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THE
REVIVALOF
ANCIENT ROME
IN
MODERNMASONIC
AMERICANOT FOR SALE
FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLYResearch From The Library Of Dr Robi! Lo"#ey$ DD
Co%yri&h' ())*
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INTRODUCTION
I believe that I have some beneficial research on the Revival of Ancient Rome in ModernAmerica, especially since Italy has surrounded me throughout my own history. Romanarchitecture has filled Europe & America. America has seen a revival of Roman
Symbolism and Architecture throughout every city, in addition to the Masonic EgyptianMysteries.
e also see a history of the Italian mafias having influence in several areas!
". #. $A% 'E(()*S son +illed by the mob.. -ran+ Sinatra and the Italian mob. Al /apone, -ran+ Rio, Eddie Rio, #ac+ Ruby & A'0A, 'randpa 0olumes III & 12. #-3 & Mobster Mistress4. Italian stones brought to 'etty Museum /enter
My mother hung out with either # $aul 'etty Senior*s daughter or # $aul 'etty #r.*sdaughter. Miss 'etty hung out with my mother and her sister as they went all the way upto 5ig Sur in a little white 0 bug. Miss 'etty complained all the way up and all theway down, because it was cold & crowded in that little car. My mother also hung outwith 6scar ilde*s nephew who too+ him to Aunt ilde*s house where they all tastedstrong li7uor together and smo+ed mari8uana. It 8ust so happened that a 'etty son wasalso in that small party gathering.
My mother wasn*t some ho, o+ay9 It*s 8ust that she partied in :ollywood and got to meeta lot of celebrities and you are bound to cross paths with the rich and the famous when
you party in some :ollywood circles. My mother happened to somehow get into some of the inner circles. She introduced her sister to a friend of a Roadie for $hil Specter, afamous composer who was charged with murdering a woman recently.
In 0olume III, I discuss my mother*s :ollywood adventures.
My mom got her first +iss in #unior :igh from the original 5eastmaster, Marc Singer.She dated #im Morrison, singer of the ;oors. She hung out bac+ stage with a roc+ bandcalled (:E EA'ES< she hitched a ride with (oni Randall who made a pass at her,which she refused because he was an older man while she was 8ust a teen< she got anoffer to go wor+ for $layboy as she was super model gorgeous as a teen< she hung outwith #. $aul 'etty #r.*s daughter< she hung out with 6scar ilde*s nephew< needless tosay, she loved to have a wild and adventurous time during her teens.
:er dad, my grandfather, actually fi=ed Al /apone*s car when Al /apone visited osAngeles one year. My grandfather on my dad*s side, bootlegged li7uor for Al /apone*s brother in his garage< he gave and received money from Al /apone*s brother< my dad*ssister married Eddie Rio who may have been related to -ran+ie Rio, Al /apone*s personal bodyguard.
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>eedless to say, both of my parents were somehow indirectly affiliated with a lot ofhistorical celebrities.
It is my supposition that the Anti?/hrist was sitting bac+ and laughing at scholars
throughout the @th
/entury as he was building his global empire on earth. Scholarswould push the anti?/hrist into the future with some vague theory that a Revived RomanEmpire solved the beast and the false prophet. 5ut nobody offered an education as to theeconomics surrounding Rome, Italy< nobody offered a M6>E) (RAI from the Italianmob to the 0atican or from the 0atican to global politicians< nobody offered Italy*sinfluence throughout the whole world on an economic scale< nobody really studied theItalian mob connections with global corporations and politicians< nobody really answered:) the Roman Empire would be revived and no one offered the possibility that perhaps the Roman Empire had been revived already, here in America9
(his volume will go over some Italian history & influence here in America. In
addition to my own family history series, 0olumes III, I0, 0, 0I, & 1, 1I, 1II, this willshow some evidence as to how A R6A;S EA; (6 R6ME, simply from ta+ingsome of the celebrities surrounding my family history and connecting them.%ndoubtedly, globaliation of world economies has pimped out all nations for prostitution with each other, thus, a lot of wealthy men sleeping in the same bed togetherfor the 6>E 6R; orgy.
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Roman Power / Roman Architecture
Many European cities still bear reminders of the power of ancientRome, and throughout the western world the influence of Romanpower is still manifest. Architecture was crucial to the success ofRome. Both formal architecture like temples and basilicas and in itsutilitarian buildings like bridges and aqueducts played important rolesin unifying the empire. The construction of a roads with bridges helped
communication across the far flung empire. Aqueducts likethe socalled !ont du "ard enabled the Romans to pro#ideadequate water supply to its cities. $ity walls like the onein Autun in central %rance protected the Roman cities.
$ities pro#ided a network of administrati#e centers and acted as #isiblesymbols of power throughout the Empire. Many European cities andtowns, most notably &ondon and !aris, were founded by the Romans.
The buildings in these cities directly and indirectlyser#ed Roman power. A building type known as thebasilica ser#ed administrati#e functions. The basilicaacted like a town hall or court house in American cities.The socalled Basilica 'lpia constructed by the Emperor Tra(an at thebeginning of the second century A) can be used to e*emplify thiscategory of building. A characteristic element of these basilicas was a
pro(ection called an apse which ser#ed as the seat of themagistrate responsible for dispensing the law.Accompanying the magistrate would be an image of theEmperor, the source of the law. A si*th century illustration
of $hrist being (udged shows the seated !ontius !ilate flanked byimages presumably of the emperor. The semicircular line abo#e thescene is best e*plained by seeing this as an echo of the form of theapse. %or a citi+en of the empire the basilica in a Roman city con#eyedthe idea of Roman authority. The associations with authority was animportant rationale for the use of the basilica type as the standardform of the $hristian church from the time of the Emperor$onstantine.
Many European cities still ha#e amphitheaters that ser#edas arenas in which the Roman staged spectacles thatentertained the population. "ladiatorial contests and e#ensea battles were staged that imitated great Roman military#ictories. The most famous and grandest amphitheater was the so
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called $olosseum that was begun by the Emperor espasian in about- A). /t was built on the site of a garden that had been part of thela#ish palace the Emperor 0ero had created in the center of Rome. Thebuilding of the $olosseum was clearly a political statement on the partof espasian. /t con#eyed to the Roman people the o#erthrow of the
hated 0ero and espasian1s interest in appealing to the broad mass ofthe Roman people.
Triumphal Arches like the Arch of Titus 2c. 34 A), Rome2left55 or the Arch of Tra(an 244644- A), Bene#ento2right55 were constructed by Emperors in Rome and itsma(or cities to commemorate great military triumphs.
They thus ga#e clear testament to the great military power of Rome.
The foundation of temples was particularly important toEmperors. Religion and politics were #ery much allied inthe Roman world. The public cults celebrated outsidethese temples were a significant way the population
attested to their membership to the community and to the Empire. Thebuilding of a temple by an emperor was a clear testament of his pietas, or his dedication to the traditional customs of Roman society.The Maison $arr7e from the southern %rench town of 08mes is aparticularly wellpreser#ed e*ample of a Roman Temple. Romantemples, while related to the "reek temple form in general design anduse of the $lassical orders, represent a #ery defined category of
temple form. The distincti#e elements of being raised on a podium,ha#ing a front staircase, and ha#ing the columns along the sides beingattached or engaged 2pseudoperipteral5 allow for the easyidentification of a Roman temple. %or a Roman citi+en from 9yria toEngland, the appearance of this form of temple and the cult practicesassociated with it pro#ided a sense of membership in the empire.
Basilicas and temples regularly appeared in public squares or fora2forum sing.5 in the center of cities. $onsidering the compact nature of Roman cities, the large amounts of space dedicated to fora were atestament to imperial authority. &arge and small cities throughout theempire had fora at their core. The remains of !ompeii re#eal a forum
with temple and basilica. The most famous were thesocalled /mperial %ora in Rome itself. The largest of these was the %orum of Tra(an :for more see Tra(an1sRome;. The use of a*ial planning is a characteristic of
Roman planning. /t created a clear sense of order and focus to abuilding comple*. Along the central a*is of the %orum of Tra(an are a
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series of monuments dedicated to the role of Tra(an as imperator ormilitary leader. <ou entered the forum through a triumphal archdedicated to Tra(an1s campaigns in )acia, while in the center of thelarge courtyard appeared an equestrian statue of Tra(an. The centrala*is is crossed at right angles by the socalled Basilica 'lpia. Beyond
this appeared a small courtyard flanked by two libraries, one for "reekte*ts and the other for &atin te*ts. At the center of the courtyardappeared the famous $olumn of Tra(an decorated by a helicalband of relief sculptures illustrating Tra(an1scampaigns in )acia. Tra(an was originally buried in
the base of this column, and apparently after his death, astatue of him was placed at the top of the column. Thebuilding comple* was completed by a temple dedicated to the )i#ineTra(an by his successor =adrian. The use of hemicycles flanking thecourtyard was clearly done in emulation of the ad(acent %orum ofAugustus. This borrowing clearly connects Tra(an to his re#eredpredecessor at the same time the grander scale of Tra(an1s comple*would not ha#e been missed by the Roman audience.
Analysis of this early second century building comple* demonstrateshow the organi+ation of the space and the disposition of the buildingscreate almost a symbolic map of Roman power. The constituent partsof the comple* relate to the ma(or facets of Roman life. The basilicawith its apses allude to Roman law> the libraries reflect the authority of classical literature and culture> and the temple connects to the role ofreligion in public life. E#en the markets added by Tra(an on the
ad(acent hill are a clear testament to the role of the emperor as apro#ider for the Roman populace. At the #ery center is the imperiala*is with images of Tra(an as military leader.
Influence of Roman Architecture on Western Architecture
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Echoes of the tradition of the Roman Empire are foundin cities throughout the western world. 0ations andleaders to gi#e #isual testament to their authority andpower ha#e emulated the distinct forms of Romanarchitecture. !articularly good e*amples can be
found in !aris. After 0apoleon was crowned emperor in 43?6,he set out to make !aris a new Rome. The Arc de Triomphe,
commissioned by 0apoleon in 43?@ but not completeduntil 43@, is the most famous e*ample of the %renchborrowing of Roman formulas. %or the !lace endme in !aris,0apoleon commissioned a monumental freestanding
column that was directly based on the $olumn of Tra(an from the early second century. The endmecolumn is topped by a bron+e statue of 0apoleondressed in the style of a Roman Emperor, like Tra(an
on his column. 0apoleon, standing in the classicalcontrapposto stance, is shown holding an orb topped by a0ike or ictory figure. The &aurel wreath worn byAugustus signifies that he is a conquering Emperor.0apoleon decided to build a Temple of "lory to his Army. The resultwas what has now become the church of the Madeleine. The architect!ierreAle*andre ignon clearly based his building on the distinct formof the Roman Temple.
The tradition of Roman architecture has had an important influence onAmerican architecture. %or e*ample, many courthouses throughout
America can be seen to be based on Roman architecture. Aparticularly striking e*ample is the '.9. 9upreme $ourtbuilding in Cashingon. )esigned by $ass "ilbert andcompleted in 4D, the core of the building can be seen to
be directly based on the Roman Temple type including thecharacteristics of being raised on a podium and approached by aformal front staircase. &ike Roman temples, the freestanding columnsonly appear on the front of the 9upreme $ourt building. &ike many ofthe other ma(or public buildings in Cashington, the e*terior of the9upreme $ourt is dressed in white marble. The choice of marble was
deliberate to echo the authority of "reek and Roman formalarchitecture. The biography of Augustus describes how when Augustustransformed Rome from a city of brick to a city of marble. The decisionto base courthouse designs in America on Roman temples isunderstandable when it is remembered that our legal system traces itsauthority back to the tradition of Roman law. &atin is still the languageof legal authority.
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Monuments directly deri#ed from Roman forms embellishmany American cities. %or e*ample, in 0ew <ork $ity thereis the Cashington 9quare Arch deri#ed from the tradition ofRoman Triumphal Arches. Baltimore1s Cashington
Monument was clearly based on the form of the $olumn of
Tra(an. $onsider the prominent position in American cities gi#ento equestrian statues of great Re#olutionary or $i#il Cargenerals.
Chen l1Enfant laid out the plans for Cashington, ).$., he clearlybased his plans on Roman planning. The Mall with its a*ialplanning that leads from the $apitol building down through theCashington Monument and &incoln Memorial is clearly based on
the design of Roman fora. Journal Assignment: $ompare and
contrast the plan of the Mall with the forum of Tra(an discussed abo#e.0ote what is included and also what is e*cludedfrom the Mall. The Rockefeller or Empire !la+ain Albany likewise reflects the same tradition of architecture.
The Pantheon of Hadrian and Its Progeny
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The Emperor =adrian who reigned from 44-43 A) was responsiblefor the !antheon, one of the most influential buildings in westernarchitecture. /n what has been called an architectural re#olution, thearchitect1s of =adrian transformed the traditional Roman temple planinto a centrally plan structure employing #aulted architecture andconcrete as well as more traditional building materials. /t beste*emplifies the importance of space in Roman architecture. =adrian,who was strongly influenced by "reek culture, dedicated the temple toFAll "odsF using a "reek 2!anGAll> TheonH "ods5 rather than &atinname. Cith its hemispherical dome and orderly di#ision of the interiorwalls into different le#els, the !antheon becomes an architecturalembodiment of the "reek idea of cosmos. The dome with its central
oculus and original bron+e rosettes in the coffers was understood asthe #ault of hea#en. The uni#ersal aspects of this design anddedication appealed to =adrian1s conception of the Empire asembracing all the lands under the hea#ens.
Cilliam &. Mac)onald in his book on the !antheon has writtenH
=adrian1s !antheon is one of the grand architecturalcreations of all timeH original, utterly bold, manylayeredin associations and meaning, the container of a kind ofimmanent uni#ersality. /t speaks of an e#en wider worldthan that of imperial Rome, and has left its stamp uponarchitecture more than any other building. /ts message,compounded of mystery and fact, of stasis andmutability, of earth and that abo#e, pulses through thearchitecture of western man :sic;> its progeny, in bothshape and idea, are all about. The force of its planetarysymbolism still works irrestibly upon the #isitor who,
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passing through the bron+e doors into the enclosingrotunda, e*periences the awesome reach of its canopied#oid :p.44;....:A; domed rotunda is a place where one can partake,symbolically, of the immutable laws and hopedfor
tranquility of the uni#erse. There the lower order isunited with the higher, the unity of which =adriandreamed. A !antheon is neither sacred nor secular, but aplace of man and nature, of man and the forces theancients called the gods :p. 4;.
The following gallery of images is intended to demonstrate the directand indirect influence of the !antheon on western architecture.$onsider how the form and meaning of the !antheon are integrated inthese later buildings.
Andrea !alladio, illa Rotunda, near icen+a, /taly, c.4@@4-?.
9t. !eter1s, atican $ity, RomeH Iriginal !lanH Bramante>!lan redesigned by Michelangelo, 46@4@6> )omecompleted by "iacomo della !orta, completed 4D?>
%acadeH $arlo Maderno, 4@?@4@4.
9ir $hristopher Cren, 9t. !aul1s $athedral, &ondon,4@-4-4?.
Richard Boyle 2earl of Burlington5 and Cilliam Jent,$hiswick =ouse, near &ondon, begun 4-.
The !anth7on in !aris designed by Kacques"ermain9oufflot, 4-4-D. Chen the building was finished, in
the midst of the %rench Re#olution, the $onstituentAssembly of the Re#olution decided by decree to
transform the church into a temple to accommodate theremains of the great men of %rance.
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)rawing of Cashington, 43 with the $apitol asdesigned by Ben(amin &atrobe 243?43?-5 and
&1Enfant1s plan 2created 4-D45. Temple of &ibertyBuildingthe $apitol for a 0ew 0ation
Ale*ander Kackson )a#is F/nterior of the =all of
Representati#es,F c. 43436
&ithograph of the campus of the 'ni#ersity of irginiadesigned by Thomas Kefferson.
Rotunda of the 'ni#ersity of irginia designed by ThomasKefferson, 434-@. The building was originally designed
as the uni#ersity library.
0ational "allery of Art in Cashington. $onstructed in the4D?s.
%lorida 9upreme $ourt Building, Tallahassee.
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FLORIDA SUPREME COURT +UILDIN,
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)rawing of Cashington, 43 with the $apitol as designed byBen(amin &atrobe 243?43?-5 and &1Enfant1s plan 2created 4-D45.
Temple of &ibertyBuilding the $apitol for a 0ew 0ation
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Tem%#e of Liber'y
+0i#/i!& 'he Ca%i'o# for a Ne6 Na'io!
'eorge ashington and (homas #efferson were determined that the %nited States /apitol be a meaningful e=pression of AmericaKs new political and social order. (he /onstitution,ratified in "FGG, had given the country its governing structure< the /apitol, begun threeyears later, was still incomplete when /ongress first met there in >ovember "G@@./onstruction of the original building too+ thirty?four years and was directed by si= presidents and si= architects. 6pinions among statesmen and designers differed as to howto achieve a symbolically potent yet functionally efficient building within a >eoclassicalframewor+. /onceiving of themselves as inheritors, guardians, and conveyors of esternciviliation, they slowly built a /apitol that drew upon both American and Europeanemblematic and architectural traditions.
(he /apitol was found to be too small soon after it was completed in "GH. Several proposals during the "G@s and "G2@s to e=tend it either to the east or with newlegislative wings attached to the north and south led to a second competition in "G4@?4".(he /apitol E=tension dwarfed the original structure, dramatically changing its physicalappearance, as 0ictorian e=uberance replaced >eoclassical sedateness.
;uring both building campaigns symbolic, aesthetic, and pragmatic issues were of paramount concern, because all the participants recongnied they were creating AmericaKsmost important public building. In addition to legislative chambers, committee rooms,and offices for the Senate and :ouse of Representatives, the /apitol accommodated the
ibrary of /ongress until "GF and the Supreme /ourt until "4.
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A More Perfec' U!io!- Symbo#i7i!& 'he Na'io!a# U!io!
of S'a'es
Symbols for a >ew >ation Symbols are history encoded in visual shorthand. Eighteen?century Euro?Americans invented or adopted emblems ?? images accompanied by a motto?? and personifications ?? allegorical figures ?? to e=press their political needs. (hey usedthem as propaganda tools to draw together the countryKs diverse peoples Dwho spo+emany languages in order to promote national political union, the best hope of securingliberty and e7ual 8ustice for all. 5en8amin -ran+lin was responsible for suggesting thecountryKs first emblem ?? a native rattlesna+e ?? and its first personification ?? :ercules.5oth were readily understood by his contemporaries! the sna+e device conveyed the needfor political solidarity among the colonies, while the strength of the infant :ercules wasli+ened to that of the mighty young nation. Subse7uent devices continued to symbolie
national union, while personifications were generally composite figures that fused ideasof iberty, America, isdom, or /ivil 'overnment. (he /apitolKs early planners drewupon this small but e=pressive group of accepted American symbols to convey to the public its actual and metaphorical roles. Symbols of %nion 5en8amin -ran+lin consulted5aro7ue emblem boo+s to find an appropriate symbol for the union of the colonies. A-rench source provided the image of a cut sna+e with the motto that translated as C#oin,or ;ie.C An Italian iconography boo+ stated that sna+es symbolied democracy,government by the people. $robably owing to the sna+eKs negative connotations, -ran+linand others sought alternative symbols of union.(hese included a circular chain of thirteenlin+s and a iberty /olumn supported by hands and arms that represented the states.After the Revolution, national political union was embodied in the 'reat Seal of the
%nited States. Several groups of thirteen elements ?? leaves on the olive branch, arrowsclutched by the eagle, stars above its head, and a shield of stripes on its breast ?? referredto war, peace, and the American flag, itself the RevolutionKs principal symbol of union.
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$aul Revere Adopts Sna+e ;evice $aul Revere C%nite or ;ieC Massachusetts SpyD5oston, #uly F, "FF2 >ewspaper Serial and 'overnment $ublications ;ivision ibraryof /ongress D
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Symbol of the /ontinental /ongress Liberty /olumn Supported by (welve Arms#ournal of the $roceedings of the L/ontinental /ongress :eld at $hiladelphia, September 4, "FF2. $hiladelphia! illiam and (homas 5radford, "FF2, title page Rare 5oo+ andSpecial /ollections ;ivision ibrary of /ongress D
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Eagle ;ecorating Ancient Roman (emple Robert ood CSoffit of the door of the cell ofthe (emple Lof the Sun,C in (he Ruins of $almyra, 6therwise (edmor in the ;esart Lsic.ondon! "F4, (able 10III, : /opyprint Rare 5oo+ and Special /ollections ;ivisionibrary of /ongress D2."
Eagles Sacred to >ative Americans #ohn -aber C(omo /hachi MicoC Samuel %rlsperger,Ausfurliche nachricht von den saltburgischen emigranten. :alle! aysenhauses, "F22,frontispiece Engraving in boo+ Rare 5oo+ and Special /ollections ;ivision ibrary of/ongress D4
Eagles Identified with >ative Americans on Indian $eace Medal Robert Scott Indian$eace Medal, c. "G@@ 5rone >ational >umismatic /ollection, >ational Museum ofAmerican :istory, Smithsonian Institution DH
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-irst ;esign for 'reat Seal After Eugene du Simitiere L;esign for the 'reat Seal of the%nited States, "FFH $encil on paper (homas #efferson $apers, Manuscript ;ivisionibrary of /ongress D""
Minerva as America CAmerica (riumphant and 5ritannica in ;istress,C 5oston! "FGEngraving $rints and $hotographs ;ivision ibrary of /ongress D"
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Modern $hiladelphians Reenact #uly 2, "FGG -ederal $rocession Alvin :olm,Reconstruction of /harles ilson $ealeKs 'rand -ederal Edifice, "GG /opyprint -rom
the collection of (he /arpentersK /ompany of the /ity and /ounty of $hiladelphia D
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Membership /ertificate of 5rotherhood of Revolutionary ar 6fficers $ierre /harlesKEnfant LSociety of /incinnati /ertificate of #ohn )eamons, #anuary "FG2 Engraving on
parchment Manuscript ;ivision ibrary of /ongress D"2
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Adult :ercules Suggested as Symbol of America -rancois, Mar7uis de 5arbi?Marbois,designer CAllegory of the American %nion,C "FG2 ater color on paper American$hilosophical Society, $hiladelphia D"H
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Minerva, or /ivic 0irtue, Associated with -ran+lin and ashington .;. /ooperCAmerica (rampling on 6ppressionC (he :istory of >orth America, E. >ewberry!ondon, "FG, frontispiece Rare 5oo+ and Special /ollections ;ivision ibrary of/ongress D"G
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6fficial Statue of Minerva as American iberty 'iuseppe /eracchi CMinerva as the$atroness of American iberty,C "F" /opyprint of patinated terra cotta bust ibrary
/ompany of $hiladelphia D"
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MI>ER0A AS AMERI/A
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Minerva as America CAmerica (riumphant and 5ritannica in ;istress,C 5oston! "FGEngraving $rints and $hotographs ;ivision ibrary of /ongress D"
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/onstitution Allegoried as Architectural Structure C-ederal $illarC Massachusetts/entinel, D5oston August , "FG >ewspaper Serial and 'overnment $ublications;ivision ibrary of /ongress D@
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/lassical (emple ;edicated to iberty, #ustice, and $lenty #ames (renchard C(emple ofibertyC (he /olumbian Magaine, D$hiladelphia "FGG, opp. p. 2F Engraving in boo+Rare 5oo+ and Special /ollections ;ivision ibrary of /ongress D2
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Meeting $lace of -irst -ederal /ongress Amos ;oolittle C0iew of the -ederal Edifice in >ew )or+C (he /olumbian Magaine D$hiladelphia, August "FG Engraving in boo+Rare 5oo+ and Special /ollections ;ivision ibrary of /ongress D4
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VATICAN CITY OF ROME
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As I See It , #. $aul 'etty Autobiography
8oh! Pa0# ,e''y III Dborn "4H was the first of four children of $aul 'etty and 'ail:arris. :e was the grandson of oil billionaire #ohn $aul 'etty.http!BBen.wi+ipedia.orgBwi+iB#ohnJ$aulJ'ettyJIII
:e is the father of actor 5althaar 'etty.
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9i/!a%%i!&
At age "H, on "@ #uly "F, in Rome, he was +idnapped and a ransom of N"F million wasdemanded over the phone for his safe return. Initially his grandfather refused to pay theransom< in >ovember of "F, an envelope containing a loc+ of hair and a human ear
was delivered to a daily newspaper. (he note attached said, O(his is $aul*s ear. If wedon*t get some money within "@ days, then the other ear will arrive. In other words, hewill arrive in little bits.P
Still reluctant to part with the ransom, 'etty senior negotiated a deal and got his grandson bac+ for about N million. #ohn $aul 'etty III was found alive in southern Italy shortlyafter the ransom was paid. hile some of his +idnappers were never caught, others wereand died in prison Duciano iggio o eggio "4?".
L0cia!o Le&&io
:e was raised in e=treme poverty and turned to crime in his teens. :is first convictionwas when he was aged "G for stealing corn. As soon as eggio completed a shortsentence for this crime he murdered the man who had reported him to the police for thetheft. After that, eggio was recruited by the /orleonesi boss, Michele >avarra, to wor+as an enforcer and hitman. eggio eventually too+ control of a farm by simply +illing the previous owner.
:e was regarded as highly volatile and violent, and was rumoured to have once murdereda rival mafioso and his girlfriend and then raped and strangled the womanKs "4?year?olddaughter.
eggio too+ control of the /orleonesi in "4G after having Michele >avarra murdered,and over the ne=t five?years he led a group of younger mafiosi Dincluding Salvatore Riinaand 5ernardo $rovenano against >avarraKs faction. (he Mob ar resulted in "2@murders and by the end of it, eggio and his faction emerged victorious, although theincrease in violence Dcoupled with a separate Mob ar in $alermo around that time hadinspired a crac+down against the Mafia, meaning eggio and his associates had to go intohiding.
eggio spent the "H@s and early "F@s increasing the strength of the /orleonesi,murdering anyone who got in its way. In particular, eggio wanted control of the refiningand traffic+ing of heroin that soon provided a huge source of income to the SicilianMafia.
:e was captured in "H2 after many years on the run and in "H he was tried with manyother mobsters on charges relating to the Mafia war earlier that decade. (han+s to witness
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intimidation eggio and many of his co?defendants were ac7uitted. A persistent prosecutor named /esare (erranova had eggio recaptured two?years later and tried onnine counts of murder, but again it resulted in ac7uittal.
In "F2, /esare (erranova had eggio hauled bac+ into court to be tried for his role in the
murder of Michele >avarra "H?years previously. (his time a guilty verdict was reachedand eggio was sentenced to life imprisonment.
In the Ma=i (rial of "GHB"GF, eggio faced charges of helping to run the /orleonesifrom behind bars, including the accusation that he ordered the murder of prosecutor/esare (erranova, who was shot dead in "F, but he was ac7uitted of all charges due tolac+ of evidence.
:e spent his time in prison painting. Some described him as very vain and he usuallyappeared in court wearing sunglasses, e=pensive tailored suits and grandly puffing on acigar .
6n #anuary "H, ", uciano eggio died in prison from a heart attac+ . /uriously thiswas 8ust one day after his successor, Salvatore Riina, had been finally arrested.
L0cia!o Le&&io
80!e 1:$ ()):
50 years ago oil tycoon John Paul Getty the world's richest man - the Bill Gatesof his day. But he had a stingy streak which became as well known as his wealth.He wore shabby suits. He een installed a !ay !hone to be used by the guests inhis home - how tight is that"# But the worst e$am!le of his stinginess inoled hisgrandson. John Paul Getty %%%& Getty's (yr-old grandson& was kidna!!ed in )*+by an %talian gang which demanded ,* million in ransom. But Getty wouldn't!ay. nly when !art of the boy's right ear was cut off and sent to a news!a!er inome did Getty !ay u!. But een then he wouldn't gie them the entire amount/
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he agreed only to a fraction& ,.* million - saying that was all he could raise.1ortunately the boy was eentually found alie near 2a!les& but he had enduredabuse and ca!tiity for fie long months# 3hen Getty died three years later& hischildren that he had long ago alienated& and his e$-wies 4he'd married anddiorced 5 times fought in court oer his fortune which was alued at ,6 billion.
7ost of the money ultimately went to& guess where" 8he Getty 7useum in 9os :ngeles# 'But don't % hae the right to kee! what % earn"' ;ure& but we're nottalking about your rights& we're talking about your res!onsibilities before God.God told :braham& '...% will bless you...and you will be a blessing' 4Genesis <2%=. God blesses you so that you can bless others. 3hen you hae more thenyou need& look around and bless someone# htt!<>>www.ucb.co.uk>inde$.cfm"itemid?)@testdate?5A0JunA0005
Although he was born the son of an American oil billionaire, 9ir !aul"etty, who died yesterday aged -?, will be remembered as a #eryEnglish philanthropist.
=e fled to &ondon in the early 9e#enties after the death of his secondwife from a heroin o#erdose and began a lifelong lo#e affair with allthings British.
The roll of charities and organisations he chose to fund stands as amonument to his lo#e of this country, its history, its culture and its wayof life. =e e#en had a soft spot for tele#ision soap operas.
9ir !aul donated huge parts of his fortune to some of Britain1s bestlo#ed institutions, including the 0ational "allery, 9t !aul1s $athedral
and the British %ilm /nstitute, and offered L4 million to keep $ano#a1sThree "races in the country.
=e became obsessed with cricket, so much so that he built a pitch athis Buckinghamshire estate which drew some of the world1s greatplayers.
=e once described a game played there as contributing to Fthehappiest day of my lifeF. A permanent reminder of his lo#e of the gamecan be seen at &ord1s. =e ga#e L million for the new Mound 9tand.
9ir !aul emphasised his de#otion to rural England by (oining the first$ountryside March and his sympathy with the urban working man bydonating funds to the families of striking miners. =e also donated Lmillion to the $onser#ati#e !arty.
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9ome of his best friends were English celebrities, such as Mick Kagger.=e also counted Keremy /rons, Cilliam =ague and $amilla !arkerBowles among his inner circle.
F=e was more English than any Englishman / e#er met,F Michael
!arkinson said last night.F=e lo#ed all things English, particularlycricket.
F/ remember last year / was sitting at the I#al with "etty and JeithMiller :the great Australian allrounder;, both in wheelchairs. "ettywas saying, 1&ook at the two of us, clinging to the wreckage. Two oldbuggers in wheelchairs, watching the cricket.1 Miller (ust laughed."etty had a lo#ely sense of humour.F
"etty himself said he had e*perienced enduring happiness in Britainand felt it an obligation to gi#e away his fortune here. F/ think thatsince / ha#e li#ed here and been happy here for such a long time, it ismy duty here. / certainly do not intend to li#e in America again.F
"etty handed back his American passport and took British citi+enshipsi* years ago. =e had been awarded a knighthood in 4D3@ for ser#icesto charity but, as an American citi+en then, was not entitled to becalled 9ir.
=e was finally knighted by the ueen a few months after gainingciti+enship.
After the ceremony, he saidH F/ lo#e Britain1s way of life. / lo#e itspeople. / lo#e its history and / lo#e its future. /t means a great deal tome. / am proud to be a sub(ect of =er Ma(esty.F
Kohn !aul "etty // had not always e*perienced such happiness. =is lifesaw se#eral tragedies, including the suicide of his brother, "eorge. !aul"etty /// his son from his first marriage, to "ail, with whom he hadthree other children, Aileen, Mark and Ariadne was kidnapped in /talyin 4D-. "etty found himself unable to pay the ransom and for fi#emonths the family argued o#er how it should be paid.
Inly after the kidnappers sent the boy1s se#ered ear through the postdid his father agree to pay. Kohn !aul "etty /// was later left paralysedby a druginduced stroke.
9ir !aul was brought up by his maternal grandmother, at somedistance from his father who was considered America1s most successful
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and least generous oil billionaire. Chen he came of age he wasordered to take control of "etty Iil1s /talian business.
=e whiled away many years in indulgence and e*cess, his second wife,the )utch actress Talitha !ol, becoming a heroin addict. They had a
son, Tara "abriel "ala*y "ramophone. Chen she died of an o#erdosehe fled to Britain, fearful of arrest.
=is father had already remo#ed him from the company and access tothe family money. <ears of seclusion followed. /n 4D36, afflicted bydiabetes and suspected cirrhosis of the li#er, he checked into the&ondon $linic, staying there for 4 months, during which time hecon#erted to Roman $atholicism.
Chen he emerged, he disco#ered he had been left a L?? millionfortune and his philanthropic acti#ities began soon after.
0ine years ago he married ictoria =oldsworth, his companion of ?years and the person he credited with pulling him back from the brinkof destruction.
F=e was a #ery generous man, charming and a great Englishman,F hisfriend 9ir Tim Rice said last night.
F=e was de#oted to the country and to cricket. =e built the Mound9tand at &ord1s almost singlehandedly and did a lot for the staples of
cricket, such as Cisden and other foundations.
F=e entertained players of all le#els and his ground is one of the mostbeautiful in the country, if not the world.F
To many he was seen as a recluse who hated publicity. =e rarely ga#einter#iews.
But 9ir Kohn Mortimer, a neighbour of 9ir !aul1s in $helsea, told The)aily TelegraphH 1=e was not reclusi#e at all> he was #ery sociable andentertaining. =e was a wonderful host.
F=e was an incredibly generous man and a great friend. A terribleloss.F
Kohn Ma(or, the former Tory prime minister and an ardent cricket fan,saidH F!aul "etty was a truly remarkable man whom / was pri#ileged
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to know as a friend. "enerous and gentle, he was an immensebenefactor to good causes.
F=e was deeply fond of his adopted country and will ha#e left manyfond memories in the minds of those who knew him.F
The 0ational "allery, which recei#ed L? million from 9ir !aul,e*pressed regret at his death.
The director, $harles 9aumare+ 9mith, saidH FThe trustees, staff and /are deeply saddened to hear of the death of 9ir !aul "etty, one of thegreatest benefactors that this country has e#er known.F
9ir !aul is e*pected to be buried in this country, something he hadalways intended.
