Runia Philo II

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PHILO OF ALEXANDRIAAND THE

TIMAEUSOF PLATOII


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Druk: Offsetdrukkerij Kanters B.V.,Alblasserdam

ISBN 90 -625 6-183-7 (2 volumes) / - j*

1983 D. T. Runia, Kampen \ \ ,'

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writingfrom the holder of the copyright.


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V R I J E UNIVERSITEIT TE AMSTE RDAM

PHILOOFALEXANDRIAAND THETIMAEUS OFPLATO

ACADEMISCH P R O E F S C H R I F Tterverkrijging van de graad van

doctor in de letterenaan de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam,

op gezag van de rector magnificusd r. H. Verheul,

hoogleraar in de faculteitderwiskunde en natuurwetenschappen,

in het openbaar te verdedigen opdonderdag 2 juni 1983 te 15.30 uur

in het hoofdgebouw der universiteit,De Boelelaan 1105

door

DOUWE THEUNIS RUNIAgeboren te Marknesse

VU Boekhandel


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Promotor: Prof. dr. A. P. BosCopromotor: Prof. dr. J . C. M. van WindenReferent: Prof. dr. C. Datema


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NOTESNotes I 1 .

1 . T h e ' p u b l i c a t i o n ' o f t h e T i m a e u s c a n b e d a t e d w i t h r e a s o n a b l e p r o b a b i l i t y t o 3 6 0 - 3 5 5 B . C . P l a t o r e a c h e d t h e a g e o f s e v e n t y i n 3 5 7 B . C . T h e a t t e m p to f G . E . L . O w e n t o p l a c e t h e T i m a e u s i n a m u c h e a r l i e r s t a g e o f P l a t o ' s c a r e e rh a s n o t r e c e i v e d g e n e r a l a c c e p t a n c e ( c f . G u t h r i e 5.243 w i t h r e f e r e n c e s ) .

2 . O n t h e c o m p i l a t i o n o f t h e P e n t a t e u c h a n d i t s a t t r i b u t i o n t o M o s e s s e e t h er e c e n t s u r v e y s i n B . S . C h i I d s , I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t a s S c r i p t u r e( P h i l a d e l p i a 1 9 7 9 ) 1 1 0 - 1 3 5 , C . H o u t m a n , I n l e i d i n g in t h e P e n t a t e u c h ( K a m p e n1 9 8 0 ) .

3 . T h e c h r o n o l o g y of P h i l o ' s l i f e i s a l m o s t w h o l l y o b s c u r e . I t i s g e n e r a l ly agr eed tha t he mus t hav e be en born betw ee n 25 and 10 B.C . and died in thed e c a d e a f t e r 4 0 A . D .

Notes I2 .1 . A v i r t u a l l y c o m p l e t e a n d u p - t o - d a t e b i b l i o g r a p h y o f P h i l o c a n b e a c q u i

r e d b y c o n s u l t i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g : H . L . G o o d h a r t a n d E . R . G o o d e n o u g h , A g e n e r a lb i b l i o g r a p h y o f P h i l o ( N e w H a v e n 1 9 3 8 ) ( w o r k s u p to 1 9 3 8 ) ; L . H . F e l d m a n , S c h o l a r s h i p o n P h i l o an d J o s e p h u s ( 1 9 3 7 - 1 9 6 2 ) ( N e w Y o r k 1 9 6 3 ? ) ; A . V . N a z z a r o , R e c e n -t i S t u d i F i l o n i a n i ( 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 7 0 ) ( N a p l e s 1 9 7 3 ) ; G . D e l l i n g a n d R . M a s e r , B i b l i o g r a p h i e z u r j d i s c h - h e l l e n i s t i s c h e n u n d i n t e r t e s t a m e n t a r i s c h e n L i t e r a t u r 1 9 0 0 -1 9 7 0 T U 1 0 6 ( B e r l i n 1 9 7 5 2 ) 5 6 - 8 0 ; b i b l i o g r a p h i e s b y E . H i l g e r t i n e a c h i s s u e ofS t u d i a P h i l o n i c a ( w o r k s f r o m 1 9 6 3 o n w a r d s ) . S u r v e y s o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o fP h i l o n i c s c h o l a r s h i p a r e f o u n d i n V l k e r 1 - 4 7 , A r n a l d e z F E 1 . 1 7 - 1 1 2 , N i k i p r o -w e z k y p a s s i m ( c f . a l s o h i s a r t i c l e ' L ' e x g s e d e P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e ' R H R 5 3( 1 9 7 3 ) 3 0 9 - 3 2 9 ) . T h e r e c e n t s u r v e y b y F a r a n d o s 7 - 1 4 9 f a i l s t o m a k e g o o d i t st i t l e ' G e s c h i c h t e d e r P h i l o n - F o r s c h u n g ' t h r o u g h i t s m a n i f e s t l a c k of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d c l a r i t y . A b i b l i o g r a p h y o f P h i l o n i c S t u d i e s ( 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 7 5 ) an d a' c r i t i c a l a n d s y n t h e t i c s u r v e y ' of r e c e n t s c h o l a r s h i p o n P h i l o b y E . H i l g e r ta n d P . B o r g e n r e s p e c t i v e l y a r e p r o m i s e d i n t h e f o r t h c o m i n g v o l u m e o n P h i l o i nA N R W d u e t o a p p e a r i n 1 9 8 3 . A l s o e a g e r l y a w a i t e d is a c r i t i c a l b i b l i o g r a p h yo n P h i l o b e i n g p r e p a r e d b y R . R a d i c e ( L u i n o ) . I t w i l l c o n t a i n a s e c t i o n o n' w o rk s i n p r o g r e s s ' . ( F or f u r t h e r d e t a i l s s e e n o w th e B i b l i o g r a p h y . )

Notes I2 . 1 .1 . B y R . R e i t z e n s t e i n , D a s i r a n i s c h e E r l s u n g s m y s t e r i u m ( B o n n 1 9 2 1 ) 1 0 6,

q u o t e d b y V l k e r 5 .2 . F o r m o r e d e t a i l e d d e s c u s s i o n s s e e t h e i l l u m i n a t i n g c h a p t e r i n E . R . G o o d

e n o u g h , A i n t r o d u c t i o n t o P h i l o J u d a e u s ( O x f o r d 1 9 6 2 2 ) 1 - 2 9 , an d a l s o N i k i p r o -w e t z k y p a s s i m .

3 . I . H e i n e m a n n , P h i l o n s g r i e c h i s c h e u n d j d i s c h e B i l d u n g ( B r e s l a u 1 9 3 2 ,r e p r . 1 9 6 2 ) .

4 . E . R . G o o d e n o u g h , B y L i g h t , L i g h t : th e m y s t i c g o s p e l o f H e l l e n i s t i c J u d a -i s m ( N e w H a v e n 1 9 3 5 ) . T h e t i t l e i s b a s e d o n P r a e m . 4 6 .


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5 . W . V l k e r , F o r t s c h r i t t u n d V o l l e n d u n g , b e i P h i l o v o n A l e x a n d r i e n T U 4 9 .1( L e i p z i g 1 9 3 8 ) . T h e m o n o g r a p h i s r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t t o c o n s u l t b e c a u s e it l a c k sa n y f o r m o f i n d e x . I h a v e p r e p a r e d a n i n d e x l o c o r u m o f P h i l o n i c p a s s a g e s ,w h i c h w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d i n S t u d i a P h i l o n i c a .

6 . H . A . W o l f s o n , P h i l o : F o u n d a t i o n s o f r e l i g i o u s p h i l o s o p h y i n J u d a i s m ,C h r i s t i a n i t y a n d I s l a m 2 v o l s . ( C a m b r . M a s s . 1 9 4 7 ,1 9 6 2 2 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o W o l f s o nt h e h i s t o r i a n o f p h i l o s o p h y s h o u l d b e a s l e u t h S e e t h e f a s c i n a t i n g b i o g r a p h y

- s b y L . W . S c h w a r z , W o l f s o n of H a r v a r d : P o r t r a i t o f a s c h o l a r ( P h i l a d e l p h i a 1 9 7 8 ) .7 . A . - J . F e s t u g i r e , L a r v l a t i o n d ' H e r m s T r i s m g i s t e 4 v o l s . ( P a r i s 1 9 4 5 -

1 9 5 4, r e p r . 1 9 8 1 ) , v o l . 2 L e d i e u c o s m i q u e 5 1 9 - 5 8 5 .8 . O n e m i g h t a d d t h a t p r e v i o u s g e n e r a t i o n s o f P h i l o n i c s c h o l a r s w e r e n o

l e s s d i v i d e d . F o r t h e y e a r s 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 2 0 o n e c o u l d p u t f o r w a r d t h e q u i n t e t Z e l ler (or D r u m m o n d ) - C o h n - S c h w a r z - B o u s s e t - R e i t z e n s t e i n , f o r t h e y e a r s1 8 3 0 - 1 8 7 0 t h e q u i n t e t G f r r e r - D a h n e - R i t t e r - G e o r g i i - L i p s i u s . S e e t h es u r v e y i n V l k e r 1 - 4 7 .

9 . F o r W o l f s o n A l e x a n d r i a n a nd P a l e s t i n i a n J u d a i s m a r e c o l l a t e r a l f o r m s o f' n a t i v e J u d a i s m ' ; h e a g r e e s w i t h S . B e l k i n , P h i l o a nd t h e O r a l L a w ( C a m b r . M a s s .1 9 4 0 ) , t h a t P h i l o w a s w e l l - a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e H e b r e w l a n g u a g e a n d P a l e s t i n i a nt r a d i t i o n s . H e i n e m a n n ( a nd a l s o G c o d e n o u g h ) d e n i e d t ha t h e k n e w H e b r e w a n dm i n i m i z e d t h e ' P a l e s t i n i a n c o n n e c t i o n ' , a s d i d S . S a n d m e l i n h i s s t u d y P h i l o ' sp l a c e i n J u d a i s m : a s t u d y o f c o n c e p t i o n s o f A b r a h a m i n J e w i s h l i t e r a t u r e ( C i n c i n n a t i 1 9 5 6 ) ; c f . f u r t h e r S a n d m e l 1 2 7 - 1 3 4 .10. C f . t h e e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d i n t h e m o n o g r a p h s b y T . H .

B i l l i n g s , T h e P l a t o n i s m o f P h i l o J u d a e u s ( d i s s . C h i c a g o 1 9 1 9 ) ,a n d E . T u r o w s k i ,D i e W i e d e r s p i e g e l u n g d e s s t o i s c h e n S y s t e m s b e i P h i l o n v o n A l e x a n d r e i a ( d i s s .K n i g s b e r g , L e i p z i g 1 9 2 7 ) . A t h i r d d i s s e r t a t i o n a f f i r m e d t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l er o l e of P o s i d o n i u s , b y M . A p e l t , D e r a t i o n i b u s q u i b u s d a m q u a e P h i l o n i A l e x a n -d r i n o c u m P o s i d o n i o i n t e r c e d u n t ( d i s s . J e n a , L e i p z i g 1 9 0 7 ) . S e e f u r t h e r N i k i -p r o w e t z k y 1 2 .1 1. F a r a n d o s 1 1 5 - 1 3 9 , i n d i s t i n g u i s h i n g a ' S t o a - R i c h t u n g ' a nd a ' P l a t o n -

R i c h t u n g ' i n P h i l o n i c s c h o l a r s h i p , w r o n g l y a b s o l u t i z e s t h e r o l e o f p h i l o s o p h yb o t h in P h i l o ' s w r i t i n g s a n d in t h e r e s e a r c h d o n e o n t h e m .1 2 . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o o b s e r v e t h a t i n h i s f a m o u s s t u d y o f S p i n o z a ' s

t h o u g h t W o l f s o n a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e E u c l i d e a n f o r m o f t h e E t h i c a w a s a r t i f i c i a l , w h e r e a s m o s t s c h o l a r s c o n s i d e r t h e m e t h o d m o r e g e o m t r i c o t o b e a d e l i b e r a t e f o r m a l i z a t i o n o f S p i n o z a ' s r a d i c a l r a t i o n a l i s m .

N o t e s I 2 . 2 .1 . C f . F e l d m a n o p . c i t . ( I 2.n.l) a nd t h e r e v i e w a r t i c l e b y H . T h y e n , ' D i e

P r o b l m e d e r n e u e r e n P h i l o - F o r s c h u n g ' T h R d s c h a u 2 3 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 2 3 0 - 2 4 6 .2 . R . A r n a l d e z , J . P o u i l l o u x , C . M o n d s e r t ( e d d . ) , L e s O e u v r e s d e P h i l o n d '

A l e x a n d r i e ( P a r i s 1 9 6 1 - ) . O n l y th e p a r t s d e a l i n g w i t h Q u a e s t i o n e s i n G e n e -s i m I I I - I V , Q u a e s t i o n e s i n E x o d u m , D e a n i m a l i b u s a n d t h e F r a g m e n t a ( H y p o t h e -t i c a , D e D e o e t c . ) h a v e n o t y e t a p p e a r e d .

3 . T h e p r o c e e d i n g s of t h e C o l l o q u e w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e :L y o n 1 1 - 1 5 S e p t e m b r e 1 9 6 6 ( P a r i s 1 9 6 7 ) ( a b b r e v i a t e d t o P A L )

4 . M . H a r l , Q u i s r e r u m d i v i n a r u m h e r e s si t in L e s O e u v r e s d e P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e v o l . 1 5 ( P a r i s 1 9 6 7 ) .

