building Equipment, Furnishings, & Maintenance
Equipmentincludingsecurityalarms(i.e.Burglaralarms),eleva-tors,andfiresafetydevices;Furnishings,includingmajorhouseholdappliances,rugs,andfurniture;Maintenance,includ-ingrepair,pestcontrol,andcleaning.
Forenvironmentalengineeringequipment,use89B.
96‑Business & economics
960‑GeneralIncludeseconomictheory;Businessandeconomiccensusstudies;
Insurancenotcoveredbyanothersubcategory;Smallbusi-nesses.
96A‑Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & Economics
Nationalandstate-levelstudies;Industrialcostsandeconomics;Economicimpactofindustries;Economicimpactsonindus-tries;Industrialstatistics;Agriculturaleconomics;Productivity;Laborsupplyanddemand;Laborcostsandeconomics;Infla-tion;Economicaspectsofunemployment;Employmentandun-employmentstatistics;Wagesurveys;UnitedStatescommerce;Wholesaleandretailtrade;Domesticmarketsurveys;Business,personal,andpropertytaxes;Incometaxdata;Franchising.
Seealso43B,70D,91J,and98B.Forstudiesofindividualplantsoroperations,seethefieldofappli-
cation;Foreconomicimpactsofindividualplantsoroperations,seethefieldofapplication;Forregionaldevelopment,use43Band91J.
96C‑International Commerce, Marketing, & Economics
Foreignmarketsurveysandresearch;Internationaltrade;Importsandexports;Customsandtariffs;Multinationalbusinesses;Trendsandforecasting.
Forinternationalfinance,use96F.
96D‑Consumer AffairsConsumerproblemsandprotection;Truthinadvertising;Commer-
cialpsychology;Productmaintenanceandreliabilityproblems;Homeappliancessafety;Productcomparisonstudies;Flamma-bilitystudies;Motorvehiclerecalls.
96E‑Minority EnterprisesMinorityownedandoperatedbusinesses;Businesstrainingofmi-
noritygroups;Franchising;Equalopportunitiesinbusiness.
96F‑Banking & FinanceInvestments;Credit;Banksandtrustcompanies;Mortgagefinance;
Savingsandloanassociations;Securityandcommoditybroker-age;Balanceofpayments;Goldandsilvermovement;Cashflow;Regulations;Internationalfinance.
Forgovernmentfinancialoperations,use43A,70F,91G,and/or91H.
96G‑Foreign Industry Economic DevelopmentPrivateandgovernmentalindustrialandeconomicdevelopment
inforeigncountriesincludingindustrializedanddevelopingcountries;Internationaltechnologytransfer;Forforeignmarketsurveysandinternationaltrade,use96C.
96H‑Foreign Business & EconomicsForeignanddevelopingcountries;Businesses,economicconditions
andsocioeconomics.Forforeignmarketsurveysandinternationaltrade,use96C.Forsocialconcernsrelatedtoeconomics,seealso92C.
99‑chemistry
990‑General
99A‑Analytical ChemistryTechniquesandinstrumentationfortheseparationandanalysis
ofindividualcompoundsorspecificgroupsorcompounds,bothinorganicandorganic.Includesqualitative,quantitative,volumetric,gravimetric,optical,spectroscopic;electrochemical,ionexchange,chromatographicanalysis;Testmethods;Forensicchemistry;Datainterpretation;Routineanalysisorexperimentalresults.
99B‑Industrial Chemistry & Chemical Process Engineering
Techniques,processes,unitoperations,andplantequipmentthatapplytochemicalmanufacturing,processing,transportation,andstorage;Petroleumrefining;Desalinationtechnology;Pollu-tioncontrolequipment;Processcontroltechnology;Processengineering;Chemicalreactors.
Forcoalgasificationandliquefactionprocesses,seealso97Fand97K.
Forspecificenvironmentalpollutioncontrol,seealso68.Forwaterpurification,seealso50Band68D.
99C‑Polymer ChemistrySynthesis,properties,reactionsandtheoriesofpolymersandcopo-
lymers.Includesalltypesofpolymerization,curing,crosslink-ing,reactionkinetics,etc.
Formechanicalpropertiesofpolymers,use71Oand71H.
99D‑Basic & Synthetic ChemistrySynthesis,properties,andreactionsofinorganicandorganiccom-
pounds;Studiesofindividualorspecificgroupsofchemicalelements;Molecularstructure;Stereochemistry.
Forchemicalreactionmechanismsbetweenatoms,ions,ormol-ecules,seealso99F.
Forspectrumanalysisofcompounds,use99Aand99F.
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99E‑Photochemistry & Radiation ChemistryStudiesinvolvingtheinterrelationshipsofelectromagneticorpar-
ticleradiationandchemicalreactions;Studiesofradioactiveelementsandtheirreactions;Radiochem-istry;Photochemicalreactions.
Seealso55Aand68A.
99F‑Physical & Theoretical ChemistryPhysicalchemistry;Thermodynamics;Thermochemistry;Col-
loidsandgels;Surfacechemistry;Catalysisandcatalysts;Electrochemistry;Solutions;Chemicalequilibria;Membranes;Reactionkinetics;Quantummechanics;Themathematicaldeterminationofatomicormolecularorbitals,energylevels,orproperties;Theapplicationofmathematicstochemicalsystemsandelectronicspectra,excludingroutineanalysisorexperimen-talresults;Molecularspectrainterpretation;Chemicalreactionmechanismsinthegas,liquid,orsolidphasebetweenatoms,ions,ormolecules;Atomicandmolecularenergystudies;Phasestudiesofnonmetallicsystems;Isotherms;Crystallography.
Foradvancedmaterials,use71Genorthefieldofapplication.Forsolidstatephysics,use46D.Forthermodynamics,seealso46Gen.
50‑civil engineering
500‑General
50A‑Highway EngineeringConstructionofroadsandhighways;Highwayandrights-of-way
maintenanceincludingweedcontrol;Bridgesandbridgesys-tems;Highwaypaintsandmarkings;Highwayandroadsigns;Beautification;Slopestabilityandsoilsubbases.
50B‑Civil EngineeringDredging;Dams;Waterpurification;Reservoirengineering;Flood
control;Sewers;Waterwayengineering;Runwayconstruction;Shoreprotection;Breakwaters;Harborengineering;Tunneling.
Seealso47.Forsewagetreatment,use68D.Forbuildingconstruction,use89.Foroilandgasreservoirengineering,use97or48A.
50C‑Construction Equipment, Materials, & Supplies
Excavationandearthmovingequipment;Hoistingandconveyingequipment;Concreteandcement.
Seealso89G.Forpropertiesofconcreteandcement,seealso71D.
50D‑Soil & Rock MechanicsPhysicalpropertiesofsoilandrockforutilizationinengineering;
Landslides;Soilstabilization.Forsoilsciences,use48E.Forsoilconservation,use48B.Forgeologyandgeophysics,use48F.
81‑comBustion, engines, & propellAnts
810‑General
81A‑Combustion & IgnitionAutoignition,ignition,andcombustion.Includesflamestudies;
Combustionproductsstudies;Ignitionsystems;Combustionchemistry;Flammabilitystudies.
Seealso89and94H.
81B‑Electric & Ion PropulsionAlltypesofenginesderivingpowerfromfreeionsandelectrons.
Includesion,plasma,andarcjetsystems;Propulsionbymeansofsolarwind;Laserpropulsion.
Forelectricallypropelledsurfacevehicles,use85.
81C‑Fuel & Propellant TanksDesign,performance,andtestingoffuelandpropellanttanks
includingthoseforautomobiles,petroleumproducts,androcketpropellants.
81D‑Jet & Gas Turbine EnginesDesign,performance,andtestingofalltypesofjetandgasturbine
engines,theircomponents,enginenozzles.IncludesRamjet,Scramjet,andTurbofanengines,andhydroductandturboma-chineryaswellasnonpropulsiveturbines.
Seealso97Land51C.
81G‑Rocket Engines & MotorsDesign,performance,andtestingofrocketenginesandmotorsand
theircomponents.
81H‑Rocket PropellantsProduction,handling,stability,andperformanceofliquid,solid,
thixotropic,andexoticpropellants.Includesfuels,oxidizers,additives,andbinders.
Forcombustionandignition,use81A.
81I‑Nuclear PropulsionDesign,performance,andtestingofnuclearenginesforsurface,air,
andspacepropulsion.Seealso85.
81J‑Reciprocation & Rotating Combustion Engines
Design,performance,andtestingofreciprocatingandrotatingenginesofvariousconfigurationsforalltypesofpropulsion.Includesinternalandexternalcombustionengines;Engineexhaustsystems;Engineairsystemscomponents;Enginestruc-tures;Stirlinganddieselengines.
Seealso97Land85H.
45‑communicAtion
450‑General
45A‑Policies, Regulations, & StudiesLicensing;Legislation;NationalpoliciesandFederalregulatory
controls;Frequencymanagement;Broadcastingstandards;Timesignals,etc.
45B‑Radio & Television EquipmentDesignandmaintenanceofradioandtelevisiontransmittingand
receivingequipmentonly.Seealso51E.
45C‑Common Carrier & SatelliteAllcommunicationequipmentexceptradioandtelevision.Opti-
cal,radio,microwave,wire,andacousticcommunication;Telephone,telemeter,telegraph,television,andradiocommu-nicationsystems;Computernetworkcommunications;Digitalcommunication;Intercommunicationsystems;Opticalscanning.
Forinformationsystems,seealso88B.Fordesignandconstructionofcommunicationsatellites,seealso
84G.
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45D‑SociopoliticalPropaganda;Socialcommunication;Signlanguage,Effectsofcom-
municationonsocietyandbehavior;Postalservice;Massmediacommunication.
45E‑GraphicsPublishing;Printing;Graphicarts;Reprography;Xerography;Fac-
simile;Desktoppublishing.
45F‑VerbalResearchanddevelopmentinvocalcommunication;Speechintel-
ligibility;Speechrecognition.
45G‑Communication & Information TheoryTheoreticalstudiesrelatingtothemeasurementandtransmission
ofinformationinacommunicationchannel.Includescodingtheory,informationcapacity,detectionofsignalsinnoise.
Seealso62E.
62‑computers, control & inFormAtion theory
620‑GeneralIncludescomputersecurity;Artificialintelligence;Signalprocess-
ing(unapplied).
62A‑Computer HardwareDesignanddevelopmentofcomputersandperipheralequipment,
includinganalogcomputers,digitalcomputers,hybridcomput-ers,specialpurposecomputers,minicomputers,microcomput-ers;Computeraccessories,suppliesandinstallation;Logiccircuits;Computerarchitecture;Computernetworkhardware.
Forcomputerhardwareappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldofapplication.
ForVeryLargeScaleIntegration(VLSI),use49H.
62B‑Computer SoftwareComputerprogramming;Programminglanguages;Compilers;Data
basemanagementsystems;Softwaretools;Softwarereliability;Computergraphics.
Forcomputersoftwareanddatabasedevelopmentappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldofapplication.
ForCAD/CAM,use41Aand41B.
62C‑Control Systems & Control TheoryTheoreticalstudiesofopen-loopandclosed-loopcontrolsystems;
Automaticcontrolsystems;Principlesincludingadaptive,continuous,digital,distributedparameter,linear,multivari-able,nonlinear,optional,predictive,andproportional;Processcontrollers.
Seealso72Gen.Forcontrolsystemsappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldof
application.
62D‑Information Processing StandardsStandardsfortheuseofautomaticdataprocessingequipmentand
systems.Includesstandardsforhardware,software,applica-tions,anddata;FederalInformationProcessingStandards(FIPS).
62E‑Information TheoryTheoreticalstudiesrelatingtothemeasurementandtransmission
ofinformationinacommunicationchannel,includingcodingtheory,informationcapacity,anddetectionofsignalsinnoise.
Seealso45G.
62F‑Pattern Recognition & Image ProcessingIncludesfeatureextraction;Imageenhancement;Imagerestoration;
Sceneanalysis;Characterrecognition;Barcoding;Computervision.
62R‑Applications Software
62S‑Data Files
63‑detection & countermeAsures
630‑GeneralAutomatedaccesscontrolsystems.Forindustrialsecurity,seealso94Gen.
63A‑Acoustic DetectionTechniquesandequipmentusedforthedetectionandtrackingof
objectsbymeansofsoundwaves,includingultrasonicandinfrasonicradiation;Sonar.
Foracoustictesting,use94.Fordetectiontechniquesappliedtochemistry,meteorology,as-
tronomy,oceanography,medicine,andmanufacturing,use99,55,54,47,57,41,and94,respectively.
63B‑Electromagnetic & Acoustic Countermeasures
Interception,jamming,antijamming,anddeceptionofacousticandelectromagneticsignals;Techniquestonullifytheuseofdetec-tion,surveillance,guidance,andcommunicationsystems;Radarjamming;Chaff;Counter-countermeasures.
Seealso74.
63C‑Infrared & Ultraviolet DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionandtrackingofobjects
byinfraredandultravioletradiation;Infrarednightvisionde-vices;Infraredhoming.
Seealso76B.Forearthresourcesurveys,use48Cand98G.Formapping,use48I.Forphotography,use82B.Fornondestructivetesting,use94J.Fordetectiontechniquesappliedtochemistry,meteorology,as-
tronomy,oceanography,medicine,andmanufacturing,use99,55,57,41,and94,respectively.
63D‑Magnetic DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionofobjectsbymeansof
magneticfields.Forgeomagnetism,use48.
63E‑Nuclear Explosion DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionofnuclearexplosions
athighaltitude,underground,andinspace.Includestheuseofshockwaves,earthmovement,andmeasurementofnuclearradiationlevels.
Seealsootherapplicablesubcategoriesin63,especially63I.
63F‑Optical DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionbymeansoflight.
Includestheuseofbinoculars,periscopes,telescopes,andnightvisiondevicesforobjectdetection,andsmokeparticledetec-tors.
Seealso46C.Fordetectionusingonlyinfraredorultravioletradiation,use63C.Forearthresourcessurveys,use48Cand98G.Forphotography,use82B.
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Fordetectiontechniquesappliedtochemistry,meteorology,as-tronomy,oceanography,medicine,andmanufacturing,use99,55,54,47,41,and94,respectively.
63G‑Personnel DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionofpersonnel.Includes
theuseofacoustic,seismic,olfactory,chemical,andopticaldetectors;Antiintrusiondevices;Motiondetectors;Securitydevices.
Formilitarypassivedefensesystems,seealso74I.
63H‑Radiofrequency DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionandtrackingbymeans
ofradiofrequencywaves;Radar;Microwavedetection;Seealso76.
Formapping,use48I.Fordetectiontechniquesappliedtometeorology,astronomy,ocean-
ography,medicine,andmanufacturing,use55,54,57,41,and94respectively.
63I‑Seismic DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionofobjectsbymeansof
seismicwaves.Forearthquakedetection,use48F.Forseismicprospecting,use48A.
49‑electrotechnology
490‑GeneralIncludesstandards,measurements,andinstrumentationnotapplied
toanyothersubcategories.
49A‑AntennasAntennas;Antennatheory;Antennaradiationpatterns;Radomes.
49B‑CircuitsCircuittheory;Networkanalysis;Filters;Oscillators;Logiccircuits;
Printedcircuits;Electronicmodules;Commutators;Powersup-plycircuits;Waveformgenerators;Analogtodigitalconverters;Phaselockedsystems.
Forintegratedcircuits,use49H.
49C‑Electromechanical DevicesElectricmotors;Relays;Mechanicalswitches;Connectors;Circuit
breakers;Electricfuses.
49D‑Electron TubesAllelectrontubesexceptthosein49E.
49E‑Optoelectronic Devices & SystemsDisplaysystems;Phototubes;Imagetubes;Cathoderaytubes;
Electroluminescentpanels;Lightemittingdiodes;Photodiodes;Phototransistors;Magnetooptics;Electrooptics;Opticaldetec-tors,includinginfraredandultravioletdetectors.
Seealso63Cand63F.Forsolarcells,seealso97N.Forlasers,use46C.
49F‑Power & Signal Transmission DevicesTransmissionlines;Electricwireandcable;Waveguides;Fiber
opticstransmissionlines.
49G‑Resistive, Capacitive, & Inductive Compo‑nents
Resistors;Capacitors;Inductors;Transformers;Electromagnets;Potentiometers;Thermistors;Delaylines;Transducers;Crystalresonators.Includesmiscellaneousandbasiccomponents.
49H‑Semiconductor DevicesTransistors;Semiconductordiodes;Integratedcircuits.Forphotodiodes,phototransistors,lightemittingdiodes,andoptical
detectors,use49E.
97‑energy
970‑GeneralIncludesenergysourcedevelopment.
97A‑ReservesNaturalreserves;Fuelstockpiles;Mineralandfossilfueldeposits
includingcoal,uranium,petroleum,naturalgas,geothermal,peat,andoilshale;Waterpowerpotential;Sitestudiesofwindpowerpotentialandsolarradiationavailability.
Forindividualminestudies,use48A.
97B‑Energy Use, Supply, & DemandElectricpowerandfuelconsumptionandrequirements;Supplyand
demand;Heatuse,supply,anddemand.
97E‑Electric Power TransmissionElectricpowerdistribution;Electrictransmissionlinesandsubsta-
tions;Electricpowerpools;Wirelessenergytransmission.
97F‑Fuel Conversion ProcessesMethodstoconvertafueltoadifferentchemicalformincluding
coalgasificationandliquefaction;Upgradingfuelsbychemicalsynthesis.
Forpetroleumrefining,oilshaleretortingandrefining,use97Kand99B;Forenvironmentalstudies,use97R.
97G‑Policies, Regulations & StudiesEnergyconservation;Licensing;Legislation;Governmentpolicies
andregulatorycontrols;Energygoals;Researchneeds;Energymanagement,economics,andfinancing;Depletionallowancesandleasingpolicies;Ratesandenergymodels;Energyshort-ages;Internationalissues.
97I‑Electric Power ProductionDesignandoperationofelectricpowerplants;Commercial,indus-
trial,andresidentialelectricpowerproduction;Sitesurveys;Large-scalenuclear,hydro,solar,geothermal,andfossilfuelelectricpowerplants;Powerplantboilers.
Note:usuallyrestrictedtolarge-scaleelectricpowerproduction.Forsmall-scaleelectricpowerproduction,use97N,97O,or97P.Forpollutioncontrolandenvironmentalimpact,use68and97R.Forsomenuclearpowerplantstudies,use77and97Q.97Qshould
bethosethataremostpertinenttotheuseofnucleartechnologyforenergyproduction.
97J‑Heating & Cooling SystemsDesignandoperationofspaceheatingandcoolingsystemsand
equipment;Furnaceandboilerstudieswhenrelatedtoenergyconservationandenergyuse;Coolingtowers;MIUStechnol-ogy;Totalenergysystems.
Seealso97N.97K-FuelsProduction,performance,properties,storage,prices,andtransporta-
tionofalltypesofsolid,liquid,andgaseousfuels;Chemicalcompositionoffuels;Fuelcompatibility;Hydrogenproduction;Refusederivedfuels;Fueldesulfurization;Oilshaleretorting;Petroleumrefining;Fueladditives;Growingplantsforfuels;Bioconversionandbiomassplantations.
Seealso48Dand97N.Forfueltanks,use81C.Fornuclearfuels,use77I.
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Forfuelconversion,use97F.Forrocketfuels,use81H.Forsupplyanddemand,use97B.Foroilandgasdrillingandrecovery,coalminingandotherenergy
relatedminingstudies,use48A.
97L‑Engine Studies (Energy Related)Operationanddesignofengineswhenrelatedtoenergyconserva-
tionandenergyuse.Coversturbine,rotary,andreciprocatingengines.
Seealso81.
97M‑Batteries & ComponentsElectrochemicalbatteriesofalltypesincludingalkalinecells,
drycells,metal-airbatteries,primarycells,reservebatteries,storagebatteries,thermalbatteries,wetcells;Batterycontain-ers,depolarizers,electrodes,electrolytes,separators,andothercomponentsandmaterials;Batterychargersandtesters;Batteryelectrochemistry.
Forthermoelectricandthermionicbatteries,use97O.
97N‑Solar EnergySolarcollectors,concentrators,andabsorbers;Solarcells;Solar
cookers,dryers,furnaces,generators;Solarheatengines;Solarheatingandcoolingsystems;Solarpowerplants;Solarstills;Solarwaterheaters;Solarheatstoragesystems;Solarwaterpumps;Solarseapowerplants;Orbitalsolarpowerplants;Opti-calcoatingsandfiltersforsolardevices;Solarenergypolicies,use,supply,trends,andeconomics.
97O‑Miscellaneous Energy Conversion & StorageFuelcells;Magnetohydrodynamics;Experimentalelectricgenera-
tors;Turbogenerators;Heatstorage;Compressedairenergystorage;Mechanicalconversion;Thermoelectricandthermionicconversion;Photovoltaicconversion(excludessolarcells);Windpower;Tidalpower;Nuclearfusionpowerplants.
Forcommercial,industrial,andresidentialuseofenergyconversionandstoragedevices,use97Ior97J.
97P‑Geothermal EnergyGeothermalexplorationandprospectingmethodsandequipment;
Geothermalresources;Geothermalenergyconversion;Geologyappliedtogeothermalsystems;Drilling;Reservoirs;Extraction;Siteselection;Geothermalpowerplants;Corrosionstudies;Materialsusedingeothermalsystems.
97Q‑Selected Studies In Nuclear TechnologyReportsassignedtothissubcategoryareselectedfortheirbroad
interesttousersinthenuclearenergyfield.Forothernuclearenergysubcategories,use77.
97R‑Environmental StudiesAir,noise,water,andsolidwastepollutionandpollutioncontrol
fromenergyresourcedevelopment,fuelproduction,energyproduction,andenergyuse;Environmentalimpactsofenergyproductionanduse.
Seealso68.humanbodyfunctions.Design,use,andperformanceofbiomedical
equipment;Biotelemetryincludingbiotelemetrytransducerandtransmitterequipment;Hospitalequipmentandsupplies;Dentalmaterialsandequipment;Equipmentforphysiologicalmonitor-ing;Diagnosticequipment;Biomedicallaboratoryequipment.
Seealso95A.
68‑environmentAl pollution & control
680‑GeneralAnystudycoveringmultipletypesofpollution.Includesbroadpol-
lutionstudies,suchaslife-cycleanalysisofwastes.
68A‑Air Pollution & ControlAirpollutionfromfluegases,exhaustgases,odors,dust,smog,
microorganisms,etc.;Controltechniquesandequipment;Samplingandanalyticaltechniques,andequipment;Wastegasrecovery;Biologicalandecologicaleffects;Airpollutionchem-istry;Acidprecipitation;Atmosphericmotion;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Economics;Landuse.
Seealso43F,91A,57,85,81,99A,99B,and97R.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.Forpesticidesandradioactivecontaminants,use68Eand68F
respectively.
68B‑Noise Pollution & ControlPollutionintheenvironmentbynoisefromanysourceincluding
enginenoise,trafficandtransportationnoise,machinerynoise,industrialnoise,urbannoise,sonicboom;Theoryanddevicesforcontrol;Biologicalandecologicaleffects;Noisedetection;Buildingtechnology;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Landuse.
Seealso41I,43F,91A,46A,57,85,89,94D,and97R.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.
68C‑Solid Wastes Pollution & ControlPollutionbysolidwastesincludinggarbage,scrap,junkedauto-
mobiles,spoil,sludge,containers;Disposalmethodssuchascompostsorlandapplication,injectionwells,incineration,sanitarylandfills;Miningwastes;Processingforseparationandmaterialsrecovery;Solidwasteutilization;Recycling;Biologi-calandecologicaleffects;Superfund(RecordsofDecision,etc.);SITEtechnology;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Economics;Landuse.Includesdisposalofconcentratedorpureliquidssuchasbrines,oils,chemicals,andhazardousmaterials.
Seealso43F,91A,57,99B,and97R.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.Forthedisposalofpesticidesandradioactivecontaminants,use68E
and68F.Forthecontrolleddisposalofradioactivewastesfromnuclearreac-
tors,use77G.
68D‑Water Pollution & ControlPollutionbymunicipalwastes,agriculturalwastes,industrial
wastes,minewastes,radioactivecontaminants;Chemistryandanalysisofpollutants;Thermalpollution;Oilpollution;Controltechniquesandequipment;Sewagetreatment;Industrialwastewaterpretreatment;Hydrologyandlimnology;Biologicalandecologicaleffects;Wastewaterreuse;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Economics;Landuse.
Seealso43F,91A,47,48G,57,97R,98,99A,and99B.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.Forpollutionbypesticidesandradioactivecontaminants,use68E
and68Frespectively.Forthedesignandconstructionofsewers,anddrinkingwatertreat-
ment,use50B.
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68E‑Pesticides Pollution & ControlPollutionbyinsecticides,herbicides,fungicides,rodenticides;
Residues;Decompositionstudies;Analysisanddetection;Soilchemistryandbiology;Adversebiologicaleffects;Ecology;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Eco-nomics.
Seealso57,68A,68C,68D,43F,91A,98,and99A.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.