A Kidnapped ar! A Wasted "ife
0o matter what their income,F Harpers editor &ewis &apham oncefamously noted, Fa depressing number of Americans belie#e that ifonly they had twice as much, they would inherit the estate ofhappiness promised them by the )eclaration of /ndependence.F
Could fewer Americans feel that way if they knew the story of the
"etty clan, the family once reknowned as America1s richestN
$ould be.
The "etty name (umped back in the news earlier this spring, after thedeath of K. !aul "etty Kr., the son of the original K. !aul "etty,America1s first oil billionaire. K. !aul Kr. died April 4@ in &ondon, a selfe*iled -?yearold recluse.
K. !aul Kr. li#ed quite a life. 0o American in the middle of the ?thcentury grew up surrounded by more wealth than K. !aul "etty Kr.
'nfortunately, K. !aul Kr. also grew up surrounded by K. !aul "etty 9r.
Kunior1s father, old K. !aul the first, the king of America1s oil fields,lo#ed money and not much else. =e di#orced fi#e times.
FA lasting relationship with a woman is only possible,F K. !aul "ettynumero uno once announced, Fif you are a business failure.F
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/n 4D-, kidnappers in /taly snatched away old K. !aul1s 4@yearoldgrandson, Kohn !aul ///. The kidnappers cut off the boy1s ear anddemanded a ransom his father, K. !aul Kr., couldn1t possibly afford topay.
Kunior appealed to his father. Ild man "etty e#entually did comethrough with the money, but only after his son agreed to pay himback, at 6 percent interest.
Kunior by that time had left his father1s oil business and become a wild (etsetter in Rome. =e di#orced once, then his second wife died in4D-4 after a drug o#erdose. =is kidnapped son, after his terribly brutale*perience, also o#erdosed and ended up a nearly totally blindparaplegic.
Kunior would become addicted to drugs himself and spend much of the4D3?s hospitali+ed, with #arious se#ere health problems, in England .
K. !aul Kr. became, in his life1s later years, a fine art connoisseur. =ewould de#ote a hefty share of his O4 billion inheritance to buyingmasterpieces for assorted British museums.
These purchases, speculated Forbes maga+ine after Kunior1s death,amounted to Fan act of defiance against his estranged relationship withhis father.F By buying up widely soughtafter artwork for Britishmuseums, Forbes e*plained, K. !aul Kr. could deny that art to the "etty
Museum his father had established in $alifornia.
Kunior li#ed in Britain for his last three decades. /n 4DD3, he droppedhis American citi+enship. /n the 'nited 9tates, he could ne#er findwhat he needed.
F/f you gain fame, power, or wealth, you won1t ha#e any troublefinding lo#ers,F the philosopher !hilip 9later has obser#ed, Fbut theywill be people who lo#e fame, power, or wealth.F
K. !aul Kr. spent a life running from those people. =e (ust couldn1t run
fast enough.
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8ea! Pa0# ,e''y D;ecember "4, "G Q #une H, "FH was an American industrialist andfounder of the 'etty 6il /ompany.
5orn in Minneapolis, Minnesota into a family already in the petroleum business, he wasone of the first people in the world with a fortune of over N" billion %.S. dollars. :e was
an avid collector of art and anti7uities, and his collection forms the basis of the #. $aul'etty Museum in /alifornia.
:e enrolled at the %niversity of Southern /alifornia, then at 5er+eley before graduatingin ""2 from Magdalen /ollege, 6=ford with degrees in economics and political science.:e wor+ed during the summers on his fatherKs oil fields in 6+lahoma. Running his ownoil company in (ulsa, he made his first million by ""H. :owever, in ""F, he announcedthat he was retiring to become a os Angeles?based playboy. Although he eventuallyreturned to business, 'etty had lost his fatherKs respect. #ust before 'eorge -ran+lin 'ettydied in "@, he believed that #ean $aul would destroy the family company, and told himso.
:e moved to England in the "4@s, where he lived and wor+ed at his "Hth?century (udor estate, Sutton $lace near 'uildford, until his death.
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I %erso!a##y 4isi'e/ 'he ,e''y M0se0m o! '6o /iffere!' /a'es$ 'a;i!& '6o /iffere!'
6ome! 'o e"%#ore 'he ,e''y Ce!'er I #ear!e/ 'ha' 'he 6ho#e %#ace ha/ bee! b0i#'
for a! es'ima'e/ 4a#0e of < = bi##io!$ /resse/ 6i'h I'a#ia! s'o!es im%or'e/ from I'a#y
I 6as as'o!ishe/ 'ha' a## of 'hese smoo'h I'a#ia! s'o!es ha/ bee! shi%%e/ from I'a#y
>hy I'a#y? I /i/!@' ;!o6 Perha%s i'@s %ar' of 'he Re4i4e/ Roma! Em%ire here i!
America$ as a## roa/s seeme/ 'o #ea/ 'o Rome$ es%ecia##y i! Maso!ic Archi'ec'0rea!/ 6he! i' comes 'o 'he I'a#ia! Mafia +e'6ee! ITALIAN ARCHITECTURE
bei!& %romo'e/ by Maso!ic symbo#ism i! America! Archi'ec'0re a!/ I'a#ia! Mafia
mo!ey bei!& /o!a'e/ 'o 'he Ca'ho#ic Ch0rch$ 'o Ci'y Officia#s$ a!/ 'o 'he
E!'er'ai!me!' i!/0s'ry$ i' 6as s'ra!&e for me 'o /isre&ar/ 'he Re4i4e/ Roma!
Em%ire Theory as ha4i!& a!y beari!& o! Pro%hecy 6i'h res%ec' 'o a Roma! A!'i
Chris' r0#i!& from Rome$ %erha%s from i!si/e 'he Va'ica! of 'he Roma! Ca'ho#ic
Ch0rch This 6as 'he 6i/e#y acce%'e/ 'heory amo!& scho#ars$ o!e 6hich I a#6ays
seeme/ 'o /isa&ree 6i'h$ 0!'i# I be&a! s'0/yi!& a## 'he I'a#ia! his'ory s0rro0!/i!&
my o6! fami#y his'ory$ 6a'chi!& a## roa/s #ea/i!& 'o Rome$ I'a#y
No6 &e''i!& bac; 'o 'he ,ETTY MUSEUM CENTER$ I 50s' sim%#y mar4e#e/ a'ho6 a!yo!e o! ear'h co0#/ s%e!/ < = bi##io! o! a %#ace #i;e 'his I rea##y seeme/ 'o
0%se' a! B,ir#frie!/ 6he! I com%#ai!e/ 'ha' s0ch mo!ey co0#/ ha4e bee! s%e!' o!
he#%i!& 'o fee/$ c#o'he$ ho0se 'he %oor 'he !ee/y$ b0'$ so be i'more mo!ey
6as'e/ a!/ s%e!' so %eo%#e ca! say$ OOOH AHHH OHG
>ha'e4er f#oa's %eo%#e@s boa' Mos' of 'he ar'6or; s0c;e/$ e"ce%' for 'he
Re!aissa!ce ar'$ 6hich I fa4ore/ as 'he bes' ar' o0' of 'he 6ho#e %#ace
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h''%-..aca/emicree/e/0.&e''y.e/i'io!h'm#
h''%-..aca/emicree/e/0.&e''y.
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h''%-..aca/emicree/e/0.&e''y.i!'ro/0c'io!h'm#
(he !hotogra!hs and te$t in this web site are meant to su!!lement those !ublished in
arious magaines and books and to !roide images of additional as!ects of the
architecture& landsca!ing& and details. 1or those with s!ecial interest in the traertine&museum courtyard& tramway& signage& trees and !lants& or some other !articular as!ect ofthe Getty architecture& in-de!th images are grou!ed by category.
/a!tions !roide information often not aailable in other !ublications and all !hotogra!hsare dated to allow iewers to follow changes that hae taken !lace since the Center o!enedtwo-and-a-half years ago. :n e$tensie annotated bibliogra!hy is included to assist students&architects& and others interested in e$!loring other !ublications dealing with this muchdiscussed architectural com!le$.
In addition to the obious need for an efficient internet connection& for most iewers the
weak link in iewing high Duality images on the web is the sie and settings of monitors.
=iewed on small monitors set to dis!lay te$t as fast as !ossible& much of the detail andclarity of !hotogra!hic images is lost. 8o see the !recision and subtlety of this architecture&find a large monitor and adEust the settings for high resolution and ma$imum numbers ofcolors.
Charles ;. hyneProfessor Fmeritus& :rt Historyeed College
$ublications about the Architecture
:fter fourteen years of !lanning& design and construction& the J. Paul Getty Center in 9os :ngeles o!ened to
the !ublic in ecember ))*. 8he Getty Center is one of the largest !riately funded architectural
com!le$es eer designed and constructed in a single architectural cam!aign. ;eeral books on the Center
hae already been !ublished and it has been widely reiewed in the world's !ress.
9ike this web site as a whole& the annotated bibliogra!hy below focuses on the architecture of the Center&
including its landsca!ing. %t does not deal more broadly with the J. Paul Getty 8rust and its !rograms or with
the architects& ichard 7eier and 7ichael Palladino& or other indiiduals inoled in the design and
construction of the Center. % hae not included obert %rwin's lu$urious garden scul!ture 4Central Garden
because it is a se!arately commissioned work of art.
Because news!a!er and magaine reiews are necessarily re!etitie& the critical reiews below are limited
to those that add s!ecial insight or coney the e$traordinary range of o!inion regarding the nature of thearchitecture and its success or failure. %n my iew the Getty Center is one of the most e$hilarating !eo!le
s!aces of the twentieth century.
h''%-..aca/emicree/e/0.&e''y.archi'ec'0reh'm#
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open air pool with jets and stones, recessed in east pavilion of Museum Jan. 1998
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h''%-..666&e''ye/0.
A Roman #illa Recreated
The "etty illa is modeled after a firstcentury Roman country house,the illa dei !apiri in =erculaneum, /taly.
The K. !aul "etty Museum building was constructed in the early 4D-?sby the architectural firm of &angdon and Cilson. Architecturalconsultant 0orman 0euerburg worked closely with K. !aul "etty tode#elop the interior and e*terior details.
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A Roma! Vi##a Recrea'e/
(he 'etty 0illa is modeled after a first?century Roman country house, the 0illa dei $apiriin :erculaneum, Italy.
(he #. $aul 'etty Museum building was constructed in the early "F@s by thearchitectural firm of angdon and ilson. Architectural consultant >orman >euerburgwor+ed closely with #. $aul 'etty to develop the interior and e=terior details.
(he 0illa dei $apiri was buried by the eruption of Mt.0esuvius in A.;. F, and much of it remainsune=cavated. (herefore, >euerburg based many of theMuseumKs architectural and landscaping details onelements from other ancient Roman houses in the towns
of $ompeii, :erculaneum, and Stabiaefrom bronelanterns li+e those carried along the streets of $ompeii toherbs and shrubs grown by the Romans for food and
ceremony.
The ,e''y Vi##a Reima&i!e/
5oston?based architects Rodolfo Machado and #orgeSilvetti began renovating the 'etty 0illa site in "F.
0isitors now start their visit in a spectacular open?air
Entry $avilion, then progress along a scenic pathway tothe heart of the site, the 5arbara and awrence-leischman (heater.
(his 24@?seat outdoor classical theater, based on ancient prototypes, lin+s the new /afe, Museum Store, andAuditorium to the #. $aul 'etty Museum entrance.
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Machado and Silvetti created modern designs thatharmonie with the 'etty 0illaKs original style. ood, brone, glass, travertine, and wood?formed concrete echothe 0illaKs materials.
(o preserve the lush setting, Machado and Silvetti placedthe Auditorium underground and nestled part of the /afe,Museum Store, and new par+ing structure for visitorsinto the terraced hillside.
ith each building at a slightly different elevation,visitors e=perience the site as an archaeological e=cavation, every perspective offeringnew discoveries.
Machado and Silvetti also created a new main entrance tothe Museum through the Atrium, the traditional entrywayto a typical Roman home.
Inside the Museum are new and renovated terrao floorsand other interior details inspired by both Roman andmodern models. >ew s+ylights and windows onto theAtrium and Inner $eristyle fill the galleries with naturallight.
A grand marble staircase connects the two floors of theMuseum building, leading visitors to the changinge=hibition galleries on -loor .
Nor'h Cam%0s
>orth of the Museum is the Ranch :ouse, the location ofthe original #. $aul 'etty Museum. It has been renovatedto house anti7uities curatorial offices, meeting rooms,
and the @,@@@?volume Research ibrary. (he %/AB'etty MasterKs $rogram on the/onservation of Ethnographic and Archaeological Materials, the first program of its +indin the %nited States, is also located in the >orth /ampus.
6ffices, conservation labs, and classrooms around the ad8acent courtyard provide agathering spot for conservators, students, and scholars participating in the 0illa ScholarsK$rogram. (he ScholarsK $rogram has an annual theme that serves as a focus for researchand programs. A distinguished figure in the field is honored as 0illa $rofessor each yearand collaborates with 'etty staff responsible for the intellectual direction of the program.
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$lease visit $ublic $rograms to find out about 'etty 0illa architecture and gardens tours.
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$eier chose stone for this pro%ect &ecause it is often associated
with pu&lic architecture and e'presses (ualities the )etty
*enter cele&rates: permanence! solidity! simplicity! warmth!and craftsmanship+
The ,-!... tons of traertine are from0agni di Tioli! Italy! ,1 miles east of
Rome+ $any of the stones reealedfossili2ed leaes! feathers! and &ranches
when they were split along their natural
grain+ $eier and his staff wor3ed for ayear with the (uarries to inent a
process using a guillotine to produce theuni(ue finish+
4atural "ight
4atural light is one of the )etty *enter5smost important architectural elements+
The many e'terior walls of glass allowsunshine to illuminate the interiors+ A computer6assisted
system of louers and shades ad%usts the light indoors+ The
paintings galleries on the $useum5s upper leel are allnaturally lit! with special filters to preent damage to the
artwor3s+
Traertine
The stone7,+8 million s(uare feet of it7is one of the mostremar3a&le elements of the comple'+ This &eige6colored! cleft6
cut! te'tured! fossili2ed traertine catches the &right 9outhern
*alifornia light! reflecting sharply during morning hours! andemitting a honeyed warmth in the afternoon+
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The Getty returns 3 ancient artifacts to ItalyA 2,300-year-old vase was sent back as part of a settlement A candelabrumand a !ravestone went back after informal talkshttp"##wwwlatimescom#business#cl-me-!etty$0nov$0,0,$0%0&'$story
(y )ason *elch, Times +taff riter ovember $0, 200.
8he J. Paul Getty 7useum returned three ancient artifacts to the %talian goernment this week&marking the end of a legal battle oer allegedly looted art that could sere as a test case for futureclaims by %taly against the Getty and other :merican museums.
8he Getty agreed to turn oer a large ase& known as a krater& !ainted more than &+00 yearsago by the Greek !ainter :steas& after settling a claim filed by the I.;. attorney's office in 9os
:ngeles on behalf of the %talian goernment.
8he other two obEects& a brone candelabrum and an inscribed graestone& were returned based
on eidence !resented in informal negotiations with the Getty& I.;. officials said.
8he transfer of the three obEects took !lace 7onday morning at the Getty. 1our %talian officials&who were accom!anied by I.;. %mmigration and Customs Fnforcement agents& watched as theartifacts were carefully !acked with foam in crates and sealed.
8hey were sent to 2ew ork on 8uesday night and were scheduled to arrie 3ednesday inome& where they will be dis!layed in a museum.
8heir return was !art of a strategy by the museum to build goodwill with the %talian goernment&Getty records show.
%n a statement& the Getty said it belieed that it had alid defenses to o!!ose the %talian claimbut had agreed to return the :steas krater in the interest of settling the litigation anddemonstrating the Getty's interest in a !roductie relationshi! with %taly.
8he Getty based its decision to return the other two obEects K a brone Ftruscan candelabrumand stone inscri!tion K on its own ealuation of eidence !resented by the %talian goernment&the Getty statement said.
8he Getty's return of the obEects comes on the ee of a larger battle with %talian authorities& whosecriminal !rosecution of the museum's former antiDuities curator& 7arion 8rue& resumes ne$t week.
8rue faces charges of cons!iring to traffic in looted art with :merican antiDuities dealer obert F.Hecht Jr. 8heir co-defendant& %talian dealer Giacomo 7edici& was conicted last year and isa!!ealing a 0-year sentence.
%n the case& %talian !rosecutors are seeking the return of at least 6 obEects in the Getty'scollection they say were illegally remoed from the country.
ne of those obEects is the brone candelabrum that was returned this week.
%talian authorities intensified their efforts to re!atriate the :steas krater earlier this year& saying itwas a crucial !iece of eidence in their trial of 8rue and Hecht.
I.;. and %talian officials said the obEects' return resulted from the strength of the eidence the
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%talians had !resented.
8he act of giing it back s!eaks olumes& regardless of whether or not they admit guilt& :ssistant I.;. :tty. John F. 9ee& who filed the forfeiture com!laint last year& said of Getty officials.
aid 2ehls& assistant s!ecial agent in charge for %mmigration and Customs Fnforcement in 9os :ngeles& said the :steas krater was a !iece of %talian culture& and eeryone beliees it should bein a museum K an %talian museum.
uring negotiations with %talian authorities& the Getty initially offered to return the obEects ine$change for a !romise that the %talians dro! any future claims against obEects in the museum'scollection.
8he %talians reEected the condition. %n !ursuing seiure of the :steas krater through a claim in theI.;. courts& %talian authorities hae demonstrated the effectieness of a legal strategy that couldbe used to claim additional artifacts from the Getty and other :merican museums& %talian and I.;.officials said.
%n addition to the 6 obEects at the Getty& %talian authorities hae used !hotogra!hs that wereseied at 7edici's warehouse to track doens of allegedly looted obEects to si$ other museums
across the country& as well as to !riate collections and galleries& court records show.
: !icture is worth a thousand words& 9ee said. %f you can link the !hotogra!h to other eidence&the !hotos are strong eidence there's some iolation of the laws in those foreign countries.
Rai/ers of 'he Los' Ar'
h''%-..666ms!bcms!com.i/.1)1:.si'e.!e6s6ee;.from.RL=.
Ca! Rome 0se 'he 'ria# of a hi&h%rofi#e m0se0m
c0ra'or 'o he#% e!/ 'raffic;i!& i! s'o#e! a!'iJ0i'ies?
0y ric Pape and 0ar&ie 4adeau
0ewsweek /nternational
)ec. 4, ?? issue %or decades, tombaroli Ptomb raidersP
ha#e pillaged /taly1s archeological sites for artifacts. )espite a
4DD law prohibiting the e*port of antiquities pulled from
/talian soil, theyPaided by ingenious traffickers and seeno
e#il curatorsPha#e helped stock the world1s ma(or museums
with Etruscan #ases, =ellenistic sil#er sets and Roman statues.
/t1s pro#ed an e*tremely difficult trade to stopPbut now /talian
authorities think they see their chance. The trial of former K.
!aul "etty Museum curator Marion True for allegedly trafficking
in stolen artifacts is set to recon#ene in Rome this week. And
authorities are mounting a huge spectaclePincluding ??
witnesses and regular leaks by the prosecution about e#idence
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Pto guarantee it has ma*imum impact. FMuseums ha#e to
stop plundering our cultural heritage,F says !aolo "iorgio %erri,
the leading prosecutor in the case. F/t harms not only /taly, but
mankind.F
Cith True facing 4? years in prison and a massi#e fine if
con#icted, the specter of the trial is already bringing some lost
antiquities home. /talian Minister of $ulture Rocco Buttiglione
said last month that the "etty Museum FspontaneouslyF
returned ob(ects in 0o#ember, a decade after the current
in#estigation began. 2The former curator has publicly denied
any wrongdoing.5 &ast month, (ust before True1s trial was
scheduled to resume, the "etty sent back a large antique #ase,
a bron+e Etruscan candelabrum and an ancient "reek funerary
stone in the interest of FsettlingF litigation and Fdemonstrating
the "etty1s interest in a producti#e relationship with /taly,F the
museum said in a statement. Buttiglione thanked the "etty,
then noted that D other works obtained by True during her
almost ?year tenure remain at the museum perched on a
hilltop o#erlooking &os Angeles. FCe are firm on this pointH
what belongs to the /talian people must be returned to the
/talian people,F he said.
True is charged with conspiracy and recei#ing 6 stolen
artifacts. 9he is standing trial with 3@yearold 9wiss
American art dealer Robert =echt Kr., who has been charged
with conspiracy, recei#ing stolen goods and illicit e*port of
/talian artifacts> =echt denies all charges. Iminously for True,
one of the (udges in the case has already con#icted Roman art
trader "iacomo Medici for trafficking an artifact that True
allegedly bought through =echt for the "etty. 2Medici, who is
appealing the con#iction, was sentenced to 4? years in prisonand a 4? million euro fine.5 The prosecution claims it is further
bolstered by an unpublished tellall memoir in#estigators found
in =echt1s !aris apartment. The book contains a #eritable how
to guide on antiquity trafficking, including details of =echt1s
e*changes with True and other ma(or museum curators.
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Timing their actions to coincide with the trial, /talian
authorities are summoning other '.9. curators to Rome to
discuss the pro#enance of their /talian art, and threatening to
prosecute those who don1t show up. !hilippe de Montebello, a
curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art for 3 years, came
late last month to discuss the possible return of pieces
including a #aluable Euphronios bowl from the fifth century
B.$., a wine #at, se#eral !ugliese #ases and some sil#er 9icilian
cutlery.
Ither countries are poised to follow /taly1s lead. "reece is
demanding that the "etty return four ob(ects they claim were
illegally taken from that country, including a marble torso of a
#irgin, an inscribed tombstone and a gold funerary wreath
worth millions that was obtained by True. The fourth is an
ancient #oti#e relief purchased by K. !aul "etty himself in
4D. !rosecutors in Turkey say they are preparing to launch
criminal charges against the Boston Museum of %ine Arts o#er
the top half of a statue of =ercules> the bottom half is still in
Turkey.
/n the end, the debate o#er stolen antiquities is dri#en less by
practicality than by principle. /taly doesn1t e*actly need the
works from the "etty> its museums are already crammed full,
and for e#ery illegally trafficked piece of art there are do+ens
more acquiring dust in warehouses and storage bins. F/t1s an
embarrassment of riches,F says $ol. %erdinando Musella, chief
of the $arabinieri for the !rotection of Art. But the question
remainsH whose embarrassment, and whose richesN
© 2006 Newsweek, Inc.
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The )etty *enter 66 Architectural escription
Perhaps the most important element of the new )etty *enter is
its hilltop site in the 9anta $onica $ountains! %ust off the 9an
iego ;reeway+ ;rom there! isitors can ta3e in prominent
features of the "os Angeles landscape66the Pacific <cean! the9an )a&riel $ountains! the ast street6grid of the city+ Inspired&y this interplay! architect Richard $eier sought to design the
new comple' so that it highlights &oth nature and culture!
creating a synchronistic! organic whole+
When approached from the south! the modernist comple'
appears almost to grow from the ,,.6acre hillside+ Two three6car! computer6operated trams ferry isitors from a street6leel
par3ing facility to the hilltop site+ The campus! clad largely in
cleft6cut! Italian traertine! is organi2ed around a centralarrial pla2a! and offers framed panoramic iews of the city+
*urilinear design elements! li3e the circular $useum ntranceHall and the canopy oer the Harold $+ Williams Auditorium
entrance call to mind the 0aro(ue+ 0ut there is also a &right
openness to the comple'! a hori2ontality reminiscent of thewor3 of such 9outhern *alifornia modernists as Rudolf
9chindler! Richard 4eutra! and ;ran3 "loyd Wright+
Richard $eier too3 many of his cues for the design from thesite itself! and from the Trust planning team=s desire to retain
the sense of openness found at the original )etty $useum in$ali&u+ The )etty *enter=s si' &uildings follow a natural ridge
in the hilltop+ Wor3ing with this natural topography! $eier
positioned the *enter=s &uildings at sites that are relatielypu&lic or priate in character! depending on the needs of each+
He also suggested a connection &etween the organi2ation ofthe *enter and the layout of the city=s grid+ All si' &uildings are
as open as security and conseration needs will allow+)alleries! offices! and the Auditorium lead out to courtyards
and terraces> all offices receie natural light+ 0ecause the
)etty=s neigh&ors re(uested that the comple' &e no more thantwo stories a&oe grade! all of the &uildings e'tend
underground and are lin3ed with su&terranean corridors thatfacilitate the moing of artwor3 and other materials+
The use of stone66,+8 million s(uare feet of it66is perhaps one
of the most remar3ed6upon elements of the new comple'+ This&eige6colored! cleft6cut! te'tured! fossili2ed traertine catches
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the &right 9outhern *alifornia daylight! reflecting sharplyduring morning hours and emitting a honeyed warmth in the
afternoon+
Although $eier=s preious wor3 has featured white metal6
paneled walls almost e'clusiely! he chose stone for much ofthis pro%ect &ecause it is often associated with pu&licarchitecture+ $ore importantly! the stone e'presses (ualities
the )etty *enter cele&rates: permanence! solidity! simplicity!
warmth! and craftsmanship+
The ,-!... tons of traertine used in the pro%ect were (uarried
in 0agni di Tioli! Italy! ,1 miles east of Rome+ 9plit along itsnatural grain! many of the stones &ear fossili2ed leaes!
feathers! and &ranches+ $eier and his staff wor3ed for a year
with the 0agni di Tioli (uarries to inent a ?guillotine? processthat would result in such a rough te'tured finish+
Traertine panels coer not only the retaining walls and the
&ases of all &uildings! &ut also sere as paing stones for thearrial pla2a and $useum courtyard! and on indoor walls in
transitional spaces &etween galleries+ ;or the non6pu&lic&uildings! and the curilinear elements of the $useum! off6
white! enamel6clad aluminum panels hae &een used as the
e'terior surface+
4atural lighting is another of the )etty *enter=s most importantarchitectural elements+ $any of the *enter=s e'terior surfaces
are made of glass! allowing the &rilliant 9outhern *aliforniasunshine to illuminate the interiors+ @sing a computer6assisted
system of louers and shades that ad%ust the intensity and(uality of light! the paintings galleries on the $useum=s upper
leel are all naturally lit! with special filters to preent damageto the paintings+
The $useum is comprised of fie interconnected two6story
pailions! and offers isitors the choice of e'ploring thecollections chronologically or of moing in and out of the
pailions at their leisure66ta3ing time to en%oy the e'terior
courtyard spaces with the three fountains and $e'ican *ypresstrees! and the cactus garden to the south+ Throughout the
$useum! there is a freedom of choice! with routes that are fluidand criss6crossing+ <ne can e'plore the galleries in se(uence or
at random! at first6or second6story leel! without haing to
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retrace one=s steps+ 0ecause of the interplay of interior ande'terior space! &etween gallery and garden! one always 3nows
where one is and where one has &een+
The )etty Research Institute occupies a circular &uilding on the
western edge of the campus+ Richard $eier wor3ed closely withformer Research Institute irector Kurt ;orster in designingthe Research Institute=s circular li&rary! whose form eo3es the
introspectie nature of scholarly research! and is used
primarily &y )etty 9cholars and staff! as well as isitingresearchers+ Reference wor3s! &oo3 stac3s! and reading areas
wrap around a dramatic central courtyard+ A ramp createsconcentric circulation paths! lin3ing the actiities of this open
plan and promoting interaction among the scholars and staff+In the su&terranean reading room! a s3ylight pulls light into
the heart of this research center+ @p at the pla2a leel! %ust off
the entrance lo&&y! a small e'hi&ition gallery attracts isitorsto see o&%ects from the Institute=s collections+
<ther &uildings on the )etty *enter campus include the
Restaurant &uilding with its 8816seat restaurant! ,16seat)etty *afe! and Trustees 0oardroom> the ast 0uilding66home
of the )etty *onseration Institute! the )etty ducationInstitute for the Arts! the )etty )rant Program66where intimate
sun3en gardens! terraces! and two e'teriori2ed eleator shafts
proide fluid moement &etween indoor and outdoor space> the
4orth 0uilding! home of the )etty Trust administration offices!Human Resources! and Pu&lic Affairs> and the freestanding1.6seat Harold $+ Williams Auditorium! where isitors can
attend films! lectures! collo(uia! and music performances+
*omposed of many uni(ue design elements! &eautiful gardensand open spaces! Richard $eier=s )etty *enter harmoniously
unites the entities of the J+ Paul )etty Trust! and ma3es themaccessi&le not only to "os Angeles &ut to the world+
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Beautifully engraed certificate from the 7ission eelo!ment Com!any issuedno later than )5(. 8his historic document was !rinted by the :merican BanknoteCom!any and has an ornate border around it with a ignette of an allegoricalwoman with a shield and sword. 8his item has the !rinted signatures of theCom!anyLs President 4 J. Paul Getty and ;ecretary and is oer 6* years old.
8he 7ission eelo!ment Com!any became the Getty il Com!any in )(*.
h''%-..666scri%o%hi#y!e'.mis/e4comh'm#
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http!BBus.st"".yimg.comBus.st.yimg.comBIBscripophilyJ"GGJFHH42
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) /aul Getty )r ies At &0
http!BBwww.forbes.comBhomeB@@B@2B"FBcJrlJ@2"Fgetty.html
2F3 M - ;ir ) /aul Getty )r& the reclusie :merican-born !hilanthro!ist and third son of
the first :merican oil billionaire& died in 9ondon yesterday at the age of *0.
He was born Fugene Paul Getty in ;e!tember )+ but later legally changed his name.
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8he bulk of Getty's fortune was his !art of the family trust& whichbecame worth about , billion after the ,0 billion sale ofGetty il to 8e$aco in )N6& at the time& the largest acDuisitionin I.;. history. His brother& Gordon / Getty& who lies in ;an1rancisco& is on the 1orbes 3orld's ichest Peo!le list& with anet worth of ,. billion.
9ike his father& who died in )*( at N+ still commanding theGetty il em!ire& Paul Jr. was fiercely :nglo!hilic. He lied inBritain the last +0 years of his life and was knighted in )N( for giing away more than ,00 million to many I.M. charities&including the 2ational Gallery in 9ondon& the British 1ilm%nstitute and to the families of striking coal miners. He gae u!his I.;. citienshi! in ))N.
Getty een used his inheritance to !urchase !aintingmaster!ieces for British museums so that the Getty 7useum& established by his father in7alibu& Calif.& wouldn't be able to !urchase them. He contributed more than ,*50&000 in)N6 to a national cam!aign to kee! the 6th-century !ainting 8he Crucifi$ion of Jesus byuccio in Britain. % was fed u! with eerything streaming to 7alibu& he said at the time. %t's
time somebody sto!!ed it. %n !art& this was an act of defiance against his estrangedrelationshi! with his father and a show of his dee! loe for the sanctuary Britain gae him.
Getty also was res!onsible for the largest donation eer gien to a British !olitical !arty. Hegae O5 million& or roughly ,N million& to the Conseratie Party in 00& easing a !otentialcash crisis.
8he Duirky Getty also used his ast trust funds to build a re!lica of 9ondon's al cricketground at his &500-acre 3ormsley 9odge estate outside of 9ondon. He hel!ed finance thedefense of his friend& 1laus von (ulow& who was accused of trying to murder his heiresswife.
es!ite his great wealth& which came only after his father died& Getty's life was filled with a
series of !ersonal tragedies. :fter leaing Getty il's %talian o!eration in the )(0s& Paul Jr.became caught u! in the Eet set life in ome. His second wife& 8alitha Pol& died of a drugoerdose in )*. His namesake son& J. Paul %%%& was kidna!!ed by members of the %talianmafia in )*+ and had his ear cut off in order to e$tract a ransom of ,+.6 million from Getty;r. in 9ondon. ;ubseDuently& Paul %%% oerdosed on drugs and alcohol& becoming a!ara!legic and almost blind. 8ara Gabriel Gala$y Gramo!hone Getty& Paul %%%'s son& is anactor. : daughter& :ileen& became infected with :%;. Getty's two other children are 7ark&cofounder and e$ecutie chairman of Getty Ima!es 4nyse< GI - news - people & and
:riadne. He married =ictoria Holdsworth in ))6.
Because of his addiction to drugs in the )*0s& Paul's health was !oor. He had seerecirculatory !roblems in his legs& im!aired lung function due to !neumonia and irreersiblecirrhosis of the lier. Getty himself s!ent a great deal of time in the )N0s in 9ondon Clinic& a
hos!ital& watching cricket games and old moies& !articularly those directed by John 1ord.
J. Paul Getty Jr.
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) /aul Getty
born Dec. 15, 1892, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.died June 6, 1976, Sutton Place, Surrey, n!.
"ttp#$$%%%.britannica.co&$eb$article'9()66)*
in full Jean Paul Getty American oil billionaire reputed to be the richest manin the world at the time of his death. He owned a controlling interest in the,e''y Oi# Com%a!y +etty il -o&pany, or Pacific Western Oil Corporaton (Am.co.) and in nearly !! other concerns.
After graduating from the "ni#ersity of O$ford in %&%', etty bought and soldoil leases near ulsa, O*la., with the help of his father, eorge +. etty, himself an oil millionaire. oung etty pro#ed to be a gifted entrepreneur and by %&%-had made his first million, at which point he mo#ed his base of operations to
California. uring the %&!s, ha#ing accumulated a substantial fortune, he setabout gaining control of se#eral large independent oil companies and beganbuilding an immense financial empire, a tas* that was to occupy the remainderof his life. His most lucrati#e #enture was a -!/year oil concession that heobtained in 0audi Arabia in %&1&, the profits from which #aulted him into thebillionaire class during the mid/%&2!s.
