Roskin CC13 Ch12 Lecture

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Countries and Concepts: Politics, Geography, Culture, 13eMichael G. Roskin

Chapter 12

Iran




Persian domes inspired architecture far and wide,

even in Russia.




Learning Objectives

12.1 Compare and contrast Iran with its

neighboring countries.

12.2 Outine the difficuties of a theocratic

poitica s!stem.

12." #emonstrate the reationship between

Isam and moderni$ation.




Learning Objectives

12.% &pp! 'rinton(s theor! of revoution to

Iran(s Isamic Revoution.

12.) *vauate the possibiities of Iran turning

into a democrac!.




Iran




+h! Iran atters

- tud!ing Iran aows us to understand aidde *ast caught between Isam and

moderni$ation.

- Iran differs from its neighbors in terms ofanguage and reigion, but aso has to dea

with the probems associated with sudden

oi weath.


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+h! Iran atters

- Can the idde *ast and Iran safe! moveto democrac!/

0 he eections of 21" showed how much

peope want change.- Iran has e3perienced one revoution, is

another on the wa!/

- Is Iran(s theocrac! a soution to theprobem of moderni$ation in usim

ands/ If not, what is/



Impact of the Past

- uch of Iran is an arid pateau about

%, feet above sea eve.

0 Ranges from rainess desert to sheep

pastures.- Irrigation made civii$ation possibe.

- Persia(s ocation made it an important

trade route between *ast and +est, amajor crossroads of civii$ation and a

great civii$ation itsef.

12.1 Compare and contrast Iran with its neighboring countries.



Impact of the Past

- 'eing at the crossroads ma4es !ou a

target for con5uest.

- Indo6*uropean6spea4ing invaders too4

over Persia in the 1)th centur! '.C. and

aid the basis for future Persian cuture.

0 7ree4s, &rabs, ur4s, ongos

- & pattern of invasion, new d!nasties, and

faing apart set up Iran for more eas!

con5uests.




Impact of the Past

- Iran, 4nown as Persia for most of its

histor!, resembes China.

- 'oth were once great civii$ations that,

part! at the hands of outsiders, fe into

8the seep of nations.9

0 +hen Iran awo4e, it was far behind the +est,

which it views as an adversar!.




Impact of the Past

- :arsi, or Persian, is a part of the Indo6

*uropean anguage group.

- :arsi is the majorit! anguage in Iran

toda!.

0 ;on6:arsi spea4ers have at times become

discontent with rue b! Persians.

0 'eing a descendent of a non6Persian minorit!is sometimes hed against poiticians.




Impact of the Past

- he &rab Con5uest

0 &ah(s prophet uhammad died in &rabia in

<"2, but his new faith spread i4e widfire.

- Isam arrived in Persia b! miitar! con5uest.- '! <"=, Persia was most! usim and those of the

od faith, >oroastrianism, fed to India.




Impact of the Past

- he &rab Con5uest

0 his was a major brea4 with Persia(s past, as

Isam taught that a usims were spiritua!

e5ua. 0 Persia adopted &rabic script and Persian

cuture infuenced &rab cuture.





Impact of the Past

- he &rab Con5uest

0 In 1)), the eju4 ur4s invaded from

Centra &sia and con5uered most of the

idde *ast.- 7enghis ?han too4 over in 121@.

- One of his descendents who rued Persia

embraced Isam, eading man! Iranians to

procaim that even con5uerors adopt their superiorcuture.





Impact of the Past

- he &rab Con5uest

0 he afavid d!nast! heped to create a

distinct Iran in 1)1.

- he afavids practiced a minorit! version of Isamcaed hia and decreed it Persia(s state reigion.

- +hen most Persians switched from unni Isam,

neighboring unni powers immediate! attac4ed

afavid Persia.- he attac4s aowed the new regime to consoidate

its contro and deveop a distinct! Persian Isam.





Impact of the Past

- +estern Penetration

0 It is too simpe to sa! +estern penetration

brought down the Persian empire.

0 afavid Persia was attac4ed from severadirections.

- Ottoman ur4s from the west

- A$be4s from the north

- &fghans from the east





Impact of the Past


0 In fighting the Ottomans, the afavids made

common cause with ear! *uropean sea

traders. 0 &s before, the outsiders were abe to invade

because oca 4ingdoms were wea4ened b!

war, a pattern continued toda!.





Impact of the Past


0 In 1=22, &fghan invaders ended the afavid

d!nast!. ;o one was abe to rue the entire

countr!. 0 In 1=@), after much chaos, the Bajar can

emerged as the eading d!nast!.

0'ritain and Russia soon became dominant inRussia.





Impact of the Past


0 Li4e China, Persia too4 on semi6coonia

status.

- Poitica and economic ife became dependent onimperia designs.

- an! Persians and usim cerics resented

imperia infuence.

