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Ronald E. McNair Post-Baccalaureate Achievement Program
Scholar: Erika K. Durán
Mentor: Dr. Patricia MacGregor-Mendoza
The transitioning back and forth
between two languages for
convenience, emphasis, humor, etc.
Code-Switching is not a linguistic phenomenon,
but rather a psychological one (Haugen 1954: 368).
Haugen also refers to ‘the code-switching which occurs when a bilingual introduces a completely unassimilated word from another language into his
speech(1956: 40).’
Started in the early 1950’s.
It was not Haugen who used the term first,
rather Hans Vogt in an article in 1954.
*According to Peter Auer’s book Code-Switching in Conversation
In 1952 Roman Jakobson established theterm’s success by drawing parallels betweenlanguage switching, co-existent phonological
systems in borrowing, and informationtheory.*
*According to Peter Auer’s book Code-Switching in Conversation
People of lower status learn some words of
those in power; their children expand these
words into a language.
A functional separation of language; onelanguage is used in certain places (e.g.
church) and another is used in other places
(e.g. government offices).
A terms from another language and changing the pronunciation.
(e.g. Cornfles, Peksi, Taco, Tortilla)
Translating phrases in one language whose components are translated into another
language. (e.g. “blue blood” sangre
azul.)
English Spanish “Spanglish”
Hybrid Anglicization Population Población Populación
Literal Translation Doctor’s office
Consultorios Oficina del doctor
Literal (Wrong meaning)
Embarrassed Vergüenza Embarazada
Same Semantics Emergency Urgencia Emergencia
Borrowing Pin Alfiler Pin
Phonological Similarities
Library Biblioteca Librería
*Spanglish: An Anglicized Spanish Dialect By: Alfredo Ardila Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2005;
I conducted a quantitative study on how people of
different ages and genders weave together
Spanish and English.
The research consisted of5 females and 5 males from
each of two age groups;(20 – 30 years old & 70 and
above).
The reasoning behind why these age groups were chosen was to compare college age students
vs.their grandparent’s age.
Seeing if the generation gap effects their way of speaking.
Each informant was asked to sign a consent form allowing me to digitally record them.
They were also informed that they will remain anonymous and no one but myself will
listen to the recordings.
Each informant provided a brief history on their
English/Spanish language acquisition, proficiency,
and use.
Informant Number
Place of Birth Education
1st Language Spoke
1st Language
Read
1st Language
Write
1 US SomeCollege Both English English2 MX SomeCollege Both English Both3 US SomeCollege Spanish English English4 US College Spanish English English5 US College Spanish English English6 US SomeCollege Both English English7 US HS Spanish Spanish English8 US SomeHS Spanish Spanish English9 US SomeCollege English English English10 US College English English English11 MX SomeCollege English English English12 MX SomeCollege Spanish Both Both
The informants were asked to orally narrate
Frog Where are you?, by Mercer Meyer, a book without words. They were asked to recited the story switching between
Spanish and English.
Informant Number Age Sex
Total Words
Total Words in English
Total Words in Spanish
Total Switches to English
Total Switches
to Spanish
Total Borrowed
Total Calques
Total Smooth
Switches
Total Rough
Switches
1 22 F 467 299 168 10 11 1 0 9 42 22 F 182 87 95 13 12 1 0 18 03 22 F 721 434 287 8 9 0 0 5 114 24 F 412 254 158 5 5 2 0 9 15 23 F 324 56 268 10 9 1 0 12 76 78 M 732 342 390 35 36 0 4 26 87 76 F 395 221 174 18 19 0 2 17 88 73 M 627 1 626 1 1 0 2 1 09 20 M 285 154 131 29 29 0 0 16 1910 29 M 645 591 54 23 24 0 0 19 5
*Frog Where are You? Results
They were also asked to retell the story of La Llorona or
another fairy tale that they remembered, also switching
between Spanish and English.
Informant Number Age Sex
Total Words
Total Words in English
Total Words in Spanish
Total Switches to English
Total Switches
to Spanish
Total Borrowed
Total Calques
Total Smooth
Switches
Total Rough
Switches
1 22 F 258 187 71 14 14 2 1 19 92 22 F 215 140 70 6 7 1 1 12 13 22 F 132 73 59 2 2 1 0 3 14 24 F 227 112 115 4 4 0 0 6 25 23 F 198 167 31 3 3 1 0 5 16 78 M 191 188 3 2 2 2 0 3 17 76 F 167 78 89 1 1 0 1 2 08 73 M 44 3 41 1 1 0 0 2 09 20 M 115 75 39 9 10 3 0 11 810 29 M 297 236 61 9 10 6 1 15 4
*La Llorona Results
o Seek patterns of their linguistic behaviors, exploring different informants’ use of code-switching, borrowing, and calques.
o Examine the patterns to see if there are any similarities or differences between how, where, and what elements of their speech are used in Spanish or English and if these speech patterns are the same or different between genders and across age groups.
"Our language is the reflection of ourselves. A language is an exact reflection of the character and growth of its speakers.“
~Cesar Chávez