5 . I b i d . 1 3 - 1 6 2 .6 . M . H a r l , ' C o s m o l o g i e g r e c q u e e t r e p r s e n t a t i o n s j u i v e s d a n s l ' o e u v r e d e

P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e ' P A L 1 8 9 - 2 0 3 . T h e F r e n c h t r a n s l a t i o n a n d c o m m e n t a r y o nt h e D e D e o p r o m i s e d a t 1 9 2 n . 2 h a s , t o m y k n o w l e d g e , n o t m a t e r i a l i z e d .


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7. PAL 189, FE 1 5 . 1 5 1 .8 . FE 1 5 . 2 0 , 6 2 - 6 3 .9. FE 1 5 . 6 3 .

10 . Cf. esp. FE 1 5 . 1 6 - 2 2 . ' R e l i g i o u s ' is not d e f i n e d , but a p p e a r s to bet a k e n tom e a n p e r t a i n i n g to a d i r e c t i n n e r r e l a t i o n w i t hGod', i.e. the r e s u l tof an i n t e r i o r i z a t i o n of f a i t h and r e l i g i o u s o b s e r v a n c e . T h i s ' p h e n o m e n o l o g i -c a l ' d e f i n i t i o n of ' r e l i g i o u s 'and ' r e l i g i o n ' is w i d e l y c u r r e n t in m o d e r nt i m e s . It f a i l s to do j u s t i c e to theC h r i s t i a n c o n v i c t i o n t h a t thew h o l eofr e a l i t y isG o d ' s c r e a t i o n , so t h a t areligious a t t i t u d e is a p r i o r i i n e v i t a b l einourv i e wof t h a t r e a l i t y and t r u l y ' l i f e is r e l i g i o n ' ( H . E . R u n n e r ) .11. F E 1 5 . 1 5 3 .12. C f . i b i d . 8 7 , 1 1 1 .13. I b i d . 7 4 - 8 7 .14. P A L203.15. C f . i b i d . 1 9 9 ,FE 1 5 . 1 4 2 - 1 5 0 .16. S P h 1 ( 1 9 7 2 ) 1 .17. S i x i s s u e s , t h r e e a n n u a land t h r e e b i e n n i a l , h a v e so farb e e n p u b l i s h e d18. R . G . H a m e r t o n - K e l l y , ' S o u rc e s a n d t r a d i t i o n s i n P h i l o J u d a e u s : P r o l e g o -

m e n a to an a n a l y s i s of hisw r i t i n g s ' SPh 1 ( 1 9 7 2 ) 3 - 2 6 .19 . B . L . M a c k , ' E x e g et i c a l t r a d i t i o n s in A l e x a n d r i a n J u d a i s m : a p r o g r a mfor

t h e a n a l y s i s of the P h i l o n i c c o r p u s ' SPh 3 ( 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ) 7 1 - 1 1 5 .2 0 . I b i d . 1 0 7 - 1 0 8 .2 1 . May onep r o t e s t a g a i n s t the a l m o s t u n s u f f e r a b l e t e c h n i c a l j a r g o n w h i c h

p e r v a d e s thep a p e r andm a k e s g r e a t d e m a n d son thep a t i e n c eof the r e a d e r . Tog i v e a by no m e a n s a t y p i c a l e x a m p l e ( i b i d . 8 0 ) :'Thed i s t i n c t i v e t y p e of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of theA l l e g o r y w o u l dbe the ' r e a s o n e d a l l e g o r y ' , am e t h o d of e s t a b l i s h i n g the c o r r e s p o n d e n c e for a g i v e n s y m b o l i c e q u i v a l e n c y ( )a n d a p p l y i n g it it a n a l o g i c a l l y to v a r i o u s f i e l d s of e x i s t e n c e( ).'2 2 . The a n t i - a n t h r o p o m o r p h i c a p o l o g y , thee n c o m i u m , ther e a s o n e d a l l e g o r y ,

t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a l l e g o r y , thed e v e l o p m e n t of a t h e m e ,the c l a r i f i c a t i o noft h e l i t e r a l m e a n i n g ; see i b i d . 8 1 - 8 7 .2 3 . I b i d . 9 9 - 1 0 0 .2 4 . I b i d . 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 . I r e g r e t h a v i n g g i v e n the i m p r e s s i o n ( R u n i a 1 4 0 n . 1 6 7 )

t h a t M a c k ,by ' b r a c k e t i n g ' theq u e s t i o n of p h i l o s o p h y , r e g a r d s it as u n i m p o r t a n t for ouru n d e r s t a n d i n g of P h i l o and the t r a d i t i o n of A l e x a n d r i a n e x e g e s i s .H e is p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d in them o v efrom J e w i s h m o d e s of t h o u g h t u n i n f l u e n c e d by H e l l e n i s t i c c o n c e p t u a l i t y tothek i n d of h i g h l y c o n c e p t u a l i z e dt h o u g h t f o u n d in P h i l o . N e v e r t h e l e s s Iw o u l d w i s h to i n s i s t t h a t the b r a c k e t i n gof p h i l o s o p h i c a l c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n in P h i l o ' s w r i t i n g s cano n l y be d o n eo n theb a s i s of a s s u m p t i o n s on then a t u r e of hist h o u g h t (ort h a tof his p r e d e c e s s o r s ) . Itm i g h t w e l lbe thec a s e t h a t thecombination of e x e g e s i sandp h i l o s o p h i c a l c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n isw h a t m a k e s H e l l e n i s t i c - J u d a i c t h o u g h t d i s t i n c t i v e.2 5 . Cf.B . L . M a c k , L o g o s und S o p h i a : U n t e r s u c h u n g e n zurW e i s h e i t s t h e o l o g i e im

h e l l e n i s t i s c h e n J u d e n t u m ( G o t t i n g e n 1 9 7 3 ) ; ' I m i t a t i o M o s i s : P a t t e r n s of c o s m o l o g y and s o t e r i o l o g y in theH e l l e n i s t i c s y n a g o g u e ' SPh 1 ( 1 9 7 2 ) 2 7 - 5 5 .2 6 . SPh 3 ( 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ) 1 1 5 .2 7 . S o m e p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s can be s e e n in an a n a l y s i s of thet r e a t i s eDe

c o n g r e s s u e r u d i t i o n i s g r a t i aby B . L . M a c k in ' W e i s h e i t undA l l e g o r i e bei P h i l ov o n A l e x a n d r i e n ' SPh 5 ( 1 9 7 8 ) 5 7 - 1 0 5 .


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2 8 . M a c k ' s p r o p o s a l is in f a c t a c o n s i d e r a b l y m o d e r n i z e d and i m p r o v e d v e r s i o nof the t h e s i s of W . B o u s s e t in his s t u d y J d i s c h - c h r i s t l i c h e r S c h u l b e t r i e bi n A l e x a n d r i a und Rom ( G t t i n g e n 1 9 1 5 ) , w i t h the i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e t h a tthec e n t r a l i t y ofexegetical t r a d i t i o n s hasb e e n r e c o g n i z e d . ForB o u s s e t P h i l o ise s s e n t i a l l y acompiler. M a c khasp e r c e i v e d t h a t t h i s v i e w of P h i l o ' s r o l eisi n a d e q u a t e , but hisw h o l e p r o p o s a l d e p e n d s on a r e a s o n a b l y p u r eor at l e a s t ap o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i a b l e t r a n s m i s s i o n of t r a d i t i o n s . H a m e r t o n - K e l l y ' s e x p l i c i tc o m p a r i s o n w i t h B i b l i c a l s t u d i e s is r e v e a l i n g and s o m e w h a t d i s q u i e t i n g . A f t e ra l l , in NT s c h o l a r s h i p s o u r c e - c r i t i s m c a m e f i r s t , f o l l o w e d by r e d a c t i o n c r i t i c i s m . But now,w i t h ther e c e n t s w i n g in s o m e q u a r t e r s to s t r u c t u r a l e x e g e s i s ,t h e r e is a g r o w i n g e m p h a s i s on the way t h a t theg o s p e l s w e r e c o m p o s e d byoneWriter who,t h o u g h u s i n g s o u r c e - m a t e r i a l , is a n y t h i n gbut a m e c h a n i c a l c o m p i l e r .2 9 . D . M . H a y , ' P h i l o 's r e f e r e n c e s to o t h e r A l l e g o r i s t s ' SPh 6 ( 1 9 7 9 - 8 0 ) 4 1 - 7 5 ;

' L i t e r a l i s t s and l i te r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n in P h i l o ' s w o r l d ' ( f o r t h c o m i n g ) .3 0 . A L G H J 11 ( L e i d e n 1 9 7 7 ) . Thew o r kwas s u b m i t t e d to theS o r b o n n e as a

t h e s i s andd e f e n d e d in J u n e 1970. A p r o v i s i o n a l e d i t i o nwas p u b l i s h e d inL i l l e in 1974. It is t hi s v e r s i o n t h a t is c i t e d by M a c kat SPh 3 ( 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ) 7 3i n s u p p o r t of hisp r o p o s a l . N i k i p r o w e t z k y ' s v i e w s cana l r e a d ybef o u n d in g e r minhis e x c e l l e n t c o m m e n t a r y on the De D e c a l o g o (FE 23,P a r i s 1 9 6 5 ) .3 1 . T h i sisi n d e e d thet i t l e of thel a st c h a p t e r . N i k i p r o w e t z k y a c t u a l l y b e g a nh i s s t u d yas the f i r s t c h a p t e r of a w o r kon the c o n c e p t of l i g h t in the S e p t u -

a g i n t , P h i l o , P l a t o and theG r e e k t r a d i t i o n . But theq u e s t i o n of m e t h o dbec a m e so i m p o r t a n t t h a t it d e v e l o p e d i n t o a b o o k on its own.3 2 . I b i d . 1 0 - 1 43 3 . I b i d . 1 4 - 2 6 .3 4 . I b i d . 4 0 - 4 4 , 5 0 - 8 1 .3 5 . On the s e c o n d - l a s t p a g eof thes t u d y (241) he a s s e r t s t h a t V l k e r ' s w o r k ,

d e s p i t e its i m p e r f e c t i o n s , p r e s e n t s an i m a g eof P h i l o w h i c h r e m a i n s m o s t f a i t h f u l to thet e x t s and t h a t it u s h e r s in the t r u l y m o d e r n p e r i o d of P h i l o n i cres e a r c h .3 6 . I b i d . 9 7 - 1 0 8 .3 7 . I b i d . 1 1 7 - 1 3 1 , a g a i n st H e i n e m s n n , G o o d e n o u g h and o t h e r s .3 8 . I b i d . 1 5 9 - 1 6 2 .3 9 . I b i d . 1 7 0 - 1 8 0 . Onew o u l d l i k e s o m e h a r d e v i d e n c e for t h i s t h e o r y . Do we

a c t u a l l y k n o w t h a t theq u a e s t i o m e t h o d was u s e d in the S y n a g o g u e or is it ded u c e d f r o m P h i l o ' s w o r k s o n l y ? N i k i p r o w e t z k y a r g u e s f u r t h e r ( 1 9 2 - 2 0 2 ) t h a tP h i l o o n l y w r o t e twoc o m m e n t a r i e s , theQ u a e s t i o n e s c o n s t i t u t i n g the one, thee n t i r e c o m p l e xof theA l l e g o r i c a l C o m m e n t a r y and the E x p o s i t i o n of the Lawt h e o t h e r .4 0 . I b i d . 1 8 1 - 1 8 4 .4 1 . I b i d . 1 8 4 .4 2 . I b i d . 1 8 4 - 1 9 2 .4 3 . I b i d . 1 0 4 , 1 8 9 , 2 0 6 .4 4 . Cf. i b i d . 2 3 - 2 8 , 9 8 - 9 9 , 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , 1 8 7 - 1 8 9 , 2 3 7 .4 5 . Cf. i b i d . 2 4 1 .4 6 . I b i d . 2 3 6 - 2 4 1 .4 7 . J . D i l l o n , TheM i d d l e P l a t o n i s t s : A s t u d y of P l a t o n i s m 80 B.C. to A . D . 2 2 0

( L o n d o n 1 9 7 7 ) . At thet i m e of p u b l i c a t i o n D i l l o n t a u g h t at B e r k e l e y . He isn o w R e g i u s P r o f e s s o r of G r e e k at T r i n i t y C o l l e g e , D u b l i n .