68F‑Radiation Pollution & ControlInvolvespollutionoftheenvironmentbyparticleandelectromag-
neticradiationfromnaturalandsyntheticsources,includingneutrons,X-rays,ultravioletradiation,microwaves,alphaparticles;Radon;Samplingandanalyticaltechniques;Fallout;Biologicalandecologicaleffects;Laws,legislation,andregula-tions;Publicadministration;Economics.
Seealso57,68A,68C,68D,91A,97R.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.Forthecontrolleddisposalofradioactivewastesfromnuclearreac-
tors,use77G.
68G‑Environmental Health & SafetyEffectsofpollutiononpublichealthandsafety;Toxicology;
Industrialhealth;Physiology;Psychology;Clinicalmedicine;Radiobiology;Animalsusedasresearchexperimentalmodels.
Seealso41I,57,44G,68A,68B,68C,68D,91A,43F,94D,and97R.
68H‑Environmental Impact StatementsOnlyactualdraftandfinalstatementsarepostedinthissubcategory.
Environmentalimpactstatementsdescribingnationaleffectsarepostedhereandtootherappropriatesubcategories.
Forstudiesaboutenvironmentalimpactstatements,use68Gen.
90‑government inventions For licensingForpatentsandpatentapplicationsonly(willbelabeledassuchin
thereporttitle);Notforbibliographies.
900‑GeneralComputersoftware.
90A‑Mechanical Devices & EquipmentDevicesandequipmentforfuelignition;Heating,illumination,
andrefrigeration;Cleaning;Printing;Producthandlingandtransportation;Sprinklers;Fireextinguishers;Safety;Motorandotherlandvehicles;Earthworkingandexcavating;Tools;Jacks;Hydraulicandpneumaticsystems;Powertransmissions;Couplings,fasteners,andjoints;Piping;Drillingandmining;Separators;Locks;Sewingmachines;Windingandreeling;etc.
Formetalshapingandforming,use90E.Formedicalequipment,use90D.
90B‑ChemistryOrganicandinorganiccompounds;Batteries;Electrochemistry;Hy-
drocarbons;Lubricatingcompositions;Propellentsandrocketfuels;Acids;Polymers;Plastics;Inks;Bleaching;Dyeing;Fertilizers;Foodfermentation;Sugarandstarch;Papermaking;Textiles;Paints;Coatings(exceptmetalcoatings);Chemicalreactors;etc.
90C‑Nuclear TechnologyReactors;Radioactivematerials;Nuclearinstrumentation;Nuclear
radiationsafety;Nuclearpowerplantsandreactorengineering;Nuclearfusion;Particleaccelerators;Plasmadevices;etc.
90D‑Biology & MedicineDrugs;Cosmetics;Prosthetics;Medicalequipment;Pesticidebiol-
ogy;Biologicallaboratoryequipment;Lifesupportequipment.
90E‑MetallurgyMetalstock;Metalcoatings;Molding,shaping,andtreatingpro-
cesses;Laminating;Glasses;Materialshaping;Sheetmetalandwireworking;Bondingandjoining;Cutlery;etc.
Foruseofmechanicalequipment,use90A.
90F‑ElectrotechnologyAntennas,circuits,andelectromechanicaldevices;Electrontubes;
Optoelectronicdevices;Powerandsignaltransmissiondevices;Resistive,capacitiveandinductivecomponents;Semiconductordevices;Informationtransmission,storage,andretrieval;Com-munications;etc.
90G‑InstrumentsPhotographicequipment;Measuringandtestinginstrumentsand
equipments;Acousticdevices;Etc.Fornuclearinstruments,use90C.
90H‑Optics & LasersOpticalmaterials,components,equipment,andsystems;Infrared,
visible,ultraviolet,andX-raylasers;Masers.
90I‑OrdnanceProductionandperformanceofprojectiles,fuzes,explosivemateri-
als,pyrotechnics,andweaponsystems(notlimitedtomilitaryapplications);Ordnancestoragesystems;Firecontrolsystems;Weaponsdeliverysystems;Missiles,rockets,andpropellantsdirectlyrelatedthereto;Weaponscarriers(tanks,aircraftships,etc);Guns;Laserweapons;Bombs.
90J‑Food TechnologyPasteurizing,curing,canning,dehydrating,freezing,irradiation,
freezedrying,etc.,offoodsandotheragriculturalproducts;Sanitationandfumigationofproducts;Foodadditivesandpreservatives;Analysisandinspectionofproducts;Storage,packaging,anddisplayofproducts;Cookingdevices.
Forfoodfermentation,use90B.
44‑heAlth cAre
440‑General
44A‑Planning MethodologyHealthplanningtheoryincludingmethods,tactics,techniquesand
policies;Evaluationofplanningtheoriesandprocesses.
44B‑Agency Administrative & Financial Management
Managementpracticesandpoliciesregardingtechnicalassistance,evaluationofhealthcareagencyactivities,publicrelations;Financialmanagementandaccountingmethods.
44C‑Community & Population CharacteristicsDataandnumericalinformationincludinghealthstatus,qualityof
care,malpractice,healthcareneeds/demands;Healthcareutili-zation,healthcarecost,vitalstatistics;Demographicinforma-tion,economic,environmental,nutritional,andsocietalfactorsaffectinghealth,andhealthresourcedistribution.
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44D‑Health Care Assessment & Quality Assurance
Financialfeasibilityreview,economicimpactreview,andprojectreview;Certificateofneedtheory;Healthmanpowereducationinstitutionalaccreditation;Judicatoryprocedures,review,andassessment;Qualityassurancetheory;Certificatorymethodol-ogy;Healthmanpowerproficiencytesting,andpublichealtheducationevaluation;Classificationofhealthcarefacilitiesandhealthcarepersonnel.
44E‑Health Care Measurement MethodologyMeasurementofhealthstatus,qualityofcare,healthfacilitysup-
ply,healthmanpowersupply,proficiencyandproductivity,andhealthcarecosts;Healthcareneeds/demandsandutilizationmeasurement.
Seealso44L,44N,and44Q.
44F‑Health Care Forecasting MethodologyProjectinghealthcareneeds/demandsandhealthcareutilization;
Healthcarefacilitysupply;Healthmanpowersupply;Healthcarecosts;Homehealthcare;Cross-impactprojections.
44G‑Environmental & Occupational FactorsEnvironmentalfactorsaffectinghealthincludinghousing,sanita-
tion,waterpollution,solidwastepollution,noisepollution,diseasevectors,safetyhazards,andoccupationalandindustrialhazards;Overpopulation;Healthfacilityenvironmentalconsid-erationsandenvironmentalimpact;Energysourcesinthehealthfield.
Seealso57Uand68G.
44H‑Health Care TechnologyDescriptionsandapplicationsofnewhealthcaretechnologyand
equipment;Ailmentpreventiontechniques,andtechnologyregardingdiagnosis,therapy,rehabilitation,andfoodandnutri-tion;Healthcareequipmentandfacilitydesignandperformanceconsiderations.
Seealso57and95.
44J‑Health Delivery Plans, Projects & StudiesPlans,projects,andstudiesrelatedtotheinstitutionaldeliveryof
healthservicesincludingstate/localhealthplans,state/localmedicalfacilityplans,plansforspecifichealthservices,andhealthdeliveryfeasibilitystudies.
44K‑Health ServicesPersonalandpublichealthservices,patientcare,andmaintenance
ofanindividual’shealthstatusincludinghospitalservicesacutein-patientservices,long-terminpatientservices,nursinghomeservices,emergencyservices,publichealthservices,mentalservices,nursingservices,dentalservices,andmedically-relatedsocialservicesincludinginstitutiondischargeservices.
44L‑Health Care Needs & DemandsMeasurementofhealthcareneeds/demands,hospitalcare,acute
in-patientcare,long-terminpatientcare,nursinghomecare,medicalcare,mentalcare,nursingcare,dentalcare,andhealthinsurance;Homehealthcare;Measurementsofhealthmanpow-errequirements/demands.
Seealso44E.
44M‑Health ResourcesSurveys,reports,andstudiesrelatedtospecifichealthcareresourc-
esincludingmanpower,facilities,sourcesoffinancing,andgovernmentandprivatehealth-relatedorganizations,agenciesandindividuals.
44N‑Health Care UtilizationMeasurementsregardingutilizationofhealthresourcesincluding
manpower,ambulatorycare,emergencycare,publichealthcare,medicalcare,mentalcare,nursingcare,dentalcare,healthinsurance,healthcarefacilities,andhomehealthcare.
Seealso44Eand44L.
44P‑Health Education & Manpower TrainingHealthmanpowereducationincludingcurriculaandcosts;Health
manpowereducationfacilityneeds/demands;Institutionalfinancing;Financingforhealthrelatededucationalinstitutions;Studentrecruitingandretentionmethods;Continuingeducation;Careerguidanceandcareeradvancement;Consumerhealtheducationandpublichealtheducationmethods.
44Q‑Health‑Related CostsHealthcarecosts,indexes,projections,in-patientcarecosts,acute
in-patientcarecosts,long-termcarecosts,nursinghomecarecosts,ambulatorycarecosts,emergencycarecosts,publichealthcarecosts,medicalcarecosts;Insurancecosts;Manpow-erincome;Equipmentcosts;Facilityutilizationandconstruc-tioncosts;Ailmentcostsincludingpreventivemedicinecostsandinjurycosts;Transportationcostsincludingemergencytransportationcosts.
44R‑Economics & SociologyDiscussionsofeconomicandsociologicalfactorsandtheories
relevanttohealthcare.
44S‑Legislation & RegulationsLaws,bills,regulations,andmodellegislation.Includescertificate
ofneed,healthinsurancecertification,healthmanpowerlicens-ing,healthfacilitylicensing,healthmanpoweremployment,andsupportregardinghealthmanpowereducation.
44T‑Data & Information SystemsTechniquesregardinginformationsystemsincludingdocument
sources,acquisition,surrogation,andstorage;Informationretrieval;Datasystems,Datagathering;Dataprocessing;Dataprocessinghardware;Informationsystemfeasibilitystudies,andconfidentialityofinformation.
44U‑Health Care Delivery Organization & Administration
Hospitalandmedicalpracticeadministrationandmanagement;Or-ganizationalstructureofhealthservices;Managementpoliciesandpracticesregardingpersonnel,communityparticipationandrelations,andcoordinationwithotheragencies;Financialman-agementandaccountingmethods;Financingofhealthdeliveryandfacilities;Reportingmethodsandrequirements.
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94‑industriAl & mechAnicAl engineering
940‑GeneralIncludesbearings;Mechanicalelements;Pipes;Tubes;Levers;
Cams;Springs;Mechanicaljoints;Containersandpackingmaterials;Refrigerationsystemsandequipment;Industrialfurnacesandboilers;Heatexchangers;Heatpumps;Heatpipes;Industrialsecurity;Metrology.
Forrocketenginecomponents,use81G;Forfueltanks,use81C;Forcoolingtowers,use97J;Fornuclearsecurity,use77Gen.
94A‑Production Planning & Process ControlsMaterialscontrol;Numericalcontrolandautomation;Timeand
motionstudies;Scheduling;Productioncontrolsandprogram-ming;Modelingtechniquesandprogramcontrols;Inventorymanagement.
Seealso44A,41Aand41B.
94B‑Quality Control & ReliabilityTolerancesallocations;Maintainabilityrequirements;Probabilityof
satisfactoryperformanceofcomponentsandequipment;Inspec-tionmethods;Destructiveindustrialtesting;Reliabilitytheory;Qualityassurance.
Seealso41Eand41G.
94C‑Plant Design & MaintenanceSiteselection;Plantdesign;Layout;Maintenancemanagement;
Scheduled,routine,andcorrectivemaintenance.Seealso41H.
94D‑Job EnvironmentIndustrialhygieneandoccupationaldiseasesandinjuriesinsettings
suchasfactories,andofficeandcommercialbuildings;Indus-trialpsychology;Industrialsociology;Workplacelayoutanddesign;Workerinteractions.
Seealso44G,57U,41I,and92B.Forindustrialsafetyengineeringandaccidentprevention,use94H.
94E‑Environmental EngineeringLighting;Heating;Ventilating;Airconditioning.Includesenvi-
ronmentalengineeringequipmentrelatedtoindustrialuse.Excludespollutioncontrol.
Seealso41I,89Band97J.
94F‑Tooling, Machinery, & ToolsMachinesubassemblies;Robots;Robotics;Tools;Machinery,
includinghoists,conveyorsandpumps.Seealso41Cand41J.
94G‑Manufacturing Processes & Materials Handling
Fabrication,assembling,cleaning,andfinishing;Industrialandmanufacturingprocesses(limitedtoin-depthstudiesthatdi-rectlydiscussspecificprocesses);Bondingandjoining,includ-inggluing,welding,soldering,andbrazing;Materialsformingandmachining;Heattreatment;Coatingprocesses;Materialshandling,includingpalletizing,conveying,warehousing,stor-ing,containerization,andpackaging.
Seealso71,41B,41E,and41F.Forprocessingandpackagingoffood,use98H.Forproductionofmaterials,use71.Forchemicalengineeringandprocessing,use99B.Forthebeneficiationandprocessingofminerals,use48A.
94H‑Industrial Safety EngineeringAccidentprevention;Safetymeasures;Fireprevention;Warning
systems;Safetyequipment,structures,andclothing.Forindustrialsafetyengineeringappliedtoaspecificapplication,
usethefieldofapplication.
94I‑Hydraulic & Pneumatic EquipmentDesign,production,performance,andtestingofhydraulicand
pneumaticsystems,accumulators,actuators,compressors,anddistributionequipment;Fluidicandfluericdevices.
Seealso41J.Forhydraulicfluids,see71K.
94J‑Nondestructive TestingNondestructivetestinghavingindustrialapplication;Ultrasonic,
radiographic,hydrostatic,magnetic,andopticalnondestructivetechniquesandequipment;Nondestructivetestingofflaws,thickness,opacity,strength.
Fordestructiveindustrialtesting,use94B.
94K‑Laboratory & Test Facility Design & Operation
Measuring,testing,andsimulationdevices.Includeslaboratories,testfacilities,andtestequipmentmeasuringtestingandsimula-tion.Ifthetestfacility,equipment,etc.isappliedtoaspecificapplication,usethefieldofapplication.
88‑liBrAry & inFormAtion sciences
880‑GeneralIncludesgeneralstudiesaboutmicroforms;Filmreaders;Copy-
rights;PrivacyAct;Reportwriting.
88A‑Operations & PlanningAcquisitions,classification,cataloging,abstracting,andindexing;
Circulationandreferencesystems;Informationservices;Interli-braryloans;Distribution;Manualandcomputerizedinformationretrieval;Individuallibrariesandinformationcenter.
Forlibraryorinformationnetworks,use88B.
88B‑Information SystemsLibraryandinformationnetworks;Operationsandplanningofthese
systems;Filemaintenanceandmanagement;Databasemanage-ment;Informationsuperhighway,NationalInformationInfra-structure;Appliedinformationsystems(Management,medical,transportation,etc.)Seealso44T,62,and70C.
Fordatabasemanagement,use62B.Forcommunicationsandcomputernetworks,use45C.Forgeographicinformationsystems,see48I.
88C‑Marketing & User ServicesUserneeds,surveys;Promotions;Fees.
88D‑PersonnelTrainingandeducation;Selection;Management;Performance;
Schoolsandaccreditation.Seealso70D.
88E‑Reference MaterialsBibliographies;Directories;Glossaries;Catalogs;Thesauri;In-
dexes;Abstractandtitleperiodicals.
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41‑mAnuFActuring technology
410‑General*Includesmechanicalelements;Pipes;Tubes;Levers;Cams;
Springs;Clutches;Gears;Valves;Filters;Containersandpackingmaterials;Refrigerationsystemsandequipment;In-dustrialfurnacesandboilers;Heatexchangers;Heatpumps;Heatpipes;Energymanagement,economics,andfinancing;Internationalissues.
Seealso94Oand97G.Forenginecomponents,use81.Forfueltanks,use81C.Forcoolingtowers,use97J.
41A‑Computer Aided Design (CAD)Applicationofcomputerhardwareandsoftware(programs)to
enhancethedesign,computations,simulation,analysisandmodeling,presentations,graphics,drafting,databasecreationandhuman-machineinterface,associatedwiththecreationofengineeringdesignspecifications.
Seealso94A.
41B‑Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)Applicationofcomputerhardwareandsoftware(programs)to
enhancematerialsplanning,processingandhandling,tooling;Assembly;Qualityandreliabilitycontrol;Inspection;Tests;Schedulingandcontrol;Facilitiesandequipmentmainte-nance;Grouptechnologyapplications;Inventorycontrol(rawmaterial,inprocessandfinished);Numericalcontrolsandautomation;ThecreationofDirectNumericalControl(DNC)andComputerNumericalControl(CNC)manufacturingcellsandsystems.
Seealso94Aand94G.
41C‑Robotics/RobotsApplicationofcomputerhardwareandsoftware,controls,sen-
sors,electromechanicalandhydro-mechanicaldevices,tothecreationofrobotsandtheapplicationofrobotstoallfacetsofmanufacturing.Studyofbiologicalprocessesinordertode-velopengineeringsystems;Patternrecognitionsystemsbasedonbiologicalmodels.Includesfeatureextraction;Imageenhancement;Imagerestoration;Sceneanalysis;Characterrecognition.
Seealso95Fand62F.
41D‑ProductivityProductivityofemployees,management,andservices;Improving
qualityofworklife;Measurementofproductivityefficiencyandeffectiveness;Employeeattitudesandmotivation;Manpowerutilizationandperformanceimprovement,jobsatisfaction,jobsecurity;Labor-management,jobredesign;Alternativeworkschedules;Incentiveplans;Productivitybarriersincludingregulation,obsoletepractices;Paperwork,andfinancingmethods.
Seealso70Gand70D.
41E‑Manufacturing, Planning, Processing & Control
Fabrication,assembling,cleaning,andfinishing;Industrialandmanufacturingprocesses(limitedtoin-depthstudiesthatdirectlydiscussspecificprocesses);Materialsformingandmachining;Heattreatment;Fabricationandmanufacturing;Layout;Coatingprocesses;Materialshandlingandcontrol,includingpalletizing,conveying,warehousing,storing,containerization,andpackaging;Timeandmotionstudies;Scheduling;Productioncontrolsandprogramming;Modelingtechniquesandprogramcontrols;Inventorymanagement.
Seealso94A.Forthebeneficiationandprocessingofminerals,use48A.Forchemicalengineeringandprocessing,use99B.Forcomputer-aidedmanufacturing,use41Band94G.Forlasersusedinmanufacturing,use41M.Forprocessingandpackagingoffood,use98H.Forproductionofmaterials,use71.
41F‑JoiningBondingandjoiningincludinggluing,welding,soldering,braz-
ing,andfastening;Jointsandfasteners;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralpropertiesofadhesives,sealants,glue,binders,seals,andgaskets.
Seealso94G,94Gen,and71B.
41G‑Quality Control & ReliabilityToleranceallocation;Maintainabilityrequirements;Probability
ofsatisfactoryperformanceofcomponentsandequipment;Inspectionmethods;Reliabilitytheory;Qualityassurance;Nondestructivetestinghavingindustrialapplication;Ultra-sonic,radiographic,hydrostatic,magnetic,andopticalnon-destructivetechniquesandequipment;Nondestructivetestingofflaws,thickness,opacity,strength;Destructiveindustrialtesting;Metrology.
Seealso94B,94J,and94Gen.
41H‑Plant Design & MaintenanceSiteselection;Plantdesign;MaintenanceManagement;Sched-
uled,routine,andcorrectivemaintenance;Security.Seealso94C.
41I‑Job EnvironmentIndustrialhygieneandoccupationalsafetyandhealth.Seealso
57U,68G,and44G.Workplacelayoutanddesign;Humanfactorsengineering;IncludesIndustrialpsychologyandIndustrialsociology;Workerinteractions.
Seealso94Dand95D.Includesenvironmentalengineeringequipmentrelatedtoindus-
trialuse.Seealso97J,89B,and94E.Forminesafety,use48A.Forordnancesafety,use79A.Fornuclearradiationsafety,use77.Fortransportationsafety,use85D.
41J‑Tooling, Machinery, & ToolsMachinesubassemblies;Tools;Machineryincludinghoists,
conveyors,andpumps;Design,productionperformance,andtestingofhydraulicandpneumaticsystems,accumulators,actuators,compressorsanddistributionequipment;Fluidicandfluericdevices;Ergonomicsinteractionofmanandequipmentintermsofsubsystemandsystemperformancerequirementsandevaluation;Man-machinesystemsandhu-manfactorsengineering.
Seealso94F,94I,94D,and95D.Forhydraulicfluids,use71K.
41K‑Engineering MaterialsPerformance;Properties,fabricationandmanufacturingmeth-
odsofceramics,coatingsandcompositematerialsincludingceramiccoatings,ceramicfibers,corrosionresistantcoatings,reinforcedplastics,graphiteorcarboncomposites,laminates;Metalmatrixcomposites,andfiberandparticulatecompos-ites.
Seealso71B,71D,and71F.
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41L‑TribologyFriction,lubricationandwear,includingbearings;Unwanted
chemicalreactioneffectsonmetals,corrosionofmetalsandcorrosionresistantcoatings;Lubricants.
Seealso71L,71G,and71K.
41M‑Optics & LasersDesignandperformanceofopticalequipmentforuseinmanufac-
turingapplications.Includeslaserapplicationssuchaslaserannealing,cutting,drilling,andwelding.
Seealso46C.
41N‑Computer SoftwareComputerprogramming;Programminglanguages;Compilers;Data
basemanagementsystems;CAD/CAMrobotics.
Seealso62B.
41O‑Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & Economics
Economicimpactsonindustries;Productivity;Wagesurveys;Do-mesticmarketsurveys.
Seealso96A.
41P‑Research Program Administration & Technology Transfer
Researchneeds;Technologytransferandforecasting.Seealso70E.
71‑mAteriAls sciences
710‑GeneralAdvancedmaterials.Seealso41K.
71A‑Ablative Materials & AblationPhysical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;
Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyre-latedtoprocessing;Ablationprocessesandchemistry;Reentryvehicleheatshields.
Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71B‑Adhesives & SealantsAdhesives;Glues;Binders;Sealants;Seals;Gaskets;Physical,
mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturing;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing.
Seealso71Land94G.Forconcretecements,use50Cand89G.Forpropellantbinders,use79Aand81H.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71C‑Carbon & GraphiteCarbonandgraphitefibersandtextiles;Charcoal;Carbonblack;
Carbonandgraphitecoatings;Industrialdiamonds;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance,fabrica-tionandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing.
Seealso71A,71E,71F,71I,71L,and94G.Forcarbonandgraphitecomposites,use71F.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71D‑Ceramics, Refractories, & GlassGlasses;Brick;Porcelain;Ceramiccoatings;Ceramicfibers;
Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturing;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers;Cementproperties.
Seealso71E,71I,71L,and94G.Forconcreteandcementusedasbuildingmaterials,use50Cand
89G.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71E‑Coatings, Colorants, & FinishesPaintsandprimers;Varnishes;Corrosionresistantcoatings;Coating
pigments;Carbon,ceramic,plastic,rubberandmetalcoatings;Physical,mechanicalandstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Electroplating;Electrodeposition;Flameandplasmaspraying;Vapordeposition.
Seealso71G,71L,and94G.Forsurfacetreatmentnotinvolvedwithcoatings,use94G.Fordielectricandsemiconductingfilms,use46and49.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71F‑Composite MaterialsMaterialscomposedoftwoormorephysicallydistinctconstituents;
Reinforcedplastics,graphiteorcarboncomposites;Laminates;Metalmatrixcomposites;Fiberandparticulatecomposites;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71Land94G.Forwoodcomposites,use71R.Forconcreteandreinforcedconcrete,use50Cand89G.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71G‑Corrosion & Corrosion InhibitionUnwantedchemicalreactioneffectsonmetals;Corrosionofmetals;
Rusting;Corrosioninhibitors;Corrosionresistantcoatings;Cor-rosionelectrochemistry.
Seealso71Eand71L.Forconcretecorrosion,use50Cand89G.
71H‑ElastomersRubbers;Additives;Curingagents;Elastomerpolymerization;
Physical,chemical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Per-formance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71I,71L,94G,and99C.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
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71I‑Fibers & TextilesGlass,carbon,ceramic,metal,andpolymericfibers;Threads,yarns,
textile,andfiberfinishing,includingdyeingandsizing;Physi-cal,chemical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Perfor-mance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers;Flameresistance.
Seealso71Land94G.Forfibercomposites,use71F.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71J‑Iron & Iron AlloysIncludessteelsoralloyscontainingmorethan50%iron.Coatings;
Fibers;Extractivemetallurgy;Refining;Embrittlement;Physi-cal,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Microstructure;Phasestudies;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71I,and71L.Forcorrosion,use71G.Forbeneficiation,use48A.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71K‑Lubricants & Hydraulic FluidsSolidandliquidlubricants;Additives;Greases;Drillingfluids;
Brakefluids;Physical,chemical,mechanicalandstructuralproperties;Performance;Manufacturing;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Chemicalsynthesis.