- &t the same time, +estern ideas aboutgovernment crept into Persian societ!.





Impact of the Past


0 he Constitutiona revoution of 1@<01@=

brought Persia(s first constitution and first

eected pariament, or the ajis.





Impact of the Past


0 wo opposing forces grew out of Persia(s

reations with outsiders

- Liberas who hated the monarch! and wanted+estern6t!pe institutions.

- Cerics who aso disi4e the monarch! but wanted

a stronger roe for Isam.

0 his same combination ended the hah(s rue in 1@=@. 0 oda! these two strands have turned against each

another over the future of Iran.





Impact of the Past


0 &t amost the same timeD1@) in Russia and

1@< in IranDcorrupt and wea4 monarchies

offered somewhat6democratic reforms.- he! on! pretended to deiver, increasing mass

discontent.


I f h P




Impact of the Past


0 In 1@=, a new shah too4 the throne and shut

down the ajis with the aid of his Russian6

trained guards.- his resuted in mass protest and the ast Bajar

shah fed to Russia in 1@@.

0 Ee tried to return in 1@11, at a time when Russia

occupied ehran, but was forced bac4 to Russia.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past


0 & 1@= &ngo6Russia treat! spit Persia in two,

with the Russians in the north and 'ritish in

the south.- 'ritain e3poited the oi resources it found there.

0 #uring ++I, Persia was neutra, but its

strategic ocation caused contention and

chaos.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past

- he :irst Pahavi

0 In 1@21, an iiterate arm! officer named Re$a

?han sei$ed power and had himsef crowned

shah in 1@2). 0 his was the start of the short6ived Pahavi

d!nast!.

- Re$a ?han too4 the pre6Isamic surname Pahavi.

- Ee aso renamed the countr! Iran.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past

- he :irst Pahavi

0 Re$a hah was determined to moderni$e his

countr!, and became a moderni$ing t!rant.

- Ee buit an effective arm!, adopted +estern codesof justice, and e3poited oi revenues, but aso 4ept

the press and ajis obedient.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past

- he :irst Pahavi

0 &s in ++I, Iran was too strategic to eave

aone during ++II.

- &gain the Russians too4 over the north, and the'ritish, and ater the &mericans, controed the

south.

0 Re$a hah tited toward 7erman! and in 1@%1

was e3ied b! the 'ritish to outh &frica.- Eis son, uhammad Re$a Pahavi, too4 over.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past

- he :irst Pahavi

0 he &mericans and 'ritish eft in 1@%).

0 he oviets did not eave, as tain beieved

northern Iran shoud be a part of the ovietempire.

- In 1@%<, Iran(s P offered Russia an oi dea and

the! eft. he oi dea was then canceed.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 Oi determined much of Iran(s 2th6centur!

histor! after 1@F.

0 he &ngo6Iranian Oi Compan! G&IOCH was a joint venture with 'ritain.

0 Iran benefited ver! itte from the oi dea.

-Re$a hah ended the opsided concession with &IOC in 1@"2, and made &IOC pa! higher

ro!aties.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 Iranians were sti unhapp! with the

arrangement with the &IOC, and turned to the

radica nationaist P uhammad ossade5in the ear! 1@)s. Ee nationai$ed &IOC

hodings.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 hah uhammad Re$a Pahavi fed in 1@)"

amidst turmoi and a potentia tit toward the

oviet Anion. 0 &s part of A.. containment poicies, the CI&

set out to destabii$e the Iranian government

and restore the hah.

- & coup was encouraged the hah few bac4 and

was restored.


I t f th P t




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 hah uhammad Re$a Pahavi was a

moderni$ing t!rant i4e his father.

- Promoted the 8+hite Revoution9 from above. 0 Reations with the A.. were ver! good.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 Eowever, the A.. was too cose to the hah

because he was +estern educated, anti6

communist, and was rapid! moderni$ing hiscountr!.

0 Anrest and disi4e of the hah went unnoticed

b! the A..

- Ee was a t!rant. A.. support aienated man!

Iranians.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 ;ot unti the Isamic Revoution did the A..

earn what the Iranian peope rea! thought of

the hah.- A.. had been obsessed with communism(s threat.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 oo much oi mone! did in the hah.

- &s a prime mover of the Organi$ation of Petroeum

*3porting Countries GOP*CH, the hah boostedprices and too4 over production from foreign

companies.

- Revenues surged and the hah spent the mone!

in wa!s that did not benefit the peope.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 his new weath created resentment and

great disruption.

0 he hah promoted education, but this on!aowed peope to see him as a t!rant.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- +ith the oi weath, some peope got rich5uic4! whie most sta!ed poor.

0 Corruption became worse than ever.

0 an! went from the countr!side to the citiesand turned to the mos5ue when the! were eft

rootess and confused.

- he usim cerics had been aienated b!the hah, and the muahs hated the

infuence of &merican cuture.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi

0 One critic, &!atoah ?homeini, critici$ed the

hah and incurred his wrath.