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4 8 . I b i d . 1 3 9 - 1 8 3 . S o m e o f h i s r e v i e w e r s w e r e s u r p r i s e d t o o ; c f . G n o m o n 5 1( 1 9 7 9 ) 3 8 5 ( W i t t ) , J H S 9 9 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 1 9 0 ( B l u m e n t h a l ) , C R 3 0 ( 1 9 8 0 ) 5 7 ( G l u c k e r ) ; butG . L u c k ( A J P 1 0 1 ( 1 9 8 0 ) 3 7 6 ) c a l l s t h e c h a p t e r o n P h i l o ' o n e o f t h e b e s t i n t h eb o o k ' .4 9 . I b i d . 1 4 4 - 1 8 2 .5 0 . I b i d . 1 4 1 . D i l l o n g i v e s n o e v i d e n c e f o r t h e ' c o n v e r s i o n ' . O n e s u s p e c t s

h e i s t h i n k i n g o f t h e t h e o r y t h a t t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l t r e a t i s e s a r e y o u t h f u lw o r k s , w r i t t e n b e f o r e h e t u r n e d t o h i s e x e g e t i c a l t a s k s . T h e w e a k f o u n d a t i o n so f t h i s t h e o r y h a v e b e e n e x p o s e d b y A . T e r i a n , ' T h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f P h i l o ' sd i a l o g u e s o n h i s e x e g e t i c a l w o r k s ' S B L S e m i n a r P a p e r s ( M i s s o u l a 1 9 7 8 ) 1 . 1 8 1 -1 9 0 , R u n i a p a s s i m . D i l l o n ' s b o o k w a s p u b l i s h e d i n a s e m i - p o p u l a r s e r i e s a n d -q u i t e l e g i t i m a t e l y - l a c k s f u l l s c h o l a r l y d o c u m e n t a t i o n .5 1 . Ib i d . 1 4 3 . S e e t h e f u r t h e r r e m a r k s o n M i d d l e P l a t o n i s m b e l o w a t I 4 .5 2 . I b i d . 1 4 0 , 1 4 5 , 1 8 2 , 4 1 8 .5 3 . I b i d . x i v - x v a n d p a s s i m .5 4 . T h e o r d e r o f t h e d i v i s i o n s o f p h i l o s o p h y w a s a s o u r c e o f d i s p u t e , P h i l o

p r e f e r s t h e o r d e r L o g i c - E t h i c s - P h y s i c s o r P h y s i c s - E t h i c s - L o g i c , b u t D i l l o n f o rr e a s o n s u n e x p l a i n e d p r e s e n t s h i s i d e a s i n t h e o r d e r E t h i c s - P h y s i c s - L o g i c ; s e ei b i d . 1 4 5 .5 5 . C f . i b i d . 1 8 4 . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o o b s e r v e h o w D i l l o n d e a l s w i t h t h e

l a r g e n u m b e r o f i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s w h i c h h a v e a l w a y s p r o v e d a s t u m b l i n g b l o c k f o rt h o s e w i s h i n g t o r e g a r d P h i l o a s a s y s t e m a t i c p h i l o s o p h e r . A d i v e r s i t y o fc a u s e s i s p o s t u l a t e d : ( a ) t h e t e n d e n c y of M i d d l e P l a t o n i s m t o a b s o r b , f o rw e l l - d e f e n d e d r e a s o n s , e l e m e n t s f r o m o t h e r p h i l o s o p h i c a l t r a d i t i o n s ( c f . n . 5 3 ) ;( b ) P h i l o ' s c o n c e r n w i t h t h e B i b l i c a l t e x t o n w h i c h h e i s c o m m e n t i n g , w h i c hl e a d s o c c a s i o n a l l y t o d i f f e r e n t r e a c t i o n s to d i f f e r e n t t e x t s ( 1 4 4 , 1 4 8 , 1 7 5 ) ;( c ) r h e t o r i c a l f l o u r i s h e s ( 1 5 6 ) ; ( d ) i n s u f f i c i e n t a b s o r p t i o n o f c o n f u s i n g t r a d i t i o n s ( 1 6 4 ) ; ( e ) c h r o n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t ( 1 7 3 - 1 7 4 , c l e a r l y a l a s t r e s o r t ) .5 6 . I b i d . 1 4 3 .5 7 . D . W i n s t o n , P h i l o o f A l e x a n d r i a : T h e c o n t e m p l a t i v e l i f e , T h e g i a n t s , a n d

S e l e c t i o n s ( N e w Y o r k 1 9 8 1 ) . A b r i e f p r e f a c e t o t h e b o o k i s s u p p l i e d b y D i l l o n( x i - x i v ) .5 8 . I b i d 1 - 3 7 . T h i s in l i e u o f t h e f u l l - l e n g t h s t ud y o n P h i l o w h i c h W i n s t o n

i s p r e p a r i n g . C f . a l s o ' F r e e d o m a n d D e t e r m i n i s m i n G r e e k p h i l o s o p h y a n d J e w i s h H e l l e n i s t i c W i s d o m ' S P h 2 ( 1 9 7 3 ) 4 0 - 5 0 ; ' F r e e d o m a n d D e t e r m i n i s m i n P h i l o o fA l e x a n d r i a ' S P h 3 ( 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ) 4 7 - 7 0 ; T h e W i s d o m o f S o l o m o n ( N e w Y o r k 1 9 7 9 ) ( i nw h i c h it is a r g u e d t h a t t h e S a p i e n t i a S a l o m o n i s w a s p r o b a b l y w r i t t e n i n 3 7 - 4 1A . D . a n d m a y j u s t a s e a s i l y h a v e b e e n i n f l u e n c e d b y P h i l o ' s w o r k s a s t h e o t h e rw a y a r o u n d , a s i s u s u a l l y a s s u m e d ) . I n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h D i l l o n , N i k i p r o w e t -z k y a n d o t h e r s c h o l a r s W i n s t o n h a s p r e p a r e d a d e t a i l e d c o m m e n t a r y o n t w o P h i -I o n i c t r e a t i s e s . I t w i l l s o o n b e p u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e t i t l e T w o t r e a t i s e s o fP h i l o o f A l e x a n d r i a : A c o m m e n t a r y o n t h e D e g i g a n t i b u s a n d Q u o d D e u s s i t i m m u -t a b i l i s ( F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s s e e n o w t h e B i b l i o g r a p h y . )5 9 . C f . i b i d . 1 , 2 1 . T h e a n t h o l o g y a p p e a r e d a s p a r t o f t h e s e r i e s T h e C l a s

s i c s o f W e s t e r n S p i r i t u a l i t y .6 0 . I b i d . 1 - 7 ( I h a v e p a r a p h r a s e d p a r t s o f W i n s t o n ' s e x c e l l e n t , e c o n o m i c a l

p r o s e ) .6 1 . I b i d . 2 . W i n s t o n r e f e r s t o N i k i p r o w e t z k y ' s s t u d y h e r e , b u t t h i s i s s o m e

w h a t m i s l e a d i n g . H i s v i e w o f t h e r o l e of s c r i p t u r e i n P h i l o ' s t h o u g h t i s r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t t o t h a t o f t h e F r e n c h s c h o l a r .6 2 . I b i d . 2 - 3 .6 3 . I b i d . 2 1 .


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6 4 . I b i d . 3 , w i t h r e f e r e n c e to T h e i l e r a n d D i l l o n .6 5 . I b i d . 7 - 1 3 .6 6 . C f . i b i d . x v i , 1 6 , n . 2 2 & 2 4 .6 7 . I b i d . 1 3 - 1 7 .6 8 . I b i d . 2 4 - 3 0 .6 9 . I b i d . 3 5 ; c f . 3 0 - 3 5 .7 0 . I b i d . 3 6 . T h e e x p r e s s i o n ' r a d i c a l d i m e n s i o n s ' a l l u d e s a b o v e a l l t o t h e

a u s t e r e p h i l o s o p h i c a l c o n c e p t i o n o f th e D e i t y , s h a r e d i n W i n s t o n ' s v i e w b y t h et w o J e w s P h i l o a n d S p i n o z a . I t i s r e m a r k a b l e t h a t h e s h o u l d r e a c h a c o n c l u s i o ne x a c t l y o p p o s i t e t o t h a t r e a c h e d b y W o l f s o n , w h o c o n s i d e r e d t h a t S p i n o z a t o r ed o w n t h e e d i f i c e o f P h i l o n i c t h o u g h t w h i c h h a d d o m i n a t e d t h e h i s t o r y o f p h i l o s o p h y i n t h e i n t e r v e n i n g s e v e n t e e n c e n t u r i e s .7 1 . T h e t e r m c o i n e d b y S . S a n d m e l ( J BL 8 1 ( 1 9 6 2 ) 1 - 1 3 ) t o d e s c r i b e t h e i n d e s -

c r i m i n a t e p i l i n g u p o f p a r a l l e l s , e s p . b e t w e e n P h i l o a n d R a b b i n i c w r i t i n g s .7 2 . W i n s t o n p u t s f o r w a r d t h e s e i d e a s in a n u n p u b l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t e n t i t l e d

' P h i l o ' s t h e o r y of r e v e l a t i o n ' , k i n d l y m a d e a v a i l a b l e t o m e b y P r o f . N i k i p r o -w e t z k y . C f . G o o d e n o u g h B y L i g h t , L i g h t 7 2 - 9 4 , a n d t h e w h o l l y o p p o s i t e v i e w o fN i k i p r o w e t z k y 1 1 7 - 1 3 1 .

Notes I2 . 3 .1 . E s p e c i a l l y p r a i s e w o r t h y a r e t h e c o n t i n u i n g e f f o r t s t o g i v e a c c e s s t o t h e

w h o l e o f P h i l o ' s w r i t i n g s . C f . i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f : F .P e t i t , L ' a n c i e n n e v e r s i o n l a t i n e d e s Q u e s t i o n s s u r l a G e n s e d e P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e 2 v o l s . T U 1 1 3 - 1 1 4 ( B e r l i n 1 9 7 3 ) ; e a d e m , Q u a e s t i o n e s i n G e n e s i m e t inE x o d u m : F r a g m e n t a G r a e c a i n L e s O e u v r e s d e P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e v o l . 3 3 ( P a r i s1 9 7 8 ) ; G . M a y e r , I n d e x P h i l o n e u s ( B e r l i n 1 9 7 4 ) ( u n f o r t u n a t e l y n ot w h o l l y c o m p l e t e ) ; C . M e r c i e r , Q u a e s t i o n e s e t s o l u t i o n e s i n G e n e s i m I - I I i n L e s O e u v r e s d eP h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e v o l . 3 4 A ( P a r i s 1 9 7 8 ) ( t r a n s l a t i o n d i r e c t f r o m t h e A r m e n i a n ) ;F . S i e g e r t , D r e i h e l l e n i s t i s c h - j d i s c h e P r e d i g t e n ( T b i n g e n 1 9 8 0 ) ( t r a n s l a t i o n o ft h e f r a g m e n t D e D e o d i r e c t f r o m t h e A r m e n i a n ) ; A . T e r i a n , P h i l o n i s A l e x a n d r i n iD e a n i m a l i b u s ( C h i c o 1 9 8 1 ) ( t r a n s l a t i o n d i r e c t f r o m t h e A r m e n i a n ) . J . R . R o y s ei s p r e p a r i n g a n e d i t i o n o f t h e F r a g m e n t s o f P h i l o ( c f . S P h 5 ( 1 9 7 8 ) 1 3 8 ) . Ih a v e n o t y e t s e e n B i b l i a P a t r i s t i c a : S u p p l m e n t P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e ( P a r i s1 9 8 2 ) ( a n e x h a u s t i v e i n d e x o f t h e B i b l i c a l c i t a t i o n s i n a l l P h i l o ' s w o r k s ) .

Notes I 2 . 4 .1 . H i s t . E c c l . 2 . 4 . 2 . T h e a n c i e n t t e s t i m o n i a o n P h i l o a r e c o n v e n i e n t l y c o l

l e c t e d at C - W 1 . l x x x x v - c x i i i . C l e m e n t o f A l e x a n d r i a t w i c e c a l l s P h i l o o H u S a -Y o p E t o s ( S t r . 1 . 7 2 . 4 , 2 . 1 0 0 . 3 ) , p r e s u m a b l y b e c a u s e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e M i d d l eP l a t o n i s t v e r s i o n o f t h e h i s t o r y of p h i l o s o p h y , t h e P y t h a g o r e a n t r a d i t i o n includes t h e P l a t o n i c t r a d i t i o n . A b r i e f b u t h i g h l y i n f o r m a t i v e a c c o u n t o f t heh i s t o r y o f P h i l o n i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n f r o m a n c i e n t t i m e s t o t h e b e g i n n i n g s o f m o d e r n s c h o l a r s h i p i s g i v e n b y B i l l i n g s 1 - 7 .

2 . D e v i r . i n l . 1 1 ( c f . C - W l . c i i i ) . i3 . P h o t i u s C o d . 1 0 5 ( c f . C - W 1 . c x ) d e s c r i b e s P h i l o a s g o i n g a s t r a y b y p r o

p o u n d i n g t h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e i d e a s .4 . T h e o d o r u s M e t o c h i t a M i s c e l l . 1 6 ( cf . C - W l . c x i i ) .5 . D i s s . L e i p z i g 1 6 9 3 ; r e p r i n t e d i n O p u s c u l o r u m S y l l o g e ( H a m b u r g 1 7 3 8 ) 1 4 7 -

1 6 0 . B i l l i n g s 6 r e g a r d s t h i s s t u d y as i n i t i a t i n g t h e f i n a l p e r i o d o f ' f r e e ,d i s i n t e r e s t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n ' i n P h i l o n i c s c h o l a r s h i p . W h a t h e m e a n s i s t h a t
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C h r i s t i a n d o g m a t i c c o n t r o v e r s i e s no l o n g e r d o m i n a t e the s t u d y of P h i l o . Obj e c t i v i t y c e r t a i n l y m u s t be s t r i v e n for, but the n o t i o n of a ' f r e e , d i s i n t e r e s t e d s c h o l a r s h i p ' is a d e l u s i o n .

6. O p . c i t . V I I p . 1 5 4 .7 . I b i d . I X p. 155.8 . A l r e a d y in the f i r s t r e a s o n a b l y c o m p l e t e e d i t i o n of P h i l o ' s w o r k s ( P a r i s1 5 5 2 ) T u r n e b u s r e c o g n i z e d the q u o t e s f r o m the T i m a e u s in Aet. and, as we s h a l l

s e e , u s e d the P l a t o n i c t e x t to e m e n d t h e m .9. Die P h i l o s o p i e der G r i e c h e n in i h r e r g e s c h i c h t l i c h e n E n t w i c k l u n g ( L e i p

z i g 1 9 2 3 5 ) 3 8 5 - 4 6 7 . Z e l l e r ' s a c c o u n t wa s a l t e r e d in the c o u r s e of the v a r i o u se d i t i o n s of his m o n u m e n t a l w o r k . The a c c o u n t in the f i f t h and f i n a l e d i t i o ni s s i m p l y a r e p r i n t of the f o u r t h e d i t i o n ( 1 9 0 3 ) , and in it no l i t e r a t u r e l a t e rt h a n 1896 is c i t e d .10 . P h i l o n i s A l e x a n d r i n i o p e r a q u a e s u p e r s u n t 6 v o l s . ( B e r l i n 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 1 5 ) .