Seealso71Land41L.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarket-
ing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71L‑Materials Degradation & FoulingAging;Erosionandcavitationerosion;Wear;Weathering;Decay;
Effectsofradiationonmaterials;Biodeterioration,includingfungusdeterioration.
Seealso71C,71D,71F,71H,71I,71J,71K,71N,and71R.Fornuclearreactormaterialsdegradation,seealso77Ior77J.If
concernedwithnuclearpropulsion,use81I.
71M‑Miscellaneous MaterialsMaterialsnotincludedinanothergroup,includingleather,fur,
refrigerants,andwaxes;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso94G.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71N‑Nonferrous Metals & AlloysIncludesstudiesnotspecifyingthetypeofmetal.Coatings;Fibers;
Extractivemetallurgy;Refining;Embrittlement;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Microstructure;Phasestudies;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71I,and71L.
Formetalfabrication,use94G.Forcorrosion,use71G.Forbeneficiation,use48A.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71O‑PlasticsAdditives;Curingagents;Plasticcoatings;Plasticpolymerization;
Physical,chemical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Per-formance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71L,94G,and99C.Forplasticcomposites,use71F.Forpolymericfibers,use71I.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71P‑Refractory Metals & AlloysIncludesonlythefollowingmetalsandalloyshavingmorethan
50%ofthesemetals:iridium,molybdenum,niobium(colum-bium),osmium,rhenium,tantalum,andtungsten.Coatings;Fibers;Extractivemetallurgy;Refining;Embrittlement;Physi-cal,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Microstructure;Phasestudies;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71I,and71L.Formetalfabrication,use94G.Forcorrosion,use71G.Forbeneficiation,use48A.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71Q‑Solvents, Cleaners, & AbrasivesCleaningcompositions;Solvents;Detergents;Soapsandabrasives;
Cleaningactionofthesematerials;Physicalandchemicalprop-erties;Performance;Manufacturing;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing.
Forcleaningtechniques,use94G.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71R‑Wood & Paper ProductsSawingandmilling;Lumbering;Plywood,particleandfiberboard;
Woodproductfabrication;Pulping,papermaking,andconver-sionprocesses;Physical,chemical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso94G.Forforestryandtreeproduction,use48D.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
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72‑mAthemAticAl sciences
720‑General
72B‑Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, & Mathemati‑cal Logic
Algebraandnumbertheory,includingfieldtheory(algebra),grouptheory,ringtheory;Analysis,includingcalculusofvariations,complexvariables,differentialequations,Fourieranalysis,func-tionalanalysis,functions(mathematics),measure,andintegra-tion;Geometry,tensoranalysis,andtopology;Mathematicallogic,includingfoundationsofmathematics,lattices(mathemat-ics),metamathematics,andsettheory.
Forapplicationsofmathematics,seetheappropriatecategoryofapplication.
72E‑Operations ResearchGametheory;Queueingtheory;Managementgames;Mathematical
models;Mathematicalprogramming,Networkflows;Searchtheory.
SeealsoManagerialpractice,70B.Foroperationsresearchappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethe
fieldofapplication.
72F‑Statistical AnalysisAnalysisofvariance;Correlationstechniques;Discriminateanaly-
sis;Distributiontheory;Experimentaldesign;Factoranalysis;Nonparametricstatistics;Probabilitytheory;Regressionanaly-sis;Statisticaldecisiontheory;Statisticalinference;Statisticaltests;Stochasticprocesses.
Forstatisticalanalysisappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldofapplication.
57‑medicine & Biology
570‑General
57A‑AnatomyDescriptiveandcomparativeanatomyofhumans;Anthropometry;
Dissection;Neuroanatomy;Morphology.Forplantanatomy,use57C.Foranimalanatomy,use57Z.
57B‑BiochemistryStudiesofthechemicalprocesseswhichtakeplaceinbiological
systems.Identificationandmeasurementofbiochemicalsub-stancesandmethodsofanalysis,includingassaying.
Seealso57F,57L,57Q,and99A.Formeasurementofbiochemicalsubstancesforclinicaldiagnoses,
use57D.
57C‑BotanyStudyofmacroscopicandmicroscopicplants;Plantanatomy,
physiology,pathology,andtaxonomy;Phytotoxicity;Includesalgaeanddiatoms.
Seealso57H,57K,57Y,and98D.
57D‑Clinical ChemistryTechniquesandinstrumentationforchemicalanalysisofbodyflu-
ids,includingblood,andtissuesforclinicaldiagnoses.Seealso99A.
57E‑Clinical MedicinePrevention,diagnosis,andtherapyofdiseases;Nuclearmedicine;
Experimentalmedicine;Clinicalprotocols.Seealso57J,57O,and57X.
Forveterinarymedicine,use98E.Forhealthcareservices,use44.Forepidemiologyanddiseasecontrol,use57U.
57F‑Cytology, Genetics, & Molecular BiologyOrigin,structure,andfunctionsoflivingcellsandcellcomponents;
Hereditarydiseases;Useofchemistryandphysicstostudybiologicalphenomenaonthemolecularlevel;Structureandfunctionofbiologicalmacromolecules,e.g.proteinsandnucleicacids.
Seealso57B.
57G‑DentistryPrevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofdiseasesoftheteeth,oral
cavity,andassociatedparts;Oralhygiene.Fordentalmaterialsandequipment,use95C.Fordentalprosthetics,use95A.Fordentalservices,use44.
57H‑EcologyInterrelationshipsoforganismsandtheirenvironment;Animal,
plant,andhumanecology;Marine,freshwater,andterrestrialecology;Ecosystems;Adaptation;Acclimatization;Naturalse-lection;Speciesdiversity;Foodchains;Energybalance;Ecolog-icalsuccession;Effectsofpollutedenvironmentsonorganisms;Biologicalproductivity.
Seealso47D,48B,48G,57C,57Y,57Z,68,98D,and98B.Foreffectsofextremeenvironmentsorstimulionhumans,use
57W.Fortheinterrelationshipsofhumansandtheirsocialenvironments,
use92.Fortheeffectsofindustrialenvironmentsonhumans,use57U.
57I‑ElectrophysiologyElectricalactivityassociatedwithlivingorganismsandlifepro-
cesses;Electrophysiologicrecordingincludingelectrocardiog-raphy,electroencephalography,andelectromyography;Neuraltransmission;Intracellularpotential;Bioelectricity;Biolumines-cence;Responsesoforganismstoelectricalstimulation.
57J‑ImmunologyMechanismsofimmuneresponses;Antigensandantibodies;Vac-
cines;Immuneserums;Immunization;Immunopathology;Immunohematology;Immunochemistry;Serology;Immunity;Allergy;Histocompatibility;Autoimmunediseases.HIV/AIDS.
Seealso57Eand57K.
57K‑MicrobiologyStudiesofmicroscopicplantsandanimals;Vaccineandinterferon
production;Microbialmetabolismandbiochemistry.Fordiagnosisandtherapyofinfectiousdiseases,use57E.Fordiseasecontrolandepidemiology,use57U.Forbiotechnologyapplications,seealsofieldofapplication.
57L‑NutritionProcessesbywhichhumansassimilateandutilizefoodsubstances;
Experimentalnutrition;Nutritivevalueoffoods;Malnutrition;Diet;Foodhabits;Nutritionsurveys;Nutritionalrequirements;Clinicalnutrition.
Forfoodprocessing,use98H.Foranimalnutritionrelatedtoanimalhusbandry,veterinarymedi-
cineorzoology,use98Eor57Z.
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57M‑Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, & Rehabilitation
Restorationofnormalformandfunctionafterinjuryorphysicalillness;Occupationaltherapy;Physicaltherapy;Vocationalreha-bilitation.
Seealso44K,92A,95A.Formentalrehabilitation,use57T.Forsocialrehabilitation,use92Cand91K.Forrehabilitationcenters,use44K.
57N‑ParasitologyParasitesandparasitism;Host-parasiteinteractions;Vectorsofpara-
sites;Parasiticdiseases;Lifecyclesofparasites.Seealso57H,57K,and57P.
57O‑PathologyStudiesofthestructuralandfunctionalchangesintissuesandorgans
whichcauseorarecausedbydiseases,traumaorinjuries;Grosspathology;Histopathology;Cytopathology;Pathophysiology;Cc-mparativeandexperimentalpathology;Histologicaltechniques;Autopsy.
Forplantdiseases,use98D.Foranimaldiseases,use98E.Fordiagnosisandtreatmentofdiseases,use57E.Forimmunopathology,use57J.
57P‑Pest ControlAgentsandmethodsforthecontrolofplantandanimalpests;Pesti-
cides,algicides,herbicides,insecticides,molluscacides,fungi-cides,rodenticides,etc.;Repellantsandattractants;Fumigationandextermination;Traps;Biologicalpestcontrol.
Seealso68Eand98C.Forecologicalaspectsofpestcontrol,use57H.
57Q‑Pharmacology & Pharmacological ChemistrySynthesis,composition,properties,andeffectsofdrugs;Pharmacy,
Pharmacodynamics.Seealso57Y.Forsocialeffectsofdrugs,use91Cand92C.Forradiopharmaceuticals,use57V.Forbusinessstudiesofthedrugindustry,use96A.
57S‑PhysiologyFunctionsofthehumanorganismanditspartsandcomparativephysi-
ology;Metabolism;Endocrinology;Neurophysiology;Respira-tion;Biologicalrhythms;Growth;Aging;Regeneration.
Seealso57B,57F,57J,and57L.Forplantphysiology,use57C.Foranimalphysiology,use57Zand98E.Forpsychophysiology,use57Tand92B.Forelectrophysiology,use57I.Forpathophysiology,use57O.Forstressphysiology,use57W.
57T‑PsychiatryPrevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofmental,emotional,and
behavioraldisorders;Psychopathology;Psychoanalysis;Neuro-psychiatry;Orthopsychiatry;Psychotherapy;Psychophysiology;Psychophysics.
Forpsychologicalmechanismsandprocesses,use92B.
57U‑Public Health & Industrial MedicineProtectionandimprovementofcommunityhealth;Effectsofenvi-
ronmentsonpublichealth;Schoolandpublichealthprograms,services,andeducation;Healthscreening;Healthstatistics;Epidemiology;Toxicandinfectiousdiseasecontrol;Preventivemedicine;Hygieneandsanitation;Drinkingwaterquality;In-dustrialhygieneandmedicine;Safetyengineering;Occupation-alsafetyandhealth;Industrialsafetyanddetectionequipment;Site-specificinvestigations.
Seealso94D,94H,41Iand68G.ForoccupationalandForoccupationalandenvironmentalfactors
relatedtohealthplanning,use44G.
57V‑RadiobiologyBiologicaleffectsofradiation;Dosimetry;Healthphysics;
Radiationsicknessandinjury;Radiationhazards;Radiationprotection;Radiopharmaceuticals.Includeselectromagnetic,ultrasonic,andparticleradiation.
Seealso68Fand99E.Forradioecology,use57H.Fornuclearmedicine,radiology,andradiotherapy,use57E.
57W‑Stress PhysiologyEffectsofextremeenvironmentsorstimulionhumanbiological
processes;Physiologicaleffectsofmotion,gravity,sound,tem-perature,electromagnetic,fields,pressure,sensorydeprivation,andfatigue;Acclimatization.Includesaerospaceandunderwa-termedicine.
Seealso51B,57H,and84.Forplants,use57C.Foranimals,use57Z.Forstresspsychology,use92Bor57T.
57X‑SurgeryTreatmentofdiseases,injuries,anddeformitiesbymanualor
operativemethods;Organandtissuetransplantation;Pre-andpost-managementofsurgicalpatients;Experimentalsurgery.
Seealso95Aand95B.Fordentalsurgery,use57G.Forhistocompatibility,use57J.
57Y‑ToxicologyStudyoftheadverseeffectsofsubstancesonbiologicalsystemsand
thediagnosisandtreatmentoftoxicdiseases;Toxicitystudies;Riskassessmentofchemicals;Antidotes.
Seealso57C,57Q,57Sand57Z.
57Z‑ZoologyAnimalanatomyandphysiology;Naturalhistory;Animalbehavior;
Taxonomy.Seealso47D,48B,57Y,and98F.Foranimalmodelsusedinbiomedicalresearch,usetheresearch
discipline.Forlaboratoryanddomesticatedanimalcare,oranimaldiseases,
use98E.
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74‑militAry sciences
740‑General
74A‑Antiaircraft Defense SystemsTacticalandterminalcountermeasuresagainstattackingaircraftthat
includestrackingandcomputingequipment,antiaircraftguns,rockets,andmissiles.
Forspecificmissilesandrockets,use75.
74B‑Antimissile Defense SystemsPointandterminaldefenseandcountermeasuresagainstair-,sur-
face-,orunderwater-launchedmissiles,bombardmentsatellites.Includeslandbasedandshipbornetrackingandcomputingsystems;StrategicDefenseInitiatives(SDI),StarWars;ballisticmissiledefense.
74C‑Antisubmarine WarfareOperationsconductedagainstsubmarines,theirsupportingforces
andoperatingbases.Includeair,surface,andunderwateropera-tions.
Seealso63.
74D‑Chemical, Biological, & Radiological War‑fare
Design,development,andutilizationofchemical,biological,andradiologicalweapons;Production,generation,andstabilityoflethalandnonlethalagents;Biologicalagentsincludinganticropanddefoliatingagents.
Fornuclearweapons,use74H.
74E‑Logistics, Military Facilities, & SuppliesProcurement,storage,distribution,issue,repair,replacementof
militaryequipment;Deploymentoftroopsandcargo;Industrialmobilization;stocklevelcontrolsandinventorytechniques;De-fenseconversion;Downsizing;Baseclosures;Forcereduction;DualUseTechnology;ContinuousAcquisitionandLife-cycleSupport(CALS),formerlyComputerAidedAcquisitionandLogisticsSupport.
Forrelatedcivilianstudies,use70and94.
74F‑Military IntelligenceTechniquesforcollecting,evaluating,anddisseminatinginforma-
tionconcerningforeignnations.Includesdamageassessment;Surveillanceandreconnaissancesystems.
74G‑Military Operations, Strategy, & TacticsJointandcombinedoperations,campaigns,battles,invasions,the-
ateroperations;Planninganalysis,appraisal,andthreatevalua-tion;Methodsofattackandsupport;ArmedForcesmaneuvers;Limitedandunconventionalwarfare;Sabotage,insurgency,andcounterinsurgency;Guerrillawarfare;Psychologicalandcoldwarfare.
74H‑Nuclear WarfareDesign,development,andapplicationsofnuclearweaponsand
devices;Studiesofthephysicaleffectsofnuclearweapons;Armscontrol.
Fornuclearguidedmissilewarheads,use75F.
74I‑Passive Defense SystemsSystems,structures,anddevicestoprovideareamonitoringsecurity
anddenial.Includescamouflage,barbedwire,minefields,warn-ingsystems,barriers,andotheranti-intrusiondevices.
Forcivildefense,seealso91I.Forpersonneldetection,seealso63G.
75‑missile technology
750‑General
75A‑Air & Space‑Launched MissilesDesign,constructionandperformanceofmissileslaunchedfrom
aircraftorspacecraft.
75B‑Missile Guidance & Control SystemsTechniquesforguidanceandcontrolofmissilesfromlaunching
toimpact.Includesopticalguidance,televisionguidance,wireguidance,presetandterminalguidance,inertialguidance,com-mandguidance,andhomingguidance.
75C‑Missile Launching & Support SystemsMissilehandlingandlaunching.Includestransportation,storage,
andpreparationforlaunching;Air,space,surface,andunderwa-terlaunchingandsupportequipmentandtechniques;Checkoutequipmentandprocedures;Guidedmissileranges.
75D‑Missile Tracking SystemsTechniquesandsystemsfortrackingmissilesasdefensivemea-
sures.Canbefromsurfaceinstallationsorairandspaceborneplatforms.
Forantimissiledefensesystems,use74B.
75E‑Missile Trajectories & Reentry DynamicsDetermination,analysis,andprocessingofmissiletrajectorydata;
Flightpathanalysis;Impactprediction;Atmosphericreentry.Includesaerodynamicstudies.
Forspacecraftreentry,use84D.
75F‑Missile Warheads & FusesDesignandperformanceofalltypesofmissilewarheadsand
fuzes-chemical,biological,nuclearandexplosive.Forrockets,use79H.
75G‑Surface‑Launched MissilesDesign,construction,andperformanceofmissileslaunchedfrom
theground,surfaceplatforms,vehicles,silos,andsurfaceships.
75H‑Underwater‑Launched MissilesDesign,construction,andperformanceofmissileslaunchedfrom
underwater.
48‑nAturAl resources & eArth sciences
480‑General
48A‑Mineral IndustriesIndustriesandtheirprocessesthatexploitmetallicandnonmetal-
lic,fuelandnonfuelresources.Includescoalmining,miningwastes,andacidminedrainage;Coalpreparation;Petroleumexploration,drilling,andproduction;Metalsexplorationandmining;Explorationgeophysicsandseismology;Reserves;Minesafety;Mineraleconomics;Underwaterandcontinentalshelfmining;Naturalresourcesstudies(excludingEarthRe-sourceSatelliteSurveys).Ifenergysourceproductionrelated,use97.
Forpetroleumrefining,use97Kand99B.
48B‑Natural Resource ManagementConservationandmanagementofnaturalresources,includingland
andsoil,water,forest,grassland,andothervegetation;Fishandwildlifemanagement;Mineralmanagement;Policiesandleg-islationincludinggamelawsandlicensing;Waterresourceman-agement;Watersupply;Deforestation;Forestfireprevention.
Seealso98F,48A,48C,and48D.
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48C‑Natural Resource SurveysUseofscientificsatellites,aerialphotography,andotherremote
sensingtechniquestoscantheearth’ssurfaceindatagatheringexperimentsonsoils,mineralresources,hydrology,animals,forests,andotherresources;Surveyingtechniquessuchasim-ageprocessing,photointerpretation,andpatternrecognition.
Foragriculturalresourcesurveys,use98G;Forequipmentstudies,use63.
48D‑ForestryForestdescriptionandmeasurement;Forestinfluences;Forest
protectionandmanagement;Harvesting,logging,sawmills,andtransportation;Silviculture;Forestnurseries;Afforestationreforestation,anddeforestation;Forestfiresandprevention.
Forwoodutilization,use71R.
48E‑Soil SciencesSoilbiology,chemistry,moisture,mineralogy,classification,sur-
veys;Soilerosionanditsprevention;Landreclamation,terrac-ing,contouring,polders,tillage,andfertility;Soilbanks.
Forirrigation,use98C.Formechanicalandengineeringproperties,use50D.
48F‑Geology & GeophysicsStructure,properties,andclassificationofrocks;Paleontology;Stra-
tigraphy;Geodesy;Structuralgeology;Engineeringgeology;Vulcanology;Petrology;Petrography;Tectonics.
Forastrogeology,use54A.Forgeologicalstudiesrelatingtoenergyormineralreserves,use
97Aand48Arespectively.Formarinegeologyandgeophysics,use47E.
48G‑Hydrology & LimnologyProperties,distribution,andcirculationoffreshwater,including
itssurfaceandundergroundoccurrence;Physicalandchemicalconditionsinfreshwaterbodies;Eutrophication;Chemical-bi-ologicalinterrelationships;Waterrunoff;Waterlosses;Groundwater;Streams;Aquifers.
Forstudiesofestuariesorseawater,use47.
48H‑Snow, Ice, & PermafrostPhysicalcharacteristicsincludingtrafficability,stability,andme-
chanicalproperties;Glaciology.Forseaice,use47C,andforseaicemovement,use47B.
48I‑CartographyMapmaking;Photogrammetry;Terrainmodels;Topography.
Geographicinformationsystems;Cartography;Actualphysicalprocesses,procedures,andmethodsofmapmaking.
76‑nAvigAtion, guidAnce, & control
760‑General
76A‑Control Devices & EquipmentNavigationandguidancecontrolequipment.Seealso76C.
76B‑Guidance SystemsDesign,development,andperformanceofcompleteguidancesys-
tems.Includesintegrationofspecificcomponentsandsubsys-temsnecessarytoassurecoursepositioning.
76C‑Navigation & Guidance System ComponentsNavigationcomputers;Gyros,radiators,sensors,indicators,etc.,
usedinnavigationofaircraft,ships,spacecraft,andgroundvehicles.
76D‑Navigation SystemsDesign,development,andperformanceofcompletenavigation
systems;Integrationofspecificcomponentsandsubsystemsnecessaryindirectionfinding(position,distance,andcourseoftravel);Globalnavigationsystems.
Seealso85F.
77‑nucleAr science & technology
770‑GeneralIncludesnuclearmaterialsmanagement,safeguards,accounting
methods.Seealso77I.
77A‑Fusion Devices (Thermonuclear)Theory,design,construction,andoperationofdevicesforproduc-
ingcontrolledthermonuclearfusionreactions;Nuclearfusionreactormaterialsandfuels.
Forplasmastudiesinthermonucleardevices,seealso46G.
77B‑IsotopesIdentification,separation,andconcentrationofradioactiveisotopes.
Includesisotopicirradiationdevices.Forradioactiveisotopespollutingtheenvironment,use68F.Fortheuseofisotopesinlabelingchemicalreactions,use99F.Fortheuseofisotopesinmedical/biologicalapplications,use57.
77C‑Nuclear Auxiliary Power SystemsSNAPtechnology,bothisotopicandreactor;Isotopicpowersup-
plies;Smallscaleelectricitygenerationbynuclearmeans.Fornuclearpropulsion,seethefieldofapplication.
77D‑Nuclear Explosions & DevicesExplosioneffects,includingshockwaves,groundmotion,elec-
tromagneticpulses,primaryradiation,injectionofchargedparticlesintoradiationbelts;Testingofnucleardevices(includ-ingnuclearsimulationusingchemicalexplosives);Peacefulapplications(e.g.,Plowshare).
Foreffectsoncommunicationsandelectronicssystems,seethefieldofapplication.
Formilitaryapplications,use74H.
77E‑Nuclear InstrumentationNuclearradiationdetectionandmeasurementdevicesandsystems;
Betaparticledetectors.ForX-raydetectors,use46Gen.Forhealthphysicsinstrumentation,use57V.
77F‑Radiation Shielding, Protection, & SafetyShieldingdesign,nuclearradiationtransportpropertiesofmaterials,
decontamination;Containerdesignandtransportationrequire-mentsforradioactivematerials;Falloutshelters.
Seealso91I.
77G‑Radioactive Wastes & RadioactivitySeparation,processing,handling,storage,disposal,
andreuseofradioactivewastes;Radioactivefallout;Fissionproducts;Man-madeornaturalradioactivity;Decommissioning.
Forradiationpollution,use68F.
77H‑Reactor Engineering & Nuclear Power Plants
Engineeringrelateddirectlytothedesign,safety,andoperationofareactor;Researchandtestreactors.Integratedassemblage,includingreactorandturbogeneratorequipment,pluscontrolandregulatorydevicesofanuclearpowerplant,eithermobileorstationary;Includessiteselectionandfeasibilitystudies;Engineeringaspectsofreactoraccidents.
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Seealso77C.Forcriticalassembliesandreactorsimulation,use77K.
77I‑Reactor Fuels & Fuel ProcessingProduction,testing,design,orreclamationofnuclearfuelmaterials,
reactorfuelelements(includescladding)andfuelassemblies.Includesnuclearfuelcyclestudiesfornuclearmaterialsmanage-ment;Nuclearfuelreprocessing.
Forprocessingofnonrecoverablefuelmaterialsandfuelcontami-nants,use77G.
77J‑Reactor MaterialsProduction,testing,design,orreclamationofcoolants,controlma-
terials,moderators,structuralmaterialssuchaspipematerials;Shieldingmaterials,andsteels.Includesfabricatedelementsorassembliesandspecificconfigurations.
Fortheeffectsofradiationonmaterials,seealso71Lor71J.
Forfuelmaterials,cladding,orfuelassemblies,use77I.Excludespowergeneratingequipmentandnuclearfusionreactormateri-als.
77K‑Reactor PhysicsReactorkinetics,reactortheory,neutrontransporttheory,andcriti-
cality.Includescriticalassembliesandreactorsimulators.
47‑oceAn sciences & technology
470‑GeneralIncludesbreakwaters;Onshoreandoffshorefacilities;Ocean
dredgingoperations;Beacherosion;Harborengineering;Oceanmining;Anchors;Buoys;Seakeeping;Divingoperationsandequipment;Decompressionequipment.
Seealso50B,47H,and95E.
47A‑Marine EngineeringDesign,construction,andmaintenanceofships,boats,andrelated
equipment;Salvageoperations;Navalarchitecture;Shipyardsandshipbuilding;Submarines;Shipbornecontainerization.
Seealso85G.
47B‑Dynamic OceanographyOceanwaves;Sealevelchanges;Oceancurrents;Oceantides;Lit-
toraltransport;Seaicemovement.
47C‑Physical & Chemical OceanographyPhysicalandchemicalpropertiesofseawater,theoceanbottom,
andestuaries;Seaice.Forglaciersandfreshwaterice,use48H.