0 ?homeini was e3ied to Ira5 in 1@<%, and thento :rance in 1@=F.

- +hie in Paris, ?homeini taped his messages and

sent them to Iran, where the! were spread

throughout the mos5ues.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi 0 hings came to a head in the ate 1@=s,

when secuar inteectuas and Isamic cerics

ai4e grew tired of the hah. 0 +hen President Carter critici$ed the hah(s

record on human rights, the hah rea3ed his

grip and chaos too4 over.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi 0 he probem was made worse when Carter

showed support for the hah(s efforts b!

e3changing visits.- his proved to Iranians that the A.. was

supporting the t!rant hah.


Impact of the Past




Impact of the Past

- he Last Pahavi 0 '! ate 1@=F, the hah was facing huge

demonstrations and d!ing of cancer. he

hah was finished. 0 On Januar! 1<, 1@=@, the ast Pahavi eft

Iran.





7eograph! unni and hia

- Over F percent of the word(s usimspractice a mainstream branch caed

unni.

- & minorit! branch of 1 miion, scattereduneven! throughout the usim word,

practice hia.





- he two branches are divided over thetrue successor of uhammad.

0 hias foow the Prophet(s cousin &i.

0 ;o more fundamentaist than other strictusims.

0 Eowever, unnis regard hias as e3tremist,

m!stica, and cra$!.





- On! in Iran is hia the state reigion. 0 Iranians fee isoated but right, wiing to

mart!r themseves.

he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 wo6and6a6haf miennia of monarch! ended

in Iran with a 1@=@ referendum that introduced

the Isamic Repubic of Iran and a newconstitution.

- his deveopment was carefu! supervised b!

?homeini.

12.2 Outine the difficuties of a theocratic poitica s!stem.

he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 Eead of state and head of government are

spit between the eading reigious figure and

a president.- Iran(s reigious chief is far more powerfu than its

president, which ma4es Iran a theocrac!.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 heocrac! is rare and tends not to ast.

0 :or centuries, Persia(s hia cerics ignored

poitics.- #isi4ed an! shah but practiced separation of

church and state.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 ?homeini(s radica design overturned the idea

that cerics and poitics e3isted in separate

spheres.- Cerics must now rue an Isamic repubic.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 ?homeini deveoped the principe of the

vea!at6e fa5ih, or rue of the Isamic jurist.

- he eading jurist or ega schoar, the fa5ih, servesfor ife.

- & +estern e5uivaent woud be canon aw of

medieva *urope.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 &eged!, the fa5ih G8upreme Leader9H can

use the ?oran to sette a issues, even those

having nothing to do with reigion.- &n Isamist woud sa! ever!thing is connected to

reigion.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 ?homeini, the first and founding fa5ih, was

near! a6powerfu. Ee died in 1@F@.

0 uccessors are chosen b! the &ssemb! of*3perts of F< usim cerics ever! eight

!ears.

0 In 1@F@, the cerics chose &i ?hameni, a

hojatoah, one ran4 ower than an a!atoah.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 ?hameini was immediate! promoted to

a!atoah, but ac4ed ?homeini(s charisma

and Isamic authorit!. 0 ;onetheess, he is ver! powerfu.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 ?hameni names a heads of major state and

reigious organi$ations and can decare war.

0 Ee contros the judiciar!, armed forces,securit! poice, inteigence, and media.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 Ee is more powerfu than the president and

can veto presidentia appointments.

0 'eow the upreme Leader is an ordinar!president.

- he president is eected, but from a short ist of

those approved b! the Counci of 7uardians.

- he president ma! serve two four6!ear terms.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 he president is eected, but from a short ist

of those approved b! the Counci of

7uardians. 0 he president ma! serve two four6!ear terms.

0 In 1@@=, a reative! ibera ceric named

uhammad ?hatami was eected, but his

efforts to reform the s!stem were boc4ed b!

the upreme Leader.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- & heocrac! 0 he current president is the radica ahmoud

&hmadinejad, unfair! eected in 2) and

reeected in a fa4e andside in [email protected] In 211, a power strugge bro4e out between

?hameni and &hmadinejad.

- In 21", Eassan Rouhani, a moderate ceric, was

eected with vague promises to iberai$e, butaccompished itte.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- Iran(s Legisature 0 Iran has a unicamera egisature caed the

Isamic Consutative &ssemb! GajisH.

- he ajis sometimes disagrees with presidentsand can boc4 presidentia proposas.

0 he ajis has 2@ deputies eected to four6

!ear terms.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- Iran(s Legisature 0 Iran uses # with purait! to eect 2<)

deputies.

- & imited number of additiona seats are hed fornon6usim deputies.

0 & 1F6!ear6ods can vote.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- Iran(s Legisature 0 he pea4er of pariament is an important

position.