T h e r e f e r e n c e s to the T i m a e u s are c o l l e c t e d in the I n d e x ( v o l . 7 B e r l i n 1926-1 9 3 0 ) 1 9 - 2 0 , c o m p i l e d by J . L e i s e g a n g . F u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e s to the T i m a e u s w e r ei d e n t i f i e d in the G e r m a n T r a n s l a t i o n ( C o h n, H e i n e m a n n et a l i i ) , E n g l i s h E d i t i o n ( C o l s o n and W h i t a k e r ) and F r e n c h E d i t i o n ( A r n a l d e z et a l i i ) .11 . Das p l a t o n i s c h e NoriTv ZSov und der p h i l o n i s c h e K a u o s N o n i o s ( d i s s .

M a r b u r g 1 9 0 0 ) . R e p r i n t e d w i t h s o m e s u p p l e m e n t a r y e s s a y s in U n t e r s u c h u n g e n b e r P h i l o n s un d P i a t o n s L e h r e von der W e l t s c h p f u n g ( M a r b u r g 1 9 0 0 ) .12 . Les i d e s p h i l o s o p h i q u e s et r e l i g i e u s e s de P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e ( P a r i s

1 9 0 8 ,1 9 2 5 2,1 9 5 0 3 ) . The list is l o c a t e d at 7 8 n . 2 in the 1950 e d i t i o n .13 . The P l a t o n i s m of P h i l o J u d a e u s ( d i s s . C h i c a g o 1 9 1 9 ) .14 . Di e A n t h r o p o l o g i e P h i l o n s von A l e x a n d r e i a ( d i s s . L e i p z i g , W r z b u r g 1933).

C f . a l s o the l e s s v a l u a b l e but n e v e r t h e l e s s s o l i d d i s s e r t a t i o n of J . G r o s s ,P h i l o n s von A l e x a n d r e i a A n s c h a u u n g e n b e r di e N a t u r des M e n s c h e n ( d i s s . T b i n g e n 1 9 3 0 ) .15 . P h i l o : F o u n d a t i o n s of r e l i g i o u s p h i l o s o p h y in J u d a i s m , C h r i s t i a n i t y and

I s l a m 2 v o l s . ( C a m b r . M a s s . 1 9 4 7 , 1 9 6 2 2 ) . R e f e r e n c e s to the T i m a e u s are c o l l e c t e d at 2 . 4 8 3 - 4 8 4 .16 . ' t ud e s P h i l o n i e n n e s ' REG 7 6 ( 1 9 6 3 ) 6 4 - 1 1 0 (it b e g i n s as a c r i t i q u e of thef i r s t v o l u m e s of the F r e n c h E d i t i o n ) .17 . ' P h i l o und der B e g i n n der k a i s e r z e i t l i c h e n P i a t o n i s m u s ' P a r o u s i a : F e s t

g a b e fr J . H i r s c h b e r g e r ( F r a n k f u r t 1965) 1 9 9 - 2 1 8 , r e p r i n t e d in U n t e r s u c h u n g e nz u r a n t i k e n L i t e r a t u r ( B e r l i n 1970) 4 8 4 - 5 0 1 ; ' P h i l o vo n A l e x a n d r i a und derh e l l e n i s i e r t e T i m a e u s ' P h i l o m a t h e s : s t u d i e s . . i n m e m o r y of P h i l i p M e r l a n (TheH a g u e 1971) 2 7 - 3 5 , r e p r i n t e d in C . Z i n t z e n ( e d . ) , De r M i t t e l p l a t o n r s m u s W e g ed e r F o r s c h u n g 70 ( D a r m s t a d t 1981) 5 2 - 6 3 . A l r e a d y in his w e l l - k n o w n s t u d y , DieV o r b e r e i t u n g der N e u p l a t o n i s m u s ( B e r li n 1930) T h e i l e r m a d e i m p o r t a n t c o m m e n t so n P h i l o and the P l a t o n i c t r a d i t i o n . Th e ' S a c h w e i s e r ' w h i c h he c o m p i l e d fort h e G e r m a n T r a n s l a t i o n ( 7 . 3 8 6 - 4 1 1 ) is a l s o m o s t u s e f u l .

18 . ' P r o b l m e s du r c i t de la c r a t i o n c h e z P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e ' REJ 124( 1 9 6 5 ) 2 7 1 - 3 0 6 : Le c o m m e n t a i r e de l ' c r i t u r e c h e z P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e , on w h i c hs e e a b o v e I 2 . 2 . c .

1 9 . U n t e r s u c h u n g e n zur K o s m o l o g i e des h e l l e n i s t i s c h e n un d p a l s t i n i s c h e nJ u d e n t u m s TU 97 ( B e r l i n 1 9 6 6 ) .2 0 . Die k o s m o l o g i s c h e n V o r s t e l l u n g e n be i P h i l o von A l e x a n d r i e n A L G H J 2

( L e i d e n 1 9 6 8 ) .2 1 . Cf . M a c k SPh 3 ( 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ) 1 0 4 , N i k i p r o w e t z k y 168.2 2 . K o s m o s un d L o g o s n a c h P h i l o n von A l e x a n d r i a ( A m s t e r d a m 1 9 7 6 ) .


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4 6 0 N O T E S T O

N o t e s I 3 .1 . O n t h e c i t y o f A l e x a n d r i a s e e P . M . F r a s e r , P t o l e m a i c A l e x a n d r i a 3 v o l s .

( O x f o r d 1 9 7 2 ) . T h i s w o r k d o e s n o t a i m t o c o v e r R o m a n A l e x a n d r i a , b u t m u c h o fi t s i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e e x t r a p o l a t e d t o t h e p e r i o d o f P h i l o , w h o w a s b o r n o n l ya d e c a d e o r s o a f t e r t h e e n d of t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d .

2 . O n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y i n A l e x a n d r i a c f . e s p . t h e m a g i s t e r i a l P r o l e g o m e n a b y V . A . T c h e r i k o v e r t o t h e C o r p u s P a p y r o r u m J u d a i c a r u m 3v o l s . ( C a m b r . M a s s . 1 9 5 7 - 1 9 6 4 ) ; a l s o L . H . F e l d m a n , ' T h e o r t h o d o x y o f t h e J e w s i nH e l l e n i s t i c E g y p t ' J e w i s h So c i a l Sc u d i e s 2 0 ( 1 9 6 0 ) 2 1 5 - 2 3 7 ; S a n d m e l 5 - 1 4 ; M . H e n -g e l , J e w s , G r e e k s a n d B a r b a r i a n s ( E n g . t r a n s . L o n d o n 1 9 8 0 ) 8 7 - 1 0 3 .

3 . T h i s at l e a s t m u s t b e c o n c e d e d t o t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l s t u d y o f M . H e n g e l ,J u d a i s m a n d H e l l e n i s m 2 v o l s ( E n g . t r a n s . L o n d o n 1 9 7 4 ) . B u t h i s c o n c l u s i o n st h a t ' e v e n P a l e s t i n i a n J u d a i s m m u s t b e r e g a r d e d a s H e l l e n i s t i c J u d a i s m ' ( 2 5 2 ) ,a n d t h a t ' t h e m a n i f e s t a d o p t i o n o f p h i l o s o p h i c a l i d e a s i n A l e x a n d r i a . . . s i m p l yr e p r e s e n t s a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t e n d e n c i e s w h i c h w e r e a l r e a d y at w o r k i n P a l e s t i n e , a l b e i t i n a le s s m a r k e d f o r m ' ( 3 1 0 ) s e e m t o m e e x a g g e r a t e d a n d p o t e n t i a l l y m i s l e a d i n g .

4 . C f . T c h e r i k o v e r o p . c i t 3 1 ; A . M o m i g l i a n o , A l i e n w i s d o m ( C a m b r i d g e 1 9 7 5 )9 0 - 9 2 . O n t h e n a t u r e o f t h e L X X a s a t r a n s l a t i o n a n d t h e a m o u n t o f G r e e k i n f l u e n c e w h i c h i t c o n t a i n s c f . R . M a r c u s , ' J e w i s h a n d G r e e k e l e m e n t s i n t h eS e p t u a g i n t ' L o u i s G i n z b e r g J u b i l e e V o l u m e ( N e w Y o r k 1 9 4 5 ) 2 2 7 - 2 4 5 ; F e l d m a n a r t .c i t . 2 1 6 - 2 1 7 ; E . B i c k e r m a n , ' T he S e p t u a g i n t a s a t r a n s l a t i o n ' r e p r . i n S t u d i e si n J e w i s h an d C h r i s t i a n h i s t o r y ( L e i d e n 1 9 7 6 ) 1 . 1 6 7 - 2 0 0 ; H e n g e l J e w s , G r e e k sa n d B a r b a r i a n s 9 5 - 9 6 .

5 . M o s 2 . 3 8 - 4 0 . T h e a c c o u n t o f t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e S e p t u a g i n t i n t h eL e t t e r o f A r i s t e a s i s a f u n d a m e n t a l d o c u m e n t o f A l e x a n d r i a n J u d a i s m .

6 . C f . T c h e r i k o v e r o p . c i t 3 6 7. S e e a b o v e I 2 . 2 . b .8 . W e l l e m p h a s i z e d b y T c h e r i k o v e r o p . c i t 3 8 - 4 2 . O n e b e c a m e a G r e e k t h r o u g h

7tau6eba i n t h e H e l l e n i s t i c w o r l d , bu t it d i d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e n t a i l f u l l c i t i z e n s h i p .

9 . O n th e c e n t r a l r o l e o f t h e g y m n a s i u m i n t h e H e l l e n i s t i c c i t y c f . H . I .M a r r o u , A h i s t o r y of e d u c a t i o n i n a n t i q u i t y ( E n g . t r a n s . L o n d o n 1 9 5 6 ) 1 0 2 - 1 1 5 ;H e n g e l J u d a i s m a n d H e l l e n i s m 6 5 - 7 0 . T h e g y m n a s i u m w a s li k e a c r o s s b e t w e e n a nE n g l i s h P u b l i c s c h o o l a n d a s p o r t i n g c l u b , w i t h t h e s a m e s n o b a p p e a l a n d ' j o b -n e t w o r k s .1 0 . C f . T c h e r i k o v e r o p . c i t . 3 8 .

2 3 . D i e W e l t e n t s t e h u n g d e s p l a t o n i s c h e n T i m a i o s n a c h d e n a n t i k e n I n t e r p r e t e nP h i l o s o p h i a A n t i q u a 3 0 ( L e i d e n 1 9 7 6 ) .2 4 . S e e a bo v e I 2 . 2 . d & e a nd e s p . n . 4 5 & 5 6 .2 5 . ' F i l o n e d i A l e s s a n d r i a e l a p r i m a e l a b o r a z i o n e f i l o s f i c a d e l l a d o t t r i n a

d e l l a c r e a z i o n e ' P a r a d o x o s p o l i t e i a : s t u d i p a t r i s t i c i i n o n o r e d i G u i s e p p eL a z z a t i ( M i l a n 1 9 7 9 ) . A s o l i d b u t r a t h e r t r a d i t i o n a l a c c o u n t o f P h i l o ' st h o u g h t i s g i v e n b y t h e s a m e a u t h o r in h i s S t o r i a d e l l a f i l o s o f a a n t i c a v o l . 4L e s c u o l e d e l l ' e t i m p e r i a l e ( M i l a n 1 9 7 8 ) 2 4 7 - 3 0 6 .2 6 . S c h p f u n g a u s d e m N i c h t s : D i e E n t s t e h u n g d e r L e h r e v o n d e r c r e a t i o e x

n i h i l o ( B e r l i n 1 9 7 8 ) , e s p . 9 - 2 0 .2 7 . D . T . R u n i a , ' P h i l o ' s D e a e t e r n i t a t e m u n d i : t h e p r o b l e m o f i t s i n t e r p r e t a

t i o n ' V C h r 3 5 ( 1 9 8 1 ) 1 0 5 - 1 5 1 .
http://op.cit.38/http://op.cit.38/


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P A G E S 2 2 - 2 6 461

11. W o l f s o n 1 . 7 8 - 8 1 . S e e F e l d m a n a r t . c i t . 2 2 4 - 2 2 7 a n d t h e d e t a i l e d c r i t i q u eb y A . M e n d e l s o n , ' A r e a p p r a i s a l o f W o l f s o n ' s m e t h o d ' S P h 3 ( 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ) 1 1 - 2 6 .1 2 . C f . N i k i p r o w e t z k y 1 7 8 .13 . C f . F e l d m a n a r t . c i t 2 2 8 - 2 3 0 . W o l f s o n 1 . 7 3 - 8 7 , o n t h e b a s i s o f P h i l o ' s

e v i d e n c e , d i s t i n g u i s h e s b e t w e e n t h r e e g r o u p s o f a p o s t a t e s : t h e l o v e r s o f l u x u r y a n d t h e f l e s h ; t h e s o c i a l l y a m b i t i o u s ; t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l l y u p r o o t e d o r f r e e t h i n k e r s . B u t F e l d m a n 2 3 0 r i g h t l y r e m a r k s t h a t n o n - o b s e r v a n c e w i l l h a v e b e e nm u c h m o r e c o m m o n t h a n a c t u a l a p o s t a s y .14 . O n H e l l e n i s t i c - J e w i s h l i t e r a t u r e c f . E . S c h r e r , G e s c h i c h t e d e s j d i s c h e n

V o l k e s i m Z e i t a l t e r J e s u C h r i s t i 3 v o l s . ( L e i p z i g 1 9 0 9 " ) 3 . 4 2 0 - 7 1 6 ; H . H e g e r m a n n , ' G r i e c h i s c h - j d i s c h e s S c h r i f t t u m ' i n J . M a i e r a n d J . S c h r e i n e r ( e d d . ) ,L i t e r a t u r u n d R e l i g i o n d e s F r h j u d e n t u m s ( W r z b u r g 1 9 7 3 ) 1 6 3 - 1 8 0 .1 5 . C f . M o m i g l i a n o o p . c i t . ( n . 4 ) 9 2 - 9 3 ; H e n g e l J u d a i s m a n d H e l l e n i s m 1 0 0 , " T he

J e w s w e r e t h e o n l y p e o p l e o f t h e E a s t t o e n t e r i n t o a d e l i b e r a t e c o m p e t i t i o nw i t h t h e G r e e k v i e w o f t h e w o r l d a n d o f h i s t o r y ' .