47D‑Biological OceanographyPlantandanimallifeinthemarineenvironment;Biologicalfouling;
Marineecology;Biologicalaspectsofmariculture;Useofma-rineorganismsasbioassaysystems;Marineaspectsofestuaries;Marinebiologyofanadromousfishes.
Seealso57C,57H,57K,57F,57Z,and98F.
47E‑Marine Geophysics & GeologyGeophysicalandgeologicalstudiesandsurveysasappliedtoa
marineenvironment;Platetectonics;Seafloorspreading;Con-tinentaldrift.
Seealso48F.
47F‑Oceanographic Vessels, Instruments, & Platforms
Instrumentationandequipmenttocollectandprocessoceanograph-icdata;Remotesensors.
47G‑HydrographyHydrographicsurveying;Oceanbottomtopography;Bathymetry.
47H‑Underwater Construction & HabitatsClosedenvironments;Underwaterworkandconstruction;Under-
waterconstructionequipment.Seealso47Genor95E.
79‑ordnAnce
790‑General
79A‑Ammunition, Explosives, & PyrotechnicsProjectiles,fuzes,demolitionexplosives,detonators,grenades,land
mines,highexplosives,primers,powderandliquidpropel-lants,flamethrowers,andequipmentforhandlingtheseitems;Production,performance,storagestabilityofincendiaries,pyrotechnics,screeningagents(smokes),etc.
Fornuclearweapons,use74H.Forrocketpropellants,use81.
79B‑ArmorDesign,testing,andperformanceofarmorandarmorplateinclud-
ingbulletproof,flakproof,explosionproof,andfragmentproofdevicesandrelatedequipment.
Forothertypesofprotectivedevices,seetheapplication.
79C‑BombsHigh-explosive,fragmentation,antipersonnel,armorpiercing,in-
cendiary,napalm,generalpurpose,andsimilartypesofbombs;Bombhandlingequipment;Storage.
Forbombdirectorsandbombreleasemechanisms,use79F;Fornuclearbombs,use74H.
79D‑Combat VehiclesMilitaryvehiclesincludingarmoredwheeledandtrack-layingve-
hicles,tanksandreconnaissancevehicles,trucks,guncarriers;Componentsandaccessories.
79E‑Detonations, Explosion Effects, & BallisticsExplosioneffects(exceptnuclear)suchasblast,shockwaves,deto-
nationwaves,cratering,earthmotionormovement,heat,etc.;Interior,exterior,andterminalballistics;Thestudyofmotion,behavior,andaerodynamicsofprojectilesthrownorlaunchedbyordnanceprojectors;Includestargetvulnerabilityanddam-ageassessmentstudies,weaponseffects.
Fornuclearexplosioneffects,use77D.
79F‑Fire Control & Bombing SystemsFirecontrolcomputers,sights,directors,rangefinders,gunlaying,
bombingradarsystems,boresighting,bombreleases,andotherdevicesusedspecificallyfordirectingthefiringofweaponsorthedroppingofbombs.
79G‑GunsSmallarms,automaticweapons,antipersonnelweapons,recoiless
weapons,mortars,artilleryandnavalguns,theiraccessoriesandcomponents;Guncarriages,gunmounts,remotecontrolequip-ment,etc.
Forballisticstudies,use79E.Forguncontrol,socialviolence,use92Cor43.
79H‑RocketsUnguided,self-propelledprojectileswhosetrajectoryorcoursecan-
notbealteredafterlaunch;Groundlaunched,airlaunched,orshiplaunchedrockets,launchers,andlaunchsupportequipment.
Forsoundingrockets,use55D.
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79I‑Underwater OrdnanceTorpedoes,submarinemines,depthcharges,hydrobombs,anti-
submarineammunition,etc.;Launchingdevicesandsupportequipment.
82‑photogrAphy & recording devices
820‑General
82A‑HolographyTechniques,materials,andusesofholographyandholograms;
Acousticholography.Seealso46C.
82B‑Photographic Techniques & EquipmentPhotographictechniques,includingaerialphotography,color
photography,astronomicalphotography,cinematography,photomicrography,Schlierenphotography;Cameras,lenses,shutters,projectors,photographicprocesses,andmaterials;Microphotography,Photographiccopying;Directrecordingandreproductionofvisualimages;Copying,reproductionandreplicationtechniques;Thermography;Lithography,andrelatedarts;Graphicarts,illustrating,visualdesign.
Forphotogrammetry,use48I.
82C‑Recording DevicesTechniquesanddevicesforrecordingotherthanvisualimages.
Includesdisk,magnetic,thermoplastic,electrostaticrecordingsystems,CD-ROM,andplaybackequipmentsuchasrecordplayers,taperecorders,etc.
46‑physics
460‑GeneralIncludeselectronandX-rayoptics;Thermodynamics;Nuclear
physics;elementaryparticles;Atomicandmolecularphysics.
46A‑AcousticsGenerationandtransmissionofsoundthroughvariousmediaor
enclosures.Includesultrasonicandinfrasonicradiation.Seealso63A.
46B‑Fluid MechanicsTheoreticalandexperimentalstudiesofthedynamicsandstaticsof
fluidsandofrelativemotionbetweenfluidsandsolidbodies;Aerodynamicsandhydrodynamics;Watertunnelstudiesandequipment.
Forwindtunnelequipmentandfacilities,use51F.Foroperationalapplications,use51A,75E,and84D.Forplasmaphysics,use46G.
46C‑Optics & LasersGenerationandpropagationofelectromagneticwavesintheinfra-
red,visible,andultravioletregionofthespectrum;Theory;De-signandperformanceofopticalequipment;Lasersandmasers.
46D‑Solid State PhysicsPhysicalpropertiesofsolidsasrelatedtotheirstructure.Fundamen-
talresearchandtheoreticalstudiesonsemiconductors,super-conductors,structureofsolids.Includescrystallographyandsuperconductivity.
Forsemiconductordevices,use49H.Forstructuralmechanics,use46E.Forstudiesonceramics,coatings,compositematerials,metals,and
alloys,use71.
46E‑Structural MechanicsDynamicsandstaticsofsolidbodies;Kinematics;Shockandvibra-
tion.
46G‑Plasma PhysicsPropertiesandactionsofplasmas,includingmagnetohydrodynam-
ics,pincheffect,plasmaoscillations,plasmajets;Plasmadiag-nostics;Plasmadynamics.Plasmasinthermonucleardevices.
Seealso77A.ForMHDgenerators,use97O.Forastrophysics,use54C.Foraeronomy,use55A.
46H‑Radiofrequency WavesGenerationandpropagationofradiofrequencywaves.Forcommunicationsystems,techniques,equipment,etc.,use45.Forradiofrequencydetection,use63H.
43‑proBlem‑solving inFormAtion For stAte & locAl governments
430‑GeneralIncludesinternalgovernmentadministration;Stateprograms;
Criminaljustice,correctionsplanning,andadministration.
43A‑FinanceTaxation;Revenue;Budgeting;Revenuesharing;Financing;Al-
location.Seealso91Gand91H.Forcommercialbankingandfinanceoperations,use96F.
43B‑Economic & Community DevelopmentLanduseplanning;Urbanrenewal;Economiceffects;Economic
planninganddevelopment;Recreationplanninganddevelop-ment;Economicreadjustment.
Seealso91Jand96A.
43C‑Human ResourcesEducation;Socialservices;Healthcareservices;Manpower.Seealso9lKand92C.
43D‑Police, Fire, & Emergency ServicesPoliceandfireservicesandadministration;Disasterservices;Civil
defense;Emergencyweatherservices,Pollutionalerts;Civildisturbances;Ambulanceservices;Disasterrelief.
Seealso91Cand91I.
43E‑EnergyManagementandplanningonenergyresources,useandproduction;
Governmentadministrationandforecasting.Seealso97.
43F‑EnvironmentAir,water,noise,wastemanagementandplanning;Monitoring
services.Seealso68.
43G‑TransportationPlanningformodesofpublic,private,andcargotransportation;
Highwayplanning,Parking;Trafficengineering.Seealso85and91B.
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84‑spAce technology
840‑GeneralExtraterrestialbiology,chemistry,andmedicine.
84A‑AstronauticsSpacemissions;Projectsandlogistics;Orbitalrendezvous;Space
exploration;Spacecraftoperatingproblems;Extravehicularactivity.
84B‑Extraterrestial ExplorationSpaceprobeexploration;Spacelandings;Spaceconstructionand
maintenance;Extravehicularactivityonotherplanets.
84C‑Manned SpacecraftDesignandconstructionofmannedspacecraft,spacestations,aero-
spaceplanesandtheircomponents.
84D‑Spacecraft Trajectories & Flight MechanicsDetermination,analysis,processingofspacecrafttrajectorydata;
Spacemechanics;Orbitalcalculations;Flightpathanalysis;Atmosphereentry;Reentrydynamics.
84E‑Space Launch Vehicles & Support Equip‑ment
Handlingandlaunching,includingtransportation,storage,prepara-tionforlaunching,countdown,launchingequipment,checkoutequipment,groundsupportequipment,andinformationsystems;Spacecrafttrackingsystems;Trackingnetworks;Recoverysupport.
84F‑Space SafetySafetymeasuresanddevicesdirectedtowardreducingthehazards
ofspaceflight.
84G‑Unmanned SpacecraftDesignandconstructionofunmannedspacecraft,includingspace
probes,scientificsatellites,militarysatellites,communicationsatellites,reconnaissancesatellites,andnavigationalsatellites.
Forsatellitesappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldofap-plication.
85‑trAnsportAtion
850‑General
85A‑Air TransportationOperationofsystemsfortransportbyair;Civilaviation;Airports
andairportaccess;Airlineoperations;Airrouting;Airtrafficcontrolsystems;Multimodalsystems;Aviationsafetyandaviationaccidents;Aircraftfires;Aircraftfuelfires.
Seealso43G,74E,76,85D,and91B.Fordesignofaircraftandcomponents,use51and81.Forrunwayconstructionanddesign,use50B.
85C‑Metropolitan Rail TransportationUrbanrailtransit;Undergroundandabove-groundrapidtransitrail-
ways,includingsubways;Automatedguidewaytransitsystems;Trackedaircushionvehicles.
Seealso85Iand91B.
85D‑Transportation SafetySafetyandaccidentsinvolvingair,land,andwatertransportation;
Accidentstudiesandprevention;Alcoholrelatedstudies;Break-awaybarriersandstructures;Standardsandtestingofcompo-nentsandequipment;Crashworthiness;Trafficsafety;Collisionresearch;Safetyequipmentanddevices.
Seealso91B.Forpipelineaccidents,use85E.
85E‑Pipeline TransportationTransportationofliquids,gases,andslurriesthroughlong-distance
pipelines;Accidentsandsafety.
85F‑Global Navigation SystemsWorldwidenavigationalaidstotransportation;Globalpositioning
system(GPS).Seealso76D.
85G‑Marine & Waterway TransportationShipping;Safetyandaccidents;Safetyequipment;Cargohandling
andequipment;Cargomovement;Passengermovement;Trafficcontrol;Boating;Traderoutes;Shipbornecontainerization.
Seealso43G,74E,76,and85D.Formarineengineering,use47A.Forwaterwayengineering,use50B.
85H‑Road TransportationPassengerandcargomovement;Designandstandardsforvehicles
andcomponents;Motorvehicleenginestudies;Safetyengineer-ing;Safetydevices;Trafficandroadsafety;Collisionresearch;Accidentstudies;Highwaytraffic;Trafficengineering;Pas-sengerandcargovehicles;Trailers;Motorcycles;Bicyclesandbikeways;Hikingtrails.
Seealso43G,50A,74E,81J,85D,and91B.
85I‑Railroad TransportationSafetyandaccidents;Safetyequipment;Cargohandlingandequip-
ment;Cargomovement;Passengermovement;Trafficcontrol;Terminals;Amtrak;Trackstudies;Rollingstock;Scheduling;Railroadengineeringandequipment.
Seealso43G,85D,and91B.
91‑urBAn & regionAl technology & de‑velopment
910‑GeneralIncludesenergystudies.
91A‑Environmental Management & PlanningAir,water,noise,andwastemanagementandcontrol;Monitoring
services;Solidwastesandrecycling;Solidwastelandfills;Waterqualitymanagement;Environmen-talsurveys;Designandoperationofsewersystems(combined,etc.);Watersuppliesandservices;Excludesnaturalresourcemanagement.
Seealso68and43F.
91B‑Transportation & Traffic PlanningPlanningformodesofpublicandprivate,passengerandcargo
transporation;Travelpatternsanddemand;Parking;Trafficengineering,trafficflowandcontrol;Trafficsurveys;Highwayandstreetservices;Rapidtransitsystems;Passengertransporta-tionandplanning;Pedestrianmovement.
Seealso43Gand85.
91C‑Fire Services, Law Enforcement, & Criminal Justice
Fire,police,andcourtservicesandtheiradministration;Lawenforcementandcriminaljustice;Crimeandfireprevention;Personnelrecruitment,training,andutilization;Parole;Workrelease;Correctionalinstitutions.
Seealso43D.Forcriminaljusticeandcorrections,seealso43Gen.
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91D‑CommunicationsUseandplanningofcommunications;Massmedia,emergency
communications,publicinformation.Seealso45.
91E‑HousingSurveysandassessmentsofexistinghousing;Planninganddevel-
opment;Buildingcodes;Housingneeds;Housingrenovation;Publichousing.
Fordesign,architectural,orconstructionrelatedstudies,seealso89.
91F‑Health ServicesUrbanhealthservices;Emergencymedicalservices;Mentalhealth
services;Nursinghomes;Ambulatoryhealthservices;Hospitalservices;Publichealthaccess.
Seealso43C,43D,44and91I.
91G‑Urban Administration & PlanningGeneraladministrationandplanning;Feasibilitystudies;Appraisal
ofrealproperty;Taxation;Landuseandzoning;Urbanrevital-ization;Financing.
Seealso43and70F.
91H‑Regional Administration & PlanningGeneraladministrationandplanningforcountyandregionalareas
thatmayalsocontainurbanorurbanizedareas;Intergovern-mentalrelationsandinteractions(State,County,Local);Landuseandzoning.
Seealso43and70F.Forstategovernmentadministrationandplanning,use43.
91I‑Emergency Services & PlanningDisasterservices;Civildefense;Earlywarningsystemsandemer-
gencypreparednessforalltypesofdisaster;Emergencyweatherservices;Pollutionalerts;Civildisturbances;Ambulanceser-vices;Flooding;Disasterrelief.
Seealso43D,44,and91F.Formilitarypassivedefensesystems,seealso74I.Forpersonneldetection,seealso63G.
91J‑Economic StudiesEconomicanalyses;Economicdevelopment;Industrialdevelop-
ment;Economicimpactsofdevelopment;Population-econo-my-incomestudies;Employmentandearnings;Propertyvalues;Commercialareastudies.
Seealso43Band96.Forgovernmentfinancialoperations,use43A,70F,91G,and91H.
91K‑Social ServicesChildcare;Familyandyouthcounseling;Socialrehabilitation;
Fosterhomesandadoption;Welfareandpublicassistance;Fi-nancialassistance;Foodstampservices;Employmentservices;Legalservices.
Seealso43C,91F,and92C.
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Numerical Listing of Major CategoriesAppendix D
41 Manufacturing Technology43 Problem Solving Information for State & Local Governments44 Health Care45 Communications46 Physics47 Ocean Sciences & Technology48 Natural Resources & Earth Sciences49 Electrotechnology50 Civil Engineering51 Aeronautics & Aerodynamics54 Astronomy & Astrophysics55 Atmospheric Sciences57 Medicine & Biology62 Computers, Control & Information Theory63 Detection & Countermeasures68 Environmental Pollution & Control70 Administration & Management71 Materials Sciences72 Mathematical Sciences74 Military Sciences
75 Missile Technology76 Navigation, Guidance &Control77 Nuclear Science & Technology79 Ordnance81 Combustion, Engines, & Propellants82 Photography & Recording Devices84 Space Technology85 Transportation88 Library & Information Sciences89 Building Industry Technology90 Government Inventions for Licensing91 Urban & Regional Technology & Development92 Behavior & Society94 Industrial & Mechanical Engineering95 Biomedical Technology & Human Factors Engineering96 Business & Economics97 Energy98 Agriculture & Food99 Chemistry
Primarycategorytitlesarrangedbysubjectcategorycode.Thislistwillassistyouinusingthecrossrefer-encecategorycodesprovidedinmanyofthedescriptions.
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41‑mAnuFActuring technology
410‑General *Includesmechanicalelements;Pipes;Tubes;Levers;Cams;
Springs;Clutches;Gears;Valves;Filters;Containersandpack-ingmaterials;Refrigerationsystemsandequipment;Industrialfurnacesandboilers;Heatexchangers;Heatpumps;Heatpipes;Energymanagement,economics,andfinancing;Internationalissues.
Seealso94Oand97G.Forenginecomponents,use81.Forfueltanks,use81C.Forcoolingtowers,use97J.
41A‑Computer Aided Design (CAD)Applicationofcomputerhardwareandsoftware(programs)to
enhancethedesign,computations,simulation,analysisandmodeling,presentations,graphics,drafting,databasecreationandhuman-machineinterface,associatedwiththecreationofengineeringdesignspecifications.
Seealso94A.
41B‑Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)Applicationofcomputerhardwareandsoftware(programs)to
enhancematerialsplanning,processingandhandling,tooling;Assembly;Qualityandreliabilitycontrol;Inspection;Tests;Schedulingandcontrol;Facilitiesandequipmentmaintenance;Grouptechnologyapplications;Inventorycontrol(rawmaterial,inprocessandfinished);Numericalcontrolsandautomation;ThecreationofDirectNumericalControl(DNC)andComputerNumericalControl(CNC)manufacturingcellsandsystems.
Seealso94Aand94G.
41C‑Robotics/RobotsApplicationofcomputerhardwareandsoftware,controls,sen-
sors,electromechanicalandhydro-mechanicaldevices,tothecreationofrobotsandtheapplicationofrobotstoallfacetsofmanufacturing.Studyofbiologicalprocessesinordertodevel-opengineeringsystems;Patternrecognitionsystemsbasedonbiologicalmodels.Includesfeatureextraction;Imageenhance-ment;Imagerestoration;Sceneanalysis;Characterrecognition.
Seealso95Fand62F.
41D‑ProductivityProductivityofemployees,management,andservices;Improving
qualityofworklife;Measurementofproductivityefficiencyandeffectiveness;Employeeattitudesandmotivation;Manpowerutilizationandperformanceimprovement,jobsatisfaction,jobsecurity;Labor-management,jobredesign;Alternativeworkschedules;Incentiveplans;Productivitybarriersincludingregu-lation,obsoletepractices;Paperwork,andfinancingmethods.
Seealso70Gand70D.
41E‑Manufacturing, Planning, Processing & Control
Fabrication,assembling,cleaning,andfinishing;Industrialandmanufacturingprocesses(limitedtoin-depthstudiesthatdirect-lydiscussspecificprocesses);Materialsformingandmachining;Heattreatment;Fabricationandmanufacturing;Layout;Coatingprocesses;Materialshandlingandcontrol,includingpalletizing,conveying,warehousing,storing,containerization,andpackag-ing;Timeandmotionstudies;Scheduling;Productioncontrolsandprogramming;Modelingtechniquesandprogramcontrols;Inventorymanagement.
Seealso94A.Forthebeneficiationandprocessingofminerals,use48A.Forchemicalengineeringandprocessing,use99B.Forcomputer-aidedmanufacturing,use41Band94G.Forlasersusedinmanufacturing,use41M.Forprocessingandpackagingoffood,use98H.Forproductionofmaterials,use71.
41F‑JoiningBondingandjoiningincludinggluing,welding,soldering,brazing,
andfastening;Jointsandfasteners;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralpropertiesofadhesives,sealants,glue,binders,seals,andgaskets.
Seealso94G,94Gen,and71B.
41G‑Quality Control & ReliabilityToleranceallocation;Maintainabilityrequirements;Probability
ofsatisfactoryperformanceofcomponentsandequipment;Inspectionmethods;Reliabilitytheory;Qualityassurance;Nondestructivetestinghavingindustrialapplication;Ultrasonic,radiographic,hydrostatic,magnetic,andopticalnondestructivetechniquesandequipment;Nondestructivetestingofflaws,thickness,opacity,strength;Destructiveindustrialtesting;Metrology.
Seealso94B,94J,and94Gen.
41H‑Plant Design & MaintenanceSiteselection;Plantdesign;MaintenanceManagement;Scheduled,
routine,andcorrectivemaintenance;Security.Seealso94C.
41I‑Job EnvironmentIndustrialhygieneandoccupationalsafetyandhealth.Seealso
57U,68G,and44G.Workplacelayoutanddesign;Humanfac-torsengineering;IncludesIndustrialpsychologyandIndustrialsociology;Workerinteractions.
Seealso94Dand95D.Includesenvironmentalengineeringequipmentrelatedtoindustrial
use.Seealso97J,89B,and94E.Forminesafety,use48A.Forordnancesafety,use79A.Fornuclearradiationsafety,use77.Fortransportationsafety,use85D.
41J‑Tooling, Machinery, & ToolsMachinesubassemblies;Tools;Machineryincludinghoists,
conveyors,andpumps;Design,productionperformance,andtestingofhydraulicandpneumaticsystems,accumulators,actuators,compressorsanddistributionequipment;Fluidicandfluericdevices;Ergonomicsinteractionofmanandequipmentintermsofsubsystemandsystemperformancerequirementsandevaluation;Man-machinesystemsandhumanfactorsengineering.
Seealso94F,94I,94D,and95D.Forhydraulicfluids,use71K.
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41K‑Engineering MaterialsPerformance;Properties,fabricationandmanufacturingmethodsof
ceramics,coatingsandcompositematerialsincludingceramiccoatings,ceramicfibers,corrosionresistantcoatings,reinforcedplastics,graphiteorcarboncomposites,laminates;Metalmatrixcomposites,andfiberandparticulatecomposites.
Seealso71B,71D,and71F.
41L‑TribologyFriction,lubricationandwear,includingbearings;Unwanted
chemicalreactioneffectsonmetals,corrosionofmetalsandcorrosionresistantcoatings;Lubricants.
Seealso71L,71G,and71K.
41M‑Optics & LasersDesignandperformanceofopticalequipmentforuseinmanufac-
turingapplications.Includeslaserapplicationssuchaslaserannealing,cutting,drilling,andwelding.
Seealso46C.
41N‑Computer SoftwareComputerprogramming;Programminglanguages;Compilers;Data
basemanagementsystems;CAD/CAMrobotics.
Seealso62B.
41O‑Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & Economics
Economicimpactsonindustries;Productivity;Wagesurveys;Do-mesticmarketsurveys.
Seealso96A.
41P‑Research Program Administration & Technology Transfer
Researchneeds;Technologytransferandforecasting.Seealso70E.
43‑proBlem solving inFormAtion For stAte & locAl governments
430‑GeneralIncludesinternalgovernmentadministration;Stateprograms;
Criminaljustice,correctionsplanning,andadministration.
43A‑FinanceTaxation;Revenue;Budgeting;Revenuesharing;Financing;Al-
location.Seealso91Gand91H.Forcommercialbankingandfinanceoperations,use96F.
43B‑Economic & Community DevelopmentLanduseplanning;Urbanrenewal;Economiceffects;Economic
planninganddevelopment;Recreationplanninganddevelop-ment;Economicreadjustment.
Seealso91Jand96A.
43C‑Human ResourcesEducation;Socialservices;Healthcareservices;Manpower.Seealso9lKand92C.
43D‑Police, Fire, & Emergency ServicesPoliceandfireservicesandadministration;Disasterservices;Civil
defense;Emergencyweatherservices,Pollutionalerts;Civildisturbances;Ambulanceservices;Disasterrelief.
Seealso91Cand91I.
43E‑EnergyManagementandplanningonenergyresources,useandproduction;
Governmentadministrationandforecasting.Seealso97.
43F‑EnvironmentAir,water,noise,wastemanagementandplanning;Monitoring
services.Seealso68.
43G‑TransportationPlanningformodesofpublic,private,andcargotransportation;
Highwayplanning,Parking;Trafficengineering.Seealso85and91B.
44‑heAlth cAre
440‑General
44A‑Planning MethodologyHealthplanningtheoryincludingmethods,tactics,techniquesand
policies;Evaluationofplanningtheoriesandprocesses.
44B‑Agency Administrative & Financial Management
Managementpracticesandpoliciesregardingtechnicalassistance,evaluationofhealthcareagencyactivities,publicrelations;Financialmanagementandaccountingmethods.
44C‑Community & Population CharacteristicsDataandnumericalinformationincludinghealthstatus,qualityof
care,malpractice,healthcareneeds/demands;Healthcareutili-zation,healthcarecost,vitalstatistics;Demographicinforma-tion,economic,environmental,nutritional,andsocietalfactorsaffectinghealth,andhealthresourcedistribution.