0 Ps are constitutiona! immune from arrest,but those who spea4 too oud! for reforms

are often jaied.


he ?e! Institutions




he ?e! Institutions

- Iran(s Legisature 0 *ectora baoting, e3cept in 2@, is

genera! free and fair, but permission to run

is tight! controed. 0 he Counci of 7uardians must approve a

candidates thousands who might be critica

are dis5uaified.


he ?e! Institutions




e e! s u o s

- Iran(s Legisature 0 he Counci of 7uardians is i4e a mi3ture of

an upper house, supreme court, eectora

commission, and reigious institution.- In 212, no open! ibera candidates were

aowed.

0 he Counci has 12 members, si3 seected b!

the fa5ih and si3 b! Iran(s supreme court, theEigh Court of Justice.

0 embers of the Counci serve si3 !ears each.


he ?e! Institutions




!

- Iran(s Legisature 0 he Counci evauates each ajis bi to

ma4e sure it does not vioate Isamic

principes.- +ithout Counci approva, a bi is vetoed.

- & reform6oriented bis are boc4ed this wa!.




he ?e! Institutions




!

- Iran(s Legisature 0 he Counci of 7uardians approves or rejects

a candidates.

- his ma4es the Iranian s!stem unreformabe. heCounci of 7uardians wi have to go if there is to

be serious change in Iran.


he ?e! Institutions




!

- *merging Parties/ 0 Parties are not iega under Iran(s constitution,

but the! are not aowed.

0 On! individua candidates are aowed to run. 0 Lac4 of parties ma4e Iranian eection ess

than free, as voters cannot discern what

candidates stand for without part! affiiation.

0 +ithout part! I#s, Iranian eections are often

decided b! ate swings that come out of

nowhere.


he ?e! Institutions




!

- *merging Parties/ 0 Informa!, candidates are in4ed to informa

parties caed 8fronts9 or 8coaitions.9

0 hese ma! eventua! turn into ega parties.


he ?e! Institutions




!

- *merging Parties/ 0 Observers see four main poitica groupings

pus factions and individua viewpoints.

- Radicas preach popuist hep for the poor andhatred of the A..

- Conservatives want a nonfanatic Isamic Repubic

with economic growth.


he ?e! Institutions




!

- *merging Parties/ 0 Observers see four main poitica groupings

pus factions and individua viewpoints.

- Reformists favor privati$ation, open eections, anda wea4er Counci.

- Liberas emphasi$e democrac!, civi rights, and

tota! free eections, but are a mi3ed bag

economica!.


he ?e! Institutions




!

- *merging Parties/ 0 ome of the regime(s sharpest critics were

eaders of the 1@=@ revoution who now disi4e

its authoritarianism.




he ?e! Institutions




!

- *merging Parties/ 0 +ith these changes, Iran coud turn into a rea

democrac! with an e3ecutive president, a

critica ajis, a mutipart! s!stem, and a freepress.

0 Iran has the greatest democratic potentia of

an! Persian 7uf countr!.


#emocrac! Iran(s Eaf6fair Presidentia




!

*ection

- here was hope for change with Iran(s21" eection.

0 Eassan Rouhani, a moderate and pragmatist,

won )1 percent of the first6round vote. 0 he possibiit! of change energi$ed Iranian

iberas.





!

*ection

- he 21" eection was not compete!democratic, but much better than 2@.

0 Just before the 2@ eection, &hmadinejad

was behind in pos, but immediate! after thepos cosed, he was decared winner.

0 Iranians turned out to protest this fraud

dissent was put down.





!

*ection

- In 21", the regime aowed the moderateRouhani to win.

0 Eowever, he proved to be uninterested in

change.

Personaities




Eassan Rouhani

- Eassan Rouhani won the 21"presidentia eection.

0 Rouhani was eected to the ajis in 1@F and

served there for 2 !ears in various importantpositions as a rigid Isamist.

0 Eis !ears of stud! at cotand(s 7asgow

Aniversit! seem to have changed him and

made him more moderate.

0 Ander &hmadinejad, he resigned man! of his

positions.

Personaities




Eassan Rouhani

- &s president, Rouhani has entered intonegotiations to sette the nucear issue in

hopes of reopening foreign trade.

- Eowever, he was unabe or unwiing toimpement promised and much6needed

reforms.

Iranian Poitica Cuture




- an! Iranians do not want their traditionacuture repaced in favor of +estern

cuture.

12." #emonstrate the reationship between Isam and moderni$ation.





- & 4e! 5uestion toda! can hird6+ordcountries become modern whie

preserving their od cuture/

0 Isamic nations have had itte success indoing this.

0 :e3ibiit!, as with Japan, ma! be the 4e!

factor.






- Persian societ!, conservative and stabe,was successfu in 4eeping its traditions

during change.

0 Isam, the ?oran, the mos5ue, and the muah,gave meaning and soace to the ives of most

Persians.