16 . S e e o n c e a g a i n T c h e r i k o v e r o p . c i t p a s s i m .17 . C f . H . I . B e l l , J u d e n u n d G r i e c h e n i m r m i s c h e n A l e x a n d r e i a : e i n e h i s t o r i

s c h e S k i z z e d e s a l e x a n d r i n i s c h e n A n t i s e m i t i s m u s ( L e i p z i g 1 9 2 6 ) .1 8 . O n P h i l o ' s f a m i l y c f . J . S c h w a r z , ' N o t e s u r l a f a m i l l e d e P h i l o n d ' A l e x a n d r i e ' M l a n g e s I s i d o r e Levy ( B r s s e l 1 9 5 3 ) 5 9 1 - 6 2 0 , q u e r i e d a n d p a r t l y c o r

r e c t e d by F o s t e r S P h 4 ( 1 9 7 6 - 7 7 ) 2 5 - 3 2 ; T e r i a n 2 5 - 2 8 .19 . A n ( i n c o m p l e t e ) l i s t a t C h a d w i c k 1 3 9 . T e r i a n 5 5 - 5 6 n o t e s w i t h j u s t i f i

c a t i o n t h a t s o m e o f t h e s e a c c o u n t s i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n m a y w e l l b e l i t e r a r yf i c t i o n . A f o r e m o s t a u t h o r i t y o n G r e e k a t h l e t i c s , h o w e v e r , h a s m a d e a m o s ti n t e r e s t i n g s t u d y o f P h i l o ' s a t h l e t i c m e t a p h o r s a n d d e s c r i p t i o n s ; s e e H . A . H a r r i s , G r e e k a t h l e t i c s a n d t h e J e w s ( C a r d i f f 1 9 7 6 ) 5 1 - 9 1 . T o h i s g r e a t s u r p r i s eh e d i s c o v e r e d t h a t ' t h e r e i s n o o t h e r w r i t e r i n G r e e k w h o s o o f t e n a n d s o v i v i d l y c o n j u r e s u p b e f o r e h i s r e a d e r ' s e y e s a p i c t u r e o f w h a t w e n t o n i n as p o r t s s t a d i u m a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e C h r i s t i a n e r a ' ( 1 3 ) , a n d s u g g e s t s t h a tP h i l o w a s n o t o n l y a s p e c t a t o r , b u t h a d p a r t i c i p a t e d h i m s e l f a n d p a s s e d t h r o u g ht h e h a n d s o f t r a i n e r s a s a p u p i l ( 7 2 ) I f t r u e t h i s m u s t h a v e o c c u r r e d i n t h eg y m n a s i u m .2 0 . O f f i c i a l l y b y t h e e m p e r o r C l a u d i u s i n 4 1 A . D . , b u t d e f a c t o p r o b a b l y a l r e a d y e a r l i e r .2 1 . P h i l o m e n t i o n s t h e g y m n a s i u m a t S o m n . 1 . 6 9 , S p e c . 2 . 2 3 0 , P r o v . 2 . 1 0 0 .2 2 . C f . M o s . 1 . 2 1 - 2 4 .2 3 . C f . F . H . C o l s o n , ' P h i lo o n e d u c a t i o n ' J T h S 1 8 ( 1 9 1 7 ) 1 5 1 - 1 6 2 .2 4 . S e e e s p . t h e e x c e l l e n t s t u d i e s b y M . A l e x a n d r e a t F E 1 6 . 2 7 - 4 7 a n d ' La

c u l t u r e p r o f a n e c h ez P h i l o n ' P A L 1 0 5 - 1 2 9 ; a l s o A . M e n d e l s o n , E n c y c l i c a l e d u c a t i o n in P h i l o o f A l e x a n d r i a ( u n p u b l . d i s s . C h i c a g o 1 9 7 1 ) .2 5 . T h e p o i n t w h i c h F e s t u g i r e t r i e d t o m a k e , b u t i n a n u n a c c e p t a b l e o n e

s i d e d a n d d e p r e c a t o r y m a n n e r .2 6 . T h e s t u d i e s b y C o l s o n , A l e x a n d r e a nd M e n d e l s o n c i t e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s

n o t e s d o n o t d e a l w i t h t h i s s u b j e c t .2 7 . S e e t h e c h a p t e r o n A l e x a n d r i a n p h i l o s o p h y i n F r a s e r o p . c i t . ( n . 1 ) 4 8 0 - 4 9 4

a n d s o m e f u r t h e r r e m a r k s b e l o w i n I 4 . d .2 8 . I n t h e p r e f a c e ( x i i i ) t o W i n s t o n ' s a n t h o l o g y ; c f . a l s o D i l l o n 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 ,

W i n s t o n 3 .2 9 . O n p r i v a t e t u t o r s i n p h i l o s o p h y ( c a l l e d M ad n- yn Tc n ) i n t h e H e l l e n i s t i c -

R o m a n w o r l d c f . G l u c k e r 1 3 3 .


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3 0 . S a n d m e l 1 4 , 4 7 .3 1 . OnA l e x a n d e r and hisb r i l l i a n t p o l i t i c a l c a r e e r cf.E . G . T u r n e r , ' T i b e ri u s

J u l i u s A l e x a n d e r ' JRS 4 4 ( 1 9 5 4 ) 5 4 - 6 4 .3 2 . O f t e n in P hi l o ' s w r i t i n g s he i n t r o d u c e s a s p e c t s of J u d a i s m in a way that

g i v e s the i m p r e s s i o n t h a t he hasn o n - J e w i s h r e a d e r s inm i n d (a p a r t i c u l a r l yf i n e e x a m p l e at A e t . 1 9 ) . Thep r o b l e m wast h a t , as M o mi g l i a n o o p . c i t . ( n . 4 )91-9 2 p o i n t s out,G r e e k i n t e l l e c t u a l s t o o k no n o t i c eof thet r a n s l a t e d B i b l e , foritwas badG r e e k . T h e y w e r e o n l y i n t e r e s t e d in theJ e w s on t h e i r own t e r m s ,i . e . in thee t h n o g r a p h y of aH e c a t a e u s or a P o s i d o n i u s . The S e p t u a g i n t isf i r s t q u o t e d in e x t a n t G r e e k l i t e r a t u r eby thea u t h o rof the Jlepu lupous p r o b a b l y in thef i r s t c e n t u r y A.D.

3 3 . Cf.o n c e a g a i n ther e m a r k s of T c h e r i k o v e r o p . c i t . 7 5 - 7 8

NOTES 4.1 . P r o f . M . B a l t e s ( M n s t e r ) has a n n o u n c e d t h a the isp r e p a r i n g a s t u d yon

t h e h i s t o r yof the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of theT i m a e u sup to P l o t i n u s .2 . Cf.H . C h e r n i s s , Ther i d d l eof thee a r l y A c a d e m y ( B e r k e l e y 1945)6 0 - 7 5 .3 . The l i s t is s i m i l a r to the onec o m p i l e d by D i l l o n 6-7, but l o o k s m o r etot h e p r o b l e m s r a i s e d in l a t e r P l a t o n i s m t h a n t h o s e d i s c u s s e d in thec i r c l eof

P l a t o ' s i m m e d i a t e s u c c e s s o r s . For e x a m p l e , thep r o b l e m of how 'any c o m b i n a t i o n of i m m a t e r i a l t r i a n g l e s canc r e a t e s o l i d s u b s t a n c e ' ( D i l l o n ' s f i f t h ) wasn o t a hot t o p i c inM i d d l e P l a t o n i s m .

4 . O t h e r i m p o r t a n t p a s s a g e s in thed i a l o g u e s w h i c h h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t b e a r i n gon the i n t e r p r e t a t i o nof theT i m a e u s are:P h d . 9 6 - 9 9 ( S o c r a t e s ' a u t o b i o g r a p h y ) ; R e p . 3 7 9 - 3 8 3 (the T U n o t . K e p t a e o X o y u x s ,597 (thei d e aof theb e d ) ;P h d r . 2 4 5 (thei m m o r t a l i t y of the s o u l ) , 2 4 6 - 2 5 0 (thee s c h a t o l o g yof the m y t h ) ;S o p h . 2 4 8 - 2 4 9 (thef e a t u r e sof the naVTeAs o v ) , 2 5 4 - 2 5 6 (thef i v e u e v o a x a yc-v n ) ; P o l . 2 6 9 - 2 7 4 (them y t h of the twoc o s m i c r e v o l u t i o n s ) ; P h i l . 2 4 - 3 0(thef o u r - f o l d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) ; L a w s 896 (the two s o u l s ) .

5 . D i l l o n 6.6 . T i m . 2 9 b - d etc.; 28c; 4 8 c , 5 3 d .7 . Cf.E . N . T i g e r s t e d t , I n t e r p r e t i n g P l a t o ( S t o c k h o l m 1977) 99.8 . T i m . 3 5 a - c , S o p h . 2 5 4 - 2 5 6 ; cf.C o r n f o r d 61, 'thet e r m s E x i s t e n c e , S a m e n e s s ,

D i f f e r e n c e , w o u l d s i m p ly be u n i n t e l l i g i b l e to a n y o n ewho had not r e a d and und e r s t o o d the S o p h i s t ' ( T i g e r s t e d t did not t a k e t h i s e x a m p l e i n t o a c c o u n t ) .

9 . In g e n e r a l t h e r e are in r e c e n t P l a t o n i c s c h o l a r s h i p t h r e e l i n e s of int e r p r e t a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d to theu n i t yof P l a t o ' s t h o u g h t : (1) the unitarianv i e w , w h i c h a r g u e s t ha t a s i n g l e c o i e r e n t p h i l o s o p h y can be d r a w n f r o m P l a t o ' sw o r k s and g e n e r a l l y a s s u m e s t h a t only thed i a l o g u e s can be u s e d to r e c o n s t r u c tt h a t p h i l o s o p h y ( C h e r n i s s , T a r n , B r i s s o n ) ; (2) thedevelopmental v i e w , w h i c ha c c e p t s c e r t a i n c h a n g e s of e m p h a s i s and d e v e l o p m e n t s in P l a t o ' s t h o u g h t , inc l u d i n g ther a t h e r r a d i c a l c h a n g e s Ln theU n w r i t t e n d o c t r i n e s d e v e l o p e d lateinhis c a r e e r (DeV o g e l , R o s s , G u t h r i e ) ; theesotericist v i e w , w h i c h m a i n t a i n st h a t theU n w r i t t e n d o c t r i n e s p r o v i d e thec l u e to P l a t o ' s p h i l o s o p h y and can bed e t e c t e d a l s o in thed i a l o g u e s (theT b i n g e n s c h o o l , r e p r e s e n t e d esp. by K r a m e r , G a i s e r ) . In my v i e w thed e v e l o p m e n t a l v i e w is c l o s e s t to the t r u t h . Thes t u d yof T i g e r s t e d t c i t e d a b o v e is an e x c e l l e n t a n t i d o t e a g a i n s t an e x c e s s i v e l y s y s t e m a t i c a p p r o a c h to P l a t o ' s t h o u g h t . He c o n s i d e r s t h a t theS c y l l aofS c e p t i c i s m is l e s s d a n g e r o u s t h a n theC h a r y b d i s ofD o g m a t i s m . But to my m i n dh e g o e s too far in s t r e s s i n g them a i e u t i c , a p o r e t i c a s p e c tof thed i a l o g u e s .1 0 . Butn o t e t h a t t h e r e is a c h a n g eof e m p h a s i s ,not a c h a n g e of m i n d i n v o l -


16/145


17/145

4 6 4 N O T E S T O

2 9 . C h e r n i s s o p . c i t . ( n . 2 ) 4 5 - 4 7 ; B r i s s c m 2 9 2 - 2 9 5 . H . J . K r m e r , D e r U r s p r u n gd e r G e i s t m e t a p h y s i k ( A m s t e r d a m 1 9 6 4 ) 3 2 8 u n s u c c e s s f u l l y d e f e n d s X e n o c r a t e s .3 0 . S e e L . T a r n , A c a d e m i c a : P l a t o , P h i l i p o f O p u s , a n d t h e p s e u d o - P l a t o n i c

E p i n o m i s ( P h i l a d e l p h i a 1 9 7 5 ) 3 - 1 5 4 . P h i l i p b e l o n g e d to t h e g e n e r a t i o n o fS p e u s i p p u s .31. S e e b e l o w n . 5 1 .3 2 . P r o c l . i n T i m . 1 . 7 6 . 2 .3 3 . B u t o n t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f d e t e r m i n i n g w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s a c o m m e n t a r y s e e

b e l o w ( g ) .3 4 . O n A t l a n t i s ( P r o c l l o c . c i t ) , t h e p r o b l e m o f Y E V E O L S ( P l u t . M o r . 1 0 1 3 A ,