44D‑Health Care Assessment & Quality Assurance
Financialfeasibilityreview,economicimpactreview,andprojectreview;Certificateofneedtheory;Healthmanpowereducationinstitutionalaccreditation;Judicatoryprocedures,review,andassessment;Qualityassurancetheory;Certificatorymethodol-ogy;Healthmanpowerproficiencytesting,andpublichealtheducationevaluation;Classificationofhealthcarefacilitiesandhealthcarepersonnel.
44E‑Health Care Measurement MethodologyMeasurementofhealthstatus,qualityofcare,healthfacilitysup-
ply,healthmanpowersupply,proficiencyandproductivity,andhealthcarecosts;Healthcareneeds/demandsandutilizationmeasurement.
Seealso44L,44N,and44Q.
44F‑Health Care Forecasting MethodologyProjectinghealthcareneeds/demandsandhealthcareutilization;
Healthcarefacilitysupply;Healthmanpowersupply;Healthcarecosts;Homehealthcare;Cross-impactprojections.
44G‑Environmental & Occupational FactorsEnvironmentalfactorsaffectinghealthincludinghousing,sanita-
tion,waterpollution,solidwastepollution,noisepollution,diseasevectors,safetyhazards,andoccupationalandindustrialhazards;Overpopulation;Healthfacilityenvironmentalconsid-erationsandenvironmentalimpact;Energysourcesinthehealthfield.
Seealso57Uand68G.
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44H‑Health Care TechnologyDescriptionsandapplicationsofnewhealthcaretechnologyand
equipment;Ailmentpreventiontechniques,andtechnologyregardingdiagnosis,therapy,rehabilitation,andfoodandnutri-tion;Healthcareequipmentandfacilitydesignandperformanceconsiderations.
Seealso57and95.
44J‑Health Delivery Plans, Projects & StudiesPlans,projects,andstudiesrelatedtotheinstitutionaldeliveryof
healthservicesincludingstate/localhealthplans,state/localmedicalfacilityplans,plansforspecifichealthservices,andhealthdeliveryfeasibilitystudies.
44K‑Health ServicesPersonalandpublichealthservices,patientcare,andmaintenance
ofanindividual’shealthstatusincludinghospitalservicesacutein-patientservices,long-terminpatientservices,nursinghomeservices,emergencyservices,publichealthservices,mentalservices,nursingservices,dentalservices,andmedically-relatedsocialservicesincludinginstitutiondischargeservices.
44L‑Health Care Needs & DemandsMeasurementofhealthcareneeds/demands,hospitalcare,acute
in-patientcare,long-terminpatientcare,nursinghomecare,medicalcare,mentalcare,nursingcare,dentalcare,andhealthinsurance;Homehealthcare;Measurementsofhealthmanpow-errequirements/demands.
Seealso44E.
44M‑Health ResourcesSurveys,reports,andstudiesrelatedtospecifichealthcareresourc-
esincludingmanpower,facilities,sourcesoffinancing,andgovernmentandprivatehealth-relatedorganizations,agenciesandindividuals.
44N‑Health Care UtilizationMeasurementsregardingutilizationofhealthresourcesincluding
manpower,ambulatorycare,emergencycare,publichealthcare,medicalcare,mentalcare,nursingcare,dentalcare,healthinsurance,healthcarefacilities,andhomehealthcare.
Seealso44Eand44L.
44P‑Health Education & Manpower TrainingHealthmanpowereducationincludingcurriculaandcosts;Health
manpowereducationfacilityneeds/demands;Institutionalfinancing;Financingforhealthrelatededucationalinstitutions;Studentrecruitingandretentionmethods;Continuingeducation;Careerguidanceandcareeradvancement;Consumerhealtheducationandpublichealtheducationmethods.
44Q‑Health‑Related CostsHealthcarecosts,indexes,projections,in-patientcarecosts,acute
in-patientcarecosts,long-termcarecosts,nursinghomecarecosts,ambulatorycarecosts,emergencycarecosts,publichealthcarecosts,medicalcarecosts;Insurancecosts;Manpow-erincome;Equipmentcosts;Facilityutilizationandconstruc-tioncosts;Ailmentcostsincludingpreventivemedicinecostsandinjurycosts;Transportationcostsincludingemergencytransportationcosts.
44R‑Economics & SociologyDiscussionsofeconomicandsociologicalfactorsandtheories
relevanttohealthcare.
44S‑Legislation & RegulationsLaws,bills,regulations,andmodellegislation.Includescertificate
ofneed,healthinsurancecertification,healthmanpowerlicens-ing,healthfacilitylicensing,healthmanpoweremployment,andsupportregardinghealthmanpowereducation.
44T‑Data & Information SystemsTechniquesregardinginformationsystemsincludingdocument
sources,acquisition,surrogation,andstorage;Informationretrieval;Datasystems,Datagathering;Dataprocessing;Dataprocessinghardware;Informationsystemfeasibilitystudies,andconfidentialityofinformation.
44U‑Health Care Delivery Organization & Administration
Hospitalandmedicalpracticeadministrationandmanagement;Or-ganizationalstructureofhealthservices;Managementpoliciesandpracticesregardingpersonnel,communityparticipationandrelations,andcoordinationwithotheragencies;Financialman-agementandaccountingmethods;Financingofhealthdeliveryandfacilities;Reportingmethodsandrequirements.
45‑communicAtion
450‑General
45A‑Policies, Regulations, & StudiesLicensing;Legislation;NationalpoliciesandFederalregulatory
controls;Frequencymanagement;Broadcastingstandards;Timesignals,etc.
45B‑Radio & Television EquipmentDesignandmaintenanceofradioandtelevisiontransmittingand
receivingequipmentonly.Seealso51E.
45C‑Common Carrier & SatelliteAllcommunicationequipmentexceptradioandtelevision.Opti-
cal,radio,microwave,wire,andacousticcommunication;Telephone,telemeter,telegraph,television,andradiocommu-nicationsystems;Computernetworkcommunications;Digitalcommunication;Intercommunicationsystems;Opticalscanning.
Forinformationsystems,seealso88B.Fordesignandconstructionofcommunicationsatellites,seealso
84G.
45D‑SociopoliticalPropaganda;Socialcommunication;Signlanguage,Effectsofcom-
municationonsocietyandbehavior;Postalservice;Massmediacommunication.
45E‑GraphicsPublishing;Printing;Graphicarts;Reprography;Xerography;Fac-
simile;Desktoppublishing.
45F‑VerbalResearchanddevelopmentinvocalcommunication;Speechintel-
ligibility;Speechrecognition.
45G‑Communication & Information TheoryTheoreticalstudiesrelatingtothemeasurementandtransmission
ofinformationinacommunicationchannel.Includescodingtheory,informationcapacity,detectionofsignalsinnoise.
Seealso62E.
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46‑physics
460‑GeneralIncludeselectronandX-rayoptics;Thermodynamics;Nuclear
physics;elementaryparticles;Atomicandmolecularphysics.
46A‑AcousticsGenerationandtransmissionofsoundthroughvariousmediaor
enclosures.Includesultrasonicandinfrasonicradiation.Seealso63A.
46B‑Fluid MechanicsTheoreticalandexperimentalstudiesofthedynamicsandstaticsof
fluidsandofrelativemotionbetweenfluidsandsolidbodies;Aerodynamicsandhydrodynamics;Watertunnelstudiesandequipment.
Forwindtunnelequipmentandfacilities,use51F.Foroperationalapplications,use51A,75E,and84D.Forplasmaphysics,use46G.
46C‑Optics & LasersGenerationandpropagationofelectromagneticwavesintheinfra-
red,visible,andultravioletregionofthespectrum;Theory;De-signandperformanceofopticalequipment;Lasersandmasers.
46D‑Solid State PhysicsPhysicalpropertiesofsolidsasrelatedtotheirstructure.Fundamen-
talresearchandtheoreticalstudiesonsemiconductors,super-conductors,structureofsolids.Includescrystallographyandsuperconductivity.
Forsemiconductordevices,use49H.Forstructuralmechanics,use46E.Forstudiesonceramics,coatings,compositematerials,metals,and
alloys,use71.
46E‑Structural MechanicsDynamicsandstaticsofsolidbodies;Kinematics;Shockandvibra-
tion.
46G‑Plasma PhysicsPropertiesandactionsofplasmas,includingmagnetohydrodynam-
ics,pincheffect,plasmaoscillations,plasmajets;Plasmadiag-nostics;Plasmadynamics.Plasmasinthermonucleardevices.
Seealso77A.ForMHDgenerators,use97O.Forastrophysics,use54C.Foraeronomy,use55A.
46H‑Radiofrequency WavesGenerationandpropagationofradiofrequencywaves.Forcommunicationsystems,techniques,equipment,etc.,use45.Forradiofrequencydetection,use63H.
47‑oceAn sciences & technology
470‑GeneralIncludesbreakwaters;Onshoreandoffshorefacilities;Ocean
dredgingoperations;Beacherosion;Harborengineering;Oceanmining;Anchors;Buoys;Seakeeping;Divingoperationsandequipment;Decompressionequipment.
Seealso50B,47H,and95E.
47A‑Marine EngineeringDesign,construction,andmaintenanceofships,boats,andrelated
equipment;Salvageoperations;Navalarchitecture;Shipyardsandshipbuilding;Submarines;Shipbornecontainerization.
Seealso85G.
47B‑Dynamic OceanographyOceanwaves;Sealevelchanges;Oceancurrents;Oceantides;Lit-
toraltransport;Seaicemovement.
47C‑Physical & Chemical OceanographyPhysicalandchemicalpropertiesofseawater,theoceanbottom,
andestuaries;Seaice.Forglaciersandfreshwaterice,use48H.
47D‑Biological OceanographyPlantandanimallifeinthemarineenvironment;Biologicalfouling;
Marineecology;Biologicalaspectsofmariculture;Useofma-rineorganismsasbioassaysystems;Marineaspectsofestuaries;Marinebiologyofanadromousfishes.
Seealso57C,57H,57K,57F,57Z,and98F.
47E‑Marine Geophysics & GeologyGeophysicalandgeologicalstudiesandsurveysasappliedtoa
marineenvironment;Platetectonics;Seafloorspreading;Con-tinentaldrift.
Seealso48F.
47F‑Oceanographic Vessels, Instruments, & Platforms
Instrumentationandequipmenttocollectandprocessoceanograph-icdata;Remotesensors.
47G‑HydrographyHydrographicsurveying;Oceanbottomtopography;Bathymetry.
47H‑Underwater Construction & HabitatsClosedenvironments;Underwaterworkandconstruction;Under-
waterconstructionequipment.Seealso47Genor95E.
48‑nAturAl resources & eArth sciences
480‑General
48A‑Mineral IndustriesIndustriesandtheirprocessesthatexploitmetallicandnonmetal-
lic,fuelandnonfuelresources.Includescoalmining,miningwastes,andacidminedrainage;Coalpreparation;Petroleumexploration,drilling,andproduction;Metalsexplorationandmining;Explorationgeophysicsandseismology;Reserves;Minesafety;Mineraleconomics;Underwaterandcontinentalshelfmining;Naturalresourcesstudies(excludingEarthRe-sourceSatelliteSurveys).Ifenergysourceproductionrelated,use97.
Forpetroleumrefining,use97Kand99B.
48B‑Natural Resource ManagementConservationandmanagementofnaturalresources,includingland
andsoil,water,forest,grassland,andothervegetation;Fishandwildlifemanagement;Mineralmanagement;Policiesandleg-islationincludinggamelawsandlicensing;Waterresourceman-agement;Watersupply;Deforestation;Forestfireprevention.
Seealso98F,48A,48C,and48D.
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48C‑Natural Resource SurveysUseofscientificsatellites,aerialphotography,andotherremote
sensingtechniquestoscantheearth’ssurfaceindatagatheringexperimentsonsoils,mineralresources,hydrology,animals,forests,andotherresources;Surveyingtechniquessuchasim-ageprocessing,photointerpretation,andpatternrecognition.
Foragriculturalresourcesurveys,use98G;Forequipmentstudies,use63.
48D‑ForestryForestdescriptionandmeasurement;Forestinfluences;Forest
protectionandmanagement;Harvesting,logging,sawmills,andtransportation;Silviculture;Forestnurseries;Afforestationreforestation,anddeforestation;Forestfiresandprevention.
Forwoodutilization,use71R.
48E‑Soil SciencesSoilbiology,chemistry,moisture,mineralogy,classification,sur-
veys;Soilerosionanditsprevention;Landreclamation,terrac-ing,contouring,polders,tillage,andfertility;Soilbanks.
Forirrigation,use98C.Formechanicalandengineeringproperties,use50D.
48F‑Geology & GeophysicsStructure,properties,andclassificationofrocks;Paleontology;Stra-
tigraphy;Geodesy;Structuralgeology;Engineeringgeology;Vulcanology;Petrology;Petrography;Tectonics.
Forastrogeology,use54A.Forgeologicalstudiesrelatingtoenergyormineralreserves,use
97Aand48Arespectively.Formarinegeologyandgeophysics,use47E.
48G‑Hydrology & LimnologyProperties,distribution,andcirculationoffreshwater,including
itssurfaceandundergroundoccurrence;Physicalandchemicalconditionsinfreshwaterbodies;Eutrophication;Chemical-bi-ologicalinterrelationships;Waterrunoff;Waterlosses;Groundwater;Streams;Aquifers.
Forstudiesofestuariesorseawater,use47.
48H‑Snow, Ice, & PermafrostPhysicalcharacteristicsincludingtrafficability,stability,andme-
chanicalproperties;Glaciology.Forseaice,use47C,andforseaicemovement,use47B.
48I‑CartographyMapmaking;Photogrammetry;Terrainmodels;Topography.
Geographicinformationsystems;Cartography;Actualphysicalprocesses,procedures,andmethodsofmapmaking.
49‑electrotechnology
490‑GeneralIncludesstandards,measurements,andinstrumentationnotapplied
toanyothersubcategories.
49A‑AntennasAntennas;Antennatheory;Antennaradiationpatterns;Radomes.
49B‑CircuitsCircuittheory;Networkanalysis;Filters;Oscillators;Logiccircuits;
Printedcircuits;Electronicmodules;Commutators;Powersup-plycircuits;Waveformgenerators;Analogtodigitalconverters;Phaselockedsystems.
Forintegratedcircuits,use49H.
49C‑Electromechanical DevicesElectricmotors;Relays;Mechanicalswitches;Connectors;Circuit
breakers;Electricfuses.
49D‑Electron TubesAllelectrontubesexceptthosein49E.
49E‑Optoelectronic Devices & SystemsDisplaysystems;Phototubes;Imagetubes;Cathoderaytubes;
Electroluminescentpanels;Lightemittingdiodes;Photodiodes;Phototransistors;Magnetooptics;Electrooptics;Opticaldetec-tors,includinginfraredandultravioletdetectors.
Seealso63Cand63F.Forsolarcells,seealso97N.Forlasers,use46C.
49F‑Power & Signal Transmission DevicesTransmissionlines;Electricwireandcable;Waveguides;Fiber
opticstransmissionlines.
49G‑Resistive, Capacitive, & Inductive Components
Resistors;Capacitors;Inductors;Transformers;Electromagnets;Potentiometers;Thermistors;Delaylines;Transducers;Crystalresonators.Includesmiscellaneousandbasiccomponents.
49H‑Semiconductor DevicesTransistors;Semiconductordiodes;Integratedcircuits.Forphotodiodes,phototransistors,lightemittingdiodes,andoptical
detectors,use49E.
50‑civil engineering
500‑General
50A‑Highway EngineeringConstructionofroadsandhighways;Highwayandrights-of-way
maintenanceincludingweedcontrol;Bridgesandbridgesys-tems;Highwaypaintsandmarkings;Highwayandroadsigns;Beautification;Slopestabilityandsoilsubbases.
50B‑Civil EngineeringDredging;Dams;Waterpurification;Reservoirengineering;Flood
control;Sewers;Waterwayengineering;Runwayconstruction;Shoreprotection;Breakwaters;Harborengineering;Tunneling.
Seealso47.Forsewagetreatment,use68D.Forbuildingconstruction,use89.Foroilandgasreservoirengineering,use97or48A.
50C‑Construction Equipment, Materials, & Supplies
Excavationandearthmovingequipment;Hoistingandconveyingequipment;Concreteandcement.
Seealso89G.Forpropertiesofconcreteandcement,seealso71D.
50D‑Soil & Rock MechanicsPhysicalpropertiesofsoilandrockforutilizationinengineering;
Landslides;Soilstabilization.Forsoilsciences,use48E.Forsoilconservation,use48B.Forgeologyandgeophysics,use48F.
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51‑AeronAutics & AerodynAmics
510‑GeneralIncludeslandingmats.
51A‑AerodynamicsAerodynamiccharacteristicsandproblemsofbodiesastheyare
affectedbythedynamicsofphenomenarelatingtoboundarylayer,lift,drag,laminarandturbulentflow,compressibleflow,lift,aerodynamicheating,vortexflow,wake,etc.inaerodynam-icregimes.Includesaircraft,groundvehicles,andstructures.
Seealso46B.Formissilereentrydynamics,use75E.Forspacecraftreentrydynamics,use84D.
51B‑AeronauticsAircraftoperationssuchastakeoffandlanding,all-weatherand
nightflight,taxiing,approach,letdown,in-flightrefueling,etc.Includesaviationaccidents.
51C‑AircraftDesign,production,andmaintenanceofaircraft,aircraftcompo-
nentsandequipment.Structuralstudiesofairframes,bodies,wings,fuselages;Militaryandcommercialaircraft;Balloons(excludesmeteorologicalballoons);Aircushionvehicles(ex-cludestrackedvehicles).
Seealso85Aand81D.Formeteorologicalballoons,use55D.Fortrackedaircushionvehicles,use85C.Forelectronicequipment,use51E.
51D‑Parachutes & DeceleratorsDeployabledevicesandstructurestoinducedraganddeceleration
ofaircraft,spacecraft,andtestvehiclessuchasrocketsleds.
51E‑AvionicsAirborneelectronicequipment.Includeselectronicequipmentused
forcommunications;Navigation;Controlsystems;Onboardairtrafficcontrol;Detection.
Seealso45,49,63,and76.
51F‑Test Facilities & EquipmentWindtunnels;Simulators;Flightsimulators.Forflightsimulatorsusedfortraining,use92A.
54‑Astronomy & Astrophysics
540‑General
54A‑AstrogeologyStudiesofthestructureandcompositionofplanetsandotherbodies
inthesolarsystem.Forgeologyandgeophysics,seealso48F.
54B‑Astronomy & Celestial MechanicsPositionsandmotionsofthecelestialbodies;Ephemerides,
Eclipses.
54C‑AstrophysicsPhysicalandchemicalaspectsofcelestialbodies,
theiroriginandevolution.Includesastronomicalspectroscopy,radioastronomy,solarstructure,andplanetaryatmospheres.
54D‑Cosmic Ray ResearchDetectionandanalysisofcosmicrays.
55‑Atmospheric sciences
550‑General
55A‑AeronomyPhysicsandchemistryoftheupperatmosphere;Composition;
Chemicalreactions;Aurora;Airglow;Solar-terrestrialrelation-ships.
Forcosmicrayresearch,use54D.
55B‑Dynamic MeteorologyStudiesofatmosphericmotions;Atmosphericdiffusionmodels;
Atmosphericcirculation.Forairpollutionmovementstudies,use68A.
55C‑Meteorological Data Collection, Analysis, & Weather Forecasting
Climatology;Satellitemeteorology;Weatherprediction;Icefore-casting.
55D‑Meteorological Instruments & Instrument Platforms
Instrumentsusedtorecordmeteorologicalparameters;Meteoro-logicalballoons;Weatherstations;Soundingrockets;Remotesensors.
55E‑Physical MeteorologyAcoustical,electrical,optical,andthermodynamicpropertiesofthe
atmosphere;Cloudphysics;Precipitationtheory;Globalwarm-ing.
Seealso68A.
55F‑Weather ModificationChangeofweatherconditionsthroughartificialmeans;Fogdisper-
sal;Artificialprecipitation.
57‑medicine & Biology
570‑General
57A‑AnatomyDescriptiveandcomparativeanatomyofhumans;Anthropometry;
Dissection;Neuroanatomy;Morphology.Forplantanatomy,use57C.Foranimalanatomy,use57Z.
57B‑BiochemistryStudiesofthechemicalprocesseswhichtakeplaceinbiological
systems.Identificationandmeasurementofbiochemicalsub-stancesandmethodsofanalysis,includingassaying.
Seealso57F,57L,57Q,and99A.Formeasurementofbiochemicalsubstancesforclinicaldiagnoses,
use57D.
57C‑BotanyStudyofmacroscopicandmicroscopicplants;Plantanatomy,
physiology,pathology,andtaxonomy;Phytotoxicity;Includesalgaeanddiatoms.
Seealso57H,57K,57Y,and98D.
57D‑Clinical ChemistryTechniquesandinstrumentationforchemicalanalysisofbodyflu-
ids,includingblood,andtissuesforclinicaldiagnoses.Seealso99A.
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57E‑Clinical MedicinePrevention,diagnosis,andtherapyofdiseases;Nuclearmedicine;
Experimentalmedicine;Clinicalprotocols.Seealso57J,57O,and57X.Forveterinarymedicine,use98E.Forhealthcareservices,use44.Forepidemiologyanddiseasecontrol,use57U.
57F‑Cytology, Genetics, & Molecular BiologyOrigin,structure,andfunctionsoflivingcellsandcellcomponents;
Hereditarydiseases;Useofchemistryandphysicstostudybiologicalphenomenaonthemolecularlevel;Structureandfunctionofbiologicalmacromolecules,e.g.proteinsandnucleicacids.
Seealso57B.
57G‑DentistryPrevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofdiseasesoftheteeth,oral
cavity,andassociatedparts;Oralhygiene.Fordentalmaterialsandequipment,use95C.Fordentalprosthetics,use95A.Fordentalservices,use44.
57H‑EcologyInterrelationshipsoforganismsandtheirenvironment;Animal,
plant,andhumanecology;Marine,freshwater,andterrestrialecology;Ecosystems;Adaptation;Acclimatization;Naturalse-lection;Speciesdiversity;Foodchains;Energybalance;Ecolog-icalsuccession;Effectsofpollutedenvironmentsonorganisms;Biologicalproductivity.
Seealso47D,48B,48G,57C,57Y,57Z,68,98D,and98B.Foreffectsofextremeenvironmentsorstimulionhumans,use
57W.Fortheinterrelationshipsofhumansandtheirsocialenvironments,
use92.Fortheeffectsofindustrialenvironmentsonhumans,use57U.
57I‑ElectrophysiologyElectricalactivityassociatedwithlivingorganismsandlifepro-
cesses;Electrophysiologicrecordingincludingelectrocardiog-raphy,electroencephalography,andelectromyography;Neuraltransmission;Intracellularpotential;Bioelectricity;Biolumines-cence;Responsesoforganismstoelectricalstimulation.
57J‑ImmunologyMechanismsofimmuneresponses;Antigensandantibodies;Vac-
cines;Immuneserums;Immunization;Immunopathology;Immunohematology;Immunochemistry;Serology;Immunity;Allergy;Histocompatibility;Autoimmunediseases.HIV/AIDS.
Seealso57Eand57K.
57K‑MicrobiologyStudiesofmicroscopicplantsandanimals;Vaccineandinterferon
production;Microbialmetabolismandbiochemistry.Fordiagnosisandtherapyofinfectiousdiseases,use57E.Fordiseasecontrolandepidemiology,use57U.Forbiotechnologyapplications,seealsofieldofapplication.
57L‑NutritionProcessesbywhichhumansassimilateandutilizefoodsubstances;
Experimentalnutrition;Nutritivevalueoffoods;Malnutrition;Diet;Foodhabits;Nutritionsurveys;Nutritionalrequirements;Clinicalnutrition.
Forfoodprocessing,use98H.Foranimalnutritionrelatedtoanimalhusbandry,veterinarymedi-
cineorzoology,use98Eor57Z.
57M‑Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, & Rehabilitation
Restorationofnormalformandfunctionafterinjuryorphysicalillness;Occupationaltherapy;Physicaltherapy;Vocationalrehabilitation.
Seealso44K,92A,95A.Formentalrehabilitation,use57T.Forsocialrehabilitation,use92Cand91K.Forrehabilitationcenters,use44K.
57N‑ParasitologyParasitesandparasitism;Host-parasiteinteractions;Vectorsof
parasites;Parasiticdiseases;Lifecyclesofparasites.Seealso57H,57K,and57P.
57O‑PathologyStudiesofthestructuralandfunctionalchangesintissuesandor-
ganswhichcauseorarecausedbydiseases,traumaorinjuries;Grosspathology;Histopathology;Cytopathology;Pathophysi-ology;Ccmparativeandexperimentalpathology;Histologicaltechniques;Autopsy.
Forplantdiseases,use98D.Foranimaldiseases,use98E.Fordiagnosisandtreatmentofdiseases,use57E.Forimmunopathology,use57J.
57P‑Pest ControlAgentsandmethodsforthecontrolofplantandanimalpests;Pes-
ticides,algicides,herbicides,insecticides,molluscacides,fungi-cides,rodenticides,etc.;Repellantsandattractants;Fumigationandextermination;Traps;Biologicalpestcontrol.