- oderni$ation theor! is said to wor4 i4ethis.

0 he econom! goes through severa

transitions. 0 +ith urbani$ation peope move into the cities.

0 *ducation eves rise.

0 Peope consume more mass media andbecome aware.






- oderni$ation theor! is said to wor4 i4ethis.

0 & arge midde cass emerges.

0 Interest groups emerge. 0 Peope begin to want to participate in poitics,

and resent being treated i4e chidren.

- Optimistica!, this process eads todemocrac!.






- It was ong beieved that secuari$ationcomes with moderni$ation.

- Iran(s Isamic Revoution ma4es us

5uestion the inevitabiit! of secuari$ation.






- +hen things change too fast and theeconom! decines, peope ma! turn to

reigion with renewed fervor.

0 Reigion gives stabiit! and meaning to ife.- In the usim word, man! inteectuas

embraced sociaism and nationaism, on!

to despair and return to Isam.






- he time of moderni$ation is a ris4! one inthe ife of a nation.

- &n od eite that understands the changes

wi gradua! aow democrati$ation andavoid destabii$ation.

- Eowever, a corrupt and rigid eite ma!

boc4 reforms unti chaos is uneashed.






- Iran under the hah is an e3ampe of howacting too ate fosters instabiit! and

simp! eads to t!rann! b! another.

0 he hah was arrogant, scorned democrac!,and thought his despotism woud ead to Iran

surpassing the +est.






- +hen a countr! is poor and ignorant,absoute rue wor4s.

- +hen a countr! begins to moderni$e,

absoute rue is bound to fai.






- Isam as a Poitica Ideoog! 0 ome object to the term 8Isamic

fundamentaism.9

- :undamentaism refers to strict interpretation ofcripture.

- his is how near! a usims view the ?oran.

0 & better name ma! be Isamic integraism,

indicating a move to integrate the ?oran andsharia with government.






- Isam as a Poitica Ideoog! 0 ?homeini devised an interesting ideoog! that

resonated with man! Iranians.

- hia Isam disdains poitics. ?homeini fet reigiouseaders shoud assume poitica power whie

awaiting the return of the wefth Imam.

- ome caed this Isamism, and it was economic,

socia, and nationaistic.






- Isam as a Poitica Ideoog! 0 ?homeini bamed the hah for abandoning

Isam and turning awa! from socia and

economic justice b! seing out Iran to &mericans.






- Isam as a Poitica Ideoog! 0 '! returning to the ?oran, Iranians woud

ceanse themseves spiritua! and buid a just

societ! of e5uas.- Isamism preaches eveing cass differences

through the mos5ue, not through the part!.

0 his is a catcha ideoog! offering an answer

to most things that made Iranians discontent.- It is a potent mi3, but probab! can(t wor4.






- #emocrac! and &uthorit! 0 Observers estimate on! a minorit! of Iranians

support the current regime.

0 *ven if the muahs coud be overthrown,coud Iranians estabish a stabe democrac!/

0 he Iranian Revoution in 1@=@ saw secuarist

inteectuas come together with Isamists.






- #emocrac! and &uthorit! 0 'ut after the overthrow of the hah, the

Isamists too4 power and man! secuar

democrats fed.- ince 1@=@, over two miion have eft Iran.






- #emocrac! and &uthorit! 0 Eowever, man! secuar democrats aso

sta!ed behind.

- In private, the! spea4 poor! of the regime.- In 21", the! strong! supported Rouhani.

0 hese peope beieve Iranians are capabe of

democrac!. he! beieve the s!stem was

hijac4ed b! Isamists, but that the impuse fordemocrac! rather than theocrac! remains.






- #emocrac! and &uthorit! 0 If the regime ever opens up, secuar

democrats wi demand free and open

eections. 0 :or now, most remain 5uiet, istening for

critica views from the arge Iranian

communit! in the A..






- Iranian ;ationaism 0 ;ationaism is ma4ing a comebac4 in Iran,

where it has awa!s been strong.

- Iran ma! now be more motivated b! nationaismthan b! reigious fervor.

- &hmadinejad tried to fuse hia Isam with Iranian

nationaism.

0 Li4e China, Iran is oo4ing to increase itspower and prestige.






- Iranian ;ationaism 0 Iranians disi4e &rabs, recaing the da!s of

the &rab con5uest and seeing them as

cutura! inferior. 0 '! adopting hia, Iran distinguished itsef

from its most! unni neighbors.






- Iranian ;ationaism 0 he hah stressed Persian nationaism in his

drive to moderni$e.

- Ee was usim and had himsef photographedduring his haji GpigrimageH.

- Eowever, the hah(s true spirit was secuari$ation

and nationaism to rebuid the gor! of ancient

Persia.

- If Isam got in the wa!, it woud be pushed aside.