A man of eccentric personal habits, etty was married and di#orced fi#e times.After World War 33 he spent little time in the "nited 0tates and e#entuallysettled down at 0utton Place, a large estate near 0urrey, 4ng. 3n %&2' hefounded the 8 Pa0# ,e''y M0se0m, sited on an estate in 5alibu, west of 6os
Angeles, where he displayed many of the art ob7ects that he had accumulatedduring his life. he museum mo#ed to larger 8uarters in 5alibu in %&91, andetty, who died in %&9-, be8ueathed the bul* of his fortune to the museum:strustees to spend ;for the diffusion of artistic and general *nowledge.< he,e''y Tr0s' became a ma7or philanthropic foundation and built the ettyCenter, a cultural comple$ in 6os Angeles that opened in %&&9.
+or!- December 1:$ 12(
Mi!!ea%o#is$ Mi!!eso'a
Die/- 80!e *$ 12K*
Lo!/o!$ E!&#a!/ American businessman
#. $aul 'etty was a billionaire independent oil producer who founded and controlled the'etty 6il /ompany and over two hundred other related companies.
Childhood
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#ean $aul 'etty was born on ;ecember "4, "G, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. :is father,'eorge -ran+lin 'etty, was a lawyer, but in "@2 he moved his wife, Sarah Risher 'etty,and his son to the 6+lahoma territory to begin a successful career in the oil business. (woyears later the family moved to os Angeles, /alifornia, where young 'etty attended private school before graduating from $olytechnic :igh School in "@.
After graduation 'etty attended the %niversity of Southern /alifornia and the %niversityof /alifornia at 5er+eley where he studied political science and economics. ;uring thesummers he wor+ed on his fatherKs oil rigs as a Croustabout,C or uns+illed laborer. In ""'etty enrolled in 6=ford %niversity in England, from which he received a degree ineconomics and political science in ""2. Afterwards he traveled around Europe beforereturning to the %nited States.
Striking oil
In ""2 'etty arrived in (ulsa, 6+lahoma, determined to stri+e it rich as an oil producer.
Although he operated independently of his fatherKs Minnehoma 6il /ompany, his fatherKsloans and financial bac+ing enabled him to begin buying and selling oil leases in the red? bed area of 6+lahoma. In ""H 'ettyKs own first successful well came in, and by the fallof that year he had made his first million dollars as an oil producer.
-or the ne=t two years 'etty CretiredC to the life of a wealthy bachelor in os Angeles, but he returned to the oil business in "". ;uring the "@s he and his father continuedto be enormously successful both in drilling their own wells and in buying and selling oilleases Drenting out oil rigs, and 'etty became more active in /alifornia than in6+lahoma. :e amassed a personal fortune of over three million dollars and ac7uired athird interest in what was to become the 'etty 6il /ompany.
$aul 'etty became the president of the 'eorge 'etty 6il /ompany after his fatherKs deathin "@. ;uring the "@s his wells continued to produce, and profits poured in. :e also bought a controlling interest in the $acific estern 6il /orporation, one of the ten largestoil companies in /alifornia. After a series of agreements with his mother, he obtained thecontrolling interest in the 'eorge 'etty 6il /ompany. :e also began real estate dealings,including the purchase of the :otel $ierre in >ew )or+ /ity.
The Getty Oil Company
After orld ar II D"Q24, 'etty too+ a gamble on oil rights in the Middle East. In"2 he secured the oil rights in Saudi ArabiaKs half of the >eutral one, a barren area between Saudi Arabia and 3uwait. :e made ma8or deals with 3ing Saud Dc. "GG@Q"4,which shoc+ed the large oil companies. After three years and a N@ million investment,however, 'etty found the huge oil deposits that helped ma+e him a billionaire. In "4F Fortune magaine published a list of the richest men in America. 'ettyKs name headed thelist, and the publicity turned 'etty into an ob8ect of public fascination and legend.
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After "4 'etty stopped living out of hotel rooms and established his home and officesat Sutton $lace, a si=teenth?century, seven?hundred?acre manor outside ondon, England.(he huge estate, with its gardens, pools, trout stream, and priceless furnishings, was alsoa near fortress with elaborate security arrangements. 'iant Alsatian dogs had the run ofthe estate, and there were also two caged lions, >ero and (eresa.
'etty was a celebrity, and public interest, fueled by envy and admiration, focused on'ettyKs tragedies as well as his billions. (he public seemed to li+e to read into 'ettyKs lifethe lesson that money does not buy happiness. 'etty was married five times and each
#. $A% 'E(()
marriage ended in divorce. :e had five sons, two of whom died before him, and hisrelationship with each of them was difficult. :is grandson, #. $aul 'etty III, was+idnapped in Italy in "F. Although he was returned for a ransom De=changed formoney, part of his ear had been cut off.
#ean $aul 'etty died at Sutton $lace on #une H, "FH. :e is buried on his Malibu,/alifornia, estate.
For More Information;e /hair, Somerset Strubin. Getty on Getty: A Man in a Billion. >ew )or+! Sterling,"G.
'lassman, 5ruce. J. Paul Getty: Billionaire Oilman. oodbridge, /(! 5lac+birch $ress,@@".Miller, Russell. The House of Getty. South )armouth, MA! #. /urley, "GF.Sampson, Anthony. The Seen Sisters: The Great Oil !om"anies an# the $orl# They
Sha"e#. >ew )or+! 0i+ing $ress, "F4.
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VISUAL ART % MASTERPIECES IN MINIATURE ITA!IAN MANUSCRIPT
I!!UMINATION FROM T"E #$ PAU! GETT% MUSEM
National Gallery of Art& Ea't ()ilidng& Fo)rth Street and Penn'yl*ania A*e$ N+&
+a'hington& ,C$
Initial G: Saint Blaise, Master of the
Murano Gradual, about 1450–1460
(he Istituto is pleased to announce an important e=hibition at the >ational 'allery of Artof Italian manuscript painting from the "@@s through the "4@@s from the remar+ablecollection of the #. $aul 'etty Museum of os Angeles. $ainting in boo+s was a ma8or artform in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and lavishly illuminated manuscripts couldcost more than entire frescoed walls or chapels. (he bound volumes and miniatures inthis e=hibition provide an overview of Italian illumination.
Initial A: King a!id,
Matteo da Milano, about 15"0
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F/ hope that my donation will help to enable a new leader to deli#er a $onser#ati#e#ictory at the ne*t election.F
Passion for cric3et
9ir !aul1s most famous past donations include L?m to the 0ational "allery, L?m to
the British %ilm /nstitute, and L4m to keep $ano#a1s Three "races statue in Britain.
=e has also gi#en away millions in smaller donations, often anonymous, to othercharities and causes including cashstrapped students and families of striking Britishminers.
=e once saidH FAs long as / ha#e money, / will gi#e it away.F
9ir !aul has a passion for cricket and has gi#en thousands to cricket schools, clubsand retiring players starting businesses.
=e also donated Lm towards the construction of the Mound 9tand at &ord1s, and
L?,??? towards the rebuilding of The I#al.
At Cormsley &odge, 9ir !aul1s ,??acre estate on the border of I*fordshire andBuckinghamshire in the $hilterns, his pride and (oy is his own o#al cricket ground.
9on 3idnapped
9ir !aul inherited his fortune from his oil magnate father, reportedly the world1srichest man, who died in 4D-@ and had a reputation as a miser and a toughtaskmaster.
Chen 9ir !aul1s son, Kohn !aul "etty ///, was kidnapped in /taly in 4D-, he asked
his father to help pay the ransom, and was refused.
The boy1s grandfather only changed his mind after one of the boy1s ears was cut offand sent to a newspaper.
/n the week before $hristmas in4DD-, 9ir !aul became a British citi+en.
Chen he went to the '9 Embassy to hand in his old passport, officials tried tocon#ince him that he was making a mistake, but 9ir !aul was fulfilling a ?yeardream to become British.
/t also cleared the way for an honorary knighthood, recei#ed for ser#ices to charity in
4D3@, to be con#erted to the full honour in 4DD3.
After the ceremony, 9ir !aul saidH F/t means a great deal to me.
5Proud su&%ect5
F/ am proud to be a sub(ect of =er Ma(esty.
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F/ always lo#ed British history when / was at school.
F/ lo#ed 9hakespeare and all things British.
FMy father li#ed here and / came o#er to see him from 4D? and / came to li#ehere myself.F
/n 4D@, 9ir !aul married water polo champion "ail =arris, but they di#orced in4D@-.
=is second wife, Talitha !ol, died of a drugs o#erdose at the age of 4.
In D )ecember 4DD6, 9ir !aul married his companion of ? years ictoria=oldsworth.
9ir !aul1s spokesman said laterH F/t was wholly thanks to ictoria, Mr "etty has said,that he fought his way back to health after being stricken for years by illnessesranging from phlebitis 2a disease which affects the #eins5 to broken bones from
falls.F
/n 4DDD, 9ir !aul, who is belie#ed to ha#e suffered from diabetes, had his gallbladder remo#ed.
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*A14 156+T#1(+#$7%$-70 895obert *o:worth; 1hase Gioberti, descendant of Italian-American !rape !rower whoowned .0 acres of prime wine country land 9from his late father; located in the fictionalTuscany <alley near +an *rancisco 4ther cast included +usan +ullivan as 1hase=s wife,writer >a!!ie Gioberti? Gina ollobri!ida 9appeared in $7%'-%.; as *rancesca Gioberti,
An!ela=s Italian half-sister from the old country? 1arlos 5omero as >elissa=s father, andrival vintner 1arlo A!retti 9>urdered by )ulia;? Ana Alicia as the the schemin! >elissaA!retti? 5od Taylor as *rank A!retti? avid (eecroft as ick A!retti? (arbara @oward as5obin A!retti? (randon ou!las as (en A!retti? >ary ate >cGeehan as inda 1aproni?@arry (asch as <ince 1aproni? )ason Goldber! as )oseph Gioberti? 1arla (orelli as1onnie Giannini? 1eleste @olm as Anna 5ossini? >arBoe Gortner as <ince arlotti? andAssumpta +erna as Anna 1ellini
*A146#1(+#2000 89)ason Gedrick; )oe *alcone, mob soldier for the <olonte >afia crime family in(rooklyn, ew ork 1ity who in reality is an undercover *(I a!ent >afia mobstersincluded illo (rancato as ucky? +onny >arinelli as )immy +uits? )ames 5usso as <ictor>ura? and Titus elliver as +onny apoli The series is based on the memoirs of former
*(I-a!ent )oseph /istone who infiltrated the ew ork mob /istone served in the *(Ifor 2% years, includin! si: years under cover infiltratin! the ew ork >afia where heposed as a Bewel thief under the name onnie (rasco urin! the &0s, /istone collectedevidence a!ainst the members of the (onanno crime family, which convicted more than200 mob associates The 1(+ series drew its inspiration from /istoneCs $770 novel DonnieBrasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia which was turned into the $77& film DonnieBrasco starrin! )ohnny epp and Al /acino /istone continued to write fiction novelsbased on his undercover character includin! Donnie Brasco: Deep Cover and Mobbed Up
*A>6#(1#$7%2-%3 8891arlo Imperato; anny Amatullo, Italian-American aspirin! comic attendin! ew
ork=s @i!h +chool for the /erformin! Arts Also featured was ee 1urreri as !iftedmusician (runo >artelli? and 1armine 1aridi as (runo=s ta:i driver father, An!elo >artelli
*A>6 A#+#$77&-7% 889Andy >ilder; >arcus 1arilli, >arcus is the mana!er of Dho=s ho,D the club ownedby actin! coach avid Graysmark A youn!er version of the ickensian character D*a!anDof Oliver Twist , he is the Euintessential hype-meister who has a few connections Althou!hhe acts as a competent navi!ator throu!h the treacherous waters of show business,nothin! with >arcus is ever what it seems to be
*A>I A#1(+#$777-2002 889Tony anFa; )oe 1elano, a (rooklyn-bred Italian-American lawyer who was recruitedby @olt Associates, a os An!eles-based law firm )oe is a labor relations e:pert, likes totake on bi! business, champion the underdo!, and bend the rules @is relatives includedhis parents 9both deceased;? his estran!ed brother /aulie, a priest? and three cousins who
live in ew )ersey
T@6 *A6I (4+#(1#$770-7$ 89Ann Guilbert; Theresa *anelli, an Italian widow livin! in (rooklyn with her !rown sonsThey included ed 6isenber! as Anthony, a funeral parlor director? Andy @irsch as5onnie, a colle!e drop-out? 1hris >eloni whose en!a!ement was cancelled? and )oe/antoliano as ominic, the family con artist#hustler Also featured were 5ichard ibertinias Theresa=s brother, *ather An!elo ombardi? ick e>auro as 6ddie e Tucci, anei!hbor? and <era ockwood as Theresa=s fortune-tellin! friend, /hilamena
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*6+#1(+#$77& 89)ohn +lattery#costar; >ichael >ancini, an assistant H+ attorney of Italian descentworkin! for the *ederal /rosecutor=s 4ffice, a >anhattan division of the H+ Attorney=s4ffice A widower, >ichael=s family 9his wife and kids; were !unned downed before hiseyes
*AT(H+@#1(+#$7&7 89)oseph 1ali#costar; /resto /restopopulos, ta:i driver and one of five street youthsrecently !raduated from hi!h school who lived in the middle-class Italian nei!hborhood of*latbush 9(rooklyn; 1allin! themselves the *latbush *un!os, the !an! also includedAdrian med as +ocks /almero, a clothin! store employee? +andy @elber! as *i!!y*i!ueroa, a !rocery deliveryman? 5andy +tumpf as )oey ee, a plumber=s assistant? and<incent (ufano as Turtle 5omero, a restaurant worker Also featured were @elen <erbit as>rs *ortunato, the nei!hborhood busybody? and Anthony /onFini as 6sposito, a pool hallowner
*45 T@6 /64/6#1(+#$7J. 89@oward a +ilva#costar; Anthony 1elese, Italian-American boss of ew ork 1ityassistant district attorney, avid oster
*45TH6 A6#A(1#$7%J 889)oe allesandro; D/erfectD Tommy icautri, Italian-American policeman who workedin (ay 1ity and interacted with *ortune ane, a black special investi!ator assi!ned to the>ayor=s office
*4H /A#A(1#$7%$ 8895ichard 5omanus; 1apt <ito ombardi, police officer who supervised +!t Tucker/endleton a clumsy +an *rancisco police detective
*4H5 )H+T >6#+#$7.7 89<ittorio e +ica#costar; 5ico /occari, hotel operator in Italy who earlier in his careerfou!ht aFis durin! orld ar II @e was later reunited with former wartime buddies 9an
American, a (rit, and a *renchman; to battle crime
T@6 *5A +IAT5A +@4#1(+#$7.0-.2 89*rank +inatra; *rank Albert +inatra, a popular sin!er and entertainer of Italian descent9affectionately called D4ld (lue 6yesD; who hosted this musical variety series in the earlydays of television ater he hosted the variety drama T@6 *5A +IAT5A+@4#A(1#$7.&-.%? and the musical variety shows T@6 *5A +IAT5A TI>6++@4#A(1#$7.7-J0 espite his apparent overall popularity, his attempts at televisionwere short-lived 4l= (lue 6yes has also been called in! of the 5atpack, 1hairman of the(oard, *rankie-(oy, The /ope, The eader, The +wooner, The <oice, and The a!o After.0 films and 200 albums *rank +inatra died on >ay $', $77% at the a!e of %2
*566 14HT5#A(1#$7&%
889)oe /antoliano; ouis /eschi, Italian nei!hbor and friend of the (resners, aithuanian immi!rant couple livin! in ew ork 1ity in the early $700s
*5I6+#(1#$77'K 89>att e(lanc#costar; )oey Tribianni, a kindhearted, and sometimes dim-witted Italian-American actor Lborn in MueensN who shared an apartment in >anhattan with his friend1handler (in! @is pick-up line to women is an e:pressive O@ow YOU doin!PQ )oey onceposed for public health advertisin! campai!n and later discovered his face was displayedall over town as the D< GuyD with a promotional messa!e Dhat >ario didn=t tell youD
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hen a potential date saw the si!n she Euickly declined )oey=s social invitation )oey later played the role of r rake 5amore on the soap opera Days of 4ur ifeD and interviewedfor the role of ick, a bo:er on DAll >y 1hildrenD 4nce at a party 1handler (in! !ot drunkand made out with one of )oey=s seven sisters but he couldn=t remember which one asit >ary An!elo, Gina, ina, <eronica, 1ookie, or >ary Terese hen e:plainin! his!randmother to 1handler, )oey warns Oou donCt want to tick her off +he was like the Jthperson to spit on >ussoliniCs han!in! bodyQ )oey later !ot the starrin! role in the T<series O>ac 9>acavelli; and 1heese 9his costar is a robot;
*54> @656 T4 6T65IT#(1#$7&7-%0 889)oe /antoliano; /vt An!elo >a!!io, Italian-American soldier stationed in /earl@arbor around the time of the )apanese attack on @awaii
T@6 GAAT >6#A(1#$7J2-J3 8896ddie *ontaine; /<1 /ete =An!elo, Italian-American solider attached to the 3JthInfantry DTe:asD ivision who fou!ht his way up the peninsula of Italy durin! orld ar II
T@6 GAG+T65 1@54I16+#(1#$7%$ 89>ichael >ouri; 1harles DuckyD uciano, Italian-American mobster seen from the point
of view of the criminal, showin! their private lives and business affairs 4ther castincluded ouis Giambalvo as Al 1apone? )ames Andronica as *rank 1ostello? 5obert avias <ito Genevese? )oseph >ascolo as +alvatore >aranFano? 5ichard 1astellano asGiuseppe D)oe the (ossD >asseria? and )on /olito as Thomas DThree *in!er (rownDucchese
GA55I+4=+ G45IA+#A(1#$7J&-J% 891esare anova#costar; Actor, a suave Italian-American con man attached to special!roup of four motley commandos 9recruited from stateside prisons; who were assi!ned to!o behind the lines durin! orld ar II and kill aFi Germans 6ach of these soldiers werepromised a /residential pardon for their previous indiscretions, but only if they followedorders and accomplished their missions The series was inspired by the $7J& film TheDirty Dozen
T@6 G645G6 1A5I +@4#*4R#$77'-7. 89Ale: 5occo; @arry 5osetti, a fast-talkin! Italian-American bookie and street hustlerwho hun! out with his Irish cabdriver friend Geor!e 4=Grady at >oylan Tavern in ew ork1ity
G6T 1@5I+TI6 4<6#A(1#$7&'-&. 89Andy 5omano#costar; t )oseph D)oeD 1aruso, Italian-American partner of etective1hristie ove, a se:y black, os An!eles policewoman who worked undercover for the+pecial Investi!ations ivision
G45 A+#*4R#$7708896vin >irnad; ominic *opiano, an recently !raduated Italian-American teena!er turned
hopeful colle!e fraternity pled!e
G46 GI5+#(1#$7%.-72 89(ea Arthur; orothy /etrillo-bornak, divorced school teacher of +icilian descent whoshared a >iami home with two other senior citiFen roomies ater in the series orothy=sopinionated white-haired +icilian-born mother, +ophia /etrillo 9played by 6stelle Getty;took up residence with her dau!hter when her retirement home, +hady /ines, burned tothe !round orothy and +ophia=s characters were reprised on the sitcom T@6 G46/AA16#(1#$772-73 when they and friends pooled their money to buy a small Art eco
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hotel in the +outh (ay section of >iami (each +ophie /etrillo also made cameoappearances on the sitcom 6>/T 6+T#(1#$7%%-7. as she visited the home and officeof r @arry eston
G4>65 /6, H+>1#1(+#$7J'-&0 889Tommy eonetti; ick 1uccinello, an Italian-American >arine 1orps 1orporal
stationed at 1amp @enderson, 1alifornia 9$7J'-J.; ater Ted (essell appeared as /rivate*rankie ombardi 9$7J.-JJ;
G44TI>6 GI5+#A(1#$7%0 889Adrian med; *rankie >illardo, hustlin! Italian-American cabdriver livin! in $7'2ashin!ton, 1 downstairs from three youn! women who shared a one-room walk-up
T@6 G56AT A>65I1A @654#A(1#$7%$-%3 889>ichael /are; Tony <illacana, streetwise Italian-American student attendin! remedialeducation classes tau!ht by 5alph @inkley 9aka DThe Great American @eroD;
T@6 G56AT 6*665#*4R#$77. 89>ichael 5ispoli; ou *rischetti, a streetsmart Italian-American attorney who works with
the (eacon @ill law firm of 4sbourne, >erritt eitt based in (oston 5hodaGemin!nani appeared as his mother /earl, who ran his le!al office ou allowed some ofhis clients to pay their bills with barter items
G54IG /AI+#A(1#$7%.-72 89)osh Andrew oeni!; 5ichard D(onerD +tabone, youn! Italian friend and sidekick to>ike +eaver both of whom lived on on! Island near ew ork 1ity (oner=s character wasfun-lovin! but awkward @e was very fond of the +eaver family especially >ike=s sister1arol hen >ike +eaver first met 5ichard at the school bus stop as a child he dubbedhim D(onerD 9distilled from +tabone; Hpon hearin! his new name 5ichard obBected sayin!D(ut all the name ta!s in my underwear say DickyD hen 5ichard !raduated his diplomaread D(oner +taboneD @is friend >ike Euipped Dou !ot (oner on your iplomaPD Deah,Dsaid 5ichard, DIt cost e:traD +oon after leavin! hi!h school, (oner Boined the >arines and
effectively left the series
@A#(1#$7J.-JJ 9ou ills, )r ; Asst 1oach GaFFari, Italian-American track coach at estern +tateHniversity who wanted to recruit student @ank earborn to Boin the school=s track team
@A// A+#A(1#$7&'-%' 89@enry inkler#costar; Arthur @erbert *onFarelli, aka D*onFie,D an Italian-American!ara!e mechanic who lived in a >ilwaukee apartment above the home of the 1unnin!hamfamily (eneath his leather Backet and his streetwise tou!hness, there was a heart of !old4rphaned as a child, he spent his teena!e years as a member of a !an! called The*alcons *onFie had two e:traordinary talents @e was very !ood with en!ines and women@e could make both DhumD beautifully HtiliFin! his skill as a mechanic, he later opened up
his own !ara!e and was Euite successful @is favorite han!-out was Arnold=s, a hambur!er Boint owned by another Italian friend Alfred DAl elvecchio 9Al >olinaro; After adisasterous fire which destroyed Arnold=s, the *onF pooled his money with Al and rebuiltthe restaurant, becomin! a partner in the bar!ain The fire was accidentally caused by the*onF=s cousin 1harles D1hachiD Arcola 9+cott (aio;, a chip off the old *onF ater in theseries, *onFie tau!ht auto mechanics to local hi!h school#colle!e students Also featuredwere 6ddie *ontaine as *onFie=s father, <ito *onFarelli? anny (utch as *onFie=s nephew,+pike? 1harles Galioto as his *onFie=s cousin, An!ie? *rances (ay as *onFie=s Grandmaussbaum? Al >olinaro as Al=s identical brother, *ather Anthony elvecchio? Alice unn
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as Al=s >ama elvecchio? ) ) (arry as 1hachi=s uncle, GonFo? 1athy +ilvers as )enny/iccolo, friend of )oanie 1unnin!ham? and /hil +ilvers as )enny=s father, 5oscoe /iccolo4T6" In reality, @enry inkler is )ewish? his parents survived the concentration camps of orld ar II The *onFie character also appeared in the +aturday mornin! cartoon T@6*4 A T@6 @A// A+ GAG#A(1#$7%0-%2 as *onFie and friends travel throu!houthistory in a time machine tryin! to !et back to $7.& See also - )4AI6 4<6+ 1@A1@Iand A<656 A +@I56
T@6 @AT +MHA#1(+#$772 89on >ichael /aul#costar; (uddy 1apatosa, an Italian-American orphan adopted by a>ichael D>ikeD 5a!land and his wife alon! with two other orphans ears later, >ike, a1aptain with the &&th /recinct of the A/ or!aniFed a special undercover unit calledDThe @at +EuadD headed by his three adopted sons
@6A 4* T@6 1A++#A(1#$7%J-7$ 889Tannis <allely; )anice aFarotto, a twelve-year-old Italian-American prodi!y attendin!the Individual @onors /ro!ram at a ew ork 1ity hi!h school )anice appeared durin! the$7%J-%7 seasons after which time her character !ot accepted to @arvard and she left theseries
T@6 @6IG@T+#*4R#$772 89en Garito#costar; Arthur OiFFyQ >aFelli, Italian-American plumberCs assistant whoplayed drums for a blue-collar rock and roll band called The @ei!hts
@I +T566T (H6+#(1#$7%$-%J 89aniel ) Travanti; 1aptain *rank *urillo, an Italian-American police captain whosupervised the chaos of @ill +treet +tation in 1hica!o Illinois *urillo, a reformedalcoholic, was married to a public defender who affectionately called him D/iFFa >anDAlso featured were (arbara (osson as *ay *urillo, *rank=s e:-wife? 6d >arinaro as officer5oy 1offey, an DItalian +tallionD ladies man who !ot killed in a shootout durin! a $7%.episode? ennis *ranF as +al (enedetto, a vicious cop who killed himself in a bank vaultdurin! the %2-%3 season? isa +utton as 4fficer 5obin Tata!lia? and en 4lin as et @arryGaribaldi
@444 (6AT#A(1#$7%.
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89)ay Acavone#costar; et )ack 5ado, an Italian-American os An!eles /oliceepartment workin! undercover in @ollywood with Irish partner, et ick >c1arren
@4>6*54T#A(1#$77$-72 89Giuliani +antini#costar; Gina +loan, a youn! pre!nant Italian war bride who traveled toa small 4hio town to wait for the return of her soldier husband Hnfortunately, Gina=s
husband is killed overseas and she is forced to contend with >ichael=s wealthy parentswho did not approve of their son=s decision to marry a forei!ner A concentration camptattoo on Gina=s left arm revealed the letter and numerals DA7%.&%D
@4>I1I6" I*6 4 T@6 +T566T#(1#$773-77 889)on /olito; et +teve O+alami @eadQ 1rosetti, Italian police officer assi!ned to thehomicide division D>urder /oliceD at the inner city precinct in *ells /oint, (altimore >1rosettiCs character who died 9suicideP; in ecember $77' is based on a white Irish(altimore detective Tery >carney 4ther cast included )on +eda as etective /aul*alsone 9introduced durin! the Jth season; and t Al OGeeQ Giardello, a tou!h-talkin!(lack +icilian who supervised the detectives t Al OGeeQ GiardelloCs (lack character isbased on white Italian (altimore police detective t Gary OeeQ CAddario Giancarlo6sposito played +pecial *(I A!ent >ike Giardello 9t Al GiardelloCs estran!ed son
introduced durin! the $77%-77 season;
@4T (ATI>456#A(1#$7&. 8891harlotte 5ae; >rs (ellotti, Italian-American resident of a dilapidated inner city hotelin (altimore @er 2J-year-old prankster, son >oose was often heard but never seen on-screen
@4H+T4 IG@T+#1(+#$7%&-%% 89>ichael /are#costar; )oey a*iamma, a tou!h Italian-American policeman who Boinedthe @ouston police force workin! with partner evon undy, a seasoned Te:as cop )oeyhad been the tar!et of a syndicate hit after his interference with the 1hica!o mob @isuncle used his underworld connections to keep him alive with the stipulation that )oeynever return to the indy 1ity
@H+4 +T566T#A(1#$77.-7J 89Tony anFa; Tony 1anetti, divorced Italian-American police detective livin! in@oboken, ew )ersey who be!ins a romance with >elanie 1lifford, a liberal newspaperreporter recently assi!ned to the police beat
I, 1AHIH+#((1#$7&J 9>iniseries; 89erek )acobi; 1laudius, feeble, stutterin!, yet intelli!ent member of the royal family in$st century 5ome around the time of 1hrist whose character observes the rise of 5ome=semperors until he himself is elected to sit upon the 5oman throne 9a position later held byero; 4ther cast included (rian (lessed as 4ctavian 9renamed Au!ustus when hebecomes 5ome=s first emperor;? +ian /hillips as ivia, 4ctavian=s schemin! wife? )ohn@urt as 1ali!ula, the depraved and insane 6mperor? )ohn /aul as A!rippa? 1hristopher
Guard as >arcellus? *rances hite as )ulia? Geor!e (aker as Tiberius? avid 5obb asGermanicus, /atrick +tewart as +eBanus? /atricia Muinn as ivilla? and )ames *aulkner as@erod
T@6 )A1 /AA5 +@4#(1#$7.&-J2 889/at @arrin!ton, )r; Guido /anFini, an heavy-accented Italian !olf officianado with apenchant for e:a!!eration This ethnic character appeared durin! the $7.7-J2 seasons ofthis late ni!ht talk variety show /at @arrin!ton reprised his Italian accent to play do!
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e:pert Guido /anFini on episode o 20 DThe (ow ow AffairD 92-$.-J.; of the espiona!edrama T@6 >A *54> H16#(1#$7J'-J%
)6++I1A 4<A#1(+#$7%$ 889Andrew 5ubin; /hil (onelli, Italian-American field cameraman who assisted A-T<1hannel J reporter )essica ovak produce on-air spots for her os An!eles-based
pro!ram D1lose-Hp ewsD
)6++I6#A(1#$7%' 89Tony o (ianco; et Ale: Ascoli, Italian-American police officer who interacted withr )essie @ayden, a staff psychiatrist assi!ned to a +outhern 1alifornia policedepartment
)6+H+ 4* AA56T@#1(+#2000 9>iniseries; 889Gary 4ldman; /ontius /ilate, 5oman procurator of )udea, +amaria and Idumaea whocondemned reli!ious Fealot )esus 1hrist to be crucified
)6+H+ 4* AA56T@#(1#$7&& 9>iniseries; 8895od +tei!er; /ontius /ilate, 5oman procurator of )udea, +amaria and Idumaea who
issued the orders to crucify reli!ious Fealot )esus 1hrist irected by *ranco efferelli,this ei!ht-hour bible-based miniseries was shot in Tunisia and Italy
T@6 )I>> H5AT6 +@4#(1#1(+#$7.'-.& 89)immy urante; )ames D)immyD *rancis urante, Italian-American comedian with thebi! nose 9D+chnoFFolaD; who starred on this popular comedy variety pro!ram whosesettin! was a small ni!htclub called 1lub urant At the end of each weekly performance,)immy paused to say DAnd Good ni!ht, >rs 1alabash, wherever you areD and then slowlye:it offsta!e followin! a pathway made from overhead spot li!hts >rs 1alabash was)immy=s first wife 1omedian 6rnie ovacs once did a parody of this classic endin!alkin! like )immy urante, 6rnie moved away from the cameras and proceeded to walkthrou!h pools of li!hts As he stepped into the last pool of li!ht, he fell out of si!htthrou!h a trap door )immy urante also appeared as a re!ular on the musical#variety
shows A +TA5 56<H6#(1#$7.0-.3? (HI1 1I51H+ @4H5#(1#$7.2-.3? T@614GAT6 14>6 @4H5#(1#$7.3-.'? T6RA14 +TA5 T@6AT65#(1#$7.'-..? and)I>> H5AT6 /56+6T+ T@6 64 +I+T65+#A(1#$7J7-&0 @e suffered a stroke in$7&2 9leavin! him wheelchair bound; and died in $7%0
)4AI6 4<6+ 1@A1@I#A(1#$7%2-%3 89+cott (aio#costar; 1harles D1hachiD Arcola, an Italian-American cousin of the ArthurDThe *onFD *onFarelli, first introduced on the @A// A+ series durin! the $7&& seasonIn this spinoff series 1hachi moved back to 1hica!o with his mother, ouisa 96llenTravolta; and his now stepfather Al elvecchio 9Al >olinaro;, who opened and Italianrestaurant )oanie, his !irlfriend and childhood sweetheart followed 1hachi back to1hica!o where they formed a rock and roll band which included inifred *reedman as1hachi=s cousins, Annette? 5obert /eirce as (in!o, the drummer? and errel >aury as
>ario Art >etrano appeared as Hncle 5ico, >ario=s father who was the !roup=s sleaFya!ent hen the series was cancelled the 1hachi and Al elvecchio characters returned to@A// A+ the followin! season
)46 A +4+#1(+#$7&.-&J 895ichard 1astellano; )oe <itale, an Italian-American sheet metal worker 9ran a screwpress; and widower who lived with his two teena!e sons, ick 9)immy (aio; and >ark9(arry >iller; in @oboken, ew )ersey
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)46 A <A65I6#(1#$7&%-&7 89/aul 5e!ina; )oe /iFo, an Italian-American disco dancer livin! in (rooklyn, ew orkwho romances a clothin! store#cosmetics sales!irl named <alerie +weetFer The cast alsofeatured 5obert 1ostanFo as )oe=s widowed father, <ince /iFo, a plumbin! store owner?onna /onterotto as Thelma >edina? and avid 6lliot as /aulie (arone
)46=+ I*6#A(1#$773 89/eter 4norati; )oe Gennaro, Italian-American aircraft plant worker who becomes a D>r>omD when he is laid off from his mana!ement position To make ends meet, he works asa chef at his bi! brothers +tan=s 9Geor!e i1enFo; restaurant Also featured were >ary/a!e eller as +andy Gennaro, )oe=s wife? >or!an a!ler as Amy Gennaro, their $'-yearold dau!hter? 5obert @y Gorman as /aul Gennaro, their $2-year-old son? +pencer lein as+cotty Gennaro, their seven-year-old son? >imi ennedy as (arbara Gennaro, +tan=s wife,(arbara? anny >asterson as eo Gennaro, +tan and (arbara=s $J-year-old son? and Al5uscio as *rank 5uscio
)4@ (AG4#1(+#$773 89/eter obson; )ohnny Tenuti, a small-time Italian hood who !ot framed for murder,stole a inneba!o 1amper from a deceased old man attendin! a fishin! tournament
9hence )ohnny=s new identity D)ohnny (a!oD;? and took off for parts unknown with themob and his shrewish e:-wife turned parole officer, (everly *lorio 95ose Abdoo;, hot onhis trail Also featured were Anna (er!er as >a Tenuti, )ohnny=s mother who !ot lettersfrom her son while he was on the lamb? >ichael GaFFo as on 5oselli? the ew ork 1itycrime boss whose son, 1hico 5oselli was alle!edly killed by )ohnny Tenuti? and 5ichard5omanus as <innie, )ohnny=s cousin who actually killed 1hico and blamed )ohnny for thedirty deed
)4@ +TA11AT4#(1#A(1#$7.7-J0 89)ohn 1assavetes; )ohnny +taccato, a BaFF pianist of Italian descent who supplementedhis income by workin! as a private investi!ator in ew ork 1ity Also featured was6duardo 1iannelli as aldo, owner of aldo=s the >acou!al +treet club in Greenwich<illa!e where )ohnny hun! out and met most of with his clients
)H+T *5I6+#1(+#$7&7 889ou 1riscuolo; >ilt =An!elo, the Italian-American owner of the (everly @ills *ountainof outh @ealth +pa that employed +usan @u!hes, the series main character Also featuredwere iF Torres as >iltCs wife, >iranda? and Albert Insinnia as >ilt=s son, An!elo =An!elo
)H+T +@44T >6#(1#$77&K 8896nrico 1olantoni; 6lliott i>auro, a kindhearted but klutFy baldin! Italian-Americanphoto!rapher who shoots fashion layouts for the ew ork-based Blsh ma!aFine 5hodaGemi!nani appeared as 5hoda i>auro, 6lliottCs mother 6nrico 1olantoni was born inToronto, the youn!est of two sons of Italian immi!rants
A56#A(1#$7&.