Seealso68Eand98C.Forecologicalaspectsofpestcontrol,use57H.
57Q‑Pharmacology & Pharmacological Chemis‑try
Synthesis,composition,properties,andeffectsofdrugs;Pharmacy,Pharmacodynamics.
Seealso57Y.Forsocialeffectsofdrugs,use91Cand92C.Forradiopharmaceuticals,use57V.Forbusinessstudiesofthedrugindustry,use96A.
57S‑PhysiologyFunctionsofthehumanorganismanditspartsandcomparative
physiology;Metabolism;Endocrinology;Neurophysiology;Respiration;Biologicalrhythms;Growth;Aging;Regeneration.
Seealso57B,57F,57J,and57L.Forplantphysiology,use57C.Foranimalphysiology,use57Zand98E.Forpsychophysiology,use57Tand92B.Forelectrophysiology,use57I.Forpathophysiology,use57O.Forstressphysiology,use57W.
57T‑PsychiatryPrevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofmental,emotional,and
behavioraldisorders;Psychopathology;Psychoanalysis;Neuro-psychiatry;Orthopsychiatry;Psychotherapy;Psychophysiology;Psychophysics.
Forpsychologicalmechanismsandprocesses,use92B.
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57U‑Public Health & Industrial MedicineProtectionandimprovementofcommunityhealth;Effectsofenvi-
ronmentsonpublichealth;Schoolandpublichealthprograms,services,andeducation;Healthscreening;Healthstatistics;Epidemiology;Toxicandinfectiousdiseasecontrol;Preventivemedicine;Hygieneandsanitation;Drinkingwaterquality;In-dustrialhygieneandmedicine;Safetyengineering;Occupation-alsafetyandhealth;Industrialsafetyanddetectionequipment;Site-specificinvestigations.
Seealso94D,94H,41Iand68G.ForoccupationalandForoccupationalandenvironmentalfactors
relatedtohealthplanning,use44G.
57V‑RadiobiologyBiologicaleffectsofradiation;Dosimetry;Healthphysics;
Radiationsicknessandinjury;Radiationhazards;Radiationprotection;Radiopharmaceuticals.Includeselectromagnetic,ultrasonic,andparticleradiation.
Seealso68Fand99E.Forradioecology,use57H.Fornuclearmedicine,radiology,andradiotherapy,use57E.
57W‑Stress PhysiologyEffectsofextremeenvironmentsorstimulionhumanbiological
processes;Physiologicaleffectsofmotion,gravity,sound,tem-perature,electromagnetic,fields,pressure,sensorydeprivation,andfatigue;Acclimatization.Includesaerospaceandunderwa-termedicine.
Seealso51B,57H,and84.Forplants,use57C.Foranimals,use57Z.Forstresspsychology,use92Bor57T.
57X‑SurgeryTreatmentofdiseases,injuries,anddeformitiesbymanualor
operativemethods;Organandtissuetransplantation;Pre-andpost-managementofsurgicalpatients;Experimentalsurgery.
Seealso95Aand95B.Fordentalsurgery,use57G.Forhistocompatibility,use57J.
57Y‑ToxicologyStudyoftheadverseeffectsofsubstancesonbiologicalsystemsand
thediagnosisandtreatmentoftoxicdiseases;Toxicitystudies;Riskassessmentofchemicals;Antidotes.
Seealso57C,57Q,57Sand57Z.
57Z‑ZoologyAnimalanatomyandphysiology;Naturalhistory;Animalbehavior;
Taxonomy.Seealso47D,48B,57Y,and98F.Foranimalmodelsusedinbiomedicalresearch,usetheresearch
discipline.Forlaboratoryanddomesticatedanimalcare,oranimaldiseases,
use98E.
62‑computers, control & inFormAtion theory
620‑GeneralIncludescomputersecurity;Artificialintelligence;Signalprocess-
ing(unapplied).
62A‑Computer HardwareDesignanddevelopmentofcomputersandperipheralequipment,
includinganalogcomputers,digitalcomputers,hybridcomput-ers,specialpurposecomputers,minicomputers,microcomput-ers;Computeraccessories,suppliesandinstallation;Logiccircuits;Computerarchitecture;Computernetworkhardware.
Forcomputerhardwareappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldofapplication.
ForVeryLargeScaleIntegration(VLSI),use49H.
62B‑Computer SoftwareComputerprogramming;Programminglanguages;Compilers;Data
basemanagementsystems;Softwaretools;Softwarereliability;Computergraphics.
Forcomputersoftwareanddatabasedevelopmentappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldofapplication.
ForCAD/CAM,use41Aand41B.
62C‑Control Systems & Control TheoryTheoreticalstudiesofopen-loopandclosed-loopcontrolsystems;
Automaticcontrolsystems;Principlesincludingadaptive,continuous,digital,distributedparameter,linear,multivari-able,nonlinear,optional,predictive,andproportional;Processcontrollers.
Seealso72Gen.Forcontrolsystemsappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldof
application.
62D‑Information Processing StandardsStandardsfortheuseofautomaticdataprocessingequipmentand
systems.Includesstandardsforhardware,software,applica-tions,anddata;FederalInformationProcessingStandards(FIPS).
62E‑Information TheoryTheoreticalstudiesrelatingtothemeasurementandtransmission
ofinformationinacommunicationchannel,includingcodingtheory,informationcapacity,anddetectionofsignalsinnoise.
Seealso45G.
62F‑Pattern Recognition & Image ProcessingIncludesfeatureextraction;Imageenhancement;Imagerestoration;
Sceneanalysis;Characterrecognition;Barcoding;Computervision.
62R‑Applications Software
62S‑Data Files
63‑detection & countermeAsures
630‑GeneralAutomatedaccesscontrolsystems.Forindustrialsecurity,seealso94Gen.
63A‑Acoustic DetectionTechniquesandequipmentusedforthedetectionandtrackingof
objectsbymeansofsoundwaves,includingultrasonicandinfrasonicradiation;Sonar.
Foracoustictesting,use94.Fordetectiontechniquesappliedtochemistry,meteorology,as-
tronomy,oceanography,medicine,andmanufacturing,use99,55,54,47,57,41,and94,respectively.
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63B‑Electromagnetic & Acoustic Countermeasures
Interception,jamming,antijamming,anddeceptionofacousticandelectromagneticsignals;Techniquestonullifytheuseofdetec-tion,surveillance,guidance,andcommunicationsystems;Radarjamming;Chaff;Counter-countermeasures.
Seealso74.
63C‑Infrared & Ultraviolet DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionandtrackingofobjects
byinfraredandultravioletradiation;Infrarednightvisionde-vices;Infraredhoming.
Seealso76B.Forearthresourcesurveys,use48Cand98G.Formapping,use48I.Forphotography,use82B.Fornondestructivetesting,use94J.Fordetectiontechniquesappliedtochemistry,meteorology,as-
tronomy,oceanography,medicine,andmanufacturing,use99,55,57,41,and94,respectively.
63D‑Magnetic DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionofobjectsbymeansof
magneticfields.Forgeomagnetism,use48.
63E‑Nuclear Explosion DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionofnuclearexplosions
athighaltitude,underground,andinspace.Includestheuseofshockwaves,earthmovement,andmeasurementofnuclearradiationlevels.
Seealsootherapplicablesubcategoriesin63,especially63I.
63F‑Optical DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionbymeansoflight.
Includestheuseofbinoculars,periscopes,telescopes,andnightvisiondevicesforobjectdetection,andsmokeparticledetec-tors.
Seealso46C.Fordetectionusingonlyinfraredorultravioletradiation,use63C.Forearthresourcessurveys,use48Cand98G.Forphotography,use82B.Fordetectiontechniquesappliedtochemistry,meteorology,as-
tronomy,oceanography,medicine,andmanufacturing,use99,55,54,47,41,and94,respectively.
63G‑Personnel DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionofpersonnel.Includes
theuseofacoustic,seismic,olfactory,chemical,andopticaldetectors;Antiintrusiondevices;Motiondetectors;Securitydevices.
Formilitarypassivedefensesystems,seealso74I.
63H‑Radiofrequency DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionandtrackingbymeans
ofradiofrequencywaves;Radar;Microwavedetection;Seealso76.
Formapping,use48I.Fordetectiontechniquesappliedtometeorology,astronomy,ocean-
ography,medicine,andmanufacturing,use55,54,57,41,and94respectively.
63I‑Seismic DetectionTechniquesandequipmentforthedetectionofobjectsbymeansof
seismicwaves.Forearthquakedetection,use48F.Forseismicprospecting,use48A.
68‑environmentAl pollution & control
680‑GeneralAnystudycoveringmultipletypesofpollution.Includesbroadpol-
lutionstudies,suchaslife-cycleanalysisofwastes.
68A‑Air Pollution & ControlAirpollutionfromfluegases,exhaustgases,odors,dust,smog,
microorganisms,etc.;Controltechniquesandequipment;Samplingandanalyticaltechniques,andequipment;Wastegasrecovery;Biologicalandecologicaleffects;Airpollutionchem-istry;Acidprecipitation;Atmosphericmotion;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Economics;Landuse.
Seealso43F,91A,57,85,81,99A,99B,and97R.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.Forpesticidesandradioactivecontaminants,use68Eand68F
respectively.
68B‑Noise Pollution & ControlPollutionintheenvironmentbynoisefromanysourceincluding
enginenoise,trafficandtransportationnoise,machinerynoise,industrialnoise,urbannoise,sonicboom;Theoryanddevicesforcontrol;Biologicalandecologicaleffects;Noisedetection;Buildingtechnology;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Landuse.
Seealso41I,43F,91A,46A,57,85,89,94D,and97R.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.
68C‑Solid Wastes Pollution & ControlPollutionbysolidwastesincludinggarbage,scrap,junkedauto-
mobiles,spoil,sludge,containers;Disposalmethodssuchascompostsorlandapplication,injectionwells,incineration,sanitarylandfills;Miningwastes;Processingforseparationandmaterialsrecovery;Solidwasteutilization;Recycling;Biologi-calandecologicaleffects;Superfund(RecordsofDecision,etc.);SITEtechnology;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Economics;Landuse.Includesdisposalofconcentratedorpureliquidssuchasbrines,oils,chemicals,andhazardousmaterials.
Seealso43F,91A,57,99B,and97R.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.Forthedisposalofpesticidesandradioactivecontaminants,use68E
and68F.Forthecontrolleddisposalofradioactivewastesfromnuclearreac-
tors,use77G.
68D‑Water Pollution & ControlPollutionbymunicipalwastes,agriculturalwastes,industrial
wastes,minewastes,radioactivecontaminants;Chemistryandanalysisofpollutants;Thermalpollution;Oilpollution;Controltechniquesandequipment;Sewagetreatment;Industrialwastewaterpretreatment;Hydrologyandlimnology;Biologicalandecologicaleffects;Wastewaterreuse;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Economics;Landuse.
Seealso43F,91A,47,48G,57,97R,98,99A,and99B.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.Forpollutionbypesticidesandradioactivecontaminants,use68E
and68Frespectively.Forthedesignandconstructionofsewers,anddrinkingwatertreat-
ment,use50B.
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68E‑Pesticides Pollution & ControlPollutionbyinsecticides,herbicides,fungicides,rodenticides;
Residues;Decompositionstudies;Analysisanddetection;Soilchemistryandbiology;Adversebiologicaleffects;Ecology;Laws,legislation,andregulations;Publicadministration;Eco-nomics.
Seealso57,68A,68C,68D,43F,91A,98,and99A.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.
68F‑Radiation Pollution & ControlInvolvespollutionoftheenvironmentbyparticleandelectromag-
neticradiationfromnaturalandsyntheticsources,includingneutrons,X-rays,ultravioletradiation,microwaves,alphaparticles;Radon;Samplingandanalyticaltechniques;Fallout;Biologicalandecologicaleffects;Laws,legislation,andregula-tions;Publicadministration;Economics.
Seealso57,68A,68C,68D,91A,97R.Foreffectsonhumanhealth,use68G.Forthecontrolleddisposalofradioactivewastesfromnuclearreac-
tors,use77G.
68G‑Environmental Health & SafetyEffectsofpollutiononpublichealthandsafety;Toxicology;
Industrialhealth;Physiology;Psychology;Clinicalmedicine;Radiobiology;Animalsusedasresearchexperimentalmodels.
Seealso41I,57,44G,68A,68B,68C,68D,91A,43F,94D,and97R.
68H‑Environmental Impact StatementsOnlyactualdraftandfinalstatementsarepostedinthissubcategory.
Environmentalimpactstatementsdescribingnationaleffectsarepostedhereandtootherappropriatesubcategories.
Forstudiesaboutenvironmentalimpactstatements,use68Gen.
70‑AdministrAtion & mAnAgement
700‑GeneralOrganizationalstructureandorganizationtheory.
70A‑Inventory ControlInventoryanalysis;Inventorymodels;Obsolescence;Repair-re-
placementtradeoffs;Spareparts;Stocklevelcontrol;Usageprediction;Warehouseautomation;Stockpiling.
70B‑Management PracticeTheoryandconceptsofmanagementincludingrecordkeeping,
planning,scheduling,organization,coordination,decisionmak-ing,policymaking;Productivitymanagement;Costeffective-ness;Systemsmanagement;Contactmanagement;Managementmethods(PERT,PPB,etc.);Managementgames.Appliedstud-iesareclassifiedintheapplication.
Forresearchmanagement,use70E.
70C‑Management Information SystemsInformationsystemswhichincludedatacollection,dataprocessing,
andinformationdeliveryforuseindecisionmakinganevalua-tionbymanagers;Manualandautomatedsystems.
Seealso88B.
70D‑Personnel Management, Labor Relations & Manpower Studies
Selection,recruitment,management,utilization,andevaluationofpersonnel;Jobdescriptions;Jobanalysis;Salaryadministra-tion;Laborsupply;Laborunions;Arbitrationandbargaining;Industrialrelations;Fringebenefits,andincentives;Manpowerallocationrequirementsandutilization.
Forlibraryandinformationsciencepersonnel,use88D.Forhealthpersonnel,use44P.
70E‑Research Program Administration & Technology Transfer
Researchmanagement,development,andforecasting;Researchcontractmanagement;Researchneeds;Technologytransferandforecasting.Excludesresearchmethodsperse.Studiesofspecificprogramsareexcludedunlesstheydiscussaprogramatthenationallevel,technologyinnovation,ortrendsandimpactsofnewtechnology.
70F‑Public Administration & GovernmentNational,state,andlocalgovernmentstructure,operation,and
administration.Operationsofgovernmentagenciesandtheirinteractions;Intergovernmentalrelations.
Seealso43,91G,and91H.
70G‑ProductivityProductivityofbusinesses,government,employees,management,
andservices;Improvingqualityofworklife;Measurementofproductivityefficiencyandeffectiveness;Employeeattitudesandmotivation,manpowerutilizationandperformanceim-provement,jobsatisfaction,jobsecurity;Labor-managementcooperation,jointcommitteesparticipativemanagement,jobre-design;Alternativeworkschedules;Incentiveplans.Productiv-itybarriersincludingregulations,obsoletepractices,paperwork,andfinancingmethods.
Seealso70B,70D,70F,96A,and96G.Forspecificapplicationsofproductivitytomanufacturing,use41D
and94.
71‑mAteriAls sciences
710‑GeneralAdvancedmaterials.Seealso41K.
71A‑Ablative Materials & AblationPhysical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;
Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyre-latedtoprocessing;Ablationprocessesandchemistry;Reentryvehicleheatshields.
Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71B‑Adhesives & SealantsAdhesives;Glues;Binders;Sealants;Seals;Gaskets;Physical,
mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturing;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing.
Seealso71Land94G.Forconcretecements,use50Cand89G.Forpropellantbinders,use79Aand81H.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71C‑Carbon & GraphiteCarbonandgraphitefibersandtextiles;Charcoal;
Carbonblack;Carbonandgraphitecoatings;Industrialdiamonds;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Per-formance,fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing.
Seealso71A,71E,71F,71I,71L,and94G.Forcarbonandgraphitecomposites,use71F.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
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71D‑Ceramics, Refractories, & GlassGlasses;Brick;Porcelain;Ceramiccoatings;Ceramicfibers;
Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturing;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers;Cementproperties.
Seealso71E,71I,71L,and94G.Forconcreteandcementusedasbuildingmaterials,use50Cand
89G.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71E‑Coatings, Colorants, & FinishesPaintsandprimers;Varnishes;Corrosionresistantcoatings;Coating
pigments;Carbon,ceramic,plastic,rubberandmetalcoatings;Physical,mechanicalandstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Electroplating;Electrodeposition;Flameandplasmaspraying;Vapordeposition.
Seealso71G,71L,and94G.Forsurfacetreatmentnotinvolvedwithcoatings,use94G.Fordielectricandsemiconductingfilms,use46and49.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71F‑Composite MaterialsMaterialscomposedoftwoormorephysicallydistinctconstituents;
Reinforcedplastics,graphiteorcarboncomposites;Laminates;Metalmatrixcomposites;Fiberandparticulatecomposites;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71Land94G.Forwoodcomposites,use71R.Forconcreteandreinforcedconcrete,use50Cand89G.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71G‑Corrosion & Corrosion InhibitionUnwantedchemicalreactioneffectsonmetals;Corrosionofmetals;
Rusting;Corrosioninhibitors;Corrosionresistantcoatings;Cor-rosionelectrochemistry.
Seealso71Eand71L.Forconcretecorrosion,use50Cand89G.
71H‑ElastomersRubbers;Additives;Curingagents;Elastomerpolymerization;
Physical,chemical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Per-formance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71I,71L,94G,and99C.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71I‑Fibers & TextilesGlass,carbon,ceramic,metal,andpolymericfibers;Threads,
yarns,textile,andfiberfinishing,includingdyeingandsizing;Physical,chemical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;
Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers;Flameresistance.
Seealso71Land94G.Forfibercomposites,use71F.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71J‑Iron & Iron AlloysIncludessteelsoralloyscontainingmorethan50%iron.Coatings;
Fibers;Extractivemetallurgy;Refining;Embrittlement;Physi-cal,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Microstructure;Phasestudies;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71I,and71L.Forcorrosion,use71G.Forbeneficiation,use48A.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71K‑Lubricants & Hydraulic FluidsSolidandliquidlubricants;Additives;Greases;
Drillingfluids;Brakefluids;Physical,chemical,mechanicalandstructuralproperties;Performance;Manufacturing;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Chemicalsynthesis.
Seealso71Land41L.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarket-
ing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71L‑Materials Degradation & FoulingAging;Erosionandcavitationerosion;Wear;Weathering;Decay;
Effectsofradiationonmaterials;Biodeterioration,includingfungusdeterioration.
Seealso71C,71D,71F,71H,71I,71J,71K,71N,and71R.Fornuclearreactormaterialsdegradation,seealso77Ior77J.If
concernedwithnuclearpropulsion,use81I.
71M‑Miscellaneous MaterialsMaterialsnotincludedinanothergroup,includingleather,fur,
refrigerants,andwaxes;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso94G.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71N‑Nonferrous Metals & AlloysIncludesstudiesnotspecifyingthetypeofmetal.Coatings;Fibers;
Extractivemetallurgy;Refining;Embrittlement;Physical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Microstructure;Phasestudies;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71I,and71L.Formetalfabrication,use94G.Forcorrosion,use71G.Forbeneficiation,use48A.
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Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71O‑PlasticsAdditives;Curingagents;Plasticcoatings;Plasticpolymerization;
Physical,chemical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Per-formance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71L,94G,and99C.Forplasticcomposites,use71F.Forpolymericfibers,use71I.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71P‑Refractory Metals & AlloysIncludesonlythefollowingmetalsandalloyshavingmorethan
50%ofthesemetals:iridium,molybdenum,niobium(colum-bium),osmium,rhenium,tantalum,andtungsten.Coatings;Fibers;Extractivemetallurgy;Refining;Embrittlement;Physi-cal,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Microstructure;Phasestudies;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso71E,71I,and71L.Formetalfabrication,use94G.Forcorrosion,use71G.Forbeneficiation,use48A.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71Q‑Solvents, Cleaners, & AbrasivesCleaningcompositions;Solvents;Detergents;Soapsandabrasives;
Cleaningactionofthesematerials;Physicalandchemicalprop-erties;Performance;Manufacturing;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing.
Forcleaningtechniques,use94G.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
71R‑Wood & Paper ProductsSawingandmilling;Lumbering;Plywood,particleandfiberboard;
Woodproductfabrication;Pulping,papermaking,andconver-sionprocesses;Physical,chemical,mechanical,andstructuralproperties;Performance;Fabricationandmanufacturingmethods;Equipmentdirectlyrelatedtoprocessing;Studiesofindividualstructuralmembers.
Seealso94G.Forforestryandtreeproduction,use48D.Forpollutionstudies,use68.Forindustryeconomicsandmarketing,use96.Forproductionplanning,use41and94.
72‑mAthemAticAl sciences
720‑General
72B‑Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, & Mathematical Logic
Algebraandnumbertheory,includingfieldtheory(algebra),grouptheory,ringtheory;Analysis,includingcalculusofvariations,complexvariables,differentialequations,Fourieranalysis,func-tionalanalysis,functions(mathematics),measure,andintegra-tion;Geometry,tensoranalysis,andtopology;Mathematicallogic,includingfoundationsofmathematics,lattices(mathemat-ics),metamathematics,andsettheory.
Forapplicationsofmathematics,seetheappropriatecategoryofapplication.
72E‑Operations ResearchGametheory;Queueingtheory;Managementgames;Mathematical
models;Mathematicalprogramming,Networkflows;Searchtheory.
SeealsoManagerialpractice,70B.Foroperationsresearchappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethe
fieldofapplication.
72F‑Statistical AnalysisAnalysisofvariance;Correlationstechniques;Discriminateanaly-
sis;Distributiontheory;Experimentaldesign;Factoranalysis;Nonparametricstatistics;Probabilitytheory;Regressionanaly-sis;Statisticaldecisiontheory;Statisticalinference;Statisticaltests;Stochasticprocesses.
Forstatisticalanalysisappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldofapplication.
74‑militAry sciences
740‑General
74A‑Antiaircraft Defense SystemsTacticalandterminalcountermeasuresagainstattackingaircraftthat
includestrackingandcomputingequipment,antiaircraftguns,rockets,andmissiles.
Forspecificmissilesandrockets,use75.
74B‑Antimissile Defense SystemsPointandterminaldefenseandcountermeasuresagainstair-,sur-
face-,orunderwater-launchedmissiles,bombardmentsatellites.Includeslandbasedandshipbornetrackingandcomputingsystems;StrategicDefenseInitiatives(SDI),StarWars;ballisticmissiledefense.
74C‑Antisubmarine WarfareOperationsconductedagainstsubmarines,theirsupportingforces
andoperatingbases.Includeair,surface,andunderwateropera-tions.
Seealso63.
74D‑Chemical, Biological, & Radiological War‑fare
Design,development,andutilizationofchemical,biological,andradiologicalweapons;Production,generation,andstabilityoflethalandnonlethalagents;Biologicalagentsincludinganticropanddefoliatingagents.
Fornuclearweapons,use74H.
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74E‑Logistics, Military Facilities, & SuppliesProcurement,storage,distribution,issue,repair,replacementof
militaryequipment;Deploymentoftroopsandcargo;Industrialmobilization;stocklevelcontrolsandinventorytechniques;De-fenseconversion;Downsizing;Baseclosures;Forcereduction;DualUseTechnology;ContinuousAcquisitionandLife-cycleSupport(CALS),formerlyComputerAidedAcquisitionandLogisticsSupport.
Forrelatedcivilianstudies,use70and94.
74F‑Military IntelligenceTechniquesforcollecting,evaluating,anddisseminatinginforma-
tionconcerningforeignnations.Includesdamageassessment;Surveillanceandreconnaissancesystems.
74G‑Military Operations, Strategy, & TacticsJointandcombinedoperations,campaigns,battles,invasions,the-
ateroperations;Planninganalysis,appraisal,andthreatevalua-tion;Methodsofattackandsupport;ArmedForcesmaneuvers;Limitedandunconventionalwarfare;Sabotage,insurgency,andcounterinsurgency;Guerrillawarfare;Psychologicalandcoldwarfare.
74H‑Nuclear WarfareDesign,development,andapplicationsofnuclearweaponsand
devices;Studiesofthephysicaleffectsofnuclearweapons;Armscontrol.
Fornuclearguidedmissilewarheads,use75F.
74I‑Passive Defense SystemsSystems,structures,anddevicestoprovideareamonitoringsecurity
anddenial.Includescamouflage,barbedwire,minefields,warn-ingsystems,barriers,andotheranti-intrusiondevices.
Forcivildefense,seealso91I.Forpersonneldetection,seealso63G.
75‑missile technology
750‑General
75A‑Air & Space‑Launched MissilesDesign,constructionandperformanceofmissileslaunchedfrom
aircraftorspacecraft.
75B‑Missile Guidance & Control SystemsTechniquesforguidanceandcontrolofmissilesfromlaunching
toimpact.Includesopticalguidance,televisionguidance,wireguidance,presetandterminalguidance,inertialguidance,com-mandguidance,andhomingguidance.