- Iranian ;ationaism 0 he hah was toerant of non6usims, but

since the Revoution, non6usims have been

treated harsh!.

- 'aha(is are Iran(s argest minorit! reigion, and

the! are regarded as dangerous heretics.

0 :or centuries, Iran(s sense of Persianness

coe3isted uneasi! with Isam. 0 he hah(s moderni$ation programs brought

the two strands into open confict.






- Iranian ;ationaism 0 ;ationaism did not fade with the Isamic

Revoution of 1@=@, but was second to

reigion.

0 he ong and horribe war with Ira5 in the

1@Fs brought out the regime(s Persian

nationaism.

- Iranians were fighting for faith and countr!.






- Iranian ;ationaism 0 oda!, Iran ceebrates Persian hoida!s, which

are happ!, and Isamic hoida!s, most!

mournfu.


Patterns of Interaction




- Reigion as a Poitica oo 0 ?homeini manipuated, used, and discarded

those who heped win the Iranian Revoution

in 1@=@.

- he Isamists hijac4ed the Revoution as it

unfoded.

- he Isamists enisted a 4inds of anti6hah

groups, had them do the dirt! wor4, and thencrushed an! democratic growth after the overthrow

of the hah.

12.% &pp! 'rinton(s theor! of revoution to Iran(s Isamic Revoution.





- Reigion as a Poitica oo 0 ?homeini manipuated, used, and discarded

those who heped win the Iranian Revoution

in 1@=@.

- hrough a of this, the Isamists used their reigion

as a too to recruit and mobii$e to gain authorit!

and command obedience and to consoidate

power.






- Reigion as a Poitica oo 0 he Isamists were serious about Isam, but

during the Revoution, the uses of their faith

were ess devotiona and more instrumenta.

- &fter some time immersed in poitics, the power

side ta4es over and dominates the reigious side.

- his eads to regime deca! as the ruing group

turns into a sef6serving new cass.

- Regimes based on ideoog! andKor reigion have

finite ife spans and eventua! ose egitimac!.

0 Iran(s Isamic Revoution is burning itsef out.






- Reigion as a Poitica oo 0 he sei$ure of the A.. *mbass! in ehran in

1@=@ is an e3ampe of this. tudent miitants

sei$ed the embass! and hed )2 peope

hostage for %%% da!s.

- his seemed to prove that fanatics governed Iran.

- he incident was rea! a domestic power pa!

manipuated b! ?homeini.






- Reigion as a Poitica oo 0 Isamic activists stirred up anti6&merican

h!steria to consoidate their power, and forced

the moderate P out of office aong with other

moderates.

- ?homeini(s foowers enjo!ed watching President

Carter(s wea4ness, which ater cost him the 1@F

eection.






- Reigion as a Poitica oo 0 *ventua! the ordea came to an end when

hoding the hostages was no onger of an!

utiit! for ?homeini.





oderates and Isamists in Iran


12 % & ' i ( h f i I ( I i R i




- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 uch of Iranian poitics is an unseen cash

between conservative moderates and radica

Isamists.

- 'oth are conservative, but the former are more

pragmatic and the atter more revoutionar!.

- 'oth are strong! usim and support the

Revoution.

- Eowever, the conservatives support a free mar4et,

whie radicas want state contros.


Patterns of Interaction12 % & ' i t ( th f ti t I ( I i R ti




- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 Regime change ma! come from the strugge

within and not from outside pressures.

- 1@F< Iran6Contra fiasco






- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 Conservative moderates want to preserve the

Repubic but consider the radicas rec4ess

and dangerous.

- Conservatives are t!pified b! Presidents

Rafsanjani, ?hatami, and Rouhani, a cerics.

0 Conservatives prefer to e3ercise their

infuence 5uiet!, but after the rigged 2@eection, pubic! denounced &nmadinejad.






- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 &hmadinejad reied more and more on the

Revoutionar! 7uard and ess on the cerg!.

0 he aienation of conservatives from thecurrent regime speed serious troube for him.






- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 iitant Isamists i4e &hmadinejad want a

tru! Isamic Repubic. &n!thing ese means

giving to Iran(s enemies.

- Liberai$ing reforms and dissent are boc4ed.


Patterns of Interaction12 % &pp! 'rinton(s theor! of revoution to Iran(s Isamic Revoution




- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 Radica Isamists tried to contro the

Revoutionar! 7uards, who are now separate

from the reguar armed forces.

- he! have their own arm!, nav!, and air force, run

industries, dominate defense and inteigence, and

supervise Iran(s nucear program.

- :ormer 7uard members occup! one6third of the

ajis.






- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 &nother radica support is the 'asij, an

Isamist miitia under the 7uards with

branches in most mos5ues.

12.% &pp! 'rinton s theor! of revoution to Iran s Isamic Revoution.





- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 Recent Iranian opinion has trended against

the radicas.

