sa bukang liwayway ng demokrasya

7/27/2019 sa bukang liwayway ng demokrasya

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Nationalism:A strong feeling of pride in

and devotion to ones country.

The last half of the 1800s can be called the Age of Nationalism. By harnessing national feeling,European leaders fought ruthlessly to create strong, unified nations. Germany and Italy

unified under nationalism, the Austrians and Ottomans fought to keep their empires intact, and Russians started to challenge the power of the Czar (Tsar). Under Otto vonBismarck, Germany emerged as Europes most powerful empire but at a considerable

cost. Where once the world saw Germany as a center for the Northern Renaissance, it wasnow viewed as conquerors and destroyers. Neither loved nor respected, only feared.

All the while Western Democracies formed and grew in Britain, France, and the United States.

A series of political reforms during the 1800s and early 1900s transformed Great Britainfrom a monarchy and aristocracy into a democracy, Manifest Destiny saw the United

States expand from coast to coast (and beyond), and under the Napoleonic Code Franceemerged as the largest democratic country in Europe.


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Building a German Nation

In the early 1800s , German-speaking people,Austrians, and Prussians lived in a number ofsmall and medium-sized states.

Under Napoleons control the people of the area

united to throw the French out.

With Napoleon gone the Congress of Viennacreated the German Confederation headed byAustria.

In 1848 people again demanded German political unity under the leadership of Frederick William IV of Prussia herejected the notion of a throne offered by the people.

Under a Prussian, Otto von Bismarck, the German states were united through a series of wars of unification againstDenmark, Austria, and France. In the Franco-Prussian War Napoleon III surrendered after a mere few weeks. Dueto this Bismarck is considered the architect of German unity.

In January 1871, William I of Prussia took the title of kaiser (emperor) of Germany ushering in the Second Reich(empire) heir to the First Reich, the Holy Roman Empire.


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Germany Strengthens

In the aftermath of unification Germany emerged as the industrial giant of theEuropean continent; its shipping was second only to Britain.

Germany had many advantages, its iron and coal deposits, along with a populationsurge (from 41 million in 1871 to 67 million in 1914) served to propel Germanyforward.

The Iron Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, sought to keep France isolated and weak,while building strong links with Austria and Russia, as well as erase localloyalties within by attacking the Catholic Church and the Socialists. His movesbackfired, forcing him to make peace with the church and woo the workers ofGermany. Because of this Germany became the model of social reform forother European countries.

Although workers benefited from Bismarcks plans, they did not abandonsocialism; the socialist party continued to grow and held the most seats in the

Reichstag (Germanys parliament) by 1912.

In 1888, William II took aver from his father, forced the resignation of Bismarck,and expanded the German military and navy, while building an overseasempire.


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Unifying ItalyAlthough the people of the Italian peninsula spoke the same

language, they had not experienced political unity since theRoman times. By the early 1800s Italian patriots were determinedto build a new, united Italy.

Under the Congress of Vienna, Austria controlled northern Italy, theHapsburg monarchs ruled various other Italian states, and theFrench Bourbons were put in charge of Naples and Cicily.

Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist revolts exploded across the region each time Austria sent troops to crush the rebels.

Under the shrewd leadership of Count Camillo Cavour - appointedprime minister in 1852, and Giuseppe Garibaldi a long timenationalist, Italy was united in 1861 with Victor Emmanuel II itsking. Later wars would add Rome and Venitia.

Though united, strong regional divisions between the north andsouth, as well as disputes with the Catholic Church served toimpede growth. Growth did come with industrialization innorthern Italy by 1900, which saw a population explosion andemigration to the Americas.


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Russia: Reform andReaction

By 1815, Russia was not only the largest, most populace nation in Europe but also a great power. However,despite efforts by Peter and Catharine to westernize Russia, it remained economically undeveloped.

Under Alexander II the serfs were freed (emancipated) from the land, freeing them to move to the growingcities for work in Russian industries.

In the early and mid-1800s liberals and radicals created turmoil that culminated in the assassination of

Alexander II in March of 1881. His son, Alexander III responded with a harsh backlash, suppressing thecultures of non-Russian peoples through persecutions and pogroms.

Under Alexander IIIs son, Nicholas II, Russia entered theindustrial age in the 1890s with railroads and industry.Poor conditions saw Marxist ideas gain popularity.

Following the defeat of Russia to Japan in the Russo-Japanesewars of 1904-5, as well as Bloody Sunday that saw

hundreds dead at the Czars Winter Palace on January22, 1905, discontent exploded all over Russia.

By 1914 Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering withunrest


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Democratic Reform inBritain

Reforming Parliament

The Reform Act of 1832 gave representation to newer population

centers and granted suffrage to more men, giving the middle class

more power.

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The Victorian Age

Queen Victoria became symbolic of Britain and of Victorian ideals of

morality. She believed that the lower classes should be given more of a

voice.

A New Era in British Politics

In the latter part of the 19 th century, the Liberal and Conservative

parties each made reforms that increased the size of the electorate.

Britain became a parliamentary democracy, and the power of the

House of Lords was diminished.


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Social and EconomicReform in Britain

A Series of Reforms

During the early and mid 1800s, Parliament instituted reforms in the areas of

protective tariffs (repealing the Corn Laws), slavery (banning it in all British

colonies), and criminal punishments (reducing the number of capital offenses).

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Victories for the Working Class

In the 1800s and early 1900s, Parliament passed laws aimed at improving social conditions. Such laws limited the workday of

women and children, regulated workplace safety, improved workers housing, and established old -age pensions and

unemployment insurance.

A Struggle to Win Votes for Women

Parliament finally granted suffrage to women over 30 in 1918. When peaceful protests saw no results, radical suffragists had

made their cause more apparent by destroying property.

Instability in Ireland

Irish nationalists campaigned for freedom from Britain and made gains in the 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act and the home

rule bill, which passed in 1914. The southern counties of Ireland gained independence in 1921.


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Expansion of the UnitedStates

Territorial Expansion

In the 1800s, the United States extended the nations boundaries

to include the land west of the Mississippi River gained in the

Louisiana Purchase, as well as Florida, Oregon, the Republic of

Texas, California and the Southwest, Alaska, and the Hawaiian

Islands.

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The Civil War and Its Aftermath

Economic differences and the issue of slavery separated the North and the South and led to the Civil War. Even after African

Americans were freed, segregation still restricted their opportunities in the South.

Expanding Democracy

The abolition movement and the womens rights movement both intensified in the mid 19thcentury. The womens rights

movement grew stronger out of frustration with the inability of women to have a voice against slavery.

Economic Growth and Social Reform

After the Civil War, the U.S. economy grew and giant monopolies came to dominate industry. Workerslargely left out of the new

prosperityorganized labor unions, and farmers also came together to defend their interests.


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Expansion of Suffrage inthe United States

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Documents

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