75C‑Missile Launching & Support SystemsMissilehandlingandlaunching.Includestransportation,storage,
andpreparationforlaunching;Air,space,surface,andunderwa-terlaunchingandsupportequipmentandtechniques;Checkoutequipmentandprocedures;Guidedmissileranges.
75D‑Missile Tracking SystemsTechniquesandsystemsfortrackingmissilesasdefensivemea-
sures.Canbefromsurfaceinstallationsorairandspaceborneplatforms.
Forantimissiledefensesystems,use74B.
75E‑Missile Trajectories & Reentry DynamicsDetermination,analysis,andprocessingofmissiletrajectorydata;
Flightpathanalysis;Impactprediction;Atmosphericreentry.Includesaerodynamicstudies.
Forspacecraftreentry,use84D.
75F‑Missile Warheads & FusesDesignandperformanceofalltypesofmissilewarheadsand
fuzes-chemical,biological,nuclearandexplosive.Forrockets,use79H.
75G‑Surface‑Launched MissilesDesign,construction,andperformanceofmissileslaunchedfrom
theground,surfaceplatforms,vehicles,silos,andsurfaceships.
75H‑Underwater‑Launched MissilesDesign,construction,andperformanceofmissileslaunchedfrom
underwater.
76‑nAvigAtion, guidAnce, & control
760‑General
76A‑Control Devices & EquipmentNavigationandguidancecontrolequipment.Seealso76C.
76B‑Guidance SystemsDesign,development,andperformanceofcompleteguidancesys-
tems.Includesintegrationofspecificcomponentsandsubsys-temsnecessarytoassurecoursepositioning.
76C‑Navigation & Guidance System ComponentsNavigationcomputers;Gyros,radiators,sensors,indicators,etc.,
usedinnavigationofaircraft,ships,spacecraft,andgroundvehicles.
76D‑Navigation SystemsDesign,development,andperformanceofcompletenavigation
systems;Integrationofspecificcomponentsandsubsystemsnecessaryindirectionfinding(position,distance,andcourseoftravel);Globalnavigationsystems.
Seealso85F.
77‑nucleAr science & technology
770‑GeneralIncludesnuclearmaterialsmanagement,safeguards,accounting
methods.Seealso77I.
77A‑Fusion Devices (Thermonuclear)Theory,design,construction,andoperationofdevicesforproduc-
ingcontrolledthermonuclearfusionreactions;Nuclearfusionreactormaterialsandfuels.
Forplasmastudiesinthermonucleardevices,seealso46G.
77B‑IsotopesIdentification,separation,andconcentrationofradioactiveisotopes.
Includesisotopicirradiationdevices.Forradioactiveisotopespollutingtheenvironment,use68F.Fortheuseofisotopesinlabelingchemicalreactions,use99F.Fortheuseofisotopesinmedical/biologicalapplications,use57.
77C‑Nuclear Auxiliary Power SystemsSNAPtechnology,bothisotopicandreactor;Isotopicpowersup-
plies;Smallscaleelectricitygenerationbynuclearmeans.Fornuclearpropulsion,seethefieldofapplication.
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77D‑Nuclear Explosions & DevicesExplosioneffects,includingshockwaves,groundmotion,elec-
tromagneticpulses,primaryradiation,injectionofchargedparticlesintoradiationbelts;Testingofnucleardevices(includ-ingnuclearsimulationusingchemicalexplosives);Peacefulapplications(e.g.,Plowshare).
Foreffectsoncommunicationsandelectronicssystems,seethefieldofapplication.
Formilitaryapplications,use74H.
77E‑Nuclear InstrumentationNuclearradiationdetectionandmeasurementdevicesandsystems;
Betaparticledetectors.ForX-raydetectors,use46Gen.Forhealthphysicsinstrumentation,use57V.
77F‑Radiation Shielding, Protection, & SafetyShieldingdesign,nuclearradiationtransportpropertiesofmaterials,
decontamination;Containerdesignandtransportationrequire-mentsforradioactivematerials;Falloutshelters.
Seealso91I.
77G‑Radioactive Wastes & RadioactivitySeparation,processing,handling,storage,disposal,andreuse
ofradioactivewastes;Radioactivefallout;Fissionproducts;Man-madeornaturalradioactivity;Decommissioning.
Forradiationpollution,use68F.
77H‑Reactor Engineering & Nuclear Power Plants
Engineeringrelateddirectlytothedesign,safety,andoperationofareactor;Researchandtestreactors.Integratedassemblage,includingreactorandturbogeneratorequipment,pluscontrolandregulatorydevicesofanuclearpowerplant,eithermobileorstationary;Includessiteselectionandfeasibilitystudies;Engineeringaspectsofreactoraccidents.
Seealso77C.Forcriticalassembliesandreactorsimulation,use77K.
77I‑Reactor Fuels & Fuel ProcessingProduction,testing,design,orreclamationofnuclearfuelmaterials,
reactorfuelelements(includescladding)andfuelassemblies.Includesnuclearfuel
cyclestudiesfornuclearmaterialsmanagement;Nuclearfuelreprocessing.
Forprocessingofnonrecoverablefuelmaterialsandfuelcontami-nants,use77G.
77J‑Reactor MaterialsProduction,testing,design,orreclamationofcoolants,controlma-
terials,moderators,structuralmaterialssuchaspipematerials;Shieldingmaterials,andsteels.Includesfabricatedelementsorassembliesandspecificconfigurations.
Fortheeffectsofradiationonmaterials,seealso71Lor71J.Forfuelmaterials,cladding,orfuelassemblies,use77I.Excludes
powergeneratingequipmentandnuclearfusionreactormateri-als.
77K‑Reactor PhysicsReactorkinetics,reactortheory,neutrontransporttheory,andcriti-
cality.Includescriticalassembliesandreactorsimulators.
79‑ordnAnce
790‑General
79A‑Ammunition, Explosives, & PyrotechnicsProjectiles,fuzes,demolitionexplosives,detonators,grenades,land
mines,highexplosives,primers,powderandliquidpropel-lants,flamethrowers,andequipmentforhandlingtheseitems;Production,performance,storagestabilityofincendiaries,pyrotechnics,screeningagents(smokes),etc.
Fornuclearweapons,use74H.Forrocketpropellants,use81.
79B‑ArmorDesign,testing,andperformanceofarmorandarmorplateinclud-
ingbulletproof,flakproof,explosionproof,andfragmentproofdevicesandrelatedequipment.
Forothertypesofprotectivedevices,seetheapplication.
79C‑BombsHigh-explosive,fragmentation,antipersonnel,armorpiercing,in-
cendiary,napalm,generalpurpose,andsimilartypesofbombs;Bombhandlingequipment;Storage.
Forbombdirectorsandbombreleasemechanisms,use79F;Fornuclearbombs,use74H.
79D‑Combat VehiclesMilitaryvehiclesincludingarmoredwheeledandtrack-layingve-
hicles,tanksandreconnaissancevehicles,trucks,guncarriers;Componentsandaccessories.
79E‑Detonations, Explosion Effects, & BallisticsExplosioneffects(exceptnuclear)suchasblast,shockwaves,deto-
nationwaves,cratering,earthmotionormovement,heat,etc.;Interior,exterior,andterminalballistics;Thestudyofmotion,behavior,andaerodynamicsofprojectilesthrownorlaunchedbyordnanceprojectors;Includestargetvulnerabilityanddam-ageassessmentstudies,weaponseffects.
Fornuclearexplosioneffects,use77D.
79F‑Fire Control & Bombing SystemsFirecontrolcomputers,sights,directors,rangefinders,gunlaying,
bombingradarsystems,boresighting,bombreleases,andotherdevicesusedspecificallyfordirectingthefiringofweaponsorthedroppingofbombs.
79G‑GunsSmallarms,automaticweapons,antipersonnelweapons,recoiless
weapons,mortars,artilleryandnavalguns,theiraccessoriesandcomponents;Guncarriages,gunmounts,remotecontrolequip-ment,etc.
Forballisticstudies,use79E.Forguncontrol,socialviolence,use92Cor43.
79H‑RocketsUnguided,self-propelledprojectileswhosetrajectoryorcoursecan-
notbealteredafterlaunch;Groundlaunched,airlaunched,orshiplaunchedrockets,launchers,andlaunchsupportequipment.
Forsoundingrockets,use55D.
79I‑Underwater OrdnanceTorpedoes,submarinemines,depthcharges,hydrobombs,anti-
submarineammunition,etc.;Launchingdevicesandsupportequipment.
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81‑comBustion, engines, & propellAnts
810‑General
81A‑Combustion & IgnitionAutoignition,ignition,andcombustion.Includesflamestudies;
Combustionproductsstudies;Ignitionsystems;Combustionchemistry;Flammabilitystudies.
Seealso89and94H.
81B‑Electric & Ion PropulsionAlltypesofenginesderivingpowerfromfreeionsandelectrons.
Includesion,plasma,andarcjetsystems;Propulsionbymeansofsolarwind;Laserpropulsion.
Forelectricallypropelledsurfacevehicles,use85.
81C‑Fuel & Propellant TanksDesign,performance,andtestingoffuelandpropellanttanks
includingthoseforautomobiles,petroleumproducts,androcketpropellants.
81D‑Jet & Gas Turbine EnginesDesign,performance,andtestingofalltypesofjetandgasturbine
engines,theircomponents,enginenozzles.IncludesRamjet,Scramjet,andTurbofanengines,andhydroductandturboma-chineryaswellasnonpropulsiveturbines.
Seealso97Land51C.
81G‑Rocket Engines & MotorsDesign,performance,andtestingofrocketenginesandmotorsand
theircomponents.
81H‑Rocket PropellantsProduction,handling,stability,andperformanceofliquid,solid,
thixotropic,andexoticpropellants.Includesfuels,oxidizers,additives,andbinders.
Forcombustionandignition,use81A.
81I‑Nuclear PropulsionDesign,performance,andtestingofnuclearenginesforsurface,air,
andspacepropulsion.Seealso85.
81J‑Reciprocation & Rotating Combustion Engines
Design,performance,andtestingofreciprocatingandrotatingenginesofvariousconfigurationsforalltypesofpropulsion.Includesinternalandexternalcombustionengines;Engineexhaustsystems;Engineairsystemscomponents;Enginestruc-tures;Stirlinganddieselengines.
Seealso97Land85H.
82‑photogrAphy & recording devices
820‑General
82A‑HolographyTechniques,materials,andusesofholographyandholograms;
Acousticholography.Seealso46C.
82B‑Photographic Techniques & EquipmentPhotographictechniques,includingaerialphotography,color
photography,astronomicalphotography,cinematography,photomicrography,Schlierenphotography;Cameras,lenses,shutters,projectors,photographicprocesses,andmaterials;Microphotography,Photographiccopying;Directrecordingandreproductionofvisualimages;Copying,reproductionand
replicationtechniques;Thermography;Lithography,andrelatedarts;Graphicarts,illustrating,visualdesign.
Forphotogrammetry,use48I.
82C‑Recording DevicesTechniquesanddevicesforrecordingotherthanvisualimages.
Includesdisk,magnetic,thermoplastic,electrostaticrecordingsystems,CD-ROM,andplaybackequipmentsuchasrecordplayers,taperecorders,etc.
84‑spAce technology
840‑GeneralExtraterrestialbiology,chemistry,andmedicine.
84A‑AstronauticsSpacemissions;Projectsandlogistics;Orbitalrendezvous;Space
exploration;Spacecraftoperatingproblems;Extravehicularactivity.
84B‑Extraterrestial ExplorationSpaceprobeexploration;Spacelandings;Spaceconstructionand
maintenance;Extravehicularactivityonotherplanets.
84C‑Manned SpacecraftDesignandconstructionofmannedspacecraft,spacestations,aero-
spaceplanesandtheircomponents.
84D‑Spacecraft Trajectories & Flight MechanicsDetermination,analysis,processingofspacecrafttrajectorydata;
Spacemechanics;Orbitalcalculations;Flightpathanalysis;Atmosphereentry;Reentrydynamics.
84E‑Space Launch Vehicles & Support Equip‑ment
Handlingandlaunching,includingtransportation,storage,prepara-tionforlaunching,countdown,launchingequipment,check-outequipment,groundsupportequipment,andinformationsystems;Spacecrafttrackingsystems;Trackingnetworks;Recoverysupport.
84F‑Space SafetySafetymeasuresanddevicesdirectedtowardreducingthehazards
ofspaceflight.
84G‑Unmanned SpacecraftDesignandconstructionofunmannedspacecraft,includingspace
probes,scientificsatellites,militarysatellites,communicationsatellites,reconnaissancesatellites,andnavigationalsatellites.
Forsatellitesappliedtoaspecificapplication,seethefieldofap-plication.
85‑trAnsportAtion
850‑General
85A‑Air TransportationOperationofsystemsfortransportbyair;Civilaviation;Airports
andairportaccess;Airlineoperations;Airrouting;Airtrafficcontrolsystems;Multimodalsystems;Aviationsafetyandaviationaccidents;Aircraftfires;Aircraftfuelfires.
Seealso43G,74E,76,85D,and91B.Fordesignofaircraftandcomponents,use51and81.Forrunwayconstructionanddesign,use50B.
85C‑Metropolitan Rail TransportationUrbanrailtransit;Undergroundandabove-groundrapidtransitrail-
ways,includingsubways;Automatedguidewaytransitsystems;Trackedaircushionvehicles.
Seealso85Iand91B.
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85D‑Transportation SafetySafetyandaccidentsinvolvingair,land,andwatertransportation;
Accidentstudiesandprevention;Alcoholrelatedstudies;Break-awaybarriersandstructures;Standardsandtestingofcompo-nentsandequipment;Crashworthiness;Trafficsafety;Collisionresearch;Safetyequipmentanddevices.
Seealso91B.Forpipelineaccidents,use85E.
85E‑Pipeline TransportationTransportationofliquids,gases,andslurriesthroughlong-distance
pipelines;Accidentsandsafety.
85F‑Global Navigation SystemsWorldwidenavigationalaidstotransportation;Globalpositioning
system(GPS).Seealso76D.
85G‑Marine & Waterway TransportationShipping;Safetyandaccidents;Safetyequipment;Cargohandling
andequipment;Cargomovement;Passengermovement;Trafficcontrol;Boating;Traderoutes;Shipbornecontainerization.
Seealso43G,74E,76,and85D.Formarineengineering,use47A.Forwaterwayengineering,use50B.
85H‑Road TransportationPassengerandcargomovement;Designandstandardsforvehicles
andcomponents;Motorvehicleenginestudies;Safetyengineer-ing;Safetydevices;Trafficandroadsafety;Collisionresearch;Accidentstudies;Highwaytraffic;Trafficengineering;Pas-sengerandcargovehicles;Trailers;Motorcycles;Bicyclesandbikeways;Hikingtrails.
Seealso43G,50A,74E,81J,85D,and91B.
85I‑Railroad TransportationSafetyandaccidents;Safetyequipment;Cargohandlingandequip-
ment;Cargomovement;Passengermovement;Trafficcontrol;Terminals;Amtrak;Trackstudies;Rollingstock;Scheduling;Railroadengineeringandequipment.
Seealso43G,85D,and91B.
88‑liBrAry & inFormAtion sciences
880‑GeneralIncludesgeneralstudiesaboutmicroforms;Filmreaders;Copy-
rights;PrivacyAct;Reportwriting.
88A‑Operations & PlanningAcquisitions,classification,cataloging,abstracting,andindexing;
Circulationandreferencesystems;Informationservices;Interli-braryloans;Distribution;Manualandcomputerizedinformationretrieval;Individuallibrariesandinformationcenter.
Forlibraryorinformationnetworks,use88B.
88B‑Information SystemsLibraryandinformationnetworks;Operationsandplanningofthese
systems;Filemaintenanceandmanagement;Databasemanage-ment;Informationsuperhighway,NationalInformationInfra-structure;Appliedinformationsystems(Management,medical,transportation,etc.)Seealso44T,62,and70C.
Fordatabasemanagement,use62B.Forcommunicationsandcomputernetworks,use45C.Forgeographicinformationsystems,see48I.
88C‑Marketing & User ServicesUserneeds,surveys;Promotions;Fees.
88D‑PersonnelTrainingandeducation;Selection;Management;Performance;
Schoolsandaccreditation.Seealso70D.
88E‑Reference MaterialsBibliographies;Directories;Glossaries;Catalogs;Thesauri;In-
dexes;Abstractandtitleperiodicals.
89‑Building industry technologyIncludesfiresinbuildings.
890‑GeneralIncludesfiresinbuildings.
89B‑Architectural Design & Environmental Engineering
Architecture;Humanengineering;Sitesurveys;Interiordesign;Lighting;Heating,ventilating,andairconditioning;Heatlossstudies.Includesenvironmentalengineeringequipment.
Seealso97Jand94E.
89C‑Construction Management & TechniquesExcavation;Fabrication(presiteandonsite);Constructiontech-
niques;Reconstruction;Managementincludingplanning,manpower,andlaborstudies.
89D‑Structural AnalysesDynamicsandstaticsofstructuresandstructuralmembersinclud-
ingkinetics,kinematics,vibrationandstressanalyses;Inducedenvironmentalstressesincludingearthquakes,wind,andflood;Foundationstresses;Soil-structureinteractions.
89E‑Building Standards & CodesStandardsandcodesforbuildings,equipment,components,and
materials.
89G‑Construction Materials, Components, & Equipment
Plumbing;Wiring;Insulation;Doorsandwindows;Walls;Joints;Beams;Constructionequipmentsuchasbulldozersandcranes.Includesflammabilityandfirestudies.Cementandconcrete.
Seealso50C.Forcementproperties,seealso71D.
89H‑Building Equipment, Furnishings, & Maintenance
Equipmentincludingsecurityalarms(i.e.Burglaralarms),eleva-tors,andfiresafetydevices;Furnishings,includingmajorhouseholdappliances,rugs,andfurniture;Maintenance,includ-ingrepair,pestcontrol,andcleaning.
Forenvironmentalengineeringequipment,use89B.
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90‑government inventions For licensingForpatentsandpatentapplicationsonly(willbelabeledassuchin
thereporttitle);Notforbibliographies.
900‑GeneralComputersoftware.
90A‑Mechanical Devices & EquipmentDevicesandequipmentforfuelignition;Heating,illumination,
andrefrigeration;Cleaning;Printing;Producthandlingandtransportation;Sprinklers;Fireextinguishers;Safety;Motorandotherlandvehicles;Earthworkingandexcavating;Tools;Jacks;Hydraulicandpneumaticsystems;Powertransmissions;Couplings,fasteners,andjoints;Piping;Drillingandmining;Separators;Locks;Sewingmachines;Windingandreeling;etc.
Formetalshapingandforming,use90E.Formedicalequipment,use90D.
90B‑ChemistryOrganicandinorganiccompounds;Batteries;Electrochemistry;Hy-
drocarbons;Lubricatingcompositions;Propellentsandrocketfuels;Acids;Polymers;Plastics;Inks;Bleaching;Dyeing;Fertilizers;Foodfermentation;Sugarandstarch;Papermaking;Textiles;Paints;Coatings(exceptmetalcoatings);Chemicalreactors;etc.
90C‑Nuclear TechnologyReactors;Radioactivematerials;Nuclearinstrumentation;Nuclear
radiationsafety;Nuclearpowerplantsandreactorengineering;Nuclearfusion;Particleaccelerators;Plasmadevices;etc.
90D‑Biology & MedicineDrugs;Cosmetics;Prosthetics;Medicalequipment;Pesticidebiol-
ogy;Biologicallaboratoryequipment;Lifesupportequipment.
90E‑MetallurgyMetalstock;Metalcoatings;Molding,shaping,andtreatingpro-
cesses;Laminating;Glasses;Materialshaping;Sheetmetalandwireworking;Bondingandjoining;Cutlery;etc.
Foruseofmechanicalequipment,use90A.
90F‑ElectrotechnologyAntennas,circuits,andelectromechanicaldevices;Electrontubes;
Optoelectronicdevices;Powerandsignaltransmissiondevices;Resistive,capacitiveandinductivecomponents;Semiconductordevices;Informationtransmission,storage,andretrieval;Com-munications;etc.
90G‑InstrumentsPhotographicequipment;Measuringandtestinginstrumentsand
equipments;Acousticdevices;Etc.Fornuclearinstruments,use90C.
90H‑Optics & LasersOpticalmaterials,components,equipment,andsystems;Infrared,
visible,ultraviolet,andX-raylasers;Masers.
90I‑OrdnanceProductionandperformanceofprojectiles,fuzes,explosivemateri-
als,pyrotechnics,andweaponsystems(notlimitedtomilitaryapplications);Ordnancestoragesystems;Firecontrolsystems;Weaponsdeliverysystems;Missiles,rockets,andpropellantsdirectlyrelatedthereto;Weaponscarriers(tanks,aircraftships,etc);Guns;Laserweapons;Bombs.
90J‑Food TechnologyPasteurizing,curing,canning,dehydrating,freezing,irradiation,
freezedrying,etc.,offoodsandotheragriculturalproducts;Sanitationandfumigationofproducts;Foodadditivesandpreservatives;Analysisandinspectionofproducts;Storage,packaging,anddisplayofproducts;Cookingdevices.
Forfoodfermentation,use90B.
91‑urBAn & regionAl technology & development
910‑GeneralIncludesenergystudies.
91A‑Environmental Management & PlanningAir,water,noise,andwastemanagementandcontrol;Monitoring
services;Solidwastesandrecycling;Solidwastelandfills;Waterqualitymanagement;Environmen-talsurveys;Designandoperationofsewersystems(combined,etc.);Watersuppliesandservices;Excludesnaturalresourcemanagement.
Seealso68and43F.
91B‑Transportation & Traffic PlanningPlanningformodesofpublicandprivate,passengerandcargo
transporation;Travelpatternsanddemand;Parking;Trafficengineering,trafficflowandcontrol;Trafficsurveys;Highwayandstreetservices;Rapidtransitsystems;Passengertransporta-tionandplanning;Pedestrianmovement.
Seealso43Gand85.
91C‑Fire Services, Law Enforcement, & Criminal Justice
Fire,police,andcourtservicesandtheiradministration;Lawenforcementandcriminaljustice;Crimeandfireprevention;Personnelrecruitment,training,andutilization;Parole;Workrelease;Correctionalinstitutions.
Seealso43D.Forcriminaljusticeandcorrections,seealso43Gen.
91D‑CommunicationsUseandplanningofcommunications;Massmedia,emergency
communications,publicinformation.Seealso45.
91E‑HousingSurveysandassessmentsofexistinghousing;Planninganddevel-
opment;Buildingcodes;Housingneeds;Housingrenovation;Publichousing.
Fordesign,architectural,orconstructionrelatedstudies,seealso89.
91F‑Health ServicesUrbanhealthservices;Emergencymedicalservices;Mentalhealth
services;Nursinghomes;Ambulatoryhealthservices;Hospitalservices;Publichealthaccess.
Seealso43C,43D,44and91I.
91G‑Urban Administration & PlanningGeneraladministrationandplanning;Feasibilitystudies;Appraisal
ofrealproperty;Taxation;Landuseandzoning;Urbanrevital-ization;Financing.
Seealso43and70F.
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91H‑Regional Administration & PlanningGeneraladministrationandplanningforcountyandregionalareas
thatmayalsocontainurbanorurbanizedareas;Intergovern-mentalrelationsandinteractions(State,County,Local);Landuseandzoning.
Seealso43and70F.Forstategovernmentadministrationandplanning,use43.
91I‑Emergency Services & PlanningDisasterservices;Civildefense;Earlywarningsystemsandemer-
gencypreparednessforalltypesofdisaster;Emergencyweatherservices;Pollutionalerts;Civildisturbances;Ambulanceser-vices;Flooding;Disasterrelief.
Seealso43D,44,and91F.Formilitarypassivedefensesystems,seealso74I.Forpersonneldetection,seealso63G.
91J‑Economic StudiesEconomicanalyses;Economicdevelopment;Industrialdevelop-
ment;Economicimpactsofdevelopment;Population-econo-my-incomestudies;Employmentandearnings;Propertyvalues;Commercialareastudies.
Seealso43Band96.Forgovernmentfinancialoperations,use43A,70F,91G,and91H.
91K‑Social ServicesChildcare;Familyandyouthcounseling;Socialrehabilitation;
Fosterhomesandadoption;Welfareandpublicassistance;Fi-nancialassistance;Foodstampservices;Employmentservices;Legalservices.
Seealso43C,91F,and92C.
91L‑RecreationPlanningandadministration;Facilities;Publicopinion;Economic
andsocialaspects;Safetyaspects;Useofrecreationalvehicles;Culturalactivities;Sports;Parks,includingnationalparks.
92‑BehAvior & society
920‑GeneralIncludesgeneraloverallcensusstudies;Politicalscience.
92A‑Job Training & Career DevelopmentVocationaltraining;On-the-jobtraining;Retraining;Vocational
rehabilitation;Useanddesignoftrainingsimulators(includingflightsimulators)andequipment;Instructionalaids;Profes-sionaldevelopment;Careerdevelopment.