- Reformists and conservatives beat &hmadinejad

supporters for seats on municipa councis and the

ajis in 2F.

- Conservatives won contro of the &ssemb! of

*3perts, which seects the ne3t upreme Leader.






- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 Recent Iranian opinion has trended against

the radicas.

- Popuist &hmadinejad i4e! woud have i4e! ost a

fair eection in 2@.

- oderate Rohani won in 21" with the &!atoah(s

support.






- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 Other Iranians oo4 to get rid of the whoe

Isamic Revoution, but stand no chance of

having success.

0 & few monarchists wish to restore the son of

the ast Pahavi, but are uni4e! to succeed.






- oderates and Isamists in Iran 0 Other ar3ist6t!pe revoutionaries, the

ujahedin6e ?ha5, are a minorit! group who

tr! to overthrow the Isamists.

- ome of this group fought with the Revoutionaries

in 1@=@, on! to be e3ecuted b! ?homeini after the

Revoution. *ven +ashington now considers them

a cra$! cut.






- he Revoution 'urns Out 0 Iran iustrates Crane 'rinton(s 1@"F theor! of

revoution.

- &ntiregime groups form and the hah eaves.

- oderates ta4e power, but are driven out b!

ruthess Isamists.

- *ventua! there is a hermidor, or caming6down

period.

- ?hatami(s 1@@= eection ma! actua! mar4 the

hermidor.






- he Revoution 'urns Out 0 ;o revoution asts forever.

- In Iran there is an effort to become more stabe

and norma.

- his is opposed b! Isamic radicas, but time is

probab! on the side of the normai$ers.

0 an! muahs have become rich, powerfu,

and corrupt.






- he Revoution 'urns Out 0 an! Iranians want the muahs to return to

the mos5ues and get out of government and

the econom!.

- an! muahs aso wish this.

0 ounger Iranians do not remember the hah

and have no connection to the Revoution.

- oung Iranians want jobs and freedom, and canvote at 1F.






- he Revoution 'urns Out 0 +hen can we can the Iranian Revoution is

fina! over/

- Reestabishment of dipomatic reations with the

A.. woud be an indicator, but ?hatami was

boc4ed from doing this.

- Internationa inspection of Iran(s nucear sites

woud be another indicator. Rouhani started a

diaog with +ashington in 21".


+hat Iranians Buarre &bout12 ) *vauate the possibiities of Iran turning into a democrac!




- he Poitica *conom! of Iran 0 Iran has changed rapid! under both the hah

and the Isamic Revoution.

- Infant mortait!, ife e3pectanc!, and iterac! have

improved dramatica!.

- Rura areas are much better off.

12.) *vauate the possibiities of Iran turning into a democrac!.

+hat Iranians Buarre &bout12 ) *vauate the possibiities of Iran turning into a democrac!




- he Poitica *conom! of Iran 0 Eowever, the Iranian econom! was hurt b!

revoution, war, sanctions, and

mismanagement.

0 &though oi revenues have increased, on!

recent! has per capita 7#P recovered to pre6

1@=@ eves.


+hat Iranians Buarre &bout12.) *vauate the possibiities of Iran turning into a democrac!.




- +hich +a! for Iran(s *conom! 0 Iran depends tota! on oi. Lower oi prices

mean troube.

- here is growth, but infation, unempo!ment, and

povert! are major probems.

- +ages are ow, with man! peope hoding 20"

jobs, and man! business deaings happen off the

boo4s.






- +hich +a! for Iran(s *conom! 0 Iran depends tota! on oi. Lower oi prices

mean troube.

- he oi industr! ac4s up6to6date technoog!. +ith

A.. and *A sanctions, oi production has dropped.

0 Iran has given its peope a high wefare

ceiing, but it is accompanied b! budget

deficits and infation.- In 211, &hmadinejad had to drastica! cut

subsidies, as did Rouhani in 21%.






- +hich +a! for Iran(s *conom! 0 he econom! is sti statist, with < percent

being under state contro.

- On! about 2 percent of the econom! is in private

hands.

0 Iran(s is not a free6mar4et econom! shoud it

become one/






- +hich +a! for Iran(s *conom! 0 he ajis debates economic poic!, which is

a thin! veied wa! to argue the future of

Isamic rue.

- Isamism and sociaism share a certain connection,

and Isam draws from sociaist practices.

- an! moderates argue against sociaism andKor

statism, because the! 4eep Iran poor and

bac4ward.

p g !





- +hich +a! for Iran(s *conom! 0 oderates aso ma4e the foowing

arguments.

- hat there is no ?oranic basis for a state6controed

econom!.

- hat the! want free6mar4et reforms, which woud

not interfere with the socia justice that Isam

re5uires.

- hat if the econom! 4eeps decining, so wi the

arm! and Iran(s abiit! to defend itsef.

p g !





- +hich +a! for Iran(s *conom! 0 oderates aso ma4e the foowing

arguments.