P r o c l . i n T i m . 1 . 2 7 7 . 8 - 1 0 ; c f . B a l t e s 8 3 - 9 5 ) , t h e p s y c h o g o n y ( P l u t . M o r . 1 0 1 2 F f f . ) .3 5 . T h e y h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d i n a m o n o g r a p h b y G . S . C l a g h o r n , A r i s t o t l e ' s c r i

t i c i s m o f P l a t o ' s T i m a e u s ( T h e H a g u e 1 9 5 4 ) . T h i s s t u d y s u f f e r s f r o m t h e s t r o n gt e n d e n c y t o r e c o n c i l e t h e t h o u g h t o f t h e t w o p h i l o s o p h e r s ( c f . I . D r i n g G n o m o n2 7 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 1 5 5 ) . M u c h m o r e c r i t i c a l a r e H . C h e r n i s s i s h i s g r e a t ( b u t u n f i n i s h e d )w o r k , A r i s t o t l e ' s c r i t i c i s m o f P l a t o a n d th e A c a d e m y ( B a l t i m o r e 1 9 4 4 ) ( c f . a l s oT h e r i d d l e o f t h e e a r l y A c a d e m y 1 6 - 3 0 ) , B r i s s o n p a s s i m .3 6 . C f . W . J a e g e r , A r i s t o t e l e s ( B e r l i n 1 9 5 5 2 ) 1 2 5 - 1 7 0 ; A . P . B o s , P r o v i d e n t i a

D i v i n a ( A s s e n 1 9 7 6 ) 2 1 - 2 7 .3 7 . T h e c h i e f t e x t s a r e : D e p h i l . f r 1 8 - 2 0 R o s s , D e C a e l o 1 . 1 0 - 1 2 , 3 . 2 3 0 0 b

1 6 - 2 6 , P h y s . 8 . 1 2 5 1 b 1 7 - 2 8 , M e t . A 6 1 0 7 1 b 3 3 - 1 0 7 2 a 5 .3 8 . D e C a e l o 1 . 1 0 2 7 9 b 3 2 - 2 8 0 a 1 1 . T h e c r u c i a l p h r a s e i s OLOaaxciAtcig xpi-v;

c f . B a l t e s 1 8 - 2 2 .3 9 . H e r e a j u d g m e n t m u s t b e m a d e o n A r i s t o t l e ' s v a l u e an d i n t e g r i t y a s a

h i s t o r i a n o f p h i l o s o p h y . C o m p a r e t he h a r s h l y c r i t i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e o f C h e r n i s si n A r i s t o t l e ' s c r i t i c i s m o f P r e s o c r a t i c p h i l o s o p h y ( B a l t i m o r e 1 9 3 5 ) a n d i n t h ew o r k s c i t e d i n n . 3 5 , a n d th e d e f e n c e b y W . K . C . G u t h r i e , ' A r i s t o t l e a s a h i s t o r i a n of p h i l o s o p h y : s o m e p r e l i m i n a r i e s ' J H S 7 7 ( 1 9 5 7 ) 3 5 - 4 1 , w h i c h v i e w p o i n t h ep u t i n t o p r a c t i c e i n h i s A h i s t o r y of G r e e k p h i l o s o p h y 6 v o l s ( C a m b r i d g e 1 9 6 2 1 9 8 1 ) . A r i s t o t l e ' s w i t n e s s is s t i l l s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d i n t o s u p p o r t a l i t e r a lr e a d i n g o f t h e T i m a e u s . C f . G . V l a s t o s C Q 3 3 ( 1 9 3 9 ) 7 4 : ' I f w e a r e t o d i s c o u n tA r i s t o t l e ' s t e s t i m o n y w e m u s t c h a r g e h i m w i t h d e l i b e r a t e m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n .I t i s h a r d t o b e l i e v e t h a t A r i s t o t L e , w i t h a l l t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f h i s s u b t l ea n d u n i m a g i n a t i v e m i n d , w a s c a p a b l e o f q u i t e t h a t . '4 0 . M e t . A 6 9 8 8 a 8 - 1 1 ; c f . C h e r n i s s A r . e r i t . P l a t . A c a d . 6 0 9 - 6 1 0 H o w , t h e n ,

a r e w e t o e x p l a i n t h a t i n c e r t a i n f r a g m e n t s o f t h e D e p h i l o s o p h i a ( e . g . 1 3 b ,1 9 c R o s s ) h e a p p e a r s t o s p e a k o f G o d a s n u L o u p y s ? J . P p i n , T h o l o g i e c o s -m i q u e et t h o l o g i e c h r t i e n n e ( P a r i s 1 9 6 4 ) 4 7 5 f f . , r i g h t l y r e j e c t s t h e v i e w ofU n t e r s t e i n e r t h a t t h i s d o c t r i n e i s t o b e a t t r i b u t e d t o p a r t n e r s i n t h e d i a l o g u e ( e . g . P l a t o ) , a n d s u g g e s t s t h a t A r i s t o t l e i n t h i s e a r l y w o r k e s p o u s e d ac r e a t i o a e t e r n a . M o r e p e r s u a s i v e , h o w e v e r , i s t h e v i e w o f J . M a n s f e l d , ' P r o v i d e n c e a n d th e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e U n i v e r s e i n e a r l y S t o i c t h o u g h t ' i n M . J . V e r -m a s e r e n ( e d . ) , S t u d i e s i n H e l l e n i s t i c r e l i g i o n s ( L e i d e n 1 9 7 9 ) 1 4 2 , t h a t A r i s t o t l e s p o k e o f a c r e a t o r g o d e x h y p o t h e s i , i . e . f o r t h e s a k e o f d i a l e c t i c a la r g u m e n t . ( I p a r t i a l l y c o r r e c t h e r e t h e r e m a r k at R u n i a 1 1 0 n . 2 9 ) .4 1 . M e t A 7 1 0 7 2 b 3 . T h e f a c t , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s h i g h e s t d e i t y i s a N o u s

s h o w s t h e p a r a d o x i c a l r e l a t i o n o f A r i s t o t l e ' s s y s t e m t o t h e d o c t r i n e s o f P l a t o ; c f . C . J . D e V o g e l , E e n g r o o t p r o b l e e m u i t d e a n t i e k e w i j s b e g e e r t e g e z i e n i nz i j n h i s t o r i s c h p e r s p e c t i e f ( i n a u g . a d r . U t r e c h t 1 9 4 7 ) 1 8 .4 2 . D e C a e l o 1 . 2 - 3 , 3 . 2 , 7 , D e g e n . 1 . 2 , 3 . 5 e t c . T h e f i f t h e l e m e n t e f f e c

t i v e l y r e p l a c e s P l a t o ' s c o s m i c s o u l .4 3 . P h y s . 1 . 9 , 4 . 2 2 0 9 b 1 1 - 1 6 , D e C a e l o 3 . 8 3 0 6 b 1 7 - 2 0 , D e g e n . 2 . 1 3 2 9 a 1 3 - 2 7 ;

c f . B r i s s o n 2 2 0 - 2 3 2 .


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P A G E S 3 0 - 3 3 465

4 4 . S e e n o w t h e e x c e l l e n t s t u d y b y D . E . H a h m , T h e o r i g i n s o f S t o i c c o s m o l o g y( O h i o 1 9 7 7 ) , w h i c h i s m u c h i n d e b t e d t o t h e r e s e a r c h of F . S o l m s e n .4 5. I n t h e S t o i c f r a g m e n t s c o l l e c t e d b y V o n A r n i m t h e r e is o n l y o n e d i r e c t

r e f e r e n c e t o t h e T i m a e u s , at S V F 2 . 7 6 3 b y C h r y s i p p u s t o T i m . 7 0 c - d 4 6 . T h e Y u y a v T o u a x t a o f t h e m a t e r i a l i s t s a t S o p h . 2 4 6 a - 2 4 7 e .4 7 . H a h m o p . c i t . 2 9 - 4 8 . A l s o i m p o r t a n t , h e p e r s u a s i v e l y s u g g e s t s , i s t h e

A r i s t o t e l i a n d o c t r i n e o f t h e f o u r c a u s e s . I n b i o l o g i c a l r e p r o d u c t i o n t h e e f f i c i e n t , f o r m a l an d f i n a l c a u s e s a r e c o a l e s c e d , l e a v i n g t w o c a u s e s , w h i c h s u g g e s t s t h e t w o S t o i c p r i n c i p l e s .4 8 . C f . Z e n o a t S V F 1 . 1 6 2 , 1 7 9 , 2 6 2 . T h e n o t i o n o f t h e ' l a w o f n a t u r e ' i s

f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d i n t h e l a t e r S t o a ( c f . D i l l o n 8 0 - 8 1 ) , b u t t h e i d e a i s b a s i c a l l y Z e n o n i a n .4 9 . O n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e d o c t r i n e o f m a c r o c o s m a n d m i c r o c o s m i n t h e T i

m a e u s, c f . C o r n f o r d 6 , 3 9 , B r i s s o n 4 1 5 .5 0 . A r c e s i l a u s b e c a m e s c h o l a r c h i n 2 6 8 B . C . T h e p e r i o d of t h e N e w A c a d e m y

i s u s u a l l y r e g a r d e d a s a n a b e r r a t i o n i n t h e h i s t o r y o f P l a t o n i s m , b u t o f l a t ei t i s r e c e i v i n g a m o r e s y m p a t h e t i c p r e s s ; c f . T i g e r s t e d t o p c i t . ( n . 7 ) 1 0 3 - 1 0 5 ,G l u c k e r p a s s i m .5 1 . L a R v l a t i o n d ' H e r m s T r i s m g i s t e v o l . 2 L e d i e u c o s m i q u e p a s s i m a n d e s p .1 5 3 - 1 9 5 . S e e a l s o t h e i m p o r t a n t r e v i e w of t h e b o o k b y H . C h e r n i s s i n G n o m o n 2 2

( 1 9 5 0 ) 2 0 4 - 2 1 6 , w h i c h l e a v e s t h e m a i n t h e s i s i n t a c t .5 2 . C f . P a n a e t i u s f r . 5 7 , 5 6 V a n S t r a a t e n , P o s i d o n i u s T 9 7 E - K . S e e f u r t h e r 0 .

G i g o n , ' D ie E r n e u e r u n g d e r P h i l o s o p h i e i n d e r Z e it C i c e r o s ' E H I I I 2 5 - 6 4 .5 3 . C f . A . L u e d e r , D i e p h i l o s o p h i s c h e P e r s n l i c h k e i t d e s A n t i o c h o s v o n A s k a -

l o n ( d i s s . G t t i n g e n 1 9 4 0 ) .5 4 . E p . a d A t t . 4 . 1 6 ; c f . T . B . D e G r a a f , ' P l a t o i n C i c e r o ' C P h 7 0 ( 1 9 4 0 ) 1 4 3 - 1 5 3 .5 5 . P a n a e t i u s , P o s i d o n i u s a n d A n t i o c h u s a l l b a s i c a l l y r e m a i n e d S t o i c i n

t h e i r d o c t r i n e s , w h i l e C i c e r o w a s s y m p a t h e t i c t o A c a d e m i c s c e p t i c i s m .5 6 . E . g . in A . S c h m e k e l , D i e P h i l o s o p h i e d e r m i t t l e r e S t o a ( B e r l i n 1 8 9 2 ) ;

W . W . J a e g e r , N e m e s i o s v o n E m e s a : Q u e l l e n f o r s c h u n g z u m N e u p l a t o n i s m u s u n d s e i n e nA n f n g e n b e i P o s e i d o n i o s ( B e r l i n 1 9 1 4 ) . T h e h y p o t h e s i s o f t h e C o m m e n t a r y o nt h e T i m a e u s f o r m s t h e e n t i r e b a s i s of a s t u d y s u c h a s K . G r o n a u , P o s e i d o n i o su n d d i e j d i s c h - c h r i s t l i c h e G e n e s i s e x e g e s e ( L e i p z i g 1 9 1 4 ) . I n t h e p r e f a c e t oh i s w o r k P o s e i d o n i o s ( M u n i c h 1 9 2 1 ) K . R e i n h a r d t h a l f - s e r i o u s l y r e m a r k s t h a t h i t h e r t o a c o l l e c t i o n o f P o s i d o n i u s ' f r a g m e n t s w o u l d h a v e h a d t o i n c l u d e h a l f o fP h i l o5 7 . C f . A . D . N o c k , ' P o s i d o n i u s ' J R S 4 9 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 1 0 ; W . T h e i l e r , P o s e i d o n i u s : D i e

F r a g m e n t e ( B e r l i n 1 9 8 2 ) 2 . 4 0 3 . P o s i d o n i u s ' c o m m e n t s o n t h e T i m a e u s a r e f o u n da t f r . F 8 5 , 1 4 1 A . 2 9 1 E - K , f r . 3 9 5 a , 3 9 1 a , 3 9 2 T h e i l e r . T h e i l e r ' s s o l u t i o n , to a s si gn the se com me nt s to tre at is es on sp ec if ic s ub je ct s (llepC iliuxls, Ilep. H p o t n -P L O u ) , i s a t t r a c t i v e . J . M a n s f e l d , T h e P s e u d o - H i p p o c r a t i c t r a c t flepi Eooucttpvc h . 1 - 1 1 a n d G r e e k p h i l o s o p h y ( A s s e n 1 9 7 1 ) 1 9 2 , w i s h e s t o r e t a i n t h e i d e a o f aw o r k ' C o m m e n t s ' o n t h e T i m a e u s , w h i c h w a s a s o u r c e f o r a r i t h m o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a lo n t h e h e b d o m a d . S u r p r i s i n g l y D i l l o n 1 08 s t i l l s p e a k s o f a ' c o m m e n t a r y ofs o m e s o r t ' .5 8 . F i r s t a d e c i s i o n w i l l h a v e t o b e m a d e o n t h e t w o c o l l e c t i o n s o f f r a g m e n t s n o w a v a i l a b l e , a P o s i d o n i u s m i n i m u s ( E d e l s t e i n a n d K i d d ) a n d a P o s e i d o

n i o s m a i o r ( T h e i l e r ) .5 9 . C f . J . M . R i s t , S t o i c p h i l o s o p h y ( C a m b r i d g e 1 9 6 9 ) 2 0 1 - 2 1 8 .6 0 . D i l l o n 1 1 3 .6 1 . E . g . i n W . T h e i l e r V o r b e r e i t u n g 1 - 6 0 ; R . E . W i t t , A l b i n u s a nd t h e h i s t o r y