89aren <alentine; aren An!elo, a sin!le woman of Italian descent who worked for acitiFen=s action !roup called 4pen America in ashin!ton, 1
IG+T4" 14*I6TIA#(1#$7&& 889Art @indle; Tony >arino, a youn! Italian-American reporter workin! for 5 (in!ston, a senior Bournalist for the +an *rancisco-based *raFier ews Group
IG@TAT1@#A(1#$7%% 89(enBamin (ratt; Tony >aldonado, e:-!an! member of Italian descent who headed the
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ni!hts of the 1ity, a controversial volunteer community-watch pro!ram 9a la DTheGuardian An!elsD; desi!ned to fi!ht street crime and keep the city safe
4)A#1(+#$7&3-&% 889<ince 1onti; et 5iFFo, Italian-American police officer workin! with t Theo oBak, aplainclothes detective of Greek descent workin! at the $3th /recinct in the >anhattan
+outh division of the ew ork /olice epartment
41@A" T@6 IG@T +TA65#A(1#$7&'-&. 89+imon 4akland#costar; Tony <incenFo, a dyspeptic Italian-American editor workin! at1hica!o=s Independent ews +ervice who supervised crime reporter 1arl olchak, awisecrackin! Bournalist who usually returned from his assi!nments with unbelievable talesof vampire, werewolves, etc
Time#i!e I'a#y 12)())*
Return to home
"@ -eb "G, uigi $irandelloKs C/ome (u Mi 0uoi,C premiered in Milan. DM/, B"GB@
"@ Apr ", Silvana Mangano, actress D;eath in 0enice, 5arabbas, was born inRome, Italy. DM/, 2B"B@
"@ #un , 6riana -allaci, Italian 8ournalist, was born.D:>, HBB@"
"@ #ul , Earth7ua+e struc+ Ariano, Italy, and some ",4@@ were +illed.
DM/, FBB@
"@ 'ino Severini, artist, published -leurs et Mas7ues in ondon. DS-EM, B"BG, p.H
"@ -uturist poet, -ilippo (ommaso Marinetti denounced pasta as obsolete andurged Italians to try more avant?garde combinations li+e coo+ed salami sauced inespresso and spi+ed with eau de /ologne. DS#, "BB4, p.A?""
"@ Mt. Stromboli in Italy erupted and hurled @?ton roc+s onto houses +m away
and caused a tidal wave as the entire island mountain rose. D$ac;isc. SpringB*H, p.@
" #an 4, %mberto Eco, Italian novelist who wrote C(he >ame of the Rose,C was born. D:>, "B4B
" Apr "F, 'raiella Sciutti, Italian opera singer, was born.
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DM/, 2B"FB@
" Sep "", 0alentino, fashion designer for #ac7ueline 3ennedy 6nassis, was bornin Milan, Italy. DM/, B""B@"
" 6ct 4, Mussolini promised to remain dictator for @ years. DM/, "@B4B@"
" >ov 4, Mussolini freed "H,@@@ criminals. DM/, ""B4B@"
" Mar ", ItalyKs dictator 5enito Mussolini proposed a pact with 5ritain, -ranceand 'ermany. DA$, B"B@
" #un H, /laudio Abbado, composer, conductor Dondon Symph?"G, was born in Milan, Italy. DM/, HBHB@
" 'iulio Einaudi Dd." at GF founded the 'iulio Einaudi Editore in (urin, a publishing house that he built into a wellspring of fine literature, intellectual thought and political theory. In "2 the firm became part of Mondadori, part of the media empire ofSilvio 5erlusconi. DS-/, 2BGB, p./4
" Mussolini decided to transform /ampione, a destitute fisherman*s village, intoa showcase for Italy*s prosperity. Subsidies were curtailed in @@". DS#, "B"HB@@, p.A"
"2 -eb "G, Aldo /eccato, conductor D;etroit Symph 6rch "F?FF, was born inMilan, Italy. DM/, B"GB@
"2 -eb 2, Renata Scotto, soprano D0ioletta, a (raviata, was born in Savona,Italy. DM/, B2B@
"2 #un , Italy gained the right to colonie Albania after defeating the country. D:>, HBBG
"2 Sep @, Sophia oren, actress D;esire %nder the Elms, 5lac+ 6rchid, was bornin Rome. DM/, B@B@"
"2 ;ec 4, Italian and Ethiopian troops clashed at the %alual on disputed Somali?
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Ethiopian border. D:>, "B4BG
"2 Attilio 5ertolucci D""?@@@ published his "st collection of poemsC>ovember -ires.C
DS-/, HB"4B@@, p.A2
"2 (he Italian film Ca Signora di (uttiC starred Isa Miranda and was directed byMa= 6phuls. DS-E/, B4B, ;5 p.4@
"2 /harles $oni, Italian immigrant, chec+ forger and scam artist, was deportedfrom the %S to Italy where he got wor+ in Mussolini*s treasury and embeled moneyfrom the fascists. DSS-/, FB"2B@, p.'
"4 -eb "G, Rome reported sending troops to Italian Somalia. D:>, B"GBG
"4 -eb F, Mirella -reni, lyric soprano DMadame 5utterfly, was born in Modena,Italy. DM/, BFB@
"4 Mar , -rance, Italy and 5ritain agreed to present a unified front in responseto 'ermany.
D:>, BBG
"4 #ul "G, Ethiopian 3ing :aile Selassie urged his countrymen to fight to the lastman against the invading Italian army. :e had previously warned the eague of >ationsof the dangers of appeasement. D:>, FB"GBG
"4 6ct , Italy invaded Ethiopia.D;o;, ", p.FDwww.onwar.comBacedBdataBindiaBitalyethiopia"4.htm
"4 6ct H, Italian army occupied Adua, Abyssinia DEthiopia. DM/, "@BHB@"
"4 6ct "", (he eague of >ations met and voted 4@ to 2 DAustria, :ungary, Italyand Albania opposed to condemn Italy for the attac+ on Ethiopia. Dhttp!BBnaret.comBhistoryB
"4 6ct ", uciano $avarotti, Italian opera tenor, was born in Modena, Italy. D:>, "@B"BGDM/, "@B"B@"
"4 ;ec @, Italian bombers destroyed a Swedish Red /ross unit in Ethiopia.
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DM/, "B@B@"
"4 Mussolini presented a gift of ,@@@,@@@ gold francs to Albania< other economicaid followed.
Dwww, Albania, "G
"4 5runo ;ucati Dd.@@" and his brothers Adriano and Marcello began producingcondensers and radio e7uipment. (hey switched to motorcycle production after II. DS-/, 4B"FB@", p.A4
"4?"H (he Italian army used chemical warfare against Ethiopia in violation of the"4 'eneva $rotocol. D>:, "@BG, p."G
"H #an 4, ;aggha 5ur, Ethiopia, was bombed by the Italians.D:>, "B4B
"H Mar , Italy, Austria and :ungary signed $act of Rome.DSS, BB@
"H Mar , Italy firebombed the Ethiopian city of :arar.D:>, BBG
"H Apr "G, 6ttorino Respighi D4H, Italian composer D$ines of Rome, died. DM/, 2B"GB@
"H May , ith the Italian invasion Ethiopia*s Emp. :aile Selassie left for -renchSomaliland. :e went into e=ile for 4 years during which time he was based in 5ath,England. Dhttp!BBtinyurl.comBah7hm
"H May 4, Italian troops occupied Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. "F4F Italians and "4Eritreans were +illed, more than F4,@@@ Ethiopians were +illed.
Dhttp!BBhistory.acusd.eduBgenB([email protected]!BBnaret.comBhistoryB
"H May , -ascist Italy too+ Addis Abba and anne=ed Ethiopia as 5enitoMussolini celebrated in Rome.
DA$, 4BBFD:>, 4BBG
"H #un @, :aile Selassie as+ed the eague of >ations for sanctions against Italy. Dwww.historychannel.comBspeechesBarchiveBspeechJ2@@.html
"H #ul 2, (he eague /ouncil voted to end economic sanctions against Italy withthe collapse of Ethiopia. (he cancellation of economic sanctions against an aggressorstate mar+ed the failure of collective security under the eague and was a harbinger of
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conflict in the upcoming years.Dhttp!BBwww.indiana.eduBTleagueB"H.htm
"H >ov ", In a speech in Milan, Italy, 5enito Mussolini described the alliance between his country and >ai 'ermany as an Ca=isC running between Rome and 5erlin
after /ount /iano*s visit to 'ermany.DA$, ""B"BFD:>, ""B"BG
"H >ov "G, 'ermany and Italy recognied the Spanish government of -rancisco-ranco.
DA$, ""B"GBF
"F #an , Italian regime banned marriages between Italians and Abyssinians. DM/, "BB@
"F #un "@, uciana $alui D-iona 0olpe, actress D-ive -ingers, (hunderball, was
born in Rome, Italy. Dwww.8amesbondmm.co.u+Bbond?villainsBluciana
"F #ul @, 'uglielmo Marconi Db."GF2, Italian engineer, inventor of wirelesstelegraphy, mar7uis Dradio, >obel "@, died in Rome. D6>, ""B, p."@DM/, FB@B@
"F Sep H, (he Soviet %nion accused Italy of torpedoing two Russian ships in theMediterranean. D:>, BHBG
"F Sep 4, 'erman /hancellor Adolf :itler met with Italian $remier 5enitoMussolini in Munich. D:>, B4BG
"F ;ec "", Italy withdrew from the eague of >ations.DA$, "B""BF
"F ;ec , ondon warned Rome to stop the anti?5ritish propaganda in $alestine.D:>, "BBG
"F Italy occupied Albania. Lsee Apr G, " DS-/, 2B4BF, p.A@
"F An Italian Alfa Romeo G/ @@5 /abriolet, later called one of the finest classiccars in e=istence, was produced. In " it sold for N2 million. DS-/, GB"B, p.AH
"F (he ",F@@ year?old A=um 6belis+ was dismantled and removed from Ethiopia by Italian forces. Mussolini used it to commemorate the "4th anniversary of his march on
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Rome. In "G Italy agreed to return it. (he border war delayed the return to @@.DAM, 4B@", p."@DSS-/, ""BB@, p.A
"G #ul "2, Mussolini published anti?#ewish and African manifest. DM/, FB"2B@
"G Sep ", Mussolini cancelled the civil rights of Italian #ews. DM/, B"B@
"G Sep @, At a Munich conference 5ritish, -rench, 'erman and Italian leadersagreed to the cession of Sudetenland, inhabited by a 'erman?spea+ing minority, from/echoslova+ia to 'ermany. 5ritish $M >eville /hamberlain gained a brief peaceagreement from :itler at Munich and without consulting the /echs agreed that >aiforces could occupy Sudetenland. Some mar+ this Cappeasement policyC as the decisiveevent of the century. /hamberlain predicted Cpeace in our time.C -rench $M Edouard;aladier was very depressed from the meeting.
DS-/, HBBH, " p.4DS-/, HB"HBH, " p.HD(,"GG,p."""DA$, B@BFDS#,HBGBG, p.A"D:>, B@BGD6>, ""B@4, p.
"G >ov "@, -ascist Italy enacted anti?Semitic legislation.D:>, ""B"@BG
"G >ov "F, Italy passed its own version of anti?#ewish >uremberg laws. DM/, ""B"FB@"
"G ;ec "F, Italy declared the "4 pact with -rance invalid, because ratificationKshad not been e=changed. -rance denied the argument.
D:>, "B"FBG
"G 3ing 0ictor Emmanuel III supported dictator 5enito Mussolini and signedracial laws that e=pelled #ews from government and university 8obs and the military andrestricted their wor+, schooling and right to own property. Some G,@@@ #ews were sent toconcentration camps from which only about H@@ survived. DS-/, 4BHBF, p.A""
"G In the anghe region of Italy 'iacomo Morra initiated the Int*l. (ruffle -air inAlba. DS-E/, BFBG, p.(2
"G Enrico Rebuschini, a northern Italian priest, died. In "F he was beatified by$ope #ohn $aul II. DS-/, 4B4BF, p.AG
" -eb 2, :ungary signed an anti?/ommunist pact with Italy, 'ermany and#apan. D:>, B2BG
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" Apr F, Italy invaded Albania, which offered only to+en resistance. ess than awee+ later, Italy anne=ed Albania. Lsee Apr G DA$, 2BFB
" Apr G, Italy, under -ascist dictatorship led by 5enito Mussolini seied thecountry of Albania. (he Albanian parliament voted to unite Albania with Italy< 3ing ogfled to 'reece. %nder Mussolini*s totalitarian rule Italy embar+ed on e=pansion andmilitary con7uest. Ethiopia fell victim, con7uered by Italy in "H. Italy*s foreign policycooperation with 'ermany began in "H and both 8oined forces to intervene in theSpanish /ivil ar on the side of -rancisco -ranco*s rebel forces. Italy*s military alliancewith 'ermany was struc+ in ". Lsee Apr F D:>, 2BGBGDwww, Albania, "G
" May F, 'ermany and Italy announced a military and political alliance +nown asthe Rome?5erlin A=is.
DA$, 4BFBF
" May , Adolf :itler and 5enito Mussolini signed a C$act of SteelC committing'ermany and Italy to a military alliance forming the A=is powers.
DA$, 4BBFD:>, 4BB
" (he Italian film C6ssessioneC D6bsession featured the debut of Massimo 'irotiDd.@@ at G2. It was a loose adaptation of C(he $ostman Always Rings (wiceC and wasdirected by uchino 0isconti. DS-/, "B""B@, p.A"F
" Italy passed a law for the $rotection of Artistic $atrimony. It re7uired that artover 4@ years old be offered to the government for ac7uisition before e=port. DAM, MayB#un F p.H2
"2@ Mar 4, (he 5ritish surprised Mussolini by ta+ing seven Italian coal ships.D:>, B4BG
"2@ Mar , 5ritain freed captured Italian coal ships on the eve of 'erman -oreignMinister, RibbentropKs visit to Rome.
D:>, BBG
"2@ Mar "G, Adolf :itler and 5enito Mussolini held a meeting at the 5renner $assacross the Alps during which the Italian dictator agreed to 8oin in 'ermanyKs war against-rance and 5ritain. DA$, B"GBF
"2@ Apr ", Italy anne=ed Albania. DM/, 2B"B@
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"2@ May "H, 5ernardo 5ertolucci, director D"@@, ast Emperor, was born in$arma, Italy. DM/, 4B"HB@
"2@ #un "@, Italy declared war on -rance and 5ritain< /anada declared war on Italy.
DA$, HB"@BF
"2@ #un "", (he Italian Air -orce bombed the 5ritish fortress at Malta in theMediterranean. D:>, HB""BG
"2@ #un 2, -rance signed an armistice with Italy after the a=is country attac+ed a portion of southern -rance during 'ermanyKs blit+rieg.
DA$, HB2BFD:>, HB2B
"2@ Sep ", Italian forces began an offensive into Egypt from ibya.
D:>, B"BG
"2@ Sep ", Italian troops under Marshal 'raiani attac+ed Egypt. DM/, B"B@"
"2@ Sep F, >ai?'ermany, Italy and #apan signed a formal alliance called(ripartite $act, a "@ year military and economic alliance strengthening the A=is alliance. DM/, BFB@"
"2@ 6ct 2, Adolf :itler and 5enito Mussolini conferred at 5renner $ass in the Alps,where the >ai leader sought ItalyKs help in fighting the 5ritish. DA$, "@B2BF
"2@ 6ct 4, (he 'ree+ Army beat bac+ an invasion by Mussolini*s forces. DS-/,"@BBF, p.A
"2@ 6ct 4, :itler visited Mussolini in -lorence. DS-/,"@BBF, p.A
"2@ 6ct G, Italy invaded 'reece, launching si= divisions on four fronts fromoccupied Albania. 'reece successfully resisted ItalyKs attac+. DA$, "@BGBFD:>, "@BGBGDM/, "@BGB@""2@ 6ct G, A meeting between :itler and Mussolini too+ place in -lorence. DM/, "@BGB@"
"2@ >ov "", 5ritain*s Royal >avy attac+ed the Italian fleet at (aranto. D:>, ""B""BG
"2@ ;ec , 5ritish troops opened their first ma8or offensive in >orth Africa duringorld ar II and seied ",@@@ Italians in a sudden thrust in Egypt.
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DA$, "BBFD:>, "BBG
"2@ (he film C$iccolo Mondo AnticoC was directed Mario Soldati. DS-/, HB2B, p.A4
"2@ (he film CSt. #ohn the 5aptist 5eheadedC starred (oto. DS-/, "B"B@", p.;"
"2" #an @, :itler met with Mussolini and offered aid in Albania and 'reece. D:>, "B@B
"2" #an , 5ritish and Australian troops captured (obru+ from Italians. DM/, "BB@
"2" -eb H, (he RA- cleared the way as 5ritish too+ 5enghai, ibya, trappingthousands of Italians.
D:>, BHB
"2" -eb "H, (he Italians lost their last position in the Sudan. D:>, B"HBG
"2" Mar ", (he last Italian post in East ibya fell to the 5ritish. D:>, B"BG
"2" Mar G, (he Italian fleet was routed by the 5ritish at the 5attle of Matapan.D:>, BGB
"2" Mar , (erence :ill, actor DSuper -u, (hey /all Me (rinity, was born in0enice, Italy. DM/, BB@"2" Mar , (he 5ritish san+ five Italian warships off the $eloponnesus coast in theMediterranean. D:>, BBG
"2" Mar @, (he %.S. seied Italian, 'erman and ;anish ships in "H ports.D:>, B@BG
"2" Apr H, Italian?held Addis Ababa surrendered to 5ritish and Ethiopian forces. DM/, 2BHB@
"2" Apr "F, )ugoslavia surrendered to 'ermany ending "" days of futile resistanceagainst the invading 'erman ehrmacht. More than @@,@@@ )ugoslav officers andsoldiers were ta+en prisoner. Italian and Albanian forces attac+ed and 8ointly occupied)ugoslavia. DS-/, 2B4BF, p.A@DA$, 2B"FBFDM/, 2B"FB@
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"2" May "G, Italian army under 'eneral Aosta surrendered to 5ritain in Ethiopia.DS/, 4B"GB@
"2" #ul G, Riccardo Muti, conductor D$hiladelphia 6rch, was born in >apoli,Italy.
DS/, FBGB@
"2" >ov "G, MussoliniKs forces left Abyssinia DEthiopia. DM/, ""B"GB@"
"2" ;ec , /hina declared war on #apan, 'ermany and Italy.DA$, "BBF
"2" ;ec "", (he %S declared war on 'ermany and Italy. 'ermany and Italydeclared war on the %nited States< the %.S. responded in +ind. D%;, "22, p."HGD(, "GG, p.""DA$, "B""BF
"2" (he 5ritish seied Eritrea from the Italians. DS#, 4BHB@@, p.A
"2 #an , 'erman and Italian troops too+ 5enghai in >orth Africa. D:>, "BB
"2 Aug F, /uba declared war on 'ermany, #apan and Italy. DM/, GBFB@"
"2 ;ec 2, %.S. bombers struc+ the Italian mainland and >aples for the first time inorld ar II.
DA$, "B2BFD:>, "B2BG
"2 ;ec "G, :itler met with Mussolini and $ierre aval.D:>, "B"GBG
"2 (he film CMalombraC was directed Mario Soldati. DS-/, HB2B, p.A4
"2 ev >ussimbaum DF, 6rientalist and writer Da+a Essad 5ey or 3urban Said,died in Italy, while researching a biography of Mussolini. In @@4 (om Reiss authoredO(he 6rientalist,P a biography of >ussimbaum, whose boo+s included the novel OAli and >inoP D"F, translated to English in "F@. DS#, B"FB@4, p.;GDSS-/, BHB@4, p.5
"2 #an "2, Italian occupation authorities refused to deport any #ews living on theirterritories in -rance.
D:>, "B"2B
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"2 #an , 5attle of Anio! Italy. DM/, "BB@
"2 Apr F, Adolf :itler and 5enito Mussolini met for an A=is conference inSalburg.
DM/, 2BFB@
"2 Apr G, 'erman?Italian forces launched a counter offensive in >orth?Africa. DM/, 2BGB@
"2 May "G, Allied bombers attac+ed $antelleria in the Mediterranean Sea.DS/, 4B"GB@
"2 #un , th $ursuit S7uadron flew its "st combat mission over Italy.DS/, HBB@
"2 #un "", (he Italian island of $antelleria surrendered after a heavy air bombardment. D:>, HB""BG
"2 #ul , American and 5ritish forces made an amphibious landing on Sicily. (heKman who never wasK pulled off one of the greatest deceptions in military history??after hisdeath.
D:>, FBBG
"2 #ul "@, ;uring orld ar II, %.S. and 5ritish forces completed theiramphibious landing in Sicily. DA$, FB"@BFD:>, FB"@B@"
"2 #ul ", More than "4@ 5?"F and "" 5?2 Allied bombers attac+ed Rome forthe first time. DA$, FB"BFD:>, FB"BG
"2 #ul , (he American Seventh Army forces led by 'en. 'eorge S. $attoncaptured $alermo, Sicily. 'en $atton moved his troops across Sicily through August. D(M/,"2,p."2DS#,"BGB4,p.A?"2D:>,FBBG
"2 #ul 4, 5enito Mussolini was dismissed as premier of Italy by 3ing 0ictorEmmanuel III and placed under arrest. Mussolini was later rescued by the >ais and re?asserted his authority.
DA$, FB4BFD:>, FB4BGDnews.bbc.co.u+Bonthisday
"2 #ul H, 6tto S+orenyKs commando group arrived in Rome. DM/, FBHB@
"2 Aug ", (he 5ritish bombed Milan. Elmer Alifano was an in8ured American
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held captive in a Milan hospital during the bombing where he received more in8uries andwhere a third of the Allied prisoners were +illed. DS-/, BBF, p.A"
"2 Aug "F, (he Allied con7uest of Sicily was completed as %.S. and 5ritish forces
entered Messina. DA$, GB"FBFD:>, GB"FBG
"2 Aug G, Mussolini was transferred from a Maddalena Sardinia to 'ran Sasso. DM/, GBGB@"
"2 Aug, ItalyKs surrender to Allied forces wea+ened Italian hold on Albania<Albanian resistance fighters overwhelmed five Italian divisions.
Dwww, Albania, "G
"2 Sep , (he 5ritish Eighth Army invaded Italy, landing at /alabria, during
orld ar II. Italy signed a secret armistice with the Allies, but it was not announceduntil Sep G.DA$, BBFD:>, BBG
"2 Sep 2, 5ritish Gth army landed at (aranto in South Italy. DM/, B2B@"
"2 Sep G, Italy surrendered to the Allies in II. Dwww.naval?history.netB/ampaignsItaly.htm
"2 Sep , Allied forces in operation Avalanche landed at Salerno and (arantoduring orld ar II. (hey encountered strong resistance from 'erman troops. DA$, BBFD:>, BBGDM/, BB@"
"2 Sep "@, 'erman troops occupied Rome and too+ over the protection of 0atican/ity. DM/, B"@B@"
"2 Sep ", 'erman paratroopers too+ 5enito Mussolini from the hotel where hewas being held by Italian resistance forces. affen?SS troops under 6tto S+oreny freedMussolini at 'ran Sasso in the Abrui Mountains. DA$, B"BFDS-/, 2B4BF, p.A"4
"2 Sep ", 'ermans counter attac+ed at Salerno. DM/, B"B@"
"2 Sep "2, 'erman troops abandoned the Salerno front in Italy. D:>, B"2BG
"2 Sep , 5enito Mussolini formed a rival fascist government in Italy.
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Dwww.cifr.itB/[email protected]
"2 Sep , 'eneral ;wight ;. Eisenhower and Italian Marshal $ietro 5adogliosigned an armistice aboard the 5ritish ship >elson off Malta. DA$, BBF
"2 Sep, (rieste was occupied by the 'ermans and held until the end of the war.Many of the city*s #ews perished at the nearby Risiera di San Sabba >ai death camp. DS-/, BBF, p./
"2 Sep, $ope $ius 1II offered 0atican assets to ransom #ews from the >ais and inItaly ran an e=tensive networ+ of hideouts for escaping #ews. DS#, 2B4BF, p.A"G
"2 6ct ", Allied forces captured >aples during orld ar II. 5ritish troops in Italyentered >aples and occupied -oggia airfield.
D:-A, KH, p.GDA$, "@B"BFD:>, "@B"BG
"2 6ct ", (he %.S. -ifth Army began an assault crossing of the 0olturno River inItaly. D:>, "@B"BG
"2 6ct ", ;uring orld ar II, Italy declared war on 'ermany, its one?time A=is partner.
DA$, "@B"BF
"2 6ct "H, In Italy the >ai SS police and affen SS began rounding up the #ewsof Rome. (here was an anti #ewish riot in Rome as the #ewish 7uarter was surrounded by >ais, and #ews were evacuated to Auschwit. $ope $ius 1II made no public protest,though he did send some messages of disapproval through intermediaries. DS#, "@B"GB, p.A2HDM/, "@B"HB@"
"2 ;ec , 5attle of Monte /assino, Italy began. DM/, "BB@"
"2?"2F (housands of Italians were +illed by )ugoslav partisans in and around theIstrian peninsula, which had fallen to Italy after the "st world war. Mussolini*s fascistshad brutally Italianied the peninsula prior to the arrival of the partisans. DEcon, GBGB@2, p.2G
"22 #an 2, (he 5ritish -ifth Army attac+ed Monte /assino, Italy. D:>, "B2B
"22 #an "4, (he %.S. -ifth Army successfully bro+e the 'erman inter ine inItaly with the capture of Mount (rocchio. D:>, "B"4B
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"22 #an @, Allied forces began unsuccessful operations to cross the Rapido Riverand seie /assino, Italy. D:>, "B@B
"22 #an , %.S. troops under Ma8or 'eneral #ohn $. ucas made an amphibiouslanding behind 'erman lines at Anio, Italy, 8ust south of Rome.D:>, "BB
"22 -eb , (he 'ermans stopped an Allied attac+ at Anio, Italy. D:>, BB
"22 -eb F, (he 'ermans launched a Lcounteroffensive second attac+ against theAllied beachhead at Anio, Italy. (hey hoped to push the Allies bac+ into the sea. DA$, BFBFD:>, BFB
"22 -eb "4, American bombers attac+ed the Abbey of Monte /assino in centralItaly in an effort to neutralie it as a 'erman observation post. In @@ Matthew $ar+erauthored CMonte /assino! (he :ardest -ought 5attle of orld ar II.C D:>, B"4BDEcon, B@B@, p.G@
"22 Mar , A train disaster +illed 4" people in Salerno, Italy. DS-/, HB2BG, p.A"4
"22 -eb "4, American bombers attac+ed the Abbey of Monte /assino in an effort toneutralie it as a 'erman observation post in central Italy.
D:>, B"4B
"22 Mar ", Massive stri+es too+ place in >orthern Italian towns.DS/, B"B@
"22 Mar , In Salerno, Italy, fumes from a locomotive stalled in a tunnel suffocated4" people. DS-/, HB2BG, p.A"4DA$, B"GB@2
"22 Mar 2, Anti?'erman stri+es too+ place in >orth Italy. DS/, B2B@ "22 Mar "4, /assino, Italy, was destroyed by Allied bombing.
D:>, B"4BG
"22 Mar @, Mount 0esuvius, Italy, e=ploded. DM/, B@B@
"22 Mar , A bomb assassination against Southern (irol congregation in Rome+illed .
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DSS, BB@
"22 Mar 2, In occupied Rome, the >ais e=ecuted more than @@ civilians inreprisal for an attac+ by Italian partisans, who the day before +illed L 'ermansoldiers Lpolicemen. (he Ardeatine /ave massacre near Rome, Italy, too+ place. In
retaliation to the systematic murder of >ai officers by the Italian underground, an SSofficer ordered that "@ Italian civilian men be shot for every >ai officer +illed. (he ageof the civilians did not matter and so many teenagers and boys were among the deadfound in the caves. Argentina e=tradited former >ai officer, Erich $rieb+e, to Rome in"4 to face trial for his role in the Ardeatine /aves massacre. DA$, BBFDS#, "@BB4, p.A?" DS#, ""B"B4, p.A?"D:>, B2BG
"22 Apr , :itler and Mussolini met at 6bersalburg. DM/, 2BB@
"22 May "", Allied forces launched a ma8or offensive in central Italy.
DA$, 4B""BF
"22 May ", Allied forces in Italy bro+e through the 'erman 'ustav ine into theiri 0alley. D:>, 4B"B
"22 May "4, A partisan attac+ on a movie theater +illed 4 'erman soldiers in'enoa. 2 days later SS 6fficer -riedrich Engel ordered the +illing of 4 Italian prisonersin reprisal. In @@ Engel D was sentenced to F years in prison for the order. DS-/, FBHB@, p.A"2DA$, B"2B@H
"22 May "G, (he Allies in Italy finally captured Monte /assino, EuropeKs oldestMonastic house, after a four?month struggle that claimed some @,@@@ lives. (he $olishnd Army corps, at a staggering loss of life, captured the convent of Monte /assino.
D:>, 4B"GBDA$, 4B"GB@DS/, 4B"GB@
"22 May ", (he 'ustav line, the 'erman defense line in Italy, collapsed underheavy assault by Allied troops. D;(net, 4B"BF"22 May ", -riedrich Engel D"@?@@H, a >ai SS officer, oversaw the massacreof 4 Italian prisoners near 'enoa. An Italian military court convicted Engel in absentiain " and sentenced him to life for war crimes connected to a total of 2H deaths. In@@ a 'erman court convicted Engel of 4 counts of murder and handed him asuspended seven?year term. DA$, B"2B@H
"22 May , 5ritish troops occupied Aprilia, Italy.DS/, 4BB@
"22 May @, /aligula*s ships, e=tracted from a+e >emi, were set ablae and
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destroyed. 5lame was cast on 'erman soldiers and American artillery. DAM, 4B@", p."
"22 #un , >ais pulled out of Rome. DM/, HBB@
"22 #un 2, (he %.S. -ifth Army entered Rome, beginning the liberation of theItalian capital during orld ar II.
DA$, HB2BF
"22 Aug 2, 5ritish Gth army reached the suburbs of -lorence, Italy. DM/, GB2B@
"22 Aug "", 'erman troops abandoned -lorence, Italy, as Allied troops closed in onthe historic city. D:>, GB"@BG
"22 Aug ", /hurchill and (ito met in >aples. DM/, GB"B@
"22 Aug ", (he 5ritish Eighth Army penetrated the 'erman 'othic ine in Italy. D:>, GB"BG
"22 Aug, Some @@ SS troops surrounded SantKAnna, Italy, which had been floodedwith refugees, ostensibly to hunt for partisans. Instead, they rounded up and shotvillagers, according to survivors. 6thers were herded into enclosed areas such as basements and +illed with hand grenades. In @@4 a local court convicted "@ >ai SS inabsentia. DA$, HBB@4
"22 Sep G?"22 6ct 4, >ai murders too+ place in Marabotto, Italy, under SS?ma8or Reder. Retreating >ai troops +illed some ",@@@ women, children and elderlywhile allegedly pursuing resistance fighters. In @@ 'erman $res. Rau apologied forthe massacre. DM/, BGB@"D%SA(, 2B"GB@, p.2A
"22 ;ec H, In Italy two platoons of the segregated nd Infantry ;ivision foughtthe 'erman "2th Army at Sommocolonia. 6f F@ C5uffalo SoldiersC and 4 Italian$artisans only "G survived. In "FF t. #ohn -o= and H other blac+ Americans wereawarded the /ongressional Medal of :onor. 5y the end of the war ,"H 5uffalo soldiersfell brea+ing the 'othic ine. DS-/, FB"B@@, p.A"4DInd, "B""B@, 4A
"22 (he %S "@th Mountain ;ivision e=pelled the >ais from the mountains ofnorthern Italy. DS-/, "B"BH, p./
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"24 Mar ", ItalyKs /ommunist $arty D/$I called for armed uprising in Italy. DM/, B"B@
"24 Apr "F, Mussolini fled from to Milan.
DM/, 2B"FB@
"24 Apr , %S troops in Italy crossed the river $o. DM/, 2BB@
"24 Apr F, %S 4th army entered 'enoa. DM/, 2BFB@"24 Apr F, Italian partisans captured Mussolini. DM/, 2BFB@
"24 Apr G, Italian dictator 5enito Mussolini and his mistress, /lara $etacci, were
e=ecuted by Italian partisans as they attempted to flee the country. In "H" /harles -.;elell, a historian at 0anderbilt %niv., wrote CMussoliniKs Enemies! (he Italian Anti?-ascist Resistance.P In @@4 R.#.5. 5osworth authored PMussolini*s Italy.P DA$, 2BGBFDS-/, B"B, p.E2Dwww.worldhistory.comBmussolini.htmDEcon,"@BGB@4, p.
"24 Apr , (he 'erman Army in Italy surrendered unconditionally to the Allies.0enice and Mestre were captured by the Allies. In "4H >orman 3ogan, historian at the%niv of /onnecticut, wrote CItaly and the Allies.C D:>, 2BBDS-/, B"B, p.E2DM/, 2BB@
"24 May , 'erman Army in Italy surrendered. DM/, 4BB@"24 May , )ugoslav troops occupied (rieste. DM/, 4BB@"24 May , (he Soviet %nion announced the fall of 5erlin and the Allies announcedthe surrender of >ai troops in Italy and parts of Austria. DA$, 4BBF
"24 Aug , $ietro Mascagni DG", Italian composer D/avalleria Rusticana, died. DM/, GBB@
"24 #ohn :ersey won a $uliter $rie for his novel C5ell for Adano.C It was latermade into a 5roadway play and a movie. (he story was modeled on Ma8or -ran+ E.(oscani Dd.@@" at G, military governor of icata, Italy. DS-/, "B@B@", p.A
"2H May , 3ing 0ictor Emmanuel III of Italy abdicated and was replaced by hisson, %mberto II. :e served until a #une referendum abolished the monarchy. D:>, 4BBGDS-/, "B@B@", p./
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"2H May, (he (eatro alla Scala reopened under the baton of Arturo (oscanini. Itclosed at the end of @@" for restoration to be completed in @@2. DSS-/, "BFB@, p./
"2H #un , (he Italian monarchy was abolished by referendum in favor of arepublic.DA$, HBBFD:>, HBBG
"2H #un "@, Italy replaced its abolished monarchy with a republic.DA$, HB"@BF
"2H >ov , 'iuseppe Sinopoli, conductor, was born in 0enice, Italy. DM/, ""BB@"
"2H In Italy %mberto II Dd."G ruled for 8ust H days before he was sent into e=ile.
Italy established itself as a republic. DS-/, 4BHBF, p.A""DS-/, HBBH, p.A"
"2H Enrico $iaggio designed the "st 0espa motor scooter as a practical solution totransportation needs in postwar Italy. DS-/, GB"HB@, p.-"
"2F ;ec F, (he new Italian constitution was promulgated in Rome.D:>, "BFBG
"2F ;ec G, 0ictor Emmanuel III DFG, +ing of Italy D"@@?2H, died. DM/, "BGB@"
"2F 'eorgio Strehler Dd."F founded the $iccolo (heater in Milan. DS-/,"BHBF, p.5H
"2F (he -errari automobile began to be manufactured. DS#, HBBF, p.A"
"2G -eb , (he %nited States and Italy signed a pact of friendship, commerce andnavigation.
D:>, BB
"2G Mar 4, (he Italians banned a compromise with )ugoslavia and demanded thereturn of (rieste.
D:>, B2BG
"2G #un, In Rome -ather 3arol #oef o8tyla, later $ope #ohn $aul II, completedhis thesis O(he $roblems of -aith in the or+s of St. #ohn of the /rossP and earned adoctorate in philosophy. In #uly he returned to $oland as an assistant pastor at >iegowic.
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DSS-/, 2BB@4, p.A"
"2G Italy*s new constitution outlawed the -ascist $arty. DS#, HB"FB@2, p.A"4
"2 >ov ", (he %> Assembly decided for the eventual independence of Italy*sformer colonies. In the meantime they remained under %> supervision. %nited >ationsgranted ibya its independence in the year "4. DE:, "HG, p.""FHD:>, ""B"BG
"2 (he Italian film C5itter RiceC DRiso Amaro starred Silvana Mangano. It wasdirected by 'iuseppe de Santis Dd."F. DS-/, 4B"BF, p.A2DS-/, B""B@H, p.E"
"4@ (he Italian film CMamma Mia, /he ImpressioneUC starred Alberto Sordi in hisfirst role.
DS-/, "B"BF, p.E
"4" #an "@, L:arry Sinclair ewis DH4, American author of novels and playsD>obel "@, died in Rome of a nervous disorder. In @@ Richard ingeman authoredCSinclair ewis! Rebel from Main Street.C D:>V, 4B"GBGDS#, "B"GB@, p.GDM/, "B"@B@
"4" Sep "", Stravins+yKs opera CRa+eKs $rogress,C premiered in 0enice. DM/, B""B@"
"4" Sep ", Italian civil servants struc+ for a pay increase. DM/, B"B@"
"4" >ov H, Illona Staller, Italian member of $arliament Da /icciolina, was bornin 5udapest, :ungary. DM/, ""BHB@"DA$, ""BHB@
"4 May H, Maria Montessori DG", Italian physician, educationist, died. DM/, 4BHB@
"4 (he film Ca $rovincialeC starred 'ina ollobrigida and was directed MarioSoldati and based on a novel by Alberto Moravia. DS-/, HB2B, p.A4
"4 An Italian law made the praise of fascism a crime. DS#, HB"FB@2, p.A"4
"4 -eb @, Riccardo /hailly, conductor Dest 5erlin Symph 6rch, was born inMilan, Italy. DM/, B@B@
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"4 ;ec 4, Italy and )ugoslavia agreed to pull troops out of the disputed (rieste border.
D:>, "B4BG
"4 (he Italian film CI 0itelloniC starred Alberto Sordi. DS-/, "B"BF, p.E
"4 Italy founded E>I$ower, a state attempt to challenge the oil ma8ors. DEcon, GB"B@2, p.4
"42 #ul ", Italians ino acedelli and Achille /ompagnoni first scaled $a+istan*s3?, the worldKs second?highest mountain. DA$, FBFB@2
"42 (he Italian film C(he $oor and the >obleC starred (oto DAntonio de /urtis and
Sophia oren. DS-/, "B"B@", p.;"
"42 (he film CSenso,C a historical romance, was made by uchino 0isconti. DS-EM, B"@B@@, p."
"42 (he film Ca StradaC was directed by -ederico -ellini. DS-E/, 2B"BF, ;5 p.2
"42 Amintore -anfani Dd." at " became the head of government. :e resignedafter " days following a vote of no confidence in $arliament. :e later became head ofthe %> 'enKl. Assembly.
DS-E/, ""B"B, p./H
"42 Italy regained (rieste, which had been held by the %nited >ations. In @@" #anMorris authored C(rieste and the Meaning of >owhere.C DSS-/, "@BGB@", p.RDSS-/, "@BGB@", p.R
"42 Ardito ;esio Dd.@@" at "@2 of Italy organied the "st e=pedition to reach thetop of 3 in 3ashmir, the world*s nd highest pea+. In "H ;esio became the "st Italianto reach the South $ole. DS-/, "B"2B@", p.A
"44 Aug "H, -iat Motors ordered the "st private atomic reactor. DM/, GB"HB@
"44 (he film C(oto Against the -ourC starred (oto. DS-/, "B"B@", p.;"
"4H >ov ", $ietro 5adoglio DG4, Italian general D"?2, $remier of Italy
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D"2?22, died. Dwww.fact?inde=.comBpBpiBpietroJbadoglio.html
"4H 'iorgio 5assani, author, won the Strega literary award for his wor+! C-iveStories About -errara.C
DS-/, 2B"2B@@, p.;4
"4F #an "H, Arturo (oscanini Db."GHG, Italian?%S conductor D>5/, died in >)/ atage G. :e led the >5/ Symphony from "F?"42. In "FG :arvey Sachs wrote his biography. In @@ Sachs edited C(he etters of Arturo (oscanini,C his correspondencewith Ada Mainardi. D:>, B4B@"DS#, 2B@B@, p.;FDM/, "B"HB@
"4F Mar "@, (housands of soccer fans rioted in Italy. DM/, B"@B@
"4F Mar 4, (he (reaties establishing the European Economic /ommunity and theEuropean Atomic Energy /ommunity were signed in Rome. (he (reaty of Rome enabled people, goods, services and money to move unchec+ed throughout the %nion. (he/ouncil of Ministers represents the governments of the members. Ma8or decisions aremade by the /ouncil of -oreign Ministers. A @?member /ommission composed ofappointed representatives of each member state serves as the administrative arm andmembers represent the %nion. (he /ommission proposes and e=ecutes laws and policies.A European $arliament is composed of HH members elected by the electorates of themember states and they sit in party groups. (he /ommission proposes, the $arliamentadvises, and the /ouncil decides. (he goal was to create a common mar+et for all products but especially coal and steel. DA$, B4BFD:>, B2BGDhttp!BBwww.churchill?society?london.org.u+Beec.htm
"4F May , Eio -. $ina, Italian bass Da Scala of Milan, >) Met 6pera,5roadway musicals, died. DM/, 4BB@
"4F (he Italian Mille Miglia automobile race, begun in "F, was cancelledfollowing the crash of a -errari driven by the Mar7uis de $ortago. :e and his co?driverwere +illed along with "@ bystanders when the car ran off the road at @ mph. DS-/, 2BGBG, p.A"
"4F (he film C>ights of /abiriaC by -ederico -ellini featured his wife, 'iuliettaMasina, as a Roman prostitute. DS-E/, "@B""BF, ;5 p.H DS#, GBFBG, p.2
"4G ;omenico Modugno made a hit with C0olare.C (he Italian song won the "4GEurovision contest. DS-/, ""B@B@, p.;"DEcon, 4B"2B@4, p.4F
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"4G (he film C5ig ;eal on Madonna StreetC starred 0ittorio 'assman and (oto. Itwas directed by Mario Monicelli. DS-/, HB@B@@, p.;FDS-/, "B"B@", p.;"
"4G A new law shut down the state?controlled brothels.
DS-/, B4B@@, p.A"
"4 6ct F, Mario ana Db."", undisciplined opera singer and temperamentalmovie star, died of a heart attac+ in Rome. 5orn with a glorious Italian tenor, anaresisted all professional urgings. :e first came to light while in the Army, then startedsinging publicly, first on radio, then in movies. :e signed a contract with M'M studios,where he made such movies as C(he (oast of >ew 6rleans,C and C(he 'reat /aruso.C :isheroic bellow sold records and filled concert halls. ana put several teachers throughhell because he would not learn to read music, and he began to believe his hype as thecenturyKs greatest talent since Enrico /aruso Da thought which made Mrs. /aruso gag andMet 6pera 'eneral Manger Rudolf 5ing to as+! CMario ho9C. :e spent money as fast
as he earned it, pampering himself through his life. :e was fired by M'M because of hisunpredictably in weight, ranging from compactness to obesity, often within a monthKstime. Dwww.lanalegend.comBbio.htmDwww.nndb.comBpeopleB2B@@@@"F"B
"4 (he Italian film C(he 'reat arC starred Alberto Sordi and 0ittorio 'assman. DS-/, "B"BF, p.EDS-/, HB@B@@, p.;F
"H@ -eb F, Adriano 6livetti D4G, Italian engineer, manufacturer, died. DM/, BFB@
"H@ #ul ", -rench and Italian Somaliland gained independence and united with theSomali Republic. DM/, FB"B@D$/, ", p.F
"H@ Aug 4, (he "Fth summer 6lympics opened in Rome. ilma Rudolph D"2@?"2, was the first African American to win three gold medals in a single 6lympiad. :er athleticism was remar+able since Rudolph contracted polio as a small child and spent si=years in a steel brace. ith therapy and hard wor+, Rudolph overcame her handicap toe=cel in bas+etball and trac+. As a celebrity, she wor+ed to brea+ many gender and racial barriers. Rudolph died of brain cancer. DS#, FB"BH, p.RHD:>, HBBGDchblue.com, GB4B@"
"H@ (he Italian film Ca ;olce 0itaC starred Marcello Mastroianni D"2?"H,Anita E+berg and aura 5etti Dd.@@2.
DS-/, "B@BH, p.A2DS-/, GBB@2, p.5H
"H@ (he Italian film C(he $assionate (hiefC starred (oto and Anna Magnani. DS-/, "B"B@", p.;"
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"H@ (he Italian film C(he (raffic $olicemanC starred Alberto Sordi. DS-/, "B"BF, p.E
"H" >ov "", /ongolese soldiers murdered " Italian %> pilots. DM/, ""B""B@"
"H" /alisto (ani dropped out of university to concentrate on the a familydelicatessen business near the $arma railway station! /alisto (ani & Sons ? Salamis and$reserves. In "HH /alisto (ani adopted the new ultra?high temperature D%:( Swedish pasteuriing techni7ue to produce long?life mil+. In @@ the company filed for ban+ruptcy. DS#, "BB@, p.AHD$R, B@2, p."G
"H" eonardo ;el 0ecchio founded u=ottica, a ma+er of eye shades and prescription glasses, in 5elluno, Italy. In "@ the company was listed on the >ew )or+Stoc+ E=change.
DEcon, "@BGB@4, p.F
"H Apr 4, St. 5ernard (unnel was finished and Swiss and Italians wor+ers shoo+hands. DM/, 2B4B@
"H #ul "2, 5orehole for Mont 5lanc?tunnel, between -rance and Italy, wasfinished. Lsee Aug "2 DM/, FB"2B@
"H Aug "2, -rench and Italian wor+ers bro+e through at the Mount 5lanc0ehicular (unnel. Lsee #ul "2 DM/, GB"2B@
"H 'iorgio 5assani Dd.@@@ at G2 authored his semi?autobiographical novel! C(he'arden of the -ini?/ontinis.C In "F" a film version by 0ittorio ;e Sica with;omini7ue Sanda won a :ollywood 6scar for the 5est -oreign -ilm. DS-E/, ""B"FBH, ;5 p.2@DS-/, 2B"2B@@, p.;4
"H >icolo (ucci D d." at " published his first English novel C5efore My(ime.C (ucci had wor+ed for the propaganda ministry of 5enito Mussolini, but moved to >) in "G and too+ up anti?fascist propaganda. DS-/, "B"HB, p.A
"H (he Italian film CMafiosoC starred Alberto Sordi. DS-/, "B"BF, p.E
"H (he Italian film CMomma RomaC was directed by $aolo $asolini. DS-/, ""B""B, p.5"
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"H 0aluables stripped from #ews during the war were moved to a vault in centralRome. DS-/, BBF, p./
"H 'ianna 5eretta Molla D, an Italian pediatrician, died a wee+ after giving
birth to her 2th child. In @@2 she was among si= new saints named by $ope #ohn $aul II because sheKd refused to end her pregnancy despite warnings it could +ill her. DA$, 4B"HB@4
"H -eb "H, "st round?trip swim of Straits of Messina, Italy, was made by MaryRevell of %S. DM/, B"HB@
"H #ul 4, %go /erletti Db."GFF, Italian neurosurgeon, died. In the "@s he pioneered the use of electroconvulsive therapy DE/( , electric shoc+, to cure patients ofdepression.
DEcon, B"FB@4, p.G2Dwww.whonamedit.comBdoctor.cfmB4"".html
"H Sep , In Italy a landslide into 0aiont ;am emptied a la+e and +illed ?2,@@@ people. Lsee 6ct DM/, BB@"
"H Sep , (he second session of Second 0atican /ouncil opened in Rome.DA$, BBF
"H 6ct , A dam in $iave valley of Italy, bro+e and about ,@@@ died. Lsee Sep DM/, "@BB@"
"H 6ct "@, A dam burst in Italy, and over ,@@@ died. Lsee Sep , 6ct DM/, "@B"@B@"
"H ;ec @, Alessandra Mussolini, actress D-erragosto 63, was born in >aples,Italy. DM/, "B@B@"
"H2 Robert Rauschenberg won the grand prie at the 0enice 5iennale. (hisestablished him in the art world with his idea that art is reality reshuffled. DS-/, GB@BG, p.E"
"H4 Apr , Rolf :ochhuthKs play C(he ;eputy,C which blamed $ope $ius 1II forwar crimes, was banned in Italy. DM/, 2BB@
"H4 #ul "H, Mount 5lanc Road tunnel between -rance & Italy opened. DM/, FB"HB@
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"H4 CEugenio Montale! Selected $oems,C was published by >ew ;irections. DS-E/, BGB, 5R p.G
"H4 (he film C:aw+s and SparrowsC starred (oto and was directed by $ier $aolo$asolini.
DS-/, "B"B@", p.;"
"HH >ov 2, In -lorence, Italy the River Arno overflowed and damaged the %ffii'allery. hole libraries of valuable ancient documents were soa+ed. "" people were+illed. DS#, "@BBH, p.A"DS-/, 2BHB@", p.;2DM/, ""B2B@""HH >ov 2, A devastating flood swamped 0enice, damaged monuments and coveredthe city in mud. 4,@@@ people were made homeless. DS-/, "B""BG, p.;2DS#, BGB@, p.A
"HH ;ec ", Alberto Ca 5ombaC (omba, Italian s+ier D6lympic?gold?"GG, ,
was born. DM/, "B"B@"
"HF #an F, uigi (enco D, one of ItalyKs most famous modern singers, was founddead in his hotel room with a single gunshot wound to the head, hours after learning thathis song had been eliminated from a national music competition. In @@H prosecutorse=humed his body and said they had laid to rest suspicions that he had been murdered. DReuters, B"HB@H
"HF A s+i?lift was built from /avalese to the top of Mount /ermis. DS-/, B"BG, p.5"@
"HF Italy passed a set of labeling laws similar to the -rench "4 Appellationd*6rigine /ontrolee Dcontrolled place of origin. (he A6/ laws were meant to protectgrowers and properly identify a wine*s origin. (hey were not intended as an indicator of7uality. (he Italian ;6/ laws D;enominaione di 6rigine /ontrollata regulated grapegrowing ones and wine production practices. DS-/, "BGBH, ?" p.2DS-/, HB@B, " p.H
"HF -ilm actor (oto Db."GG as Antonio de /urtis died. DS-/, "B"B@", p.;"
"HG Michelangelo $istoletto, artist, rolled around (urin his giant ball of pulpednewspaper. (he e=ploit was captured on film. DS-/, B"@BG, p.E2
"H -eb F, (housands of students protested $resident >i=onKs arrival in Rome.D:>, BFBG
"H #ul 2, Italian Rumor government resigned.
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DMaggio
"H 6ct , 'iovanni Martinelli, Italian opera singer D>) Met, died on his G2th birthday. DM/, "@BB@"
"H 6ct, (he painting C>ativityC by /aravaggio was stolen from the 6ratory of Sanoreno in $alermo, Sicily. $eter atson, English novelist, later wrote C(he /aravaggio/onspiracy,C an account of his "G"?"G attempt to recover the wor+. DS#, "B""BH, p.A@
"H (he film O(he Italian #obP starred Michael /aine and >oel /oward. (he crimefable was set in (urin, Italy. DS-/, B""B@H, p.E"@
"H (he Italian film CSatyriconC was directed by -ederico -ellini with music by
>ino Rota. It was based on a satiric novel by $etronius Arbiter. DS-/, B4B@", p.E
"H Right?wing militants carried out a series of bombings that Italian authoritiesand the media pinned on anarchists. 'iuseppi $inelli, one anarchist that was interrogated by the police, was reported to have fallen from a 2th floor window during interrogation.(he event inspired ;ario -o to write his "F@ play! CAccidental ;eath of an Anarchist.C DS#, "@B"@BF, p.A@
"F@ #un F, Reinhold and 'unther Messner of (yrol, Italy, reached the H,H4@?foot pea+ of >anga $arbat in northern $a+istan. 'unther D2 died during the descent. DS#, "B"@B@, p.A"
"F@ Mario Soldati won 0eniceKs /ampiello $rie for his novel! CKAttoreC D(heActor, a study of psychological evil. DS-/, HB2B, p.A4
"F@ (he film C5rother Sun, Sister MoonC was directed by -ranco effirelli and shotin Assisi, Italy. DS-E/, BGBF, p.A"
"F@ In Italy divorce became legal. DS-/, "BB@@, p.E
"F" Apr 4, Mount Etna erupted in Sicily, Italy. DM/, 2B4B@
"F" (he film C(he 'arden of the -ini?/ontinisC by 0ittorio ;e Sica with;omini7ue Sanda won a :ollywood 6scar for the 5est -oreign -ilm. (he film was basedon the boo+ by 'iorgio 5assani Dd.@@@ at G2.
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DS-E/, ""B"FBH, ;5 p.2@DS-/, 2B"2B@@, p.;4
"F" (he Italian film C:andsome, :onest, Australian Emigrant, oo+ing for anItalian 0irgin to MarryC starred Alberto Sordi. DS-/, "B"BF, p.E
"F" 'iovanni eone Dd.@@" at became president. :e resigned H months beforethe end of his F?year term amid allegations of lin+s to a payoff scandal involvingoc+heed /orp. DS-/, ""B"B@", p.A"
"F" 'iacomo Alberione, a priest who also believed in using modern means to bring'od to the faithful, died. :e had founded the $aoline -amily, which includes a publishingoperation printing many religious boo+s as well as -amiglia /ristiana, a top?sellingwee+ly that covers issues of daily life, from homema+ing to education, and religious life. DA$, 2BFB@
"F (he Italian film C(he Most 5eautiful Evening of My ifeC starred AlbertoSordi. DS-/, "B"BF, p.E
"F (he Italian film C(he Scientific /ardplayerC starred Alberto Sordi. DS-/, "B"BF, p.E
"F (he Italian film O(he Seduction of MimiP starred 'iancarlo 'iannini. It wasdirected by ina ertmuller. DS-/, B""B@H, p.E"@
"F uigi /alabresi, head of the political dept. of the Milan police, was +illed. In"GG eonardo Marino, a former far left otta /ontinua militant, confessed that he drovea getaway car and that Adriano Sofri, a writer, had masterminded the +illing. Sofri wasconvicted in @@@. DS#, B"B@, p.A
"F Sep H, Anna Magnani, Italian actress DRoma, /itt Aperta, died at H2. DM/, BHB@"
"F >ov ", 5runo Maderna D4, Italian composer and conductor DSatyricon,died. DM/, ""B"B@"
"F2 Apr "G, Red 5rigade +idnapped Italian attorney general Mario Sossi. DM/, 2B"GB@
"F2 >ov ", 0ittorio de Sica, Italian actor and director D5occacio F@, died. DM/, ""B"B@"
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"F2 /esare Sirtori, a Milan heart researcher, encountered a patient with a highcholesterol level. In "F Sirtori found that the patient carried a mutant gene,apolipoprotein A?", a crucial component of :; involved in clearing ; from the body. (his led to a new drug in @@ that seemed to shrin+ arterial bloc+ages.
DS#, ""B4B@, p.5DS-/, ""B4B@, p.A"4
"F4 -eb "F, Art in by /eanne, 'auguin, Renoir, and van 'ough, valued at N4million, was stolen from the Municipal Museum in Milan. D:>, B"FBG
"F4 -eb "G, Italy broadened its abortion law. Dwww.crlp.orgBpubJartJmosaicJconclusion.html
"F4 Aug H, 0enice, Italy, stopped sin+ing into the sea. (he ancient city of 0enicewas built on ""G small islands. 5y the early "H@s, rising seawater and floods threatened
0enice. Scientists determined that 0enice was sin+ing, and that much of the city woulddisappear if swift measures were not ta+en. DM/, GBHB@
"F4 6ct "F, 0ittorio 'ui, Italian composer D5atture dKaspetto, died at @. DM/, "@B"FB@"
"F4 >ov ", $ier $aolo $asolini D4, Italian poet, author and director was murdered. DM/, ""B"B@"
"F4 (he Italian film C$rofumo di ;onnaC starred 0ittorio 'assman. DS-/, HB@B@@, p.;F
"F4 Eugenio Montale D"GH?"G", poet, won the >obel $rie for iterature. In" collections of his poetry were translated and published in English! /ollected$oems "@?"42C and CSatura "H?"[email protected] DS-E/, BGB, 5R p.G
"F4 Andrea 'hira was found guilty in the C/irceo Massacre,C named for the townnear Rome where two girls were held captive for H hours and then left wrapped in plastic in a car trun+, where one girl died. :e was convicted in absentia for the slaying. In@@4 his body was found in a cemetery in a Spanish enclave in Morocco, where he was buried in "2. DA$, "@BB@4
"F4 /hilean 0ice $res. 5ernardo eighton and his wife, Ana, were shot in Rome. In@@@ /hilean authorities arrested former 'en. Eduardo Iturriaga for the shooting. DS-/, B"4B@@, p.A"@
"FH May H, An earth7ua+e struc+ Italy*s northern region at -riuli?0eneia 'iulia,
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affecting "" villages near the Austrian and )ugoslav borders. (he earth7ua+e +illed morethan ",@@@ people in a ,@@?s7uare?mile area and left G@,@@@ homeless. Dhttp!BBtinyurl.comBdvpHDS-/, "B"FB@4, p.-"
"FH Aug "4, -ormer SS /olonel :erbert 3appler dramatically escaped from prison
hospital in Rome. DM/, GB"4B@
"FH (here was a big ;io=in contamination in Seveso that led to a high incidence of birth defects. DS#, B"BH, p.AG
"FH (he wolves of Italy received official protection. D>:, "BH, p.4
"FH A s+i cable car, running from /avalese to the Alpe /ermis, crashed to the
ground due to a mechanical failure and +illed 2 s+iers. DS-/, B2BG, p.AF
"FF #un , Roberto Rossellini DF", Italian director, died. DM/, HBB@
"FF (he Italian film CAn Average ittle ManC starred Alberto Sordi. DS-/, "B"BF, p.E
"FG Mar "H, Aldo Moro, Italian politician and 4 time $M, was +idnapped and latermurdered by Red 5rigade terrorists. ater Alessio /asimiri a member of the Red5rigades was sentenced in absentia to life in prison for his role in the abduction. /asimiriescaped to >icaragua and opened a restaurant. Moro was planning to form a governmentcombining his /hristian ;emocrats and the /ommunist $arty. It was later reported that police decided not to rescue him.
D%;, "2, p."H"D(, "GG, p.""DS#, 2B4BH, p.A?"DA$, B"HBFDS-/,B"BG, p.A"DM/, B"HB@
"FG May , (he bullet?riddled body of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro,whoKd been abducted by the Red 5rigades, was found in an abandoned automobile in thecenter of Rome. In @@@ -rench police arrested Alvaro oiacono in northern /orsica forhis alleged role in the murder. D%;, "2, p."H"D(, "GG, p.""DA$, 4BBFDS-/, HBB@@, p.A"
"FG May , Italy legalied abortion.Dhttp!BBcyber.law.harvard.eduBpopulationBabortionBItaly.abo.htm
c"FG $res. 'iovanni eone Dd.@@" at resigned H months before the end of hisF?year term amid allegations of lin+s to a payoff scandal involving oc+heed /orp. DS-/, ""B"B@", p.A"
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"FG In Italy Mauriio Minghella was convicted and sentenced to life in prison for+illing 2 women. In "4 he was given partial liberty and prosecutors say he +illed 2 prostitutes. In @@ his trial continued in (urin. DA$, "BB@
"F Apr "@, >ino Rota DHF, Italian composer D(or7uemada, Romeo & #uliette,died from cancer. DM/, 2B"@B@
"F (he Italian film CMy AsylumC D/hiedo Asilo starred Roberto 5enigni and wasdirected by Marco -erreri. DS-/, 2BB, p./
"F >ilde otti Dd." at F became the first female president of the lower houseof parliament. She changed from /ommunist to eft ;emocrat after the fall of the 5erlin
all. DS-E/, "B4B, p./"4
"F $remier 'iulio Andreotti went on trial in "H for allegedly turning to theMafia to +ill Mino $ecorelli, a troublesome 8ournalist, in "F. Andreotti was ac7uitted by a 8ury in ". 4 others were also ac7uitted. DS-/, 2B"BH, p.Aa?"DS-/, B4B, p.A"2
"G@ Aug , In 5ologna, Italy, a -ascist bomb attac+ +illed G4 people at the trainstation. DA$, GBBFDM/, GBB@
"G@ Aug @, Reinhold Messner of Italy became the "st to solo ascent Mt. Everest. DM/, GB@B@
"G@ >ov "4, Annunio Mantovani DF4, Italian orchestra leader DMantovani, died. DM/, ""B"4B@"
"G@ >ov , In EuropeKs biggest earth7ua+e since ""4, some ,@@@ were +illed inItaly. Some 2,G@@ people were +illed by a series of earth7ua+es that devastated southernItaly. DS#, HB"FBH, p.A"D(M/, "2, p."G@DA$, ""BBFD:>, ""BBG
"G@ (he Italian film C(erraaC starred script writer eonardo 5envenuti and wasdirected by Ettore Scola. DS-/, ""BGB@@, p.5F
"G@ $res. Sandro $ertini Dd." at @ appointed eo 0aliani a senator?for?life. DS-/, B"B, p.E2
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"G@ A ;/? crashed near Sicily and G" people were +illed. In " it was reportedthat a fight by warplanes led to the crash and cover?up charges were filed against militaryofficials. DS#, BB, p.A"
"G@?"@ (he government spent some N@. billion in emergency funds to rebuild >aples and /ampania. Most of the money disappeared into private poc+ets andincomplete pro8ects. DS-/, B"BG, p.A"
"G@s Llate, /ontrols on capital movement across borders were abandoned by-rance and Italy.
DS#, 4BGBH, p. R?22
"G" May ", #ohn $aul II was shot and seriously wounded in St. $eterKs S7uare by(ur+ish assailant Mehmet Ali Agca. (he shots hit the pope*s hand and penetrated his
abdomen. #ohn $aul forgave Agca 2 days later. D:-A, KH, p.@D(M/, "2, p."G"DA$, 4B"BFDSS, Internet, 4B"BFDS-/,HB"2B@@, p.A"
"G" #un "@, In -rascati, Italy, H?year?old Alfredo Rampi fell down an artesian well<the story ended tragically as efforts to rescue him proved futile.
DA$, HB"@BF
"G" ;ec "F, Red 5rigade terrorists +idnapped 5rigadier 'eneral #ames ;oier, thehighest?ran+ing %S >A(6 officer in southern Europe, from his home in 0erona, Italy.;oier was rescued 2 days later. D:>, "B"FBGDA$, "B"FB@2
"G #an G, Italian anti?terrorism forces rescued %.S. 5rigadier 'eneral #ames .;oier, 2 days after he had been +idnapped by the Red 5rigades.
DA$, "BGBG
"G May ", Sophia oren was 8ailed in >aples for ta= evasion. DM/, 4B"B@
"G #un "G, In Italy Roberto /alvi, director of 5anco Ambrosiano, hanged himselffollowing the fraudulent ban+ruptcy of the ban+. In " the chairman of 6livetti SpA/arlo ;e 5enedetti was convicted for contributing to the ban+ruptcy. In "H the courtsupheld his conviction and that of @ others. In @@ RAI state television said prosecutors believed the Mafia +illed Roberto /alvi because he lost their money and +new too muchabout their operations. In @@4 a trial began for 4 people in the murder of /alvi. DS#, HB""BH, p.A"@DA$, FB2B@DA$, "@BHB@4
"G #ul "", Italian soccer team won its first orld /up in 22 years. D$'A, "BBG
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"G Sep 2, %S, Italian and -rench peace+eeping troops began arriving in ebanon. DM/, B2B@"
"G 6ct "H, Mario del Monaco, Italian opera singer D0erdi and $uccini, died at HF
of +idney disease. DM/, "@B"HB@"
"G (he Italian film C)ou ;isturb MeC D(u Mi (urbi was the directing debut forRoberto 5enigni. DS-/, 2BB, p./
"G #un , Emanuela 6rlandi, the daughter of a 0atican messenger, disappearedafter a music lesson in Rome. She was "4 at the time. :er self?proclaimed +idnappersdemanded the release of Ali Agca, who wounded the $ope in "G", for her freedom. (heynever offered any proof they had the girl or that she was alive.
DA$, "B"@B@H
"G 0ittorio Mussolini Dd."F at G@, nd son of dictator 5enito, made adocumentary film of his father.
DS-/, HB"2BF, p./
"G2 Mar 4, (ito 'obbi DHG, Italian baritone DScarpia in (osca, died. DM/, B4B@
"G2 In Italy the 0atican paid N22 million for its part in a ban+ scandal that saw thecollapse of another Italian ban+. DS-EM, "B"BF, p."@
"G4 6ct F, -our $alestinian iberation 6rganiation D$6 gunmen hi8ac+ed theItalian cruise ship Achille auro in the Mediterranean and demanded the release of 4@$alestinians held by Israel. 2" people were held hostage for days in the seiure thatwas masterminded by Mohammed Abul Abbas. American eon 3linghoffer was shotwhile sitting in his wheelchair and thrown overboard. A case was filed against the $6and settled in "F. (he hi8ac+ers surrendered to Egyptian authorities and were turnedover to Italy which let Abbas slip out of the country. Abbas was captured in 5aghdad in@@. DS-/, GB"BF, p.A2DA$, "@BFBFD:>, "@BFBGDS-/, 2B"HB@, p.A"H
"G4 6ct G, (he hi8ac+ers of the Italian cruise ship Achille auro +illed American passenger eon 3linghoffer, dumping his body and wheelchair overboard. A case wasfiled against the $6 and settled in "F. (he hi8ac+ers surrendered to Egyptianauthorities and were turned over to Italy which let Abbas slip out of the country. DS-/, GB"BF, p.A2 DA$, "@BGBF
"G4 ;ec F, $alestinian guerrillas opened fire inside the Rome and 0ienna airports<
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a total of twenty people were +illed, including five of the attac+ers, who were slain by police and security personnel. Abu >idal was considered responsible. $resident Reagan blamed ibyan leader Moammar 'adhafi. DA$, "BFBFDS-/, GB4BG, p.AHD>)(, "@BGB@2, p.A"
"G4 $ernod Ricard SA ac7uired the Italian bitters group Ramaotti. DS#, BFB@4, p.5
"G4 #ournalist 'iancarlo Siani was +illed after he ran investigative reports on theMafia in the >aples daily Il Mattino. In "F H >aples gangsters were sentenced to lifeterms for the murder. DS-/, 2B"4BF, p.A
"G4 Italo /alvino Db.", Italian writer, died. A collection of his essays was soon published titled C(he iterature Machine.C In " the original "" essays and 4 otherswere published under the title! Chy Read the /lassics,C translated by Martin
Mcaughlin. In @@ Mcaughlin published C:ermit in $aris! Autobiographical ritings5y Italo /alvino.C DS-E/, "@B2B, 5R p.4DSS-/, 2BHB@, p.M2
"GH -eb "@, (he largest Mafia trial in history, with 2F2 defendants, opened in$alermo, Italy.
D:>, B"@BF
"GH Mar , A court in Rome ac7uitted si= men in a plot to +ill the $ope.D:>, BBG
"GH (he Italian film C;emonsC was produced. DS-/,"B"BF, p./"
"GH (he first Mc;onaldKs :amburger restaurant opened in Rome. DS-E/, "BB@@, " p.
"GF Apr "", $rimo evi Db."@, chemist, Auschwit survivor and writer, died inItaly. In @@ /arole Angier authored! C$rimo evi! A 5iography.C :is boo+s includedthe "2F memoir CIf (his Is a ManC and C(he $eriodic (able.C In @@ /arole Angierauthored the biography C(he ;ouble 5ond.C DSS-/, 4BHB@, p.M"DS#, HB"2B@, p."@DM/, 2B""B@
"GF #un , $resident Reagan arrived in Italy to prepare for a summit of ma8orindustrialied democracies, the "th such gathering of world leaders. DA$, HBBF
"GF In Italy citiens voted in a referendum against nuclear power plants. DA$, ""B"B@
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"GG Apr, (he #apanese Red Army bombed a %S military recreational club in >aples. 4 people were +illed. DS-/, ""BB@@, p./
"GG #un "", 'iuseppe Saragat DG, president of Italy D"H2?F", died.
DS/, HB""B@
"GG Aug "2, Eno -errari D@, Italian sportscar manufacturer D-errari, died. DM/, GB"2B@
"GG Sep F, ab tests showed Shroud of (urin was not /hrist*s burial cloth. (heShroud of (urin Research $ro8ect DSturp performed radiocarbon dating on fibers of theshroud and found that the linen dated to between "H@ and "@ /E. Ian ilson wrotethe "FG boo+ C(he Shroud of (urinC and in "G C(he 5lood and the Shroud! >ewEvidence (hat the Most Sacred Relic Is Real.C Lsee 6ct " DS#, 2B"@BG, p.HDM/, BFB@"
"GG 6ct ", In Italy /ardinal Archbishop Anastasio Alberto 5allestrero was forcedto announce that the Shroud of (urin did not contain the image of /hrist. Scientists at leading universities carbon?dated samples to some time between "H@?"@. In "G itwas reported that the dating wor+ was not definitive. DS-E/, B"BG, p.A2
"GG Italy enacted a mandatory seat belt law. DS-/, B"B@@, p.E
"G Apr @, Sergio eone DH@, Italian director D'ood, 5ad & %gly, died. DM/, 2B@B@
"G (he Italian film C(he 0oice of the MoonC Da 0oce ;ella una starred Roberto5enigni and was the last wor+ directed by -ederico -ellini. DS-/, 2BB, p./
"@ Sep H, Alberto Moravia, Italian writer Doman in Red, died at G. DM/, BHB@"
"@ (he $rit+er Int*l. $rie for Architecture was awarded to Aldo Rossi Dd."Fof Italy. :e had designed the orld (heater in 0enice and the Museum of Maastricht inthe >etherlands.DS-/, B4BF, p.A2
"@ In >aples some NH@ million vanished in incomplete construction sites for thesoccer orld /up (ournament. DS-/, B"BG, p.A"
"@ In $isa the eaning (ower of $isa was closed off to tourists for fear of its
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falling over. (he tilt was reduced by "H inches over the ne=t "" years and re?opening wasscheduled in @@". DS#, B"HB, p.A"DS-/, 2BFB@", p.A""
"" Mar , Argentine soccer star ;iego Maradona was suspended by the Italian
eague for testing positive on March "F for cocaine use. Dhttp!BBtinyurl.comBe2y
"" #un "H, (he seventh International /onference on AI;S opened in -lrence, Italy. (he conference was mar+ed by pleas from African and Asian countries formore help and criticism directed at the %nited States for its refusal to allow visits byforeigners infected with the AI;S virus. DA$, HB"HB@"
"" Aug , ibero 'rassi, Italian underwear manufacturer, anti mafia, died. DM/, GBB@"
"" Aug, "G,@@@ Albanians crossed the Adriatic to see+ asylum in Italy< most werereturned. (he $eopleKs Assembly passed a law allowing private ownership, foreigninvestment and private employment of wor+ers.
Dwww, Albania, "G
"" 'iulio Andreotti was made a senator for life. DS-E/, "@BFB, p.A"F
"" In Italy an anti?laundering act put a limit of @ million lire on all cashtransactions, but no penalties for passboo+s containing sums above that amount. DEcon, "BB@4, p.F"
"" Italian authorities allowed several ships with about 4,@@@ Albanians into the port of 5ari. hen another wave of immigrants showed up a few months later the policywas reversed and they were sent bac+ home. D>', 4B, p."@2
""?" uigi Ramponi served as head of the SISMI, the Italian Military IntelligenceService. DS-/, "BHBG, p.A"@
" May 4, 6scar uigi Scalfaro was elected $resident of Italy.DS/, 4B4B@
" #ul ", $aolo 5orsellino, Italian anti?mafia 8udge, was murdered by mafia. Dhttp!BBpaolo?borsellino.biography.msB
" Aug "4, 'iorgio $erlasca, Italian anti?fascist Dsaved 4,@@ #ews, died. Dhttp!BBen.wi+ipedia.orgBwi+iB'iorgioJ
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" Sep , An Italian relief plane was shot down by ground?to?air missiles outsideof Sara8evo, 5osnia?:eregovina.DA$, BBF
" 6ct , (he %S space shuttle /olumbia was launched on a "@?day mission thatincluded deployment of an Italian satellite. DA$, "@BBF
" 6ct H, Italy ratifies the (reaty on the European %nion. Dhttp!BBeuropa.eu.intBabcBhistoryB"Binde=Jen.htm
" >ov , Emilio $ucci Db.""2, Italian fashion designer D#ac+ie 3ennedy, diedin -lorence, Italy. In @@@ his firm was ac7uired by 0M: Moet :ennessy ouis0uitton. Dhttp!BBtinyurl.comBFecnDS#, GBB@, p.5"
" ;ec, Italy sent ,4@@ combat troops to Somalia as part of the %S?sponsoredmultinational force. DS-/, "BHBG, p.AG
" Italy*s C/lean :andsC corruption scandal originated in Milan. A series of bribery cases led to the conviction and flight of Socialist 5ettino /ra=i. DS-E/, FB"BF, p.(""DEcon, ""BHB@4, Survey p."@
" (he film C>oto Mandorli 0ulcano Stromboli /arnevalleC was shot in Sicily byMichelangelo Antonioni for the Italian pavilion at the Seville E=po in Spain. DS-E/, "B"FB, ;5 p.2
" Anti?Mafia investigators 'iovannii -alcone and $aolo 5orsellino weremurdered on a highway outside $alermo. -alcone*s wife and bodyguards were also+illed. Sicilian politician Salvo ima was also murdered. In "F $ietro Aglieri, a+a C%SignurinuC D(he ittle 'entleman, was arrested for involvement in all three murders. 2mobsters were convicted in the murder in "F, including eoluca 5agarella. DS-/, 4B"BH, p.A?""DS-/, HBFBF, p.AGDS-/, BFBF, p.A"DS-E/, HBFBG, p.A
"?" 'iuliano Amato served as the Socialist $remier. DS-/, 2BB@@, p.A
"?"2 arrant 6fficer -rancesco Aloi +ept a diary while in Somalia anddocumented instances of rape, torture and other brutality against the Somalis. DS-/, "BHBG, p.A"@
"?"H 'iorgio $ressberger was the artistic director for the Mittel-est, a theater andmusical festival in /ividale del -riuli that lin+s Italy with nine central European
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countries. DS#, GB@BH, p.AG
" #an "4, In Sicily Salvatore C(he 5eastC Riina was arrested. C(otoC Riina, theSicilian boss of bosses, was arrested for his role in the murder of prosecutor 'iovanni
-alcone. 5ernardo $rovenano was considered to have ta+en over as boss of the SicilianMafia following Riina*s arrest. $rovenano*s right?hand man was Mariano (roia. D%SA(, B"HBG, p."2ADwww.answers.comBtopicBsalvatore?riinaDS-/, "BB@@, p.A""
" -eb @, -errucio amborghini DFH, Italian auto?designer Damborghini,Miura, died. Dwww.conceptcar.comBviewBma+e:istoryBGG,GG2Bma+e:istory.asp=
" Mar "H, Mohammed :ussein >agdi, Iran diplomat, resistance fighter, wasmurdered in Rome, Italy.
" Apr ", In a national referendum Italians voted by GW to elect three?7uartersof their Senate with a %.S?style Kfirst?place?ta+es?all,K single?member district votingsystem. (he Italian /hamber of ;eputies, which has far more political power than theSenate, is now e=pected to modify the KpureK party list proportional representation systemused to elect its members. Dwww.fairvote.orgBreportsB"B+at.htmlDEcon, B"FB@4, p.4
" May "G, Italian police arrested Mafia boss 5enedetto C>ittoC Santapaola.DS/, 4B"GB@
" May F, -ive people were +illed in a bombing at the %ffii museum of art in-lorence, Italy< some three doen paintings were ruined or damaged. 'iovanni 5ruscawas believed to have led teams that damaged the %ffii museum in -lorence with car bombs. :e is believed by many to be the leader of the Italian Mafia teams. In "H hewas arrested in Sicily and charged with masterminding the murder of 'iovanni -alcone,his wife and three bodyguards in ". In "G Mafia boss elluca 5agarella and "others were sentenced to life in prison for the May and #uly bombings. DA$, 4BFBGDS-/, 4B"BH, p.A?""DS-/, GB2BH, p.A"DS-E/, HBFBG, p.A
" #ul F, 5ombs e=ploded in Rome and Milan, +illing at least five people.DA$, FBFBG
" #ul, (he modern art museum in central Milan was damaged by bombs. (wochurches in Rome were also damaged, including the 5asilica of St. #ohn ateran, between May and #uly. Lsee May @ DS-E/, HBFBG, p.A
" 6ct ", -ederico -ellini, Italian film director, died in Rome at age F. :e made
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some 2 films including Ca Strada,C Ca ;olce 0ita,C CG "B,C and CAmarcordC throughthe 4@*s and H@*s. DS#, 2B"B4, p.A?"2DA$, "@B"BG
" >ov ", (he >eo?fascist MSI won HW of municipal elections in Rome.
Dwww.nationarchive.comBSummariesBv4Fi@@@[email protected]
" Antonio 5asolino was elected mayor of >aples. 5efore his election the postwas appointed by local party leaders. (he city had been mired in corruption for decadesand the new mayor began to clean it up. DS-/, B"BG, p.A","
" A federal law granted people in illegal dwellings the right to use public utilities but warned that illegal structures would be demolished. ;emolitions began in "G. DS-/, FBB@@, p.A"@
" Antonio -aio became governor of the 5an+ of Italy. DEcon, GBHB@4, p.4G
" -iat Auto SpA bought Maserati. DS#, B2B@2, p.5"
" Mauriio 'ucci sold his remaining sta+e in 'ucci to Investcorp, a 5ahrainifirm. DS#, ""B4B@, p.A"
"2 Mar ", 'iuseppe ;iana, Italian anti?mafia priest, was murdered. Dhttp!BBtinyurl.comBFplcG
"2 Mar @, Ilaria Alpi D, a 8ournalist, was shot and +illed in Somalia along withher cameraman, Miran :rovatin, on the same day that Italian troops left the country. Shehad collected evidence of brutality by Italian officers against Somalis along withevidence of illegal gun?running.
DS-/, "BHBG, p.AG
"2 Mar , Actress 'iulietta Masina Db."" , wife of -ederico -elini, died inRome.
DA$, BBDwww.imdb.comBnameBnm@44HB
"2 Mar F, Italians went to the polls in general elections that resulted in big gainsfor a right?wing coalition. Silvio 5erlusconi*s center?right grouping won the election. DA$, BFBDEcon, ""BHB@4, Survey p."@
"2 #un , $resident /linton, continuing his tour of Italy, visited the graves ofAmerican soldiers +illed in the Anio landing during orld ar II. DA$, HBB
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"2 #un, /arlo (oto, an Italian contractor, purchased a 5oeing FF at a court auctionand began a small?charter airline service that became Air 6ne. DS#, B2B@2, p.A"
"2 Sep , 'unmen in Italy fired at the rental car of the 'reen family of 5odega5ay, /a., and +illed their young boy, >icholas 'reen. (he parents donated his organs andsaved F lives in Italy. An appeals court in "G found men guilty of the botchedhighway robbery. Michelle Ianello was sentenced to life in prison and -rancesco Mesianowas sentenced to @ years. DS-E/, "@BFBH, p.5GDS-/, HBHBG, p.A"@
"2 #ul G, eaders of the 'roup of Seven nations opened their @th annualeconomic summit in Italy. Silvio 5erlusconi hosted the '?F summit in >aples. DS-/, B"BG, p.A"DA$, FBGBDEcon, "BB@4, p.2H
"2 #ul , Members of the 'roup of Seven D'?F nations concluded their economicsummit in >aples, Italy.DA$, FBB
"2 (he government introduced instant lotteries. DS#, ""B"BH, p.A"
"2 (he >ational Alliance was created as a broad based successor to the ItalianSocial Movement DMSI, which was created after II to +eep alive the ideals ofMussolini. DEcon, "BHB@, p.22
"2 Istria was the first region of the former )ugoslavia to be officially designated asa CRegion of EuropeC. (he Istria of @@4, alternatively called Istra and Istri8a, is politically divided into three separate countries! /roatia, Slovenia and Italy. Dwww.istrians.comBistriaBmapsB
"4 #an ", Italy named (reasury Minister amberto ;ini its prime minister. :e pledged to resign after approval of a deficit cutting budget. DA$, "B"B@@DS#, "@BFB4, p.A?"
"4 Mar F, In Italy Mauriio 'ucci D2H, businessman, was shot to death in Milan.:e was the last family member to have held shares in the 'ucci fashion company, now part of the 5ahrain?based Investcorp. In "F police arrested his former wife, a psychic, adoorman, and two hitmen for their roles in the murder. In "G $atriia ReggianiMartinelli D4@ was convicted and sentenced to years in prison. (he psychic got 4, thedoorman got H, the driver got and the gunman got life.
DS-/, B"BF, p.A"DS-/, ""B2BG, p.A"
"4 6ct "@, $aolo 'ucci DH2, Italian entrepreneur and accessories designer, died.
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Dwww.britannica.comBebBarticle?"""49tocIdX"""4
"4 >ov ", -ormer >ai /apt. Erich $rieb+e was e=tradited from Argentina toItaly to face trial for his role in the Ardeatine /aves massacre. A court found him guilty in"H but released him because too much time had elapsed since the crime. (here was a
ma8or uproar and he was again arrested and a "F trial convicted him and co?defendantMa8or 3arl :ass. $rieb+e was sentenced to 4 years in prison. :ass was convicted butreleased due to mitigating circumstances. face charges in the massacre of 4 Italiancivilians in >ai?occupied Rome. DA$, BBFDS#, "@BB4, p.A?" DS#, ""B"B4, p.A?"DS-/, FBBF, p.A DA$, ""B"B@
"4 >ov, Air 6ne launched service between Rome and Milan, a route on whichAlitalia had held a monopoly. DS#, B2B@2, p.A"
"4 Italian interest rates began to fall in anticipation of its 8oining the E%. DEcon, "B"GB@2, p."@G
"H #an, In 0enice, Italy, the @2?year?old a -elice opera house burned down. Itwas later determined by e=perts to have caused by arson. DS-/, HBFBH, p.;
"H May "H, Romano $rodi was named head of the center?left 6live 5ranchalliance that won April elections. $M $rodi led Italy*s 44th postwar government with theleftists in power for the first time in 4@ years. DS#, 4B"FBH, p.A?"DEcon, ""BHB@4, Survey p."@
"H May @, 'iovanni 5rusca DH, believed by many to be the leader of the ItalianMafia, was arrested in Sicily. :e is charged with masterminding the murder of 'iovanni-alcone, his wife and three bodyguards in ". DS-/, 4B"BH, p.A?""
"H May 4, Reno ;e -elice DHF, scholar and historian of Italy*s -ascist period,died in Rome. DS-/, 4BGBH, p.A"4
"H #un , Separatists in northern Italy celebrated their growing campaign to splitoff from the south on the 4@th anniversary of the Italian republic. %mberto 5ossi is thehead of the >orthern eague and founder of the self?declared Republic of $adania. At arally in $ontida, near Milan, ministers in 5ossi*s CgovernmentC swore allegiance to$adania, a name derived from the valley of the $o. (heir proposed republic includeseverything from -lorence to the Alps. DS-/, HBBH, p.A"DS-/, HB""BH, p.A"H
"H #un , (he latest unemployment rate was ".2W.
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DS-/, HBBH, $arade, p.
"H #un "@, (he center?left government announced a new privatiation calendar thatincluded the sale of sta+es in insurance, ban+ing, and oil companies. DS#, HB""BH, p.A5
"H Sep "4, %mberto 5ossi, populist politician and leader of the >orthern eague, planned to declare the independence of the -ederal Republic of $adania. DS#, B"BH, p.AH
"H Sep "4, oreno >ecci, head of the state?run railroad, was arrested forcorruption, embelement, abuse of office, falsification of balance sheets and fraud. DS-E, B"FBH, p.A"
"H Sep H, (he foreign minister announced that the country would no longer ma+eland mines that are used against people.
DS-/, BFBH, p.A"H
"H Sep F, In Milan 4@,@@@ metal wor+ers marched on stri+e. DS-/, BGBH, p.AG
"H >ov "F, (he orld -ood Summit concluded a five?day meeting in Rome, withdelegates promising a wide?ranging effort to ease hunger around the globe.
DA$, ""B"FBF
"H ;ec ", Marcello Mastroianni Db."2, Italian actor, died at age F. :eappeared in "F" films and had 8ust finished shooting C#ourney to the 5eginning of theorld. DS#, "B@BH, p.A"DS-/, HB@BF, p.A
"H -rances Mayes published C%nder the (uscan Sun.C In " she followed it upwith C5ella (uscany.C DS-E/, 2B4B, 5R p.
"H -looding of inches or more hit 0enice a record "@" times in this year. DS-/, "B""BG, p.;2
"H (he government assigned a /entral /ommission for orldwide Italian?Restaurant Standards to certify that authenticity of Italian restaurants outside Italy. DS#, 2B"2B, p.A"
"H udovico -ilotti, a former employee of 5arings, persuaded his new employer, alarge #apanese ban+, to purchase Italian ero coupon postal bonds in an arbitrage schemeunder falling interest rates. 6ther ban+ers followed and within days N.H billion worth of bonds were sold. (hey matured after the euro deadline and were not counted as currentdebt.
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DEcon, "B"GB@2, p."@G,""@
"H?"G Some "4W of all new structures in Italy were built illegally. DS-/, FBB@@, p.A"@
"F Apr "", In Italy, fire damaged the 4@@?year?old San 'iovanni /athedral, homeof the Shroud of (urin, which some consider /hristKs burial cloth.DA$, 2B""BG
"F Apr ", In (urin the Shroud of (urin was recovered from a fire that began inthe 'uarini chapel of the city*s "4th century cathedral. DS#, 2B"2BF, p.A"
"F May , Eight 0enetian separatists too+ over the bell tower at St. Mar+*s S7uare.(hey were overpowered by police after F "B hours.
DS-/, 4B"@BF, p.A"@
"F May , Marco -erreri Db."G, film director, died. :is wor+ included C(heheelchairC DEl /ochecit "H@, Ce it /on8ugalC D(he /on8ugal 5ed "H, C;illingerIs ;eadC D"H, Ca 'rande 5ouffeC D"F, Ca ;erniere -emmeC D"FH, and C5ye5ye Mon+ey* D"FG. DS-/, 4B"@BF, p.A@
"F May "H, 'iuseppe ;e Santis, film director, died at G@. :is films includedC5itter RiceC D"2, C6bsession,C C(ragic :unt,C C%nder the 6live (ree,C and CRome ""6*/loc+.C DS-/, 4B"BF, p.A2
"F May , In Italy the 'rand $rincess was launched at the -incantieriMonfalcone shipyard. It was the world*s largest passenger cruise ship at "@,@@@ grosstons and was scheduled for interior completion in the spring of "G. DS-E/, 4BHBF, p.A""
"F May , In Italy the 'rand $rincess was launched at the -incantieriMonfalcone shipyard. It was the world*s largest passenger cruise ship at "@,@@@ grosstons and was scheduled for interior completion in the spring of "G. DS-E/, 4BHBF, p.A""
"F Sep H, In Sicily a court convicted 2 mobsters for the " bombing of the topanti?Mafia prosecutor. Salvatore C(otoC Riina, the reputed Cboss of bossesC was amongthose convicted for having plotted the assassination of 'iovanni -alcone. DS-/, BFBF, p.A"
"F Sep H, (wo earth7ua+es hit central Italy east of %mbria and at least "" peoplewere +illed. (he basilica of Assisi, St. Mary of the Angels, built on the site where St.-rancis died, was severely damaged. 2 people were +illed while assessing damage from
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the first 7ua+e. An estimated "@@,@@@ buildings in the %mbria and Marche regions weredamaged. DS-/, BFBF, p.A"DS-E/, GB"B, p.A"G
"F Sep H, In Italy 5ob ;ylan performed at a religious congress in 5ologna before
a crowd @@,@@@ and $ope #ohn $aul II. DS-E/, BGBF, p.A
"F 6ct , ;ario -o DF", an Italian playwright and performer, received the >obel$rie in literature. (he leftist playwright had been prosecuted by Italy, denounced byRoman /atholic /hurch leaders and barred from the %nited States. :is wor+ included!CArchangels ;on*t $lay $inballC D"H@, CMistero 5iffo,C D/omic Mystery written in"H, and CAccidental ;eath of an AnarchistC D"F@, Ce /an*t $ay, e ;on*t $ayCD"F2 and C6rgasmo Adulto Escapes -rom the oo.C DS-/, "@B"@BF, p.A"DS#, "@B"@BF, p.A@DS-E/, GBBG, ;5 p."DA$, "@BBG
"F 6ct , In Italy $remier Romano $rodi resigned after his Mar=ist allies refusedto accept welfare cuts. (he "F?month old government was the first leftist?dominated and44th government since II. $res. 6scar uigi Scalfaro as+ed $rodi to stay on ascareta+er while a new government is formed. DS-/, "@B"@BF, p.;
"F 6ct ", (he /ommunist Refounding $arty reopened tal+s that were e=pected torestore $rodi to power and leave his budget intact. DS-/, "@B"2BF, p.A"@
"F 6ct H, In Italy the >orthern eague party of %mberto 5ossi held a symbolicelection to choose a CparliamentC for independent $adania. DS-/,"@BFBF, p.A
"F >ov "H, In wee+end municipal elections center?left parties won a landslidevictory bolstering support for $rime Minister $rodi*s government. DS#, ""B"GBF, p.A"
"F >ov 3idnappers of industrialist 'iuseppe Soffiantini sent a slice of his left earand demanded a ransom payment of N" million by ;ec @.
DS-/, "BHBG, p.5"
"F ;ec F, In Italy Some G4 illegal immigrants, mostly 3urds, were rescued byItalian tugboats from the (ur+ish ship Ararat. (hey were attempting to smuggle into Italyfrom (ur+ey. DS-E/,"BGBF, p.A"
"F ;ec @, ;anilo ;olci, advocate of nonviolent social reform, died at age F. :iswritings and poetry chronicled Sicily*s beauty and despair. :is boo+s include! CReport-rom $alermo,C Caste,C and CSicilian ivesC D"G".
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DS-/, "B"BG, p.A4
"F ;ec, ord began to spread that ;r. uigi ;i 5ella DG4 had found a cure forcancer, a coc+tail of drugs that stopped tumor growth.
DS#, 2B"BG, p.A"
"F (he film Cand in 5etweenC D(erra di meo was directed by Matteo 'arrone.It was about an immigrant in Italy. DS-E/,""B"HBF, ;5 p.H@
"F (he film CMarianna %criaC was directed by Robeto -aena. It was based on anovel by ;acia Maraini about an "Gth century Sicilian deaf mute. DS-E/,""B"HBF, ;5 p.H@
"F (he film CMoon Spins 5etween land and SeaC D'iro di lune tra terre e marewas directed by 'iuseppe 'audino. It was a tale of the ancient town $ouoli set in the
present and the time of >ero. DS-E/,""B"HBF, ;5 p.H@
"F (he film C$hysical #er+sC DIn barca a vela contromano was directed by StefanoReali. It was 8ab at the public health system about a patient who chec+s into a hospital for surgery. DS-E/,""B"HBF, ;5 p.H@
"F (he film C$iicataC was about a %S fighter pilot shot down in "2. DS-E/,""B"HBF, ;5 p.H@
"F (he comedy film CSatisfaction or )our Money 5ac+C D/onsigli per gli ac7uistiwas directed by Sandro 5oldoni. It was a spoof on modern consumerism. DS-E/,""B"HBF, ;5 p.H@
"F (he film Ce All -all ;ownC D(utti giu per terra was directed by ;avide-errario. It was about a young virgin man who had spent his adolescence with an aunt inRome and then returns home to (urin. DS-E/,""B"HBF, ;5 p.H@
"F -errari too+ over Maserati. In @@@ the new NG4,@@@ Maserati Spyder wasintroduced. DS#, B4B@, p.5""
"F (he Italian $armalat /orp. ac7uired 5eatrice -oods. DS#, "BB@, p.AH
"G #an ", >avy patrols intercepted a nd ship with GH refugees, mostly 3urds, DS#, "BBG, p.A"
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"G #an , Italy pledged to grant political asylum to genuine 3urdish immigrants.Another ",@@ were scheduled to soon arrive from (ur+ey. 'erman and Austrian officialsfeared the immigrants would spill over to their countries. DS-/, "BBG, p.A
"G #an 4, 3idnappers of industrialist 'iuseppe Soffiantini sent a slice of his earand a note to a (0 news station. (he ransom was reportedly reduced to about NH million. DS-/, "BHBG, p.5"
"G -eb , A %S surveillance aircraft cut a s+i cable in Italy and caused the death of @ s+iers in a gondola cable car running from /avalese to the Alpe /ermis. (he EA?H5aircraft was normally used for patrols over 5osnia and was only slightly damaged. t./ol. Steven atters was later relieved of command for telling crew members of a relateds7uadron to destroy evidence in the investigation. (he pilot did not have Italian militarymaps that identified the s+i lift. -our crewmen were later charged by the Marine /orpswith negligent homicide, involuntary manslaughter and dereliction of duty. (he pilot and
navigator faced trial for manslaughter. $ilot Richard #. Ashby was ac7uitted of all chargesin ". >avigator #oseph Schweiter was ac7uitted of manslaughter and negligenthomicide charges. Schweiter later pleaded guilty to obstruction and conspiracy chargesfor destroying a videotape made during the flight. (he tape indicated that the plane had been flying upside down. Schweiter was sentenced to dismissal from the Marine /orps./apt. Ashby D was found guilty of obstruction of 8ustice and conspiracy in May, "and was sentenced to H months in prison and dismissed from the Marine /orps. -amiliesof the victims settled for N million apiece in @@@. DS-/, B2BG, p.AFDS-/, B""BG, p.A""DS-/, B"BG, p.5"@DS-/, BFBG, p.A"2DS-/, FB""BG, p.ADS-/, B4B, p.A"DS#, B"HB, p.A"DS#, B@B, p.A"DS-/,2BB, p.ADS-/, 4B"B, p.A2DS-/, 4BGB, p.A2DS-/, 4B""B, p.A2DS-/, 2BHB@@, p.A2
"G -eb "", $res. )eltsin completed a day visit to Italy and scored N4 billion intrade and investment contracts. DS-/, B"BG, p.A"2
"G -eb ", 6ver 4@ cars crashed on the foggy highway A?" between $adua and5ologna. -our people were +illed and doens were in8ured. DS-/, B"BG, p.;
"G Mar H, -rancesca (rombino, lawyer, was bludgeoned to death in $ordenone.She was representing a %S Marine in the -eb cable?car disaster. She was alsorepresenting the wife of the captured suspect in a divorce case. DS-/, BFBG, p.AF
"G Apr ", Maria Angela Rubino D was found shot in a train bathroom. (hemurder was similar to H others along the Italian Riviera since March . DS-/, 2B@BG, p.A"@
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"G Apr @, (he 'oldman Environmental Awards were presented to si= winners inS-. (he pries were increased to N"@@,@@@. Anna 'iordano D of Italy won for hercampaign against illegal hunting of birds in Sicily and southern Italy. DS-/, 2B@BG, p.AG
"G May 2, In 0atican /ity Alois Estermann D2, the pope*s top bodyguard, wasshot and +illed along with his wife, 'ladys Mea Romero D2 in their apartment by/edrich (ornay D, who then shot himself. Estermann had 8ust been appointed the headof the Swiss 'uards and was +illed by (ornay due to damaged professional pride. Aninvestigation was concluded in " and suggested that mari8uana and a brain cystimpaired (ornay. DS#, 4B4BG, p.A"D%SA(, 4BHBG, p.HADS-/, BB, p.A"@DA$, 4B2B
"G May F, In southern Italy heavy rains sent a torrent of mud through Sarno andseveral other towns. At least 44 people were reported dead. (he death toll climbed to ""H. D%SA(, 4BGBG, p.FADS-E/, 4B"@BG, p.A
"G May "?"G May @, 5andits stole three of RomeKs most important paintings,two by 0an 'ogh and one by /eanne, from the >ational 'allery of Modern Art.
DS-/, 4B"BG, p.A"2DA$, 4B"B
"G #ul ", Mt. Etna erupted for @ minutes. DS-/, FB2BG, p.AF
"G #ul "", It was reported that fires in southern Italy and Sicily burned ,4@@ acresof forest and grassland. DS-/, FB""BG, p.AG
"G #ul "", Maria Soledad Rosas D2, an Argentine s7uatter under house arrest in(urin, was found hanged to death.
DS-E/, FB"BG, p.A"
"G #ul ", Silvio 5erlusconi, former premier, was convicted for the rd time since;ec. (his conviction was for illegal party financing in "". A prior conviction was for bribing ta= inspectors. DS-/, FB"2BG, p.A"@
"G #ul "F, In Rome %> delegates from more than "@@ countries overwhelminglyapproved D"@?F a historic treaty, the Statue of Rome, creating the worldKs first permanent war crimes tribunal, with 8urisdiction over individuals, ignoring strenuous%.S. ob8ections over certain provisions. It was to be located in the :ague with "G 8udgesfrom "G countries serving year terms. It still re7uired ratification by H@ countries to become effective. (he vote passed "@ to F with " abstentions. (he %S, /hina, Ira7,Israel, ibya, Vatar and )emen voted against the International /riminal /ourt (reatyDI//. In @@ the %S moved to withdraw its signature. DS-/, FB"GBG, p.A"@DS#, FB@BG, p.A"DS#, 4BHB@, p.A",2DEcon, ""BB@,
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p.F"G #ul "F, In 0iterbo anarchist vandals sprayed painted graffiti over "4th centuryfrescoes in response to the suicide of Maria Rosas. DS-E/, FB"BG, p.A"
"G #ul ", 6ver "@,@@@ members of the nation*s beach wor+ers Dbagnini went onstri+e and closed their umbrella stands. DS#, GBBG, p.A"
"G Aug "4, A roc+ slide at 5renner $ass +illed 4 'erman tourists near the town of-ortea. DS-E/, GB"HBG, p.A"
"G Aug ", In Italy the Assicuraioni 'enerali insurance company announced thatit will pay N"@@ million to :olocaust survivors and the heirs of victims for life insuranceand annuity policies that it refused to honor after II.
DS-/, GB@BG, p.AF
"G Sep , A 4.4 earth7ua+e hit Italy between the towns of /astelluccio Inferioreand aino 5orgo where the regions of /alabria and 5asilicata meet. DS-/, B"@BG, p./
"G Sep "G, In Italy the (0 dubbers agreed to end their ?month stri+e. DS-/, B"BG, p./"H
"G 6ct , /ommunists voted to re8ect $rime Minister $rodi*s budget. DS#, "@B4BG, p.A",
"G 6ct 4, -ederico eri, Italy*s leading art critic and historian, died at age FF. :ehad cataloged in 2 volumes the Italian paintings in >ew )or+*s Metropolitan Museum. DS-/, "@BHBG, p.A
"G 6ct , (he center?left coalition of $remier Romano $rodi lost a vote ofconfidence by one vote. $res. 6scar uigi Scalfaro as+ed $rodi to continue leading atemporary government. DS-/, "@B"@BG, p.A""
"G 6ct "H, Massimo ;*Alema, head of the ;emocratic eft $arty, was as+ed by$res. Scalfaro to form a new government. DS-/, "@B"FBG, p.A"
"G >ov ", #ohn 3agwe of 3enya won the >) Marathon in !G!24. -ranca -iacconiof Italy won among the women in !4!"F. DS#, ""BBG, p.A"
"G >ov ", In Italy Abdullah 6calan, head of the 3urd $33, was arrested in
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Rome. DS-/, ""B"2BG, p.A""
"G >ov @, In Italy a court ordered the release of 3urdish rebel Abdullah 6calanunder a law barring e=tradition in death penalty cases and planned to grant him asylum.
DS-/, ""B"BG, p.A"@
"G ;ec "H, Abdullah 6calan, leader of the 3urdistan or+ers $arty, was freed byan appeals court in Rome. (ur+ish officials were outraged and renewed threats ofeconomic retaliation. DS-/, "B"FBG, p./2
"G ;ec "H, In Rome an apartment building collapsed and +illed @ people. DS-/, "B"FBG, p./4
"G (he Italian film C(he 5est ManC starred ;iego Abatanuono and Ines Sastre and
was directed by $upi Avati. It was about a bride who hates her new husband and theirwedding in >orthern Italy at the turn of the century. DS-/, GB"BG, p./4
"G (he Italian film C'o Around the orldC was directed by ;avide Manuli andwas about an orphan raised by a 'ypsy. DS-E/, "@B2BG, ;5 p.
"G At /annes the 'rand $rie went to the Italian film Ca 0ita e 5ellaC Dife Is5eautiful by director Roberto 5enigni. It starred 5enigni, 'iorgio /antarini and >icoletta 5raschi. DS-/, 4B4BG, p.E4DS-E/, "@B4BG, ;5 p.2H
"G (he Italian film C$ianese >unio, -ourteen in MayC was directed by Antonio/apuano. It was about an priest*s involvement with an altar boy. DS-/, HB"GBG, p.E2
"G (he Italian film CSteamC starred Alessandro 'assman and Mehmet 'unsur. Itwas directed by -eran 6pete+. DS-E/, ""BBG, ;5 p."@
" #an ", Italy along with "@ other European %nion nations made the transition tothe new Euro monetary system. DS-/, "B"B, p.AG
" #an G, $ope #ohn $aul II met with the new $rime Minister and formercommunist leader, Massimo ;KAlema. DS-/, "BB, p.A
" #an "2, In Italy police arrested people in Milan who allegedly rigged the
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Milan otto using children and tampered balls for drawing wining numbers. DS-/, "B"HB, p.A"@
" -eb F, (he NH@ billion bid by 6livetti for (elecom Italia was ruled legallyadmissible by Italian stoc+ mar+et regulators.
DS-E/, BGB, p.A2
" Mar "", In northern Italy an avalanche +illed 'erman s+iers. DS-/, B"B, p.A"4
" Mar 2, In the F?mile Mt. 5lanc tunnel between -rance and Italy a fire eruptedfrom a truc+ transporting flour. (he death toll was raised to with 2 in8ured. (he firewas e=tinguished after days and the death toll rose to 4. Identification of the remainsof at least 2@ people began Mar G. (hirty?nine people were +illed when fire erupted inthe Mont 5lanc tunnel in -rance and burned for two days. It re?opened in @@. In @@4 a-rench court convicted "@ people and companies for safety lapses in the ?day fire.
DS-/, BHB, p.A"2DS-/, BFB, p.A"@DS-/, BB, p.AGDA$, B2B@@DSS-/,B"FB@, p./2DA$, B2B@2DS#, FBGB@4, p.A"
" May 4, Ibrahim Rugova, prominent Albanian leader, flew to Rome with the permission of )ugoslav authorities for tal+s with $remier Massimo ;KAlema and foreignMinister amberto ;ini. DS-/, 4BHB, p.A"
" May ", In Italy the $arliament chose (reasury Minister /arlo Aeglio /iampiDFG as the new president. DS-/, 4B"2B, p.A"4
" May @, In Italy Massimo ;KAntona, a univ. professor of labor law and thearchitect of labor reforms, was shot to death as he wal+ed to wor+ in Rome. (he Red5rigade claimed responsibility in a G?page manifesto left in a trash bin. In @@4 >adia;esdemona ioce, Marco Measalma and Roberto Morandi were convicted andsentenced to life terms. $aolo 5roccatelli received a nine?year term.
DS-/, 4BB, p.A"DA$, FBB@4
" #un ", Mario Soldati, writer and film director, died at age .DS-/, HB2B, p.A4
" #ul ", St. Mary of the Angels 5asilica in Assisi reopened following earth7ua+erepairs due to the Sep H, "FF, 7ua+e. DS-E/, GB"B, p.A"G
" Sep "@, A "4?ton brone horse, designed after an idea by eonardo da 0inci,was scheduled to be unveiled at the 4@@th anniversary of the -rench occupation of the;ucal palace in Milan, when da 0inciKs prototype was disfigured. It was begun by/harles ;ent Dd."2, a %nited Airlines pilot, and finished by a foundation that he
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endowed. It was cast in 5eacon, >.). DS-/, HBHB, p.A"
" Sep , (he cloned bull 'alileo was unveiled at the dairy cattle show in/remona. (he :ealth Ministry confiscated the bull the ne=t day due to the "G decree
forbidding cloning issued by :ealth Minister Rosy 5indi. DS-E/, BHB, p.A
" Sep 2, A 8ury ac7uitted former Italian $remier 'iulio Andreotti of the "F+illing of a 8ournalist.
DA$, B2B@@
" 6ct , 'iulio Andreotti DG@, F times prime minister, was ac7uitted of chargesthat he was the Sicilian MafiaKs protector in Rome. DS-E/, "@B2B, p.A"F
" ;ec "G, In Italy $rime Minister Massimo ;KAlema resigned and brought an endto the 4Hth government since II. $res. /arlo Aeglio /iampi as+ed him to form anew coalition. DS-E/, "B"B, p.AH
" ;ec , In Italy $remier Massimo ;KAlema won a vote of confidence for a newcabinet. DS-/, "BB, p./F
" ;ec , $remier Massimo ;KAlema won parliamentary approval for the 4Fthgovernment. (he /abinet included 4 new members and @ holdovers. DS-/, "B2B, p.A@
" Roberto /alassoKs wor+ C3a! Stories of the Mind and 'ods of IndiaC wastranslated to English by (im $ar+s. /alasso, head of the Milan publishing house Adelphi,also authored C(he Marriage of /admus and :armonyC and C(he Ruin of 3asch.C DS-E/, "B"FB, 5R p.G
" (he Italian film C-erdinando e /arolinaC starred script writer eonardo5envenuti Dd.@@@ at FF and was directed by ina ertmuller. DS-/, ""BGB@@, p.5F
@@@ #an ", 5ettino /ra=i DH4, a former premier who Italy fled to escape acorruption 8ail sentence, died in (unisia. DS#, "B@B@@, p.A"
@@@ -eb H, (he government proposed car?free Sunday program, Cdomenica a piedi,C began. Some "@@ cities signed up for the program to ban downtown traffic on the "stSunday of the month through May. DS-/, B4B@@, p.AG
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@@@ -eb ", Avalanches in Italy +illed s+iers in the northern 0enosta 0alley. DS-/, BB@@, p.A"@
@@@ Mar @, A mandatory helmet law for motorbi+e riders went into effect.
DS-/, B"B@@, p.E
@@@ Apr ", 'iorgio 5assani, author and editor, died at age G2. :is boo+s includedC(he 'arden of the -ini?/ontinis.C DS-/, 2B"2B@@, p.;4
@@@ Apr ", $rime Minister Massimo ;*Alema resigned.DS-/, 2BB@@, p.A
@@@ Apr @, In Italy the center?left parties closed ran+s behind (reasury Minister'iuliano Amato following the resignation of $rime Minister Massimo ;*Alema.
DS#, 2B"B@@, p.A"
@@@ Apr ", $res. /arlo Aeglio /iampi gave 'iuliano Amato the go ahead to formItaly*s 4Gth government since II. DS-/, 2BB@@, p.A
@@@ #un ", In Italy the government pardoned Mehmet Ali Agca D2, the man whowounded $ope #ohn $aul II in "G". Agca was flown to (ur+ey to finish serving G yearsfor the "F murder of a newspaper editor. DS-/, HB"2B@@, p.A"
@@@ #un "2, Attilio 5ertolucci DGG, poet and father of movie directors, died inRome. :is "G2 autobiographical free verse novel C(he 5edroomC was made into amovie. DS-/, HB"HB@@, p.A2
@@@ #un , 0ittorio 'assman, film actor, died at age FF. :e had appeared in "2films between "2H and ". DS-/, HB@B@@, p.;F
@@@ #ul "?, In Italy the orld $ride int*l. gay pride festival opened in Rome. DS-E/, HB2B@@, p./"2DS-E/, FBB@@, p.A"F
@@@ #ul "F, Aligi Sassu, painter, sculptor and engraver, died at age GG on Mallorca.:is early wor+ included a futurist manifesto titled! C;ynamism and Muscular Strength.C:is paintings included C%omini RossiC DRed Men, "". DS-/, FB"B@@, p.5
@@@ #ul, $rof. Auriti began e=changing one simec, his new currency, for lire in'uardiagrele. Auriti hoped to convince the world that central ban+ers are con artists
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because they insert new money through loans and thus reduce purchasing power. DS#, "@BHB@@, p.A"
@@@ #ul, It was reported that girls D"H?"F in /hiavenna +illed Sister Maria auraMainetti. (he catechism students hit her with a stone and stabbed her " times. 5ishop
Alessandro Maggiolini called it Cthe triumph of emptiness.C DS-/, FB"B@@, p.AG
@@@ Aug , /onrad Marca?Relli, artist, died in $arma at age GF. :is collagesserved as a lin+ between the European avant?garde and American AbstractE=pressionism. :e created monumental collages and in the "4@s added strips of canvasover canvas.
DS-/, B"B@@, p.;H
@@@ Sep "@, A flood in /alabria +illed at least "@ people at the e 'iarecampground near Soverato.
DS-/, B""B@@, p.5G
@@@ Sep "4, (he Mafia was reported to be engaged in a N4@@ million business ofillegal dog fighting. An estimated 4,@@@ dogs died annually from the fighting.
DS-/, B"4B@@, p.A"H
@@@ Sep 4, ivia (urco, Social Affairs Minister, pushed to decriminalie the sale of se= and to allow prostitutes to form cooperatives. DS-/, B4B@@, p.A"
@@@ Sep, (he reality (0 show C'rande -ratelloC made its debut. DS-/, "@BB@@, p.A"@
@@@ 6ct "4, At least " people were +illed as landslides due to heavy rainscontinued in the Alps of Switerland and Italy. died in northern Italy and G in southernSwiterland DS-/, "@B"HB@@, p.-GDS-/, "@B"GB@@, p.A"2DS-/, "@B"B@@, p./2
@@@ 6ct "G, :undreds of Italian police raided the %niv. of Messina. F faculty andstaff were later indicted on organied crime charges. DS-/, "BGB@", p.A2@@@ 6ct "G, In southern Italy the bodies of H illegal immigrants, believed to be3urds, were found dumped on the side of a highway. DS-/, "@B"B@@, p./"@
@@@ 6ct 2, (he $arliament approved a law to end the @@?year old draft in favor of an all volunteer military. (he armed forces planned reductions to "@,@@@ from F@,@@@within F years. DS-/, "@B4B@@, p.A"H
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@@@ >ov , eonardo 5envenuti, film script writer and actor, died at age FF. DS-/, ""BGB@@, p.5F
@@@ ;ec "F, In northern Italy at least "@ climbers and s+iers were +illed after iceformed overnight in the Alps.
DS-/, "B"GB@@, p.E
@@" #an H, A >A(6 meeting was scheduled in Italy on the use of ammunition withdepleted uranium following the deaths from cancer of H Italian soldiers following duty inthe 5al+ans. 4 5al+an veterans from 5elgium along with peace+eepers from Spain,$ortugal and the /ech Republic had died of cancer. DS#, "B@2B@", p.A"DS-/, "BHB@", p.AF
@@" #an , ;emonstrators in (urin clashed with police following an agreement between -rance and Italy to establish a high?speed rail line between (urin and yon. DS-/, "B@B@", p.A"
@@" #an, Italy and the %S signed a treaty that re7uires ob8ects dating between @@5/ and 2@@ /E be accompanied by Italian government certification before leaving thecountry. DS#, BHB@", p.A"H
@@" Mar "F, $rotesters demonstrated at the third 'lobal -orum in >aples. (heyclashed with police and 4@ officers and F@ protesters suffered minor in8uries. DSS-/, B"GB@", p.;2
@@" Apr @, 'iuseppe Sinopoli D42 died from a heart attac+ while conducting at the5erlin ;eutsche 6pera house. DS-/, 2B"B@", p.;4
@@" May ", In Italy Silvio 5erlusconi*s :ouse of -reedoms coalition led the left?of?center 6live (ree coalition in parliamentary elections. 5erlusconi opposed a federalEurope and stood as a proponent of free trade and low ta=es. DS-/, 4B"2B@", p.A"DS-/, 4B"4B@", p.A
@@" May F, (he center?left opposition won mayoral runoffs in >aples, (urin andRome. DS-/, 4BGB@", p.5"
@@" #un "@, Silvio 5erlusconi DH2, +nown as Il /avaliere, became premier for and time and formed his /abinet. :e promised a "@@?day revolution to transform theeconomy. DS-/, HB""B@", p.AGDS-/, BFB@", p.A"4
@@" #ul @, A '?G economic summit, planned in 'enoa, Italy, e=pected over"@@,@@@ demonstrators. (he summit opened with raging street battles between police and
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demonstrators< one protester was fatally shot by officers. DS-/, FB"FB@", p.AHDA$, FB@B@@@" #ul @, In 'enoa /arlo 'iuliani D was shot and +illed by police while protesting at the '?G summit. At least "@@ people were in8ured. DS-/, FB"B@", p.A"
@@" #ul ", A nd day of violent protests turned 'enoa into a war one of rollingriots. DS-/, FBB@", p.A"
@@" #ul, Mt. Etna began erupting with lava flow. DS-/, GB"B@", p.AG
@@" Aug G, In Rome police chief 'ianni de 'ennaro ac+nowledged that e=cessiveforce had been used against protesters of the 'roup G summit. DS-/, GBB@", p.AG
@@" 6ct G, In Milan, Italy, a Scandinavian Airlines SAS 8et, -light HGH to/openhagen, crashed into a small /essna on ta+eoff and ""2 people were +illed in both planes with 2 +illed on the ground. (he /essna had moved onto the wrong runway as theSAS 8et too+ off under foggy conditions. DS-/, "@BB@", p.5"DS#, "@BB@", p.A"
@@" >ov F, Italy pledged an aircraft carrier and ,F@@ troops to help the Americancampaign in Afghanistan. DS-/, ""BGB@", p.AH
@@" >ov, (he eaning (ower of $isa was e=pected to open for tourists after beingclosed since "@ to reduce the tilt. DS-/, 2BFB@", p.A""
@@" ;ec "H, A state?run home for the disabled burned down near 5uccino and " patients were +illed. DS-/, "B"FB@", p.A
@@" Rome declared the ruins of the (orre Argentina /at Sanctuary to be a culturalheritage. DS-/, ""B"4B@, p.#"
@@" ;omenico Morosini opened a private museum at the former home of 5enitoMussolini Dd."24 in $redappio. It was built between "4?"F and sold to Morosinifor N". million in @@@. DS#, HB"FB@2, p.A"4
@@ #an 2, Antonio (odde, an Italian shepherd listed by 'uinness as the world*soldest man, died 8ust shy of his ""th birthday. C#ust love your brother and drin+ a good
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glass of red wine every day.C DS-/, "B4B@, p.A
@@ #an 4, Renato Ruggiero, the -oreign Minister, 7uit over the government*sEuropean policy.
DS-/, "BFB@, p.A4
@@ #an H, $remier 5erlusconi named himself interim foreign minister. DS-/, "BFB@, p.A4
@@ -eb 4, In Italy the health ministry confirmed the country*s "st case of mad cowdisease. DS-/, BHB@, p.A
@@ -eb ", Italian authorities arrested 2 Moroccans in Rome, members of theSalafist 'roup for /all and /ombat. Maps were found of the %S Embassy, small
7uantities of cyanide, and a map of the city*s water system. DS-/, B"B@, p.A"H
@@ Mar , (he Mont 5lanc tunnel reopened to connect Italy and -rance. DSS-/, B"FB@, p./2
@@ Mar ", In 5ologna /laudio Sca8ola, a labor adviser to the government, wasassassinated. (he Red 5rigades claimed responsibility. DS-/, B"B@, p.AG
@@ Mar @, Some G illegal immigrants, mostly ethnic 3urds, arrived on a rustycargo ship. Italy declared a state of emergency to deal with the problem. DS-/, B"B@, p.A"@
@@ Mar ", A tour bus traveling from ucca to -lorence collided with a truc+ andat least Americans were +illed. DS-/, BB@, p.A"@
@@ Apr "H, In Italy millions of wor+ers staged the biggest stri+e in decades to protest government plans to ma+e it easier to fire wor+ers. DS-/, 2B"FB@, p.AG
@@ Apr "G, In Italy a small plane crashed into the 4th floor of the ?story $irelli building in Milan. :e was +illed along with government lawyers wor+ing inside. $ilotuigi -asulo DHF made a distress call and flew off course. Suicide over financial problems was later suspected. DS-/, 2B"B@, p.A","HDS-/, 2B@B@, p.A
@@ #un 2, $arliament approved legislation on tougher immigration policies. DS-/, HB4B@, p.A"
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@@ #un F, It was reported that Italy had committed to a N2. billion pro8ect for asuspension bridge lin+ing Sicily over the ?mile?wide straits of Messina. DS#, HBFB@, p.A"DEcon, ""BB@, p.F4
@@ #un, In Italy the $arliament approved a measure to transfer all state propertyinto a new company called $atrimonio dello Stato SpA, a wholly owned subsidiary of theEconomy Ministry. Some assets were planned for sale to reduce the N". trillion publicdebt and to help finance the bridge from /alabria to Sicily.
DS#, FBB@, p.;G
@@ #ul 2, Italian photographer Angelo -rontoni DFH, +nown for his wor+ with starssuch as Sophia oren, 5rigitte 5ardot and Ava 'ardner, died in Rome. DA$, FB2B@
@@ #ul ", Italy too+ steps to return the pried A=um obelis+ to Ethiopia. (he
",F@@?year?old monument was hauled off by Italian forces after their "F invasion of theAfrican country. It was returned in @@. DA$, FB@B@DSS-/, ""BB@, p.A
@@ #ul @, Rome decided to have the coins collected from the (revi fountain everyday and not 8ust on Mondays. (he ne=t day Roberto /ercelletta D4@, a self?describedunemployed Roman resident, self?inflicted raor cuts on his stomach in a protest andas+ed if the money collected has really gone to the /atholic charity /aritas in past years. DA$, FB"B@
@@ Aug G, In Indonesia oreno (addei D2, an Italian tourist, was shot dead in/entral Sulawesi when gunmen fired on the bus he was traveling in. DReuters, GBB@
@@ Aug ", -ive 3urdish migrants were found dead in the bac+ of a cargo truc+after they apparently suffocated during a harrowing ferry crossing from 'reece to Italy. DA$, GB"B@
@@ Sep "2, In Italy tens of thousands of protesters rallied in central Rome,accusing conservative $remier Silvio 5erlusconi of using political power for his personal benefit, and saying opposition parties were not doing enough about it. DA$, B"2B@
@@ Sep 4, Italian $remier Silvio 5erlusconi urged the %nited >ations to come upwith a Cnew, strongly worded, unambiguous and e=actingC resolution on Ira7 that couldauthorie the use of force if 5aghdad fails to comply with it. DA$, BHB@
@@ 6ct "4, In Italy a heavily armed man fatally shot his e=?wife and si= otherrelatives and neighbors and then +illed himself in /hieri, a suburb of (urin.
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DA$, "@B"4B@DS-/, "@B"HB@, p.A"H
@@ 6ct ", A strong earth7ua+e roc+ed central and southern Italy, trapping about4@ children in a school in San 'iuliano di $uglia after the buildingKs roof collapsed. (hedeath reached at least G.
DA$, "@B"B@DA$, ""B"B@
@@ >ov , Some 24@,@@@ marched through -lorence in a protest againstglobaliation and %.S. policy in Ira7. DA$, ""B"@B@@@ >ov , A dry winter and a wet summer ravaged ItalyKs grapevines, causing theworst harvest in half a century. Some regions were spared the disasters, li+e the area in(uscany where /hianti is produced and parts of southern Italy. DA$, ""BB@
@@ >ov "H, In Italy thousands of anti?globaliation demonstrators marched in
Rome, -lorence and >aples to protest the arrests of @ people, including a leader of themovement, on charges stemming from violent protests last year. DA$, ""B"HB@
@@ >ov ", Italian newspapers reported that the Kndrangheta, the /alabrian versionof the Sicilian Mafia, received percent of the multimillion dollar contracts for wor+ onstretches of the highway that passed through their Cterritory.C DA$, ""B@B@
@@ In Italy -rancesco Sbano co?produced a new malavita Dmafia fol+ music /;!Ca Musica della Mafia.C D>, GBHB@, p.42
@@ #an "H, (he European %nionKs /ourt of #ustice ordered Spain and Italy to dropnational rules on what constitutes chocolate, saying they can no longer bar 5ritish andIrish confections made with vegetable fats instead of cocoa butter. DA$, "B"HB@
@@ #an 2, 'iovanni Agnelli DG", the patriarch of the -iat auto company, died in(urin after a months?long illness. DA$, "B2B@
@@ #an F, A head?on train collision between -rench and Italian passenger trains+illed two people. It appeared to be the result of human error. DA$, "BGB@
@@ #an @, Italian police arrested G $a+istanis during a routine sweep for illegalimmigrants. (he arrested possessed e=plosives, hundreds of forged documents and mapsof the >aples area with CsensitiveC targets circled. DA$, "B"B@
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@@ -eb , In Rome, Italy, some ,@@@ cat lovers marched in the city*s "st /at$ride march and demanded protection for the many, local stray cats. DSS-/, BB@, A
@@ -eb, American /IA operatives snatched :assan Mustafa 6sama >asr DAbu6mar from his house in Milan and too+ him to Egypt, where he was 8ailed, tortured andreleased. In @@4 an Italian 8udge ordered the arrest of " American suspects on chargesof +idnapping. DEcon, FBB@4, p.2G
@@ Mar H, Italian police raided a house in $alermo and captured SalvatoreRinella D2, a top Mafia boss. DA$, BFB@
@@ Mar "", 5enetton, an Italian retailer, said it planned to attach salt?grain sied
microchip transmitters to clothing at its 4,@@@ stores. DS-/, B"B@, p.5"
@@ Mar , Italian ;r. /arlo %rbani D2H, a :6 e=pert on communicablediseases, died of SARS in (hailand, where he was being treated after becoming infectedwhile wor+ing in 0ietnam. %rbani was the "st doctor to identify SARS. DA$, BB@
@@ May "2, In Italy $remier Silvio 5erlusconi inaugurated the ambitious N2 billionCMosesC pro8ect to ease the flooding in 0enice. DA$, 4B"4B@
@@ May, In Italy construction began on a brea+water for 0enice to prevent hightides from entering its lagoon. DEcon, BFB@, p.G@
@@ #ul "4, -our %S crew members were +illed in a fiery crash of a >avy helicopter in Italy. DA$, FB"HB@
@@ #ul , ItalyKs state (0 chief said she will resign as soon as $remier Silvio5erlusconiKs governing coalition passes a law opponents say will grant the businessmogul even greater control over Italian media. DA$, FBB@
@@ May G, $rometea, the worldKs "st cloned horse, was born in /remona, Italy. DS-/, GBFB@, p.A
@@ Sep 4, European %nion foreign ministers met in Riva del 'arda, Italy, todiscuss Ira7, the tattered Mideast peace plan and their blocKs draft constitution as some
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4@@ anti?globaliation protesters bloc+ed main roads to an Italian Alps town. DA$, BHB@
@@ Sep "", (he Italian :ealth Ministry said at least 2,"F4 more elderly Italiansdied in the summer heat wave that scorched Europe this year compared with the same
period last year. DA$, B""B@
@@ Sep "H, Italian consumer groups as+ed for a to boycott virtually all productsand services to protest price hi+es. DA$, B"HB@
@@ Sep G, A nationwide power blac+out in Italy hit virtually the whole populationin the dead of night. $ower was out for as much as "G hours. $roblems began after a tree branch hit power lines in Switerland. DA$, BGB@DS#, "@B"B@, p.A"DA$, "@B"B@
@@ 6ct 2, In Italy anti?globaliation demonstrators set fire to an employmentagency, smashed cars and windows and hurled insults at government head7uarters inRome. DA$, "@B2B@
@@ 6ct 4, In Somalia Annalena (onelli DH@, an Italian aid wor+er who dedicated years of her life to helping Somalis, was shot and +illed outside the hospital shefounded to treat tuberculosis patients. DA$, "@BHB@
@@ 6ct "", In Italy 2?month?old twin 'ree+ girls 8oined at the temple weresuccessfully separated after a " hour operation at a Rome hospital. DA$, "@B"B@DS-/, "@B"4B@, p.A
@@ 6ct ", Renato Rinino D2", a professional Italian thief who gained notorietyfor stealing 8ewelry from $rince /harlesK ondon palace in "2, was shot and +illed inSavona. DA$, "@B"B@
@@ 6ct ", An Italian coast guard crew found " bodies on board a ric+ety wooden boat in waters off Sicily and "4 other would?be illegal Somali immigrants suffering frome=posure and badly in need of food and water. Some 4@ bodies were consigned to the sea before the boat was found. DA$, "@B@B@DEcon, "@B4B@, p.2G
@@ 6ct 2, In Italy police arrested F alleged members of the radical Red 5rigadessuspected of the " +illing of a abor Ministry consultant. DA$, "@B2B@@@ 6ct 2, In Italy millions of wor+ers stayed home to protest government plans to
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reform the pension system. DA$, "@B4B@
@@ 6ct 4, An Italian court has ordered a crucifi= removed from a classroom,where a law still re7uires public schools to display a cross.
DA$, "@BHB@
@@ 6ct , Italian tenor -ranco /orelli DG, one of the top opera stars of the @thcentury, died in Milan. DA$, "@B"B@DS-/, ""B"B@, p.A"
@@ 6ct @, In Italy former $remier 'iulio Andreotti was ac7uitted of charges heordered the Mafia +illing of a 8ournalist in "F, wiping out the veteran politicianKs previous conviction. DA$, "@B@B@
@@ >ov ", In Ira7 a suicide truc+ bomber attac+ed the head7uarters of ItalyKs paramilitary police in >asiriyah, +illing " people, including "G Italians, and possiblytrapping others. DA$, ""B"B@DA$, ""B"B@
@@ ;ec H, :undreds of thousands of people marched through Rome to protestgovernment plans to reform ItalyKs pension system, which economists say can no longersustain itself. DA$, "BHB@
@@ ;ec "", (he Italian $arliament imposed controls on medically assistedreproduction. DS-/, "B"B@, p.A"F
@@ ;ec ", Several people fell ill across Italy after drin+ing apparently tainted bottled mineral water, the latest in a scare that has prompted prosecutors to launchinvestigations across the nation. DA$, "B"B@
@@ ;ec "2, 0enice threw itself a party to celebrate the rebirth of the a -enice,following a N@ million restoration, with a gala concert that drew the Italian president,European royalty and ItalyKs glitterati. DA$, "B"4B@DS-/, "B"4B@, p.A
@@ ;ec "4, In Italy /alisto (oni, head of $armalat SpA, one of the worldKs biggestdairy firms, resigned. Lsee ;ec " DEcon, "B@B@, p.4
@@ ;ec ", $armalat SpA, an Italian food giant, reported a N2. billion shortfall.Soon another N.H billion in bonds was also in 7uestion. $armalat planned to file for
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ban+ruptcy protection in what turned into the biggest corporate fraud in EuropeKs history.$armalat employed H,@@@ people in countries. -austo (onna, former chief financialofficer, soon ac+nowledged that there was systematic falsification of accounts for some"4 years. In @@" an auditor in 5rail had raised an alarm over financial transactions. (heaccounting scandal reached N"F billion.
DS-/, "B2B@, p.5"DS#, "BHB@, p./"DS#, BB@2, p.ADEcon, GBHB@4, p.4F
@@ $M 5erlusconi*s government passed a law granting him and 2 associatesimmunity from criminal prosecution while serving as $M of Italy. (he law was laterstruc+ down by Italy*s constitutional court. DS#, ""B"4B@2, p.A"DEcon, ""BHB@4, Survey p.""
@@2 #an , >orberto 5obbio D2, an Italian liberal philosopher, essayist and senatorfor life, died in (urin. 6ne of his most important boo+s is the "44 C$olitica e /ulturaCDC$olitics and /ultureC. A "2 essay, called C;estra e SinistraC DCeft and RightC, washis best?selling wor+.
DA$, "B"@B@2
@@2 #an G, Italian police said they crac+ed a drug smuggling ring spanning fourcontinents, arrested more than "4@ people and seied more than five tons of cocaine. DA$, "BGB@2
@@2 -eb "2, Marco $antani D2, Italy*s favorite cyclist, died. DEcon, BGB@2, p.G
@@2 -eb "F, A new study reported that cows in Italy had been found with a newform of mad cow disease, bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy D5ASE. DS-/, B"FB@2, p.AF
@@2 -eb , 'iorgio Armani signed a N" billion hotel venture with ;ubai*s Emaar$roperties. DEcon, BGB@2, p.H"
@@2 Mar @, :undreds of thousands of people marched in Rome demanding thatItaly pull its ,H@@ troops out of Ira7. DA$, B"B@2
@@2 Mar, #ohn $etters D", a Minnesota college student, was stabbed to death in-lorence after he and a friend mista+enly wal+ed into the private grounds of a villa. In@@4 a 8udge convicted Alfio Raugei D44, an Italian man, of manslaughter and sentencedhim to three yearsK imprisonment, after lawyers argued the +illing was in self?defense. DA$, FB"B@4
@@2 Apr ", Italy, (ur+ey, 'ermany, 5elgium and the >etherlands arrested 2"militants in a coordinated crac+down on a (ur+ish Mar=ist group. $olice in Istanbularrested 4 suspects of the Mar=ist Revolutionary $eopleKs iberation ArmyB-ront, or
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;:3$?/, while security forces in the other countries detained "H others. DA$, 2B"B@2
@@2 Apr ", -our Italians wor+ing as private security guards for a %.S. company inIra7 were reported missing, and an Arab satellite (0 broadcaster said they were
+idnapped by insurgents. DA$, 2B"B@2
@@2 Apr "2, In Ira7 militants e=ecuted an Italian captive. DA$, 2B"4B@2
@@2 Apr "H, In Italy $remier Silvio 5erlusconiKs corruption trial resumed in Milan. DA$, 2B"HB@2
@@2 Apr ", $ierluigi 0igna, ItalyKs national anti?Mafia prosecutor, said Italianmobsters and Islamic terrorist groups have forged lin+s in arms and drug traffic+ing.
DA$, 2B@B@2
@@2 Apr @, Authorities in southern Italy reported that they had seied about F,4@@3alashni+ov assault rifles and other combat?grade firearms from a (ur+ish?flagged shipheaded for >ew )or+. (he weapons were destined for a company in the %.S. state of'eorgia. DA$, 2B@B@2
@@2 Apr H, Ira7i +idnappers said they would +ill Italian hostages unless Italiansrally against ItalyKs participation in the occupation of Ira7. DS-/, 2BFB@2, p.AG
@@2 May F, %mberto Agnelli DH, -iat /hairman, died in (urin. DS-/, 4BB@2, p.5H@@2 May F, 0ito 5igione D4, one of ItalyKs most?wanted Mafia suspects, wascaptured in 0eneuela. :e was accused of a +ey role in international drug traffic+ing andflown bac+ to Italy. 5igione had spent years living in >amibia and only recently movedto 0eneuela. DA$, 4BB@2@@2 May F, uca /ordero di Monteemolo became the new chairman of/onfindustria, the Italian employer*s confederation. DEcon, 4BB@2, p.H@
@@2 May, An reporter in Sardinia reported that $M 5erlusconi was transforming agrotto into a secret boat tunnel at his 0illa /ertosa property and 7uestioned whether legal permits had been obtained. (he ne=t day the Interior Ministry claimed that all mattersrelating to the villa were to be protected under a state secrecy law. DS#, ""B"4B@2, p.A"
@@2 #un "", In $alermo, Sicily, a court convicted and sentenced @ top Sicilian
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mobsters to life imprisonment after a "@?year trial covering a total of FF murders. DA$, HB"B@2@@2 #un "", Egon von -urstenberg D4F, a Swiss?born aristocrat +nown as theCprince of high fashion,P died in Rome. DA$, HB""B@2
@@2 #un ", 5erlusconi*s -ora Italia party lost a si=th of its voters in the E%elections. DEcon, FBB@2, p.2
@@2 #un, Some 2 Italian private secondary schools were caught up in aninvestigation into a vast trade in bogus e=am passes. DEcon, HB"B@2, p.2
@@2 #ul 4, Italian $remier Silvio 5erlusconi won an endorsement from his E%colleagues for plans to narrow ItalyKs budget deficit with N. billion in new spending
cuts and ta= measures. DA$, FB4B@2
@@2 #ul 2, (he "Hth edition of ItalyKs Miss /icciona contest DItalyKs Miss /hubby began in -orcoli, central Italy. DA$, FB4B@2
@@2 #ul H, Al?Vaida?lin+ed Islamic militants threatened to Csha+e the earthCeverywhere in Italy if Rome does not withdraw troops from Ira7. (he Internet statement,attributed to the Abu :afs al?Masri 5rigades, was the nd such threat against thegovernment of $rime Minister Silvio 5erlusconi in two wee+s. DA$, FBHB@2
@@2 #ul G, (he Italian parliament approved structural economic reforms thatincluded raising the retirement age from 4F to H@ effective in @@G. DEcon, FB"B@2, p.22
@@2 #ul ", A "@?day manhunt for a murder suspect ended in a shootout near the/ircus Ma=imus in central Rome. uciano iboni had allegedly +illed a policeman #uly. DA$, FB"B@2@@2 #ul ", aura 5etti DF@, Italian film actress, died. :er debut was in -ellini*sOa ;olce 0itaP D"H@. DS-/, GBB@2, p.5H
@@2 Aug ", A militant group claiming lin+s to al Vaeda has given Italy a "4?daydeadline to withdraw its troops from Ira7 or face attac+s. DA$, GB"B@2
@@2 Sep F, An Italian aid organiation said that two Italian women were +idnapped
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from its office in 5aghdad. DA$, BFB@2
@@2 Sep ", Italian and ebanese authorities reported the arrest of "@ allegedterrorists, thwarting plans to blow up the Italian Embassy in 5eirut in a car bomb attac+.