Forcurriculumdevelopment,use92D.
92B‑PsychologyHumanbehavior;Personality;Intelligence;Learningability;Judge-
ment;Motivation;Perception;Jobsatisfaction;Leadershipcharacteristics;Psychometrics;Adaptability;Social,industrial,group,organizational,interpersonal,andexperimentalpsychol-ogy;Clinicalpsychology;Physiologicalpsychology.
Forthemeasurementofhearing,vision,heartrate,respirationandotherphysiologicalresponsesasrelatedtobehavior,use57Tor57W.
92C‑Social ConcernsSociologyandsociometrics;Racerelations;Agegroupand
minoritygroupstudies;Socialrehabilitationofdrugabusers,alcoholics,physically,emotionally,andmentallyhandicapped,offenders,etc.;Culturalandeconomicdeprivation;Socialdiscrimination;Immigration;Demography;Socialservices,in-cludingchildcare,welfare,counseling,financialassistance,andemploymentandunemploymentservices;Attitudestudies.
Seealso43C,44,and91K.
92D‑Education, Law, & HumanitiesFormaleducation;Schoolsystems;Educationaladministration;
Curricula;Instructionaldevicesandmaterials,includingaudiovisual;Teachingmethods;Computer-assistedinstruction;Laws;Linguistics;Machinetranslation;Finearts;Archaeology;History;Anthropology;Humanities;Religion.
92E‑International RelationsPoliticalandsocialindicators;Crisesandcrisismanagement;Con-
flictanalysis;Foreignaid;Foreignpolicyandforeignaffairs;Internationalpoliticalscience;Disarmamentandarmscontrol;Espionage;Includesinternationalrelationshipsconcerningter-ritorialseas,fishing,extradition,andnaturalresources.
Seealso74H.Forinternationalcommerce,use96C.
94‑industriAl & mechAnicAl engineering
940‑GeneralIncludesbearings;Mechanicalelements;Pipes;Tubes;Levers;
Cams;Springs;Mechanicaljoints;Containersandpackingmaterials;Refrigerationsystemsandequipment;Industrialfurnacesandboilers;Heatexchangers;Heatpumps;Heatpipes;Industrialsecurity;Metrology.
Forrocketenginecomponents,use81G;Forfueltanks,use81C;Forcoolingtowers,use97J;Fornuclearsecurity,use77Gen.
94A‑Production Planning & Process ControlsMaterialscontrol;Numericalcontrolandautomation;Timeand
motionstudies;Scheduling;Productioncontrolsandprogram-ming;Modelingtechniquesandprogramcontrols;Inventorymanagement.
Seealso44A,41Aand41B.
94B‑Quality Control & ReliabilityTolerancesallocations;Maintainabilityrequirements;Probabilityof
satisfactoryperformanceofcomponentsandequipment;Inspec-tionmethods;Destructiveindustrialtesting;Reliabilitytheory;Qualityassurance.
Seealso41Eand41G.
94C‑Plant Design & MaintenanceSiteselection;Plantdesign;Layout;Maintenancemanagement;
Scheduled,routine,andcorrectivemaintenance.Seealso41H.
94D‑Job EnvironmentIndustrialhygieneandoccupationaldiseasesandinjuriesinsettings
suchasfactories,andofficeandcommercialbuildings;Indus-trialpsychology;Industrialsociology;Workplacelayoutanddesign;Workerinteractions.
Seealso44G,57U,41I,and92B.Forindustrialsafetyengineeringandaccidentprevention,use94H.
94E‑Environmental EngineeringLighting;Heating;Ventilating;Airconditioning.Includesenvi-
ronmentalengineeringequipmentrelatedtoindustrialuse.Excludespollutioncontrol.
Seealso41I,89Band97J.
94F‑Tooling, Machinery, & ToolsMachinesubassemblies;Robots;Robotics;Tools;Machinery,
includinghoists,conveyorsandpumps.Seealso41Cand41J.
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94G‑Manufacturing Processes & Materials Handling
Fabrication,assembling,cleaning,andfinishing;Industrialandmanufacturingprocesses(limitedtoin-depthstudiesthatdi-rectlydiscussspecificprocesses);Bondingandjoining,includ-inggluing,welding,soldering,andbrazing;Materialsformingandmachining;Heattreatment;Coatingprocesses;Materialshandling,includingpalletizing,conveying,warehousing,stor-ing,containerization,andpackaging.
Seealso71,41B,41E,and41F.Forprocessingandpackagingoffood,use98H.Forproductionofmaterials,use71.Forchemicalengineeringandprocessing,use99B.Forthebeneficiationandprocessingofminerals,use48A.
94H‑Industrial Safety EngineeringAccidentprevention;Safetymeasures;Fireprevention;Warning
systems;Safetyequipment,structures,andclothing.Forindustrialsafetyengineeringappliedtoaspecificapplication,
usethefieldofapplication.
94I‑Hydraulic & Pneumatic EquipmentDesign,production,performance,andtestingofhydraulicand
pneumaticsystems,accumulators,actuators,compressors,anddistributionequipment;Fluidicandfluericdevices.
Seealso41J.Forhydraulicfluids,see71K.
94J‑Nondestructive TestingNondestructivetestinghavingindustrialapplication;Ultrasonic,
radiographic,hydrostatic,magnetic,andopticalnondestructivetechniquesandequipment;Nondestructivetestingofflaws,thickness,opacity,strength.
Fordestructiveindustrialtesting,use94B.
94K‑Laboratory & Test Facility Design & Operation
Measuring,testing,andsimulationdevices.Includeslaboratories,testfacilities,andtestequipmentmeasuringtestingandsimula-tion.Ifthetestfacility,equipment,etc.isappliedtoaspecificapplication,usethefieldofapplication.
95‑BiomedicAl technology & humAn FActors engineering
950‑General
95A‑Prosthetics & Mechanical OrgansIncludesmaterialsandequipmentgoingintohumanbodies,en-
ablingthemtofunctionproperly,eithertemporarilyorper-manently.Artificiallimbsandlimbbraces;Facialprosthetics,includingartificialeyes;Dentalprosthetics;Mechanicalorgansandmechanicalhearts;Circulatoryassistdevices;Artificialkid-neys,etc.;Biocompatiblematerialsincludingtissueadhesives,tissuecompatiblematerials,andantithrombogenicmaterials.
Forprosthodontics,use57G.
95B‑Tissue Preservation & StoragePreservationoforgans,tissue,andbloodfortransplantationor
transfusiontolivingorgans;Bloodandtissuebanks;Propertiesandevaluationofpreservedandstoredmaterials.
Seealso57J,57S,and57X.
95C‑Biomedical Instrumentation & Bioengineering
Includesmaterialsandequipmentusedtomonitorhumanbodyfunctions.Design,use,andperformanceofbiomedicalequip-ment;Biotelemetryincludingbiotelemetrytransducerandtransmitterequipment;Hospitalequipmentandsupplies;Dentalmaterialsandequipment;Equipmentforphysiologicalmonitor-ing;Diagnosticequipment;Biomedicallaboratoryequipment.
Seealso95A.
95D‑Human Factors EngineeringDesignoftools,instruments,equipment,andmachinerywithem-
phasisonoptimumutilizationbyhumans;Habitabilityofworkandlivingspace;Ergonomics;Interactionofmanandequip-mentintermsofsubsystemandsystemperformancerequire-mentsandevaluation.Encompassesmanualcontrols,tacticalkinesthesis,andotherhumansensorymodalitiesinvolvedinoperationofequipmentandunderstandingofpersonnelsubsys-tems;Man-machinesystems.Includesanthropometricstudies,protectiveequipment,protectiveclothing,andlifesupportsystems.
95E‑Life Support SystemsEquipmentandtechniquesforsustaininglifeinforeignenviron-
ments,suchasspace,underground,andunderwater;Closedecologicalsystems(includespressuresuits,divinggear,andbreathingapparatus).
Seealso95D.
95F‑Bionics & Artificial IntelligenceStudyofbiologicalprocessesinordertodevelopengineeringsys-
tems;Simulationofbiologicalprocesses;Comparativestudiesofcontrolsystemsformedbythebrainandnervoussystem;Pat-ternrecognitionsystemsbasedonbiologicalmodes;Biologicalapplicationsofinformationtheory;Cybernetics.
95G‑Protective EquipmentEquipmentprovidingprotectionagainstsuchenvironmentalele-
mentsasheat,cold,noise,machinery,andradiation.Forequipmentandtechniquesforsustaininglifeinenvironments
wherenormalrespirationisnotpossible,use95E.
96‑Business & economics
960‑GeneralIncludeseconomictheory;Businessandeconomiccensusstudies;
Insurancenotcoveredbyanothersubcategory;Smallbusi-nesses.
96A‑Domestic Commerce, Marketing, & Economics
Nationalandstate-levelstudies;Industrialcostsandeconomics;Economicimpactofindustries;Economicimpactsonindus-tries;Industrialstatistics;Agriculturaleconomics;Productivity;Laborsupplyanddemand;Laborcostsandeconomics;Infla-tion;Economicaspectsofunemployment;Employmentandun-employmentstatistics;Wagesurveys;UnitedStatescommerce;Wholesaleandretailtrade;Domesticmarketsurveys;Business,personal,andpropertytaxes;Incometaxdata;Franchising.
Seealso43B,70D,91J,and98B.Forstudiesofindividualplantsoroperations,seethefieldofappli-
cation;Foreconomicimpactsofindividualplantsoroperations,seethefieldofapplication;Forregionaldevelopment,use43Band91J.
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96C‑International Commerce, Marketing, & Eco‑nomics
Foreignmarketsurveysandresearch;Internationaltrade;Importsandexports;Customsandtariffs;Multinationalbusinesses;Trendsandforecasting.
Forinternationalfinance,use96F.
96D‑Consumer AffairsConsumerproblemsandprotection;Truthinadvertising;Commer-
cialpsychology;Productmaintenanceandreliabilityproblems;Homeappliancessafety;Productcomparisonstudies;Flamma-bilitystudies;Motorvehiclerecalls.
96E‑Minority EnterprisesMinorityownedandoperatedbusinesses;Businesstrainingofmi-
noritygroups;Franchising;Equalopportunitiesinbusiness.
96F‑Banking & FinanceInvestments;Credit;Banksandtrustcompanies;Mortgagefinance;
Savingsandloanassociations;Securityandcommoditybroker-age;Balanceofpayments;Goldandsilvermovement;Cashflow;Regulations;Internationalfinance.
Forgovernmentfinancialoperations,use43A,70F,91G,and/or91H.
96G‑Foreign Industry Economic DevelopmentPrivateandgovernmentalindustrialandeconomicdevelopment
inforeigncountriesincludingindustrializedanddevelopingcountries;Internationaltechnologytransfer;Forforeignmarketsurveysandinternationaltrade,use96C.
96H‑Foreign Business & EconomicsForeignanddevelopingcountries;Businesses,economicconditions
andsocioeconomics.Forforeignmarketsurveysandinternationaltrade,use96C.Forsocialconcernsrelatedtoeconomics,seealso92C.
97‑energy
970‑GeneralIncludesenergysourcedevelopment.
97A‑ReservesNaturalreserves;Fuelstockpiles;Mineralandfossilfueldeposits
includingcoal,uranium,petroleum,naturalgas,geothermal,peat,andoilshale;Waterpowerpotential;Sitestudiesofwindpowerpotentialandsolarradiationavailability.
Forindividualminestudies,use48A.
97B‑Energy Use, Supply, & DemandElectricpowerandfuelconsumptionandrequirements;Supplyand
demand;Heatuse,supply,anddemand.
97E‑Electric Power TransmissionElectricpowerdistribution;Electrictransmissionlinesandsubsta-
tions;Electricpowerpools;Wirelessenergytransmission.
97F‑Fuel Conversion ProcessesMethodstoconvertafueltoadifferentchemicalformincluding
coalgasificationandliquefaction;Upgradingfuelsbychemicalsynthesis.
Forpetroleumrefining,oilshaleretortingandrefining,use97Kand99B;Forenvironmentalstudies,use97R.
97G‑Policies, Regulations & StudiesEnergyconservation;Licensing;Legislation;Governmentpolicies
andregulatorycontrols;Energygoals;Researchneeds;Energymanagement,economics,andfinancing;Depletionallowancesandleasingpolicies;Ratesandenergymodels;Energyshort-ages;Internationalissues.
97I‑Electric Power ProductionDesignandoperationofelectricpowerplants;Commercial,indus-
trial,andresidentialelectricpowerproduction;Sitesurveys;Large-scalenuclear,hydro,solar,geothermal,andfossilfuelelectricpowerplants;Powerplantboilers.
Note: usually restricted to large-scale electric power production. Forsmall-scaleelectricpowerproduction,use97N,97O,or97P.Forpollutioncontrolandenvironmentalimpact,use68and97R.Forsomenuclearpowerplantstudies,use77and97Q.97Qshould
bethosethataremostpertinenttotheuseofnucleartechnologyforenergyproduction.
97J‑Heating & Cooling SystemsDesignandoperationofspaceheatingandcoolingsystemsand
equipment;Furnaceandboilerstudieswhenrelatedtoenergyconservationandenergyuse;Coolingtowers;MIUStechnol-ogy;Totalenergysystems.
Seealso97N.
97K‑FuelsProduction,performance,properties,storage,prices,andtransporta-
tionofalltypesofsolid,liquid,andgaseousfuels;Chemicalcompositionoffuels;Fuelcompatibility;Hydrogenproduction;Refusederivedfuels;Fueldesulfurization;Oilshaleretorting;Petroleumrefining;Fueladditives;Growingplantsforfuels;Bioconversionandbiomassplantations.
Seealso48Dand97N.Forfueltanks,use81C.Fornuclearfuels,use77I.Forfuelconversion,use97F.Forrocketfuels,use81H.Forsupplyanddemand,use97B.Foroilandgasdrillingandrecovery,coalminingandotherenergy
relatedminingstudies,use48A.
97L‑Engine Studies (Energy Related)Operationanddesignofengineswhenrelatedtoenergyconserva-
tionandenergyuse.Coversturbine,rotary,andreciprocatingengines.
Seealso81.
97M‑Batteries & ComponentsElectrochemicalbatteriesofalltypesincludingalkalinecells,
drycells,metal-airbatteries,primarycells,reservebatteries,storagebatteries,thermalbatteries,wetcells;Batterycontain-ers,depolarizers,electrodes,electrolytes,separators,andothercomponentsandmaterials;Batterychargersandtesters;Batteryelectrochemistry.
Forthermoelectricandthermionicbatteries,use97O.
97N‑Solar EnergySolarcollectors,concentrators,andabsorbers;Solarcells;Solar
cookers,dryers,furnaces,generators;Solarheatengines;Solarheatingandcoolingsystems;Solarpowerplants;Solarstills;Solarwaterheaters;Solarheatstoragesystems;Solarwaterpumps;Solarseapowerplants;Orbitalsolarpowerplants;Opti-calcoatingsandfiltersforsolardevices;Solarenergypolicies,use,supply,trends,andeconomics.
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97O‑Miscellaneous Energy Conversion & StorageFuelcells;Magnetohydrodynamics;Experimentalelectricgenerators;
Turbogenerators;Heatstorage;Compressedairenergystorage;Mechanicalconversion;Thermoelectricandthermionicconver-sion;Photovoltaicconversion(excludessolarcells);Windpower;Tidalpower;Nuclearfusionpowerplants.
Forcommercial,industrial,andresidentialuseofenergyconversionandstoragedevices,use97Ior97J.
97P‑Geothermal EnergyGeothermalexplorationandprospectingmethodsandequipment;
Geothermalresources;Geothermalenergyconversion;Geologyappliedtogeothermalsystems;Drilling;Reservoirs;Extraction;Siteselection;Geothermalpowerplants;Corrosionstudies;Mate-rialsusedingeothermalsystems.
97Q‑Selected Studies In Nuclear TechnologyReportsassignedtothissubcategoryareselectedfortheirbroadinter-
esttousersinthenuclearenergyfield.Forothernuclearenergysubcategories,use77.
97R‑Environmental StudiesAir,noise,water,andsolidwastepollutionandpollutioncontrolfrom
energyresourcedevelopment,fuelproduction,energyproduction,andenergyuse;Environmentalimpactsofenergyproductionanduse.
Seealso68.
98‑Agriculture & Food
980‑General
98A‑Agricultural ChemistryTheapplicationofchemistryandchemicalanalysistoagriculture;
Fertilizerproduction;Soilchemistry;Chemistryoffeedingstuffs;Cropchemistry;Biochemicalstudies.
Forfoodchemistry,use98H.
98B‑Agricultural EconomicsEconomicsconditions,markets,subsidies,andpoliciesaffectingagri-
culture;Farmmanagementandfinance;Landandlaboreconom-ics;Pricesandpricecontrol.
Seealso96C.
98C‑Agricultural Equipment, Facilities, & Operations
Agriculturalengineering;Agriculturalmachineryandtools;Seedpreservation;Planting,fertilizing,mulching,weeding,andhar-vesting;Pestanddiseasecontroltechniquesandequipment;Cropprotection;Cropdryingandstorage;Farmwatersupplies;Irriga-tionsystems;Farmsafety;Farmconstructionandoperation.
Forpestcontrol,seealso57P.Forfoodprocessing,use98H.
98D‑Agronomy, Horticulture, & Plant PathologyFieldcropproduction;Cultivationoforchards,gardensandnurser-
ies;Plantbiology;Plantbreeding,propagation,andhybridizing;Hydroponics.
Seealso57C.
98E‑Animal Husbandry & Veterinary MedicineProductionandcareofdomesticandwildanimals;Breeding,feeding,
management,rearing,testing,andtraining;Pets;Animalpathology;Toxiceffectsondomesticanimals;Animalquarantine;Diseaseresistance,controlandtreat-ment;Breeding,care,andutilizationoflaboratoryanimals.
Seealso57Z.
98F‑Fisheries & AquacultureFishing,fishingequipment,andshipboardprocessingoffisheries
products;Cultivationoffishes,shellfish,andalgaeinfreshorsaltwaterforcommercialorrecreationaluse;Useoffishladdersandweirs;Sportfishing.
Seealso47D,48B,and57Z.Forfishprocessing,use98H.
98G‑Agriculture Resource SurveysSurveystoscancropyields,soilmoisturecontent,
cropdiseases,andforestdiseases.Includesfisherysurveys;Satelliteandaerialsurveys.
98H‑Food TechnologyPasteurizing,curing,canning,dehydrating,freezing,irradiation,
freezedrying,etc.,offoodsandotheragriculturalproducts;Sanitationandfumigationofproducts;Foodadditivesandpre-servatives;Analysisandinspectionofproducts;Storage,pack-aging,anddisplayofproducts;Kitchenandcookingequipment.
Forbiochemicalstudiesoffoods,seealso57B.
99‑chemistry
990‑General
99A‑Analytical ChemistryTechniquesandinstrumentationfortheseparationandanalysis
ofindividualcompoundsorspecificgroupsorcompounds,bothinorganicandorganic.Includesqualitative,quantitative,volumetric,gravimetric,optical,spectroscopic;electrochemical,ionexchange,chromatographicanalysis;Testmethods;Forensicchemistry;Datainterpretation;Routineanalysisorexperimentalresults.
99B‑Industrial Chemistry & Chemical Process Engineering
Techniques,processes,unitoperations,andplantequipmentthatap-plytochemicalmanufacturing,processing,transportation,andstorage;Petroleumrefining;Desalinationtechnology;Pollutioncontrolequipment;Processcontroltechnology;Processengineering;Chemicalreactors.
Forcoalgasificationandliquefactionprocesses,seealso97Fand97K.
Forspecificenvironmentalpollutioncontrol,seealso68.Forwaterpurification,seealso50Band68D.
99C‑Polymer ChemistrySynthesis,properties,reactionsandtheoriesofpolymersandcopo-
lymers.Includesalltypesofpolymerization,curing,crosslink-ing,reactionkinetics,etc.
Formechanicalpropertiesofpolymers,use71Oand71H.
99D‑Basic & Synthetic ChemistrySynthesis,properties,andreactionsofinorganicandorganiccom-
pounds;Studiesofindividualorspecificgroupsofchemicalelements;Molecularstructure;Stereochemistry.
Forchemicalreactionmechanismsbetweenatoms,ions,ormol-ecules,seealso99F.
Forspectrumanalysisofcompounds,use99Aand99F.
99E‑Photochemistry & Radiation ChemistryStudiesinvolvingtheinterrelationshipsofelectromagneticorpar-
ticleradiationandchemicalreactions;Studiesofradioactiveelementsandtheirreactions;Radiochem-istry;Photochemicalreactions.
Seealso55Aand68A.
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99F‑Physical & Theoretical ChemistryPhysicalchemistry;Thermodynamics;Thermochemistry;Col-
loidsandgels;Surfacechemistry;Catalysisandcatalysts;Electrochemistry;Solutions;Chemicalequilibria;Membranes;Reactionkinetics;Quantummechanics;Themathematicaldeterminationofatomicormolecularorbitals,energylevels,orproperties;Theapplicationofmathematicstochemicalsystemsandelectronicspectra,excludingroutineanalysisorexperimen-talresults;Molecularspectrainterpretation;Chemicalreactionmechanismsinthegas,liquid,orsolidphasebetweenatoms,ions,ormolecules;Atomicandmolecularenergystudies;Phasestudiesofnonmetallicsystems;Isotherms;Crystallography.
Foradvancedmaterials,use71Genorthefieldofapplication.Forsolidstatephysics,use46D.Forthermodynamics,seealso46Gen.
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Abbreviations...........................................................................9AccessionNumbers(alsoknownasNTISOrderNumbers)....................................................................9Acronyms.................................................................................9BiologicalSpecies....................................................................9CambridgeScientificAbstracts..............................................15CategoryCodeswithAsterisks(HighlightedSubjectCategoryCodes)...............................10ChemicalNomenclature.........................................................10ChemicalTradeNames..........................................................10ComputerProgramsandProducts.........................................10CorporateSources.................................................................. 11Data........................................................................................ 11DATAElementsOfTheNTISDatabase.................................5DataStar(DIALOGCorporation).........................................17Delimited/DeclassifiedReports............................................. 11DepartmentofDefense(DoD)Declassified/DelimitedItems.............................................. 11DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)SubjectCategoryCodes......................................................10DevelopingCountries............................................................ 11DIALOGCorporation............................................................19DocumentDeliveryviaNTIS..................................................2EBSCOPublishing.................................................................21ElsevierEngineeringInformationInc....................................23EnvironmentalImpactStatements(EIS)............................... 11FieldName:Abstract...............................................................8FieldName:AvailabilityStatement.........................................7FieldName:ContractorGrantNumber(s)..............................7FieldName:CorporateSource(s)............................................5FieldName:CountryofPublication........................................6FieldName:Descriptors..........................................................7FieldName:Identifiers............................................................7FieldName:JournalandDatabaseIssue.................................6FieldName:LanguageofDocument.......................................7FieldName:MonitoringAgencyNumber...............................7FieldName:NTISOrderNo....................................................5FieldName:NTISPrices.........................................................5FieldName:PaginationorNumberofItems...........................6FieldName:PersonalAuthor(s)...............................................6FieldName:ProjectandTaskNumbers..................................7FieldName:ReportDate.........................................................6FieldName:ReportNumber....................................................7FieldName:SubjectCategoryCodes......................................5FieldName:SupplementaryNotes..........................................7FieldName:Title.....................................................................6
FieldName:TitleAnnotation...................................................8FieldName:TitleNote.............................................................6ForeignLanguage.................................................................. 11ForeignResearchandTechnology.........................................12GeographicalAreas................................................................12Government-OwnedInventionsforLicensing(SeealsoPatents)...............................................12HealthCare/MedicineSubjects..............................................12InformationProductTypes.......................................................4InformationSources.................................................................4InternationalBusinessInformation........................................12InternationalSources...............................................................4JournalReprints.....................................................................12LeasingtheNTISDatabase.....................................................2Maps.......................................................................................13Non-U.S.OriginReports....................................................... 11NTISDatabaseandRelatedProducts.....................................2NTISOnlineSearchingHelpDesk..........................................2NTISSubjectCategories..........................................................9NTISSubjectCategories-AlphabeticalListingByAllCategories...............................................................37NTISSubjectCategories-AlphabeticalListingByMajorCategories..........................................................32NTISSubjectCategories-AlphabeticalListingWithScopeDescriptions...................................................42NTISSubjectCategories-NumericalListingOfMajorCategories..........................................................64NTISSubjectCategories-NumericalListingWithScopeDescriptions....................................................65OnlineSearchingHints...........................................................9OnlineServicesAccess.........................................................14OvidTechnologies.................................................................25Patents....................................................................................13PerformingOrganization(s)................................................... 11References,Selected.............................................................14ScopeoftheCollection............................................................2SilverPlatterInformation,Inc................................................27SponsoringAgencyKeywordAcronyms...............................13SponsoringOrganization(s)................................................... 11STNInternational...................................................................29SubjectCategoryCodes/Classification....................................9SubjectCoverage.....................................................................3Superfund...............................................................................13Translations............................................................................13Verbalization..........................................................................13
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