- hat if unempo!ment sta!s high, the repubic

coud end.

- hat the hah tried state ownership of industr!,

especia! petroeum, and this is not the wa! to go.

0 Rejection of the Isamic Revoution is not one of their

points.

p g !





- & Meied #ebate on Isam 0 Iran wi awa!s be a usim countr!, but what

4ind of Isam wi it haveDmoderate or

miitant/

p g !





- & Meied #ebate on Isam 0 Recent eections suggest most Iranians prefer

the moderate path.

- 'ecause the Counci of 7uardians bars ibera

candidates, pubic debate on the reigion 5uestion

is muted.

- Eowever, such discussion does happen, often in

the form of debates about permissibe usim

dress. 0 *ven for men, bue jeans have been frowned upon as

too &merican.

p g !





- & Meied #ebate on Isam 0 'efore the Isamic Revoution, urban Iranian

women dressed as fashionab! as *uropean

women.

0 &fter the Revoution, sudden! the! had to

wear the vei and the head6to6toe chador.

p g !





- & Meied #ebate on Isam 0 In subte wa!s, urban Iranian women are

pushing these imits.

- he! do ris4 Isamic moras poice stopping them

on the street and sending them home or to jai.

- oung peope suspected of having a good time

ma! be beaten b! 'asij.

0 hese restrictions aienate !oung urban andeducated Iranians.





- Iran as a Regiona Power 0 Iran made no secret about wanting to become

the Persian 7uf(s dominant power, but this is

increasing! uni4e!.

0 uch of what Iran does internationa! is to

advance its power and ac5uire prestige.

0 ehran sees itsef as the eader of the Isamic

word, and tries to spread its revoutionar!infuence.





- Iran as a Regiona Power 0 Eowever, unni usims resent and fear

Iran(s growing power. he! despise hias.

0han4s to the 2" A.. invasion of Ira5, Iranis the most infuentia power in Ira5, where

hias, ong a suppressed < percent of the

popuation, now rue.





- Iran as a Regiona Power 0 he unni &rabs of centra Ira5 traditiona!

monopoi$ed power.

0he hia connection between Iran and Ira5dates bac4 to the Revoution.

- oda!, Iran continues to wor4 through its hia

brethren in Ira5, as we as in severa other

countries.





- Iran as a Regiona Power 0 Iran aso procaims its eading roe in

destro!ing Israe.

- he hah had good reations with Israe, but this

changed after the Revoution.

- oda!, Iran heps funds Ee$boah against Israe.





- Iran as a Regiona Power 0 Iran has isoated itsef and has angered the

A.. and unni6rued ands of the Persian

7uf.

0 Iran(s stonewaing on its nucear program

aienated important *uropean countries.

- Iran sa!s it needs nucear power, but most do not

trust its ambitions.- In 2<, the Internationa &tomic *nerg! &genc!

GI&*&H referred the matter to the Anited ;ations.





- Iran as a Regiona Power 0 Iran(s isoation harms its economic growth

and re5uires it to maintain armed forces it

cannot afford.





- Iran as a Regiona Power 0 an! Iranians disi4e being isoated. he!

want to avoid confict and improve reations

with the the +est, even with &merica.

0 Radicas want to 4eep up miitant foreign

poicies, no matter the cost.





- Iran as a Regiona Power 0 Iran has been both the victim and practitioner

of terrorism.

- &ssassinations of Iranian eaders and regime

opponents.

0 '! e3panding its power and infuence, Iran

created enemies.





- #o Revoutions *nd 'ad!/ 0 *dmund 'ur4e was right. Revoution brings in

its wa4e t!rann! far worse than that of the

regime it topped.

0 Iran is a good e3ampe. he hah was a

dictator, but the muahs are worse.





- #o Revoutions *nd 'ad!/ 0 +h! do revoutions end bad!/

- 'ur4e argued that the destruction of institutionas

and poitica restraints eaves a vacuum easi! fied

b! dictators.

- Crane 'rinton said that revoutions fa into the

hands of the most ruthess eement unti repaced

b! a hermidor.

- Eannah &rendt wrote that revoution goes astra!when revoutionar! eaders tr! to address socia

issues.





- #o Revoutions *nd 'ad!/ 0 an! in Iran 4now the Revoution has gone

wrong.

0 here was economic growth and

moderni$ation under the hah.

- oda! there is economic stagnation and

unempo!ment.

- he muahs and others do we whie others ive inpovert!.





- #o Revoutions *nd 'ad!/ 0 Iran is caught in a staemate between

moderate and radica forces.

0 Eowever, the onger the regime stonewas,

the greater the danger of vioence.

- he status 5uo is unsustainabe.

0 ost i4e!, time and economic difficuties wi

cam the Iranian revoution.



7eograph! 'ound Israe

Documents

Roskin CC13 Ch12 Lecture