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466 N O T E S T O

o f M i d d l e P l a t o n i s m ( C a m b r i d g e 1 9 3 7 ) 2 1 - 1 0 3 ; G . L u c k , D e r A k a d e m i k e r A n t i o c h o s( B e r n 1 9 5 3 ) ; P . M e r l a n , ' G r e e k p h i l o s o p h y f r o m P l a t o to P l o t i n u s ' in A . H . A r m s t r o n g ( e d . ) , T h e C a m b r i d g e h i s t o r y o f l a t e r G r e e k a n d e a r l y M e d i e v a l p h i l o s o p h y ( C a m b r i d g e 1 9 6 7 ) 5 3 - 5 8 ( m o d e r a t e ) .6 2 . T h e s e c o n c l u s i o n s h a v e b e e n r e a c h e d i n a m e t i c u l o u s l y a r g u e d an d d o c u

m e n t e d s t u d y b y J . G l u c k e r , A n t i o c h u s a n d t h e L a t e A c a d e m y H y p o m n e m a t a 5 6 ( G t t i n g e n 1 9 7 8 ) ; s e e e s p . 9 0 - 1 2 0 , 3 7 3 - 3 7 9 . H e d e n i e s t ha t A n t i o c h u s h a d a n ' A l e x a n d r i a n c o n n e c t i o n ' . I n a r e v i e w of D i l l o n ' s b o o k ( C R 3 0 ( 1 9 8 0 ) 5 6 - 5 8 ) h e c r i t i c i z e s t h e d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e a m o u n t o f s p a c e d e v o t e d to A n t i o c h u s ' p h i l o s o p h ya n d e x p r e s s e s t h e s u s p i c i o n t h a t i n f u t u r e s u r v e y s o f M i d d l e P l a t o n i s m t h e m a pw i l l h a v e b e r e d r a w n b o t h l i t e r a l l y a nd m e t a p h o r i c a l l y .6 3 . A s c l a i m e d b y T h e i l e r V o r b e r e i t u n g 5 1 .6 4 . I n m y v i e w D i l l o n 8 1 - 8 4 e x a g g e r a t e s t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e T i m a e u s o n t h e

a c c o u n t o f A n t i o c h u s ' p h y s i c s i n C i c . A c a d 1 . 2 4 - 2 9 T h e i d e a s a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y S t o i c .6 5 . C f . H . D r r i e , ' D e r P l a t o n i k e r E u d o r o s v o n A l e x a n d r i e n ' H e r m e s 7 9 ( 1 9 4 4 )

2 5 - 3 9 ; P . B o y a n c R E G 7 6 ( 1 9 6 3 ) 8 5 f f . ; T h e i l e r P a r o u s i a 1 9 9 - 2 1 8 , ~ P h i l o m a t h e s 2 7 -3 5 ; D i l l o n 1 1 5 - 1 3 5 ( r e p r . w i t h a d d i t i o n s ' E u d o r u s u n d d i e A n f n g e d e s M i t t e l -p l a t o n i s m u s ' i n Z i n t z e n Pe r M i t t e l p l a t o n i s m u s 3 - 3 2 .6 6 . D i l l o n 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 . N o c o l l e c t i o n o f E u d o r u s ' f r a g m e n t s e x i s t s .6 7 . C f . H . C h e r n i s s , P l u t a r c h ' s M o r a l i a L C L v o l . 1 3 . 1 ( C a m b r . M a s s . 1 9 7 6 ) 1 6 5 ,

1 7 0 - 1 7 1 .6 8 . D i l l o n 1 3 1 - 1 3 3 , B a l t e s 8 5 - 8 6 .6 9 . C f . T h e i l e r P a r o u s i a 2 1 8 , P h i l o m a t h e s 3 2 ( w i t h t h e h e l p of P h i l o n i c e v i

d e n c e ) . A s i n t h e c a s e o f P o s i d o n i u s t h e r e i s n o h a r d e v i d e n c e f o r a f o r m a lc o m m e n t a r y .7 0 . D i l l o n 1 2 7 - 1 2 9 , b a s e d on S im p l . i n P h y s . 1 8 1 - 1 0 , A l e x . A p h r . i n M e t , a d 9 8 8 a1 0 - 1 1 .7 1 . C f . H . D i e l s , D o x o g r a p h i G r a e c i ( B e r l i n 1 8 7 9 , 1 96 5 '* ) 6 9 f f . , w h o c o u l d

p r o v e ( c f . 4 4 7 ) t h a t A l b i n u s D i d . 1 2 . 1 u s e d A r i u s D i d y m u s ' E p i t o m e ; a l s o W i t to p . c i t . ( n . 6 1 ) 9 5 - 1 0 3 ( b ut t h e c o n n e c t i o n b a c k t o A n t i o c h u s i s u n n e c e s s a r y ) .7 2 . S e n e c a E p . 5 8 . 1 6 - 2 2 , 6 5 . 4 - 8 , o n w h i c h se e T h e i l e r V o r b e r e i t u n g 1 - 3 7 ,

D i l l o n 1 3 5 - 1 3 9 .7 3 . S e e t h e c o m m e n t a r y o f M . B a l t e s , T i m a i o s L o k r o s U b e r d i e N a t u r d e s K o s m o s

u n d d e r S e e l e P h i l o s o p h i a a n t i q u a 2 1 ( L e i d e n 1 9 7 2 ) . H e a r g u e s t h a t t h e w o r kc o m b i n e s a n E p i t o m e a n d a T i m a e u s e o m m e n t a r y , i . e . p r o b a b l y t h a t o f E u d o r u s( 2 2 - 2 6 ) .7 4 . H e n c e a l s o t h e a t t e n t i o n g i v e n t o P h i l o i n t h e s t u d i e s c i t e d i n n . 6 5 .7 5 . H . D r r i e , ' D i e E r n e u e r u n g d e s P i a t o n i s m u s i m e r s t e n J a h r h u n d e r t v o r

C h r i s t u s ' in L e N o p l a t o n i s m e ( P a r i s 1 9 7 1 ) 1 7 - 3 3 ; ' L e r e n o u v e a u d u P l a t o n i s m e l ' p o q u e d e C i c e r n ' R T h P h 2 4 ( 1 9 7 4 ) 1 3 - 2 9 . M o r e g e n e r a l a c c o u n t s b y t h e s a m ea u t h o r ( w h o t e n d s t o r e p e t i t i o n ) i n V o n P i a t o n z u m P i a t o n i s m u s : E i n B r u c h i nd e r U b e r l i e f e r u n g u nd s e in e b e r w i n d u n g R h e i n . W e s t . A k a d . W i s s . G 2 1 1 ( O p l a d e n1 9 7 6 ) ( o n t h e l i t e r a l r e a d i n g o f t h e c o s m o g o n y 3 4 - 3 5 ) , P l a t n i c a m i n o r a ( M u n i c h1 9 7 6 ) 1 6 6 - 2 1 0 .7 6 . T h e r e i s , f o r e x a m p l e , n o e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e r e w a s a l i b r a r y a t t h e A c a

d e m y a n d t h a t i t s d e s t r u c t i o n b y S u l l a i n 8 8 - 8 7 B . C . c a u s e d t h e b r e a k i n t h eP l a t o n i s t t r a d i t i o n ; c f . G l u c k e r 2 7 6 .7 7 . O n t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l s p r e a d o f t h e M i d d l e P l a t o n i s t s c f . G l u c k e r 1 3 4 - 1 4 6 .

Ha vi ng a the si s to def end - that the Ac ad em ic 6i.a6oxatl in the im per ial pe rio dd i d n o t e x i s t h e i s m o r e r a d i c a l t h a n D i l l o n , w h o s t i l l a s s u m e s a c e r t a i na m o u n t o f a c t i v i t y i n A t h e n s .


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7 8. Cf.D i l l o n 1 8 4 - 2 3 0 . U n o r t h o d o x a s p e c t s of P l u t a r c h ' s P l a t o n i s m , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e g a r d to thed o c t r i n e of d i v i n e t r a n s c e n d e n c e , ares t r e s s e d by H.D o r r i e , 'DieS t e l l u n g P l u t a r c h s im P l a t o n i s m u s s e i n e r Z e i t ' , P h i l o m a t h e s 3 6 - 5 6 .G l u c k e r 262s u s p e c t s c h r o n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s in hisv i e w s .79. On thev a r i o u s M i d d l e P l a t o n i s t s seeK . P r a e c h t e r , Die P h i l o s o p h i edes

A l t e r t u m s ( B e r l i n 1926)5 2 4 - 5 5 6 ; D i l l o n p a s s i m ; M e r l a n C a m b r . H i s t . 5 8 - 8 3 80. Thet h e o r y of a ' S c h o o l of G a i u s 'wase x p l o d e d by D i l l o n 2 6 6 - 3 4 0 . The

s a m e a u t h o r ( 2 3 1 - 2 6 5 ) d o e s r e t a i n an ' A t h e n i a n s c h o o l ' ,butf i n d s it an e m p t yn a m e ' ( 2 6 5 ) ; it in t u r n isd i s p r o v e d by G l u c k e r 1 2 1 - 1 5 8 .81. D i l l o n x v , 3 3 8 ;cf.B o y a n c e REG 7 6 ( 1 9 6 3 ) 8 0 - 8 1 .82 . Cf.P r a e c h t e r o p c i t . 5 1 3 - 5 2 2 , M e r l a n o p . c i t . 8 4 - 1 0 6 , D i l l o n 3 4 1 - 3 8 3 .83. E u d o r u swas, we r e m e m b e r , v e r y i n t e r e s t e d in theP y t h a g o r e a n ( i . e .Old

A c a d e m i c ) d e r i v a t i o n of r e a l i t y f r o m two (or one)h i g h e s t p r i n c i p l e s ;cf.a b o v en.70 .84 . Cf.N i c h o m a c h u s I n t r o . m a t h . 1 . 2 . 1 - 2 , 6 . 1 , 2 . 2 . 3 , 8 . 4 , 2 4 . 6 ; forN u m e n i u ssee

M . B a l t e s , ' N u m e n i os vonA p a m e a und derp l a t o n i s c h e T i m a i o s ' V C h r 2 9 ( 1 9 7 5 ) 2 4 0 -270.85. Seea b o v e I 2 . 4 . n . 1 .86. A p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n isN u m e n i u s ,who wasv e r y i n t e r e s t e d in J e w i s h

i d e a s (cf.f r . 1 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 3 0 , 5 6 ) . SeeW a s z i n k EH XII 50;J . C M . V a n W i n d e n ,C a l c i d i u s onm a t t e r P h i l o s o p h i a a n t i q u a 9 ( L e i d e n 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 6 5 2 ) 123;W h i t t a k e rP h o e n i x 3 2 ( 1 9 7 8 ) 1 4 5 .87 . Thep h r a s e is, by the way, av a r i a t i o n onD i l l o n ' s 'Thet u r n to d o g m a

t i s m ' ( 5 2 ).88. H . D o r r i e hasd o n e m u c h tob r i n g t h e s e p r e s u p p o s i t i o n s i n t o f o c u s ,al

t h o u g hhisc o n c l u s i o n s c a n n o t a l w a y s be a c c e p t e d in t h e i r e n t i r e t y ; cf. thea r t i c l e s c i t e d in n.75a b o v e anda l s o ' L o g o s - R e l i g i o n ? o d e r N o u s - T h e o l o g i e ? :d i e H a u p t a s p e k t e desk a i s e r z e i t l i c h e P l a t o n i s m u s ' inK e p h a l a i o n ( A s s e n1975)1 1 5 - 1 3 6 . M u c h can be l e a r n t on t h e s e p r e s u p p o s i t i o n s f r o m D i l l o n ' s b o o k ,butt h e m e t h o d s of theM i d d l e P l a t o n i s t s as a g r o u p aren o w h e r e n e a t l y s u m m a r i z e d .89 . On t h i s t e r m cf.G l u c k e r 1 6 6 - 1 9 2 . It d o e s not i m p l y an o r g a n i z e d i n s t i

t u t i o n or s c h o o l .90. T h i s is not to sayt h a t s c e p t i c a l t e n d e n c i e s did not a p p e a r , but t h e y

w e r e i n c i d e n t a l (cf.G l u c k e r 2 8 0 , 2 9 3 on thec i r c l e of P l u t a r c h ) . Thee s o t e r i -c i s mof a N u m e n i u s is l i t e r a r y / r h e t o r i c a l .91. Cf.W . T h e i l e r , ' P l o t i n z w i s c h e n P l a t o und S t o a 'EH V 68 .92. S t o b . E c l . 2 . 4 9 . 2 5 (thea t t r i b u t i o n toE u d o r u s is c e r t a i n f r o m 2 . 4 2 . 7 ) ;

cf. Alb.Did.28. 1 H O U K L A L O S 6 E T O U T O X E L P L < ; E L (on the same theme , the T E A O S ) .93. D i l l o n x i v - x v andp a s s i m . But forP r a e c h t e r o p . c i t ( n . 7 9 ) 5 2 4 ' w e i t g r e i -

f e n d e E k l e k t i z i s m u s 'was thev e r y e s s e n c e of M i d d l e P l a t o n i s m .94. A s u r v e y ofM i d d l e P l a t o n i s t w r i t i n g s can be g l e a n e d f r o m the i n t r o d u c

t o r y p a r t ofD i l l o n ' s a c c o u n t of e v e r y a u t h o r .95. F r . 1 - 2 2 .96. In them s s . t h i s w o r k is a t t r i b u t e d to anA l c i n o u s . For a c e n t u r y F r e u -

d e n t h a l ' s a r g u m e n t t h a t it s h o u l d be a s s i g n e d to theb e t t e r - k n o w n A l b i n u shasb e e n u n i v e r s a l l y a c c e p t e d . Butr e c e n t l y J . W h i t t a k e r , ' P a r i s i n u s G r a e c u s1962a n d thew r i t i n g s ofA l b i n u s ' p a r t 2 P h o e n i x 2 8 ( 1 9 7 4 ) 4 5 0 - 4 5 6 ,has put f o r w a r ds t r o n g a r g u m e n t s forr e v e r t i n g to theo r i g i n a l a t t r i b u t i o n . Then u m b e rofM i d d l e P l a t o n i s t a u t h o r s k n o w n to us w o u l d t h e nbe i n c r e a s e d by one. S i n c et h e a t t r i b u t i o n is not e s s e n t i a lfor ourp u r p o s e s , h o w e v e r ,we r e t a i n the c o n v e n t i o n a l a s c r i p t i o n ino r d e r to a v o i d c o n f u s i o n .
http://alb.did.28/http://alb.did.28/


