Scientific Papers Writing

Referencing

What is referencing?Referencing is used to tell the reader where ideas

from other sources have been used in an your work. There are many reasons why it is important to

reference sources correctly:It shows the reader that you can find and use sources to

create a solid argumentIt properly credits the originators of ideas, theories, and

research findingsIt shows the reader how your argument relates to the big

pictureFailure to properly acknowledge sources is

called plagiarism, and it can carry significant academic penalties

What needs to be referenced?Whenever an work uses words, facts, ideas,

theories, or interpretations from other sources, that source must be referenced.

Referencing is needed when:• You have copied words from a book, article, or other

source exactly (quotation)• You have used an idea or fact from an outside source,

even if you haven't used their exact wording (paraphrasing and summarizing)

CitationA quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or

author, esp. in a scholarly work.By citing the work of a particular scholar you

acknowledge and respect the intellectual property rights of that researcher

In this example, “(Lazar, 2006)” tells the reader that this information has come from a source written by Lazar, which was published in 2006.

Example: When testing the usability of a website, it Is necessary to gather demographic information about the users (Lazar, 2006).

Referencing Stylesthese are rules and standards to follow when

formatting citations and referencesMany students find referencing quite

intimidating at first. Famous referencing styles include:

APA (American Psychological Association)Chicago Manual of StyleHarvard IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

We will get Overview of the APA style, on your own time read on Harvard style

Referencing Styles• References and citation differs depending

on the cited material, whether a:– Book– journal article–Web page– Thesis– reports– Etc.

APA Style (5th Ed)

Why do you have to do this?

• learning to write include mastering an accepted writing style.

• Because APA style is the most common writing style.

What’s Included in APA Style?

everything relater to your work, including:- How pages are set up- How to cite sources- references- etc.

Where to learn APA style?

Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition)

internet sites, such as http://www.lib.usm.edu/~instruct/guides/apa.html and http://www.canberra.edu.au/library/attachments/pdf/referencing-guide.pdf (6th Edition)

Note: Just type APA referencing style in Google

list of references

• Required if you cite any sources in your paper• Every source cited in your paper must appear

on the reference list, and every entry in your reference list must be cited in your paper

Single-authored book

Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

*Note: In the 5th edition of APA, there is NO underlining (everything that was underlined is now in italics).

Reissued book

Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: The critical view (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

*Note: Capitals in the title of the book are restricted to the first letter of the first word of the title, the first letter of any proper names, and the first letter of the first word after a semicolon, period, or question mark.

Dual-authored book

Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

*Note: when listing authors, use an ampersand (&) in the reference list, not “and.”

Essay or chapter in an edited book

Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message effects in communication sceince (pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

*Note: You must include the page numbers if you’re just referencing one part of a book.

Single-authored article

Garramone, G. M. (1985). Effects of negative political advertising: The roles of sponsor and rebuttal. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 29, 149-159.

*Note: The first letter of every important word in the title of the journal is capitalized.

Two or more authors (in article)

Suzuki, S., & Rancer, A. S. (1994). Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness: Testing for conceptual and measurement equivalence across cultures. Communication Monographs, 61, 256-279.

*Note: Can you find the volume number and page numbers in this citation?

Unpublished convention paper

Thomas, S., & Gitlin, T. (1993, May). Who says there’s a dominant ideology and what happens if that concept is falsified? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC.

Note: Conference papers are less highly regarded than published works

Internet articles based on a print source

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

Article in an internet-only journal

Frederickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

UNIVERSITY PROVIDED STUDY MATERIAL

• Lecture / tutorial notes, etc. – online• Citation

In examining the genre of fiction (St. Vincent Welch, 2009)…

• Reference:St. Vincent Welch, S. (2009). Unit 8147 Writing short

narratives, lecture 1, week 1: What is fiction? [Lecture PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://learnonline.canberra.edu.au/

• Conference or seminar papers in published proceedings – online

• Citation:Tester (2008) points to the value of using geothermal sources for power and energy.

• Reference:Tester, J. W. (2008). The future of geothermal energy as a major global energy supplier. In H. Gurgenci & A. R. Budd (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sir Mark Oliphant International Frontiers of Science and Technology Australian Geothermal Energy Conference, Canberra, Australia: Geoscience Australia. Retrieved from http://www.ga.gov.au/mmjjhhhh

you’re not done yet!!

Learning how to do your reference page is only the beginning to APA style!!

The next tough job is to cite your references in the text

When do you cite your sources in your paper?

When you’re referring to an idea or concept you drew from something you read.

When you quote from something you read or heard.

When you want to give the reader some other places to look for additional information.

Paraphrasing Scott (1992) identified…

Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory & Jacobs, 1985; Polk et al., 1980) reported…

Or at the end of a sentence paraphrased from another work (Scott, 1992).

Citing while paraphrasing

List the last names of all authors the first time you cite them, unless there are more than 5.

If there are more than five, or you are citing the paper of 3 or more authors for a second or more time, list last name of first author, followed by “et al.,” and the date.

Examples

Scott, Williamson, and Schaffer (1990) reported that…

(FIRST TIME)

Scott et al. (1990) reported that

(EVERY TIME AFTER)

Scott and Williamson (1990) reported that…

(FIRST TIME and EVERY TIME)

6 or more authors, use “et al.,” first time and every time.

Citing while quoting

• You need to put the author last name(s) and date, like while paraphrasing, but also the PAGE NUMBERS or PARAGRAPH NUMBERS (for online sources).

• Example: “the research findings clearly indicate support for the hypotheses” (Douglass, 1986, p. 55).

Warning

• Keep quotations to a minimum (less than 3 per paper)

• Don’t forget the quotation marks and page numbers (or paragraph numbers), or you will be guilty of plagiarism!

Sample Reference ListCalvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August 21, 2002

from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html

Flory, R.K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food interval.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 12, 825-828.

Flory, R.K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.

Flory, R.K. & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on schedule-

induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9, 383-386.

Gentry, W.D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the Experimental

Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.

Sample CitationHowever, Wallace and Singer (1976) noted that facillima saepe non

sunt optima accepit hoc. Also in similar studies it was observed that

blah blah blah blah blah (Flory & Everist, 1977; Gentry, 1968; Killeen,

1979). Similarly, Flory (1969a) pointed out the problem of “plures viri

quam appellabant” (p.384). Consistent with this view Schaal,

Shahan, Kovera and Reilly (1998) note that babble babble babble

pessimi copiis maius deum . For the present study I will look at the

phenomenon mentioned first by Flory (1969b).

Questions