DA$, B"B@2
@@2 Sep , A militant group falsely claimed in a eb posting that two Italianwomen ta+en hostage in Ira7 had been +illed. Lsee Sep G DA$, BB@2
@@2 Sep G, In Ira7 +idnappers released two female Italian aid wor+ers and fiveother hostages. A N" million ransom was alleged. In @@4 it was reported that ItalyKs Red/ross treated four Ira7i insurgents and hid them from %.S. forces in e=change for thefreedom of two Italian aid wor+ers +idnapped in 5aghdad. DA$, BGB@2DS#, B@B@2, p.A"DA$, GB4B@4
@@2 6ct @, -iat SpAKs auto unit said that it will temporarily reduce production atthree factories ne=t month, a move that will affect thousands of wor+ers. DA$, "@B@B@2
@@2 6ct ", In Italy unusually high tides sent sea water sweeping through 0enice,covering G@ percent of the city by afternoon. DA$, ""B"B@2
@@2 >ov @, In southern Italy G people from two families were +illed when a gase=plosion destroyed their apartment building. DA$, ""B@B@2
@@2 >ov @, Italy ground to a halt as millions of wor+ers observed a general stri+ein protest against the economic policies of $rime Minister Silvio 5erlusconiKs centre?rightgovernment. DA-$, ""B@B@2
@@2 >ov, Italy*s >ational Magistrates Assoc. DA>M staged their rd one?day stri+eunder the current parliament to protest a bill to reform the 8udicial system. DEcon, ""BFB@2, p.4
@@2 ;ec , -rom Italy it was reported that a mob turf war claimed more than @lives in the last month in the >aples area, prompting police to launch an emergencysecurity clampdown. DA$, "BB@2
@@2 ;ec "@, Italy*s $remier Silvio 5erlusconi was ac7uitted of corruption chargesthat have dogged his government from the start. DA$, "B""B@2
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@@2 ;ec "", Marcello ;ellK%tri, a close political ally of Italian $remier Silvio5erlusconi, was convicted of ties with the Sicilian Mafia and sentenced to nine years in prison. DA$, "B""B@2
@@2 ;ec "H, Italy*s $res. /arlo Aeglio /iampi vetoed a bill that would have placedmagistrates under government oversight and forced them to choose between careers as 8udges or prosecutors. DS-/, "B"FB@2, p.A
@@2 ;ec "F, ItalyKs interior ministry said "G" people had been arrested in the pastthree months in a crac+down on the /amorra in >aples whose turf warfare nowovershadows that of the Sicilian mafia. DA$, "B"GB@2
@@2 ;ec "G, >aples police said they have bro+en up a mob protection rac+etfocused on local ba+eries and flour ma+ers. DA$, "B"GB@2
@@2 Italy imported more shoes than it e=ported for the "st time. DS#, HB"B@4, p.A"
@@4 #an ", Italy was forecast for ".GW annual ';$ growth with a population at 4." million and ';$ per head at N",2"@. DEcon, "BGB@4, p.GG
@@4 #an F, In northern Italy a passenger train and a freight train collided in thic+ fogon the 5ologna?0erona line, +illing "F people and in8uring doens. DA$, "BFB@4DS#, "B"@B@4, p.A"
@@4 #an "@, >ew Italian legislation went into effect to stop smo+ing in restaurantsand bars. 6fficials e=tended the initial #an " date for the benefit of >ew )ear revelers. DS-/, "B"B@2, p.AFDS#, "B"@B@4, p.A"@
@@4 #an , In Italy a war within the /amorra, the regional mafia of >aples, wasreported to have claimed 4 lives over the last 2 months. DEcon, "BB@4, p.2H
@@4 -eb , (he E% told Italy, -rance and 'ermany, to do more to bring their budgets in balance as re7uired by the rules of EuropeKs single currency. DA$, BB@4
@@4 -eb 2, 'unmen seied 'iuliana Sgrena, an Italian 8ournalist in central 5aghdad,in a hail of gunfire after she had been interviewing people who fled the %S assault lastyear on the Sunni insurgent stronghold of -allu8ah.
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DA$, B2B@4
@@4 -eb G, A eb posting in the name of a militant group in Ira7 claimed to havee=ecuted Italian female 8ournalist 'iuliana Sgrena. DA$, BGB@4
@@4 -eb "H, -iat SpA announced it will buy the Maserati sportscar brand from-errari a company in which it already has a ma8ority sta+e 8ust three days afterwinning independence from 'eneral Motors /orp. DA$, B"HB@4
@@4 Mar 2, American troops fired on a car ta+ing 'iuliana Sgrena to 5aghdadKsairport and wounded her. >icola /alipari, the Italian intelligence officer who negotiatedher freedom, was hit by the gunfire and died in her arms. Sgrena returned to Italy the ne=tday. DA$, B4B@4
@@4 Mar H, 'iuliana Sgrena, the Italian 8ournalist wounded by American troops inIra7 after her release by insurgents, re8ected the %.S. militaryKs account of the shootingand declined Sunday to rule out the possibility she was deliberately targeted. DA$, BHB@4
@@4 Mar "4, $res. 5erlusconi announced that Italy would begin pulling its ,@@troops out of Ira7 in September. (he ne=t day he said the withdrawal date was merely ahope. DA$, B"HB@4DEcon, B"B@4, p.4H
@@4 Mar "F, Italian airline Alitalia SpA said that the latest stri+e by flight attendantscould plunge the struggling carrier into ban+ruptcy. DA$, B"FB@4
@@4 Mar 2, Istat reported that Italy*s economy contracted @.2W in the previous7uarter due in part to a fall in e=ports. DS#, B4B@4, p.AF
@@4 Mar @, ;utch ban+ A5> Amro announced a H. billion euros DNG." billion bidfor the GF percent of Italian ban+ Antonveneta it does not already own, the second foreignoffer for an Italian ban+ in as many days. DA$, B@B@4
@@4 Apr F, $res. 5ush met with $remier 5erlusconi and $res. /iampi one day afterviewing the pope*s body at the 0atican. DS-/, 2BFB@4, p.A"
@@4 Apr ", Italian regulator /onsob said it has approved a bid by Spanish ban+5anco 5ilbao 0icaya Argentaria SA for ItalyKs 5anca >aionale del avoro, in what
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would become the euro oneKs largest cross?border ban+ing ta+eover. DA$, 2B"2B@4
@@4 Apr "4, Italy*s government teetered near collapse after coalition parties saidthey would withdraw from $M 5erlusconi*s government.
DS-/, 2B"HB@4, p.AF
@@4 Apr "G, ItalyKs $rime Minister Silvio 5erlusconi agreed a deal with rebelministers of the /hristian ;emocrat %;/ party to form a new centre?right governmentand avoid snap elections. DA-$, 2B"GB@4
@@4 Apr @, Italian $remier Silvio 5erlusconi said he would step down but pledgedto form a new government, an attempt to strengthen a coalition left wea+ened by electoraldefeat and concerns over a slow economy. DA$, 2B@B@4
@@4 Apr , Silvio 5erlusconi formed a new government and will present his choiceof /abinet ministers to ItalyKs legislators for approval in the hopes of avoiding newelections. DA$, 2BB@4
@@4 Apr G, $remier Silvio 5erlusconiKs new government won approval from theItalian Senate, ending a government crisis that followed an embarrassing defeat inregional elections. DA$, 2BGB@4
@@4 Apr , Italy and the %nited States said they had failed to agree on whether%.S. soldiers were at fault in the death of an Italian intelligence agent in Ira7. DA$, 2B@B@4@@4 Apr , Italy slashed its @@4 growth forecast by almost half to ". percent andwarned its budget deficit could hit 2 percent of gross domestic product. DA$, 2BB@4
@@4 May , Italian investigators blamed %S military authorities for failing to signalthere was a chec+point ahead on the 5aghdad road where American soldiers +illed anItalian agent, concluding in a report that stress, ine=perience and fatigue played a role inthe shooting. DA$, 4BB@4
@@4 May "@, ItalyKs center?left opposition celebrated as returns from local electionsin Sardinia and northern regions dealt $remier 5erlusconiKs forces another embarrassingdefeat. DA$, 4B"@B@4
@@4 May "G, $olice arrested nine terror suspects during raids in northern Italy in
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what they said was a crac+down on e=tremist cells accused of planning attac+s in Italyand abroad. DA$, 4B"GB@4
@@4 May 2, Italian police raided the homes and offices of "GH suspected members
of a child pornography ring, including three Roman /atholic priests and a local mayor,that downloaded pictures from an e=clusive eb site. DA$, 4B2B@4
@@4 May 4, In Italy a 8udge ordered best?selling author 6riana -allaci to face trialon charges of defaming Islam in her recent boo+ C(he Strength of Reason.C -allaci, whois in her F@s, said she is accused of violating an Italian law that prohibits Coutrage toreligion.C DA$, 4BHB@4
@@4 May, Italy reported that it had fallen bac+ into recession for the "st 7uarter of
@@4. DEcon, 4B"B@4, p."
@@4 #un 4, An accident inside the -re8us Alpine tunnel between -rance and Italy+illed at least two people. A truc+ loaded with tires and another carrying glue caught firealong with four other vehicles. DA$, HB4B@4
@@4 #un F, (he E% head office said that Italy bro+e the blocKs budget rules withe=cessive deficits in @@ and @@2 and is li+ely to breach the limit again this year and in@@H. DA$, HBFB@4
@@4 #un , /lementina /antoni D, an Italian aid wor+er +idnapped at gunpoint inthe Afghan capital three wee+s ago, was released. DA$, HB"@B@4
@@4 #un ", (he 0enice 5iennale opened under the direction of Rosa Martine andMaria de /orral. DEcon, HB2B@4, p.G@@@4 #un ", Italians voted in national referendums on whether to loosen assistedfertility legislation. @W voted to change the law but only HW of eligible voters botheredto turn out. DA$, HB"B@4DEcon, HB"GB@4, p.2G@@4 #un ", %ni/redit, Italy*s largest ban+, announced the ta+eover :05 'roup,'ermany*s nd biggest. DEcon, HB"GB@4, p.F@
@@4 #un ", In Italy a 0atican?bac+ed voter boycott helped defeat efforts to easerestrictions on assisted procreation and embryo research.
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DA$, HB"2B@4
@@4 #un "2, /arlo Maria 'iulini D", renowned conductor, died in 5rescia, Italy. DS-/, HB"HB@4, p.5F
@@4 #un , In a Speia, Italy, "@ former members of the >ai SS were convictedin absentia of ta+ing part in the "22 massacre of more than 4@@ villagers in the (uscanvillage of SantKAnna di Staema and sentenced to life in prison. DA$, HBB@4
@@4 #un 2, An Italian official said a 8udge has ordered the arrest of " /IA agentsfor allegedly helping deport an imam to Egypt as part of %.S. anti?terrorism efforts. (heagents are suspected in the seiure of an Egyptian?born imam identified as Abu 6mar onthe streets of Milan in -ebruary @@. DA$, HB2B@4
@@4 #un , (he E% gave Italy until the end of @@F to cut its budget deficit in linewith euro?one rules, a warning that is powerless as it carries no punishment. DA$, HBB@4
@@4 #un , Some 2@@ would?be immigrants from Africa landed on ampedusa, atiny Italian island south of Sicily, and air patrols spotted at least @@ more on their way. DA$, HBB@4
@@4 #ul G, In Italy a 8udge convicted and sentenced to life in prison three membersof the Red 5rigades terrorist group for the " +illing of a government labor adviser,court officials said. A fourth was convicted and sentenced to nine years. DA$, FBGB@4
@@4 #ul "", A 8udge ordered the arrest and isolation of senior officers of the 5ancodi /redito /ooperativo Sofige 'ela, a small ban+ on Sicily*s southern coast. (he had been under investigation for aiding and abetting the Mafia. DEcon, FB"HB@4, p.F
@@4 #ul ", Antonio -aio, governor of the 5an+ of Italy, informed his friend'ianpiero -iorani, head of 5anca $opolare Italiana D5$I, that 5$I*s bid for theAntonveneta ban+ had received a go ahead before ma+ing the news public. DEcon, FB@B@4, p.HFDS#, B"B@4, p.A"
@@4 #ul ", In 5rescia, Italy, a 8udge convicted two >orth Africans of belonging toan e=tremist cell alleged to have planned attac+s, including one against MilanKs subway.Moroccan Mohamed Rafi+ was sentenced to four years and eight months in prison and(unisian 3amel :amraoui to three years and four months. DA$, FB"B@4
@@4 #ul @, A Milan prosecutor sought arrest warrants for si= more purported /IA
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operatives, accusing them of helping plan the +idnapping of an Egyptian radical Muslimcleric. DA$, FB@B@4
@@4 #ul , (he Italian government approved a pac+age of anti?terrorism measures
that allow authorities to ta+e ;>A samples from suspects and 8ail those who providee=plosives training. DA$, FBB@4
@@4 #ul 4, An appeals court in Milan, Italy, issued arrest warrants for si= more purported /IA operatives accused of helping plan the @@ +idnapping of a radicalEgyptian Muslim cleric. DA$, FBHB@4@@4 #ul 4, Magistrates in Italy impounded 5$I*s shares in Antonveneta. dayslater /onsob, Italy*s stoc+mar+et regulator, froe 5$I*s offer for up to @ days. Lsee #ul"
DEcon, GB"B@4, p.4F
@@4 #ul , 6sman :ussain DF, a 5riton with Ethiopian citienship, was arrestedin Rome after investigators traced his cell phone calls across Europe. :e is accused oftrying to attac+ the ShepherdKs 5ush subway station in west ondon. DA$, FB@B@4
@@4 #ul, Italian police arrested two Slovenians who allegedly mailed steroids andother performance?enhancing drugs to %.S. soldiers in Ira7 and other customers aroundthe world. DA$, GB"B@4
@@4 Aug ", An Italian newspaper reported that more than "@@ Italian troops whosetours in southern Ira7 have ended are not being replaced, apparently mar+ing the beginning of the countryKs withdrawal from Ira7 ahead of schedule. DA$, GB"2B@4@@4 Aug ", A small plane carrying tourists crashed in southern Italy, +illing at leasttwo people. DA$, GB"2B@4
@@4 Aug "4, Italy*s Interior Minister said Italy has arrested "2" people in a securityswoop following the bombings in ondon and Egypt last month and remains at high ris+from an attac+ by Islamic militants. E=pulsion procedures had begun against F@" people. DReuters, GB"4B@4
@@4 Aug H, A (unis Air 8et carrying 4 passengers went down in the sea off theSicilian coast, and rescuers were on their way. At least " people were +illed, while survived. A bad fuel gauge on the (uninter plane cause the crash. DA$, GB4B@4DA$, GBFB@4DS#, BGB@4, p.A"
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@@4 Sep ", In Italy a summer music hit has spar+ed a war of words between left?wingers and neo?fascists who claim the /olombian pop song, Ca camisa negraC DC(he blac+ shirtC, as their anthem. DA$, B"B@4
@@4 Sep , $remier Silvio 5erlusconiKs /abinet approved a reform program forItalyKs central ban+ that includes a seven?year fi=ed term for the 5an+ of Italy governor. DA$, BB@4
@@4 Sep H, ItalyKs -iat SpA is to launch a new version of its $unto, -iatKs most popular model. (he company has sold H million $untos since launching the car in ".In "F the $unto became the best?selling car in Europe, with H@@,@@@ models sold. DA$, B4B@4
@@4 Sep , Italian $remier Silvio 5erlusconiKs /abinet approved a bill to limit theuse of phone taps, legislation prompted after conversations recorded during a ban+
ta+eover investigation were lea+ed to the media this summer. DA$, BB@4
@@4 Sep "@, Mas+ed gunmen abducted oreno /remonesi of the /orriere dellaSerra daily, an Italian 8ournalist in the 'aa Strip town of ;eir El?5alah. :e was releasedafter a few hours. DA$, B"@B@4
@@4 Sep "H, $remier Silvio 5erlusconi declared ItalyKs mission in Ira7 Can absoluteand totalC success, and said Italy would continue to reduce its military presence there. DA$, B"HB@4@@4 Sep "H, Italian officials said they have captured $aolo ;i auro D4, an allegedtop boss of the /amorra crime syndicate, dealing what they said was a serious blow toorganied crime in the >aples area. DA$, B"HB@4@@4 Sep @, -iat of Italy struc+ a deal with astava of 3ragu8evac, Serbia, to ma+eup to "H,@@@ cars a year. astava*s arms plant made a recent N.G million contract withIra7.
DEcon, "@B"B@4, p.2F
@@4 Sep ", ;omenica Siniscalco, ItalyKs economy minister, resigned in a row overthe 5an+ of Italy and the budget, dealing a ma8or blow to $M Silvio 5erlusconi months before an election that polls say he is li+ely to lose. DA$, BB@4DEcon, B2B@4, p.H"
@@4 Sep 4, ItalyKs government stripped 5an+ of Italy 'overnor Antonio -aio ofhis authority to represent the country at a orld 5an+ meeting. DA$, B4B@4
@@4 Sep H, Italian $M Silvio 5erlusconi was cleared of charges of false
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boo++eeping in a case involving funding for the former Socialist party. DA$, BHB@4@@4 Sep H, ;utch ban+ A5> Amro said it had signed a contract with 5anca$opolare Italiana and its allies to buy their .F percent sta+e in 5anca Antonveneta fora total outlay of . billion euros D.G4 billion dollars.
DA$, BHB@4
@@4 Sep G, Italian $remier Silvio 5erlusconi said a N4. billion pro8ect to buildflood barriers to save 0enice from its high tides will go forward. DA$, BB@4
@@4 6ct "2, ItalyKs culture industry pledged to shut down theaters, cinemas andcancel concerts throughout the country for the day to protest planned cuts to the art budget. DA$, "@B"2B@4@@4 6ct "2, Italy*s Alitalia airline, H.W owned by the government, approved a
revised corporate plan for @@4?@@G. DEcon, "@BB@4, p.F@
@@4 6ct "H, Italy held primaries to select the center?leftKs candidate to challengeconservative $remier Silvio 5erlusconi in ne=t yearKs election. -ormer Italian premierRomano $rodi made a sweeping victory in a nationwide primary. DA$, "@B"HB@4DA$, "@B"FB@4@@4 6ct "H, In Italy center?left politician -rancesco -ortugno was shot as he votedin a nationwide primary in the small /alabrian town of ocri. DA$, "@BB@4
@@4 6ct "G, In Rome, Italy, a teenager D"4 who appeared on the roof of his familyhome with a pistol following the shooting deaths of his parents was ta+en into custodyafter an officer coa=ed him down by telling him the couple was only wounded. DA$, "@B"GB@4
@@4 6ct "?@@4 6ct @, $olice arrested total of 4G people for drug traffic+ing inItaly, Spain, -rance, 5elgium, the >etherlands and Serbia?Montenegro. (he arrests werea response to the 6ct "H murder of Italian politician -rancesco -ortugno. DA$, "@B"B@4
@@4 6ct , $ope 5enedict 10I named five new saints at the close of a ?wee+Synod of 5ishops. (hey included! Italians -elice da >icosia, a lay /apuchin who lived inthe "F@@s, and the Rev. 'aetano /antanoso, who founded the 0eronican Sisters of the:oly -ace in "2. DA$, "@BB@4
@@4 6ct 4, $olice in riot gear charged demonstrators in the streets near Italian $MSilvio 5erlusconiKs office as students protested university reforms sponsored by hisconservative government.
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DA$, "@B4B@4
@@4 6ct G, An Italian court held the first in a series of closed?door hearings todecide whether to indict $rime Minister Silvio 5erlusconi and " others for alleged fraudat his familyKs broadcaster Mediaset.
DA$, "@BGB@4@@4 6ct G, $olice in Sicily said they have arrested two suspected mobsters accusedof plotting to murder a 8udge with a car bomb. DA$, "@BGB@4
@@4 >ov F, -iat SpA and -ord Motor /o. said they had signed an agreement tocollaborate on small cars, completing a deal to co?develop new models due in @@F and@@G. DA$, ""BFB@4
@@4 >ov G, Ira7i $res. #alal (alabani met with Italian $remier Silvio 5erlusconi, a
strong supporter of the %S?led war in Ira7. (alabani is on a wee+long visit to Italy, whichincludes tal+s with the countryKs top officials and a meeting at the 0atican with $ope5enedict 10I. DA$, ""BGB@4
@@4 >ov "", An Italian prosecutor said that the Milan prosecutorKs office has as+edfor the e=tradition of purported /IA operatives in the +idnapping of an Egyptian clericin @@. DA$, ""B""B@4@@4 >ov "", An Italian newspaper reported that a long?awaited 0atican document,to be released >ov , says practicing gays, those with Cdeeply rootedC homose=ualtendencies or those who support gay culture cannot be admitted to the priesthood. DA$, ""B""B@4
@@4 >ov "4?@@4 >ov "H, Italian authorities arrested three Algerians believed tohave lin+s to an Algerian militant group that has allied itself with 6sama bin aden. DA$, ""B"FB@4
@@4 >ov "G, An Italian 8udge who refuses to hear cases because there are crucifi=esin the nationKs courtrooms was convicted of failing to carry out his official duties andsentenced to seven months in 8ail. DA$, ""B"GB@4
@@4 >ov ", $ope 5enedict 10I and Italian $remier Silvio 5erlusconi discussedrelations between the /atholic /hurch and Italy, amid accusations that the churchinterferes in the countryKs domestic affairs. DA$, ""B"B@4
@@4 >ov 4, Across Italy public transportation ground to a halt, public offices shutdown and thousands rallied as part of a general stri+e against the governmentKs @@H
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budget. DA$, ""B4B@4
@@4 >ov, In Italy opposition politicians claimed that ta= evasion adds up to as muchas N2 billion a year.
DEcon, ""BHB@4, Italy p."
@@4 ;ec G, It was reported that a new Italian law re7uired businesses, that offeredInternet access to the public, to as+ clients for I; and to log the owner*s name adocument type. DS-/, "BGB@4, p./4
@@4 ;ec "4, -rench and Italian authorities said European police have bro+en up the biggest?ever illegal immigration ring targeting 5ritain by arresting doens of suspects believed to have helped smuggle CthousandsC of people into that country. DA$, "B"4B@4
@@4 ;ec "4, ItalyKs defense minister said the country will pull @@ more troops outof Ira7 in #anuary, continuing a gradual withdrawal begun earlier this year. DA$, "B"4B@4
@@4 ;ec "H, Italian prosecutors showed a court than+ you notes and othercorrespondence that they contended proved a former curator at the #. $aul 'etty museum+new artifacts were being illegally ac7uired. DA$, "B"HB@4
@@4 ;ec ", In Italy Antonio -aio, embattled central ban+ chief, resigned. DA$, "B"B@4
@@4 ;ec @, Italy*s government passed an overhaul pac+age to scale bac+ the power and responsibilities of the central ban+ governor. DS#, "B"B@4, p.A"2@@4 ;ec @, Argentina 5runetti DG, a character actress who played the worriedwife of Mr. Martini in the classic film CItKs a onderful ifeC D"2H, died in Rome. :erautobiography, CIn Sicilian /ompany,C which chronicles her familyKs show businessadventures, was released in 6ctober. DA$, "B4B@4
@@4 ;ec , ItalyKs antitrust authority said it has opened an investigation todetermine whether $remier Silvio 5erlusconi violated conflict of interest rules when hisgovernment approved subsidies to Italians who buy digital?television decoders. DA$, "BB@4
@@4 ;ec , An Italian 8udge issued E% arrest warrants for purported /IAoperatives in connection with the alleged +idnapping of an Egyptian cleric from a Milanstreet in @@. the warrants allowed for the arrest of the suspects in any of the 4 E%member countries.
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DA$, "BB@4@@4 ;ec , $olice in southern Italy arrested three Algerians on internationalterrorism charges and accused them of planning attac+s in Ira7 and Italy. DA$, "BB@4
@@4 ;ec , Italy*s >ewspaper /orriere della Sera reported that prosecutorsaccused $remier 5erlusconi of ordering the payment of at least NH@@,@@@ to 5ritishlawyer ;avid Mills in "F to give false testimony in two trials against the premier. DA$, "BB@4@@4 ;ec , Mario ;raghi, an investment ban+er and former (reasury official, wasnamed 5an+ of Italy governor to succeed Antonio -aio. DA$, "BB@4
@@4 ;ec, In Italy ;aniela Santanche of the right?win >ational Alliance succeeded in putting a new porn ta= into the @@H budget.
DEcon, "B2B@4, p.F
@@H #an , %rbano aaro DG", a resistance fighter credited with arresting fascistdictator 5enito Mussolini at the end of orld ar II, died in 0ercelli, Italy. DA$, "B2B@H
@@H #an H, In )emen 4 Italian hostages were freed in good health after si= days incaptivity when their +idnappers surrendered to government troops. DA$, "BHB@H
@@H #an G, Almost 4@@ would?be illegal immigrants have arrived on ItalyKsMediterranean island of ampedusa, between Sicily and >orth Africa, in the past 2hours. DA$, "BGB@H
@@H #an ", ItalyKs Air 6ne said it will buy @ Airbus A@s under a N".G billiondeal for delivery by @@G and plans to e=ercise an option to buy "@ more planes this year. DA$, "B"B@H
@@H #an "2, (ens of thousands of women marched through Milan to demand Italy+eep its liberal abortion law intact while gays rallied in Rome to push for legalrecognition for homose=ual couples. DA$, "B"2B@H
@@H #an ", Italy*s defense minister said Italy will withdraw all its troops from Ira7 by the end of this year, in the first official timetable for Rome to end its mission. DA$, "B"B@H
@@H -eb , ItalyKs government won a vote of confidence in the upper house of parliament on a broad decree that includes financing for the countryKs mission in Ira7. DA$, BB@H
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@@H -eb H, In Rome, Italy, a bus loaded with (ur+ish tourists veered off a road inthe Italian capital and slid about 4@ feet down a ravine, +illing " people. DA$, BFB@H
@@H -eb G, (he Italian Senate approved a bill that would dramatically increase thenumber of women elected to parliament in a country with one of the lowest number offemale lawma+ers in Europe. DA$, BB@H
@@H -eb , $remier Silvio 5erlusconiKs government easily won a confidence vote inthe /hamber of ;eputies on a bill that included financing the countryKs military in Ira7. DA$, BB@H@@H -eb , An Italian 8udge dismissed an atheistKs petition that a small?town priestshould stand trial for asserting that #esus /hrist e=isted. uigi /ascioli, a F?year?oldretired agronomist, had accused the Rev. Enrico Righi of violating two laws with the
assertion, which he called a deceptive fable propagated by the Roman /atholic /hurch. DA$, B"@B@H
@@H -eb "@, 6pening ceremonies were held in (urin, Italy, for the @th inter6lympics. DS-/, B""B@H, p.A"@@H -eb "@, 'reece and Italy said they had found swans with the :4>" bird fluvirus, the first +nown cases in the European %nion of wild birds with the deadly strain ofthe disease. DReuters, B""B@H
@@H -eb "", Italy dissolved its parliament and scheduled elections for early April,opening a campaign that pits $remier Silvio 5erlusconi against a strong center?leftopponent. DA$, B""B@H
@@H -eb "H, In Afghanistan the bodies of two Italian aid wor+ers were found in aguarded compound in 3abul. (he Italian news agency A>SA said the two could havedied from carbon mono=ide poisoning from a defective stove in the compound. DA$, B"HB@H
@@H -eb "G, ItalyKs Reforms Minister Roberto /alderoli resigned following deadlyclashes in ibya over cartoons of the $rophet Mohammad that he had made into (?shirtsand wore on state television. DA$, B"GB@H@@H -eb "G, In Italy 38etil Andre Aamodt of >orway outwaited the weather andoutran the field to successfully defend the menKs super?' title for his record eighth6lympic Alpine medal. DA$, B"GB@H
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'o to http!BBwww.timelinesdb.comEnd of file
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K CE Nero Tiberi0s C#a0/i0s Nero Domi'ia!0s Caesar / 80!e *$ *
CE$ 'he fif'h Roma! em%eror
Nero 6as bor! L0ci0s Domi'i0s Ahe!obarb0s i! A!7io$ Roma! Em%eror from :=
CE 'o * CE &rea'&rea'&ra!/so! of A0&0s'0s a!/ s'e%bro'her 'o +ri'a!!ic0s
Ahe!obarb0s Nero 6as 'he so! of A&ri%%i!a 'he yo0!&er$ fo0r'h 6ife of C#a0/i0s
Nero ,erma!ic0s$ 6ho ha/ a/o%'e/ him 50s' before his /ea'h E4e!'0a##y 'he
Se!a'e /e%ose/ Nero$ 6ho commi''e/ s0ici/e o! 80!e *$ * >i'h his /ea'h$ 'he
80#ioC#a0/ia! Dy!as'y 80#i0s Caesar C#a0/i0s e!/e/
6ne of his tutors was ucius Annaeus Seneca DSeneca the )ounger, who, with the praetorian prefect Se=tus Afranius 5urrus became very powerful in the empire, often being the power behind >ero*s throne. In HF, while travelling in 'reece, >ero demanded
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that the 6lympic 'ames be held in his honour. >ero was himself a competitor, and wonevery single event.
:e was +nown for his cruel and tyrannical rule. Suetonius tells us that >ero notoriouslycastrated a boy, Sporus, and Ymarried* him in a biarre wedding ceremony. (hin+ing of
>ero, #uvenal pointed out that Onever was an ugly youth cruelly castrated in the palace of a tyrantP. :e also had ;oryphoros, a young man, become his Yhusband*, and raped the0estal 0irgin, Rubria. It is thought that the author of the &eelation of St John referred toCthe 5eastC by the number HHH because he +new that he could be punished for referring tothe 5east in a hostile manner as the emperor >ero.
OAccording to Suetonius, >eroKs greatest ambition after becoming emperor was to sing in public. :aving ta+en lessons, he made his debut in >aples. (hough the event was well?attended, an earth7ua+e shoo+ the theater during the performance and much of theaudience fled in fear as >ero pressed on.
O(he offended emperor 7uic+ly too+ measures to ensure that no such misfortune would befall him again. At later performances, he had the gates loc+ed and ordered sentries tostop people from leaving. omen gave birth in the stands. Men, tired of listening anddutifully applauding, furtively leaped over the walls. Some clever citiens even tric+edthe guards into letting them leave Q by pretending to be ill or dead and having others ta+ethem out.P
h''%-..6666i#so!sa#ma!accom.boo;./ec1:h'm#
h''%-..666#oc&o4.e"hibi's.4a'ica!.'och'm#
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h''%-..666#oc&o4.e"hibi's.0sca%i'o#.;fif'ee!5%&
#ohn Vuincy Adams Advises on /apitol Sculpture uigi $ersico 'enius of America,"G4?"GG /opyprint of sculpture Architect of the /apitol D""4
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h''%-..666#oc&o4.e"hibi's.0sca%i'o#.o!eosi"5%&
/apitol as /ompleted in "GH Architectural Model of /harles 5ulfinchKs /apitol $lasticmodel, "2 Architect of the /apitol D"@H
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h''%-..666#oc&o4.e"hibi's.0sca%i'o#.o!eo'hre5%&
:emispherical and Stilted?Arch ;omes /ompared /harles 5ulfinch LAlternate designsfor the %.S. /apitol ;ome, c. "G2 In+ $rints and $hotographs ;ivision ibrary of/ongress D"@
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h''%-..666#oc&o4.e"hibi's.0sca%i'o#.s4!'fo0r5%&
/apitol as It as Envisioned About "FF Architectural Model of (horntonKs Revised;esign of the /apitol $lastic Model, "2 Architect of the /apitol DF2
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The Tem%#e of 80s'ice a!/ Fai'h- The Ca%i'o#s Eas'
a!/ >es' Por'icoes a!/ Dome
h''%-..666#oc&o4.e"hibi's.0sca%i'o#.sh'm#
In "F" $ierrre /harles KEnfant had located his C/ongress :ouseC atop #en+ins :ill,which he said Cstands as a pedestal waiting for a monument.C :e proposed for it a domedrotunda facing west. Subse7uent architects designed domes to identify the /apitol on thecityKs s+yline. Impressive central porticoes facing east and west transcended entry points.Rather they drew visitors to the rotunda, perceived from the beginning as a great publicmeeting place, first a monument to ashington, but soon a C:all of the $eople,C a usage probably proposed by #efferson. (he entire ensemble of dome, rotunda, and porticoesoccupied fully one?third of the original /apitol mass. (hese symbolic areas were balanced by actual functional spaces, the chambers, committee rooms, and offices in the
wings. (he general outline of the /apitolKs compact and coherent e=terior was establishedin "F. Minor changes were confined to the central section, not constructed until "G"G?"GH.
/apitol as It as Envisioned About "FF Architectural Model of (horntonKs Revised;esign of the /apitol $lastic Model, "2 Architect of the /apitol DF2
(hornton S+etches -ree?Standing (emple ;esign illiam (hornton LS+etch of Section of Monument and /onference Room, c. "FF In+ on paper $rints and $hotographs ;ivisionibrary of /ongress DF4
all $attern for ings >ever /hanged illiam (hornton LEast Elevation for >orthing, "F4?"FF ater color on paper $rints and $hotographs ;ivision ibrary of/ongress DFH
Elaborate /orinthian 6rder E=presses /apitolKs Importance illiam (horntonB/harles5ulfinch /orinthian /apital from East -ront $ortico of the /apitol, "G4 /opyprint ofA7uia sandstone sculpture Architect of the /apitol DFF
English Architect :ired to