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468 NOTES TO

9 7 . Albin us uses the unus ual terms O L C I A E X X U X H , OEWonxtxri, u p a x x u x n .9 8 . 19 chap ters out of 34 .9 9 . The Tima eus is even more domin ant in the account of Pla to's Placit a

found in Dio g. Laer t.3 .67 -80 . Source and date of this rather mudd led piece areunce rtai n. The heavy infl uence of the Stoa makes me suspect a date earli erthan Albi nus , i.e. in the 1st century B.C. or A. D. For vari ous s chola rly o p i nions see M.Un terste iner, Posidonio nei placita di Platone secondo Diogene L a-erzio III (Brescia 1970) 1 2 - 2 0 , but his own thesis of derivation from Posido-nius is not prov en and hardly to be reco mmen ded .

1 0 0 . Cf. H.D rri e, 'Die Frag e nach dem Tran szen den ten im Mi tte lpi ato nis mus'EH V 207-209.

1 0 1 . Cf. Dil lon 46 ,283. It is difficul t to kn ow whe the r one should speak of'God' or 'god' whe n discussin g Mid dle Platonist theolog y. My pra ctice is asf o l l o w s . When disting uish ing betwee n levels of the divi ne, I use 'god'; whe nspe aki ng of the divine in gen eral terms (as the Middl e Platoni sts oft en do) Iuse 'God'. But no 'Chris tianiz ati on' of this theolog y is impl ied.

1 0 2 . The ori gin of this doctr in e, whi ch is not found in the Tima eus but caneasily be extrapo late d from it, has much exer cised the min ds of scho lar s.Here is a brief dox ogra phy of moder n view s (for full referen ces see the Bibl i o g r a p h y ) : Xenocr ates Krmer 91, Mor esch ini 2 34 , Dillo n? 29; the earlyAris totl e - Pepin 507-5 12; under Aristo teli an infl uence - Rich Mn emos yne 4.7( 1 9 5 4 ) 1 3 2 , Guthrie 5.26 2; Posi doni us - Witt CQ 25 (193 1)1 98, De Vog el Mn emos yne4.7 (195 4)1 21, Rist Eros 65; Anti ochus - Theil er Vor bere itun g 58, Mer la n Cambr.Hist. 54 , Long 228 , Dillon ? 95 . In my vie w a dist inct ion nee ds to be made .The place ment of the ideas in God's v o s cou ld well go back to the period immedia tely after Plato. But the noti on of the ideas funct ioni ng as cosmic paradig m in God's mind when he creates the cosm os, whic h could only be de rivedfrom a dire ct reading of the Timae us, appears to have been reformulate d in thepos t-An tioc hean period. It is no coincid ence that the conce ptio n of the x o o -uo s v o n x o s is first found roughly at the same time in Philo, Timaeus Locrusand Aetius.

1 0 3 . Sometimes it is reduced to i formality , e.g. in Apu lei us De Plat1941 0 4 . See no w the exce lle nt treatment of this que sti on in the mon og rap h of M.

Baltes already cited above in I 2.4.n.23.1 0 5 . But whic h god? The intro versio n of Aris tot le's highes t god is rej ec

ted, but the tra nscen den ce of the first god woul d seem to mak e direct p rovident ial activity impossibl e. The first god is provi dent throug h his x ounox sof the second god (cf. A l b . D i d . 1 0 . 3 ) .

1 0 6 . Cf. Dillon 45-46,204 -205,283-284 .1 0 7 . See above n. 27 .1 0 8 . Tht.176a-c,T im.90a-d (esp. 9 0 d 5 ) . Cf. already Eudor us at Stob .Ee l.

2.49.18-50.10; also Alb.Did.2.2,28.1-4.1 0 9 . Thoug h our evide nce is heavily weigh ted towards the 2nd centur y A. D. ,

much of the situat ion in that century can be ret rog res siv ely applied to thetime of Philo.

1 1 0 . Isag.5 149.34-150.12 Hermann.1 1 1 . Ibid150.8-12: E T C E L 6 E 6eC xai E V Y V W O E L x v S E L W V Y E V E a S a u , lis v e t a -

9 au M T n c r a v i E v o v xf\\> pExfiv ouotaiSfivuL a u x o C s , EVieuou9ct xfj) Tuuailur auxfj y a pxq X E P L xriv (puauv Laiopta E V T U Y X C C V O V T E S xau xri Aeyouevri ^ E O A O Y G C X x a t xf j xajvoAtDV t a x a ^ E b i v x o i J i o u E d c t TO. ScZa E v a p y w s . One recalls Just in's formu lati onof the X E A O S of Plato's philosophy, H a x o i ^ E o o a t xo v S E O V ( D i a l . 2 . 6 ) , on whichsee J. CM . V an Wind en, An early Christian philosopher Phil osophia patrum 1(Leiden 1971) 5 0 - 5 1 .


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P A G E S 3 6 - 4 0 469

1 1 2 . It i s t h e r e f o r e r a t h e r s u r p r i s i n g t h a t p a p y r u s f r a g m e n t s o f t h e T i m a e u sa r e s c a r c e . O f t h e 4 3 P l a t o n i c f r a g m e n t s l i s t e d i n R . P a c k , T h e G r e e k an d L a t i n t e x ts f r o m G r e c o - R o m a n E g y p t ( A n n A r b o r 1 9 6 5 2 ) , o n l y o n e i s o f t h e T i m a e u s .1 1 3 . C f . P . R a w a c k , D e P l a t o n i s T i m a e o q u a e s t i o n e s c r i t i c a e ( d i s s . B e r l i n

1 8 8 8 ) 4 0 - 8 1 ( t h e l i s t , w h i c h h a s a t e x t - c r i t i c a l p u r p o s e , i s b y n o m e a n s e x h a u s t i v e ) . O n t h e c o m p l i c a t i n g f a c t o r of th e p o s s i b l e e x i s t e n c e o f f l o r i l e g i as e e b e l o w III 1 . 1 . n . 1 6 .1 1 4 . T w o a r e s t i l l e x t a n t , t h e t r e a t i s e o f T i m a e u s L o c r u s ( a n u n u s u a l c a s e )

a n d t h e C o m p e n d i u m o f G a l e n p r e s e r v e d i n a n A r a b i c t r a n s l a t i o n ( P . K r a u s a nd R .W a l z e r , G a l e n i C o m p e n d i u m T i m a e i P l a t o n i s P l a t o A r a b u s I ( L o n d o n 1 9 5 1 ) ; a u s e f u l s u m m a r y b y F e s t u g i e r e i n R E G 6 5 ( 1 9 5 2 ) 9 7 - 1 1 6 ) . A r i s t o t l e h a d a l s o p r o d u c e da n E p i t o m e . C f . B a l t e s T i m a i o s L o k r o s 1 0 .1 1 5 . D i l l o n e n v i s a g e s c o m m e n t a r i e s o n t h e T i m a e u s w r i t t e n b y t h e f o l l o w i n g

P l a t o n i s t s : C r a n t o r ( p . 4 3 ) , P o s i d o n i u s ( 1 0 8 ) , E u d o r u s ( 1 1 6 ) , T a u r u s ( 2 4 0 ) ,A t t i c u s ( 2 5 1 ) , H a r p o c r a t i o n ( 2 5 9 ) , S e v e r u s ( 2 6 2 ) , A l b i n u s ? ( 2 7 0 ) , a u t h o r o fA n o n . T h e a t . C o m m . ( 2 7 0 ) , a u t h o r o f P . O x y . 1 6 0 9 ( 2 9 0 , p e r h a p s t h e s a m e p e r s o n ) ,G a l e n ( 3 3 9 ) , N u m e n i u s ? ( 3 6 5 ) . B l u m e n t h a l J H S 9 9 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 1 9 0 c o m m e n t s : ' i n g e n e r a lT i m a e u s c o m m e n t a r i e s m a y a p p e a r m o r e o f t e n t h a n t h e y s h o u l d ' . F o r a n e v e nf u l l e r l i s t s e e H . K r a u s e , S t u d i a N e o p l a t o n i c a ( d i s s . L e i p z i g 1 9 0 4 ) 4 6 - 5 2 .1 1 6 . P o r p h y r i o s ' S y m m i k t a Z e t e m a t a Z e t e m a t a 2 0 ( M u n i c h 19 5 9 ) 1 2 3 , r e a f f i r m e d

a t Z N T W 6 5 ( 1 9 7 4 ) 1 3 3 .1 1 7 . C f . H . D i e l s an d W . S c h u b a r t , A n o n y m e r K o m m e n t a r z u P l a t o n s T h e a t e t ( P a p

y r u s 9 7 8 2 ) ( B e r l i n 1 9 0 5 ) a n d K . P r a e c h t e r ' s r e v i e w , G G A 1 7 1 ( 1 9 0 9 ) 5 3 1 - 5 4 7 , r e p r i n t e d i n Z i n t z e n P e r M i t t e l p l a t o n i s m u s 3 0 1 - 3 1 6 .1 1 8 . E . g . P h i l o p o n u s A e t . 1 4 5 . 1 3 R a b e s p e a k s o f T a u r u s ' e t s x o v TuuctLov uito-

u v r i u a x a . P O x y . 1 6 0 9 c r o s s - r e f e r s s i m p l y t o x a E L S T O VTiluatov, the sam e fo rm u l a u s e d by P r o c l u s .

1 1 9 . E . g . S e v e r u s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y p a r t o f t h e T i m a e u s d i dn o t n e e d eCnynai-s ( P r o c l . i n T i m . 12 0 4 17 ) .1 2 0 . Bot h are repr es en te d in the wo rk s of Pl ut ar ch , i.e . the Ilepi, xfls e v T u -

pauj) (Jjuxoyovilaj and th e JIAaiwVLHa C n x n p a i a ( o f w h i c h 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 d e a l w i t h a s p e c t s o f t h e T i m a e u s ) .1 2 1 . E . g . t h e D i d a k a l i k o s o f A l b i n u s r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e i n ( f ) a n d t h e P l a c i -t a i n P i o g . L a e r t . ( c f . n . 9 9 ) .1 2 2 . C f . t h e p e n e t r a t i n g c o m m e n t s of F e s t u g i e r e R e v e l a t i o n 2 . 3 5 0 - 3 6 9 .1 2 3 . C f . t h e d o x o g r a p h i c a l w o r k s o f A e t i u s , H i p p o l y t u s a n d G a l e n e d i t e d i n

D i e l s D o x . G r .1 2 4 . S e e a b o v e n . 8 1 .1 2 5 . C f . J a e g e r G n o m o n 2 7 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 5 7 4 ; D o r r i e R T h P h 2 4 ( 1 9 7 4 ) 2 3 , w h o a r g u e s t h a t

i t w a s g i v e n a k i n d o f h i e r a t i c o r o r a c u l a r s t a t u s .126. C f . D o r r i e E H V 1 9 8 - 1 9 9 .1 2 7 . T h o u g h J u s t i n d o e s d e c l a r e i n t h e f a m o u s o p e n i n g c h a p t e r s o f t h e P i a l o -

g u s c u m T r y p h o n e t h a t h e h a d m a d e a c i r c u i t o f t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l s c h o o l s , e n d i n g w i t h t h e P l a t o n i s t s .

N o t e s I 5 . 1 .

1 . S e e a b o v e I 2 . 2 - 3 . a n d e s p . 2 . 3 . ( 1 ) .2 . S e e a b o v e I 2 . 2 . a . A l s o d e s e r v i n g o f m e n t i o n a r e t h e c o m p e t e n t c o m m e n

t a r i e s by C a z e a u x ( F E 1 4 ) , A l e x a n d r e ( F E 1 6 ) , S t a r o b i n s k i - S a f r a n ( F E 1 7 ) ,N i k i p r o w e t z k y ( F E 2 3 ) , P a n i e l ( F E 2 4 ) , P e t i t ( F E 2 8 ) ; a l l h a v e r e a d a b l e a n d


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P A G E S 4 0 - 4 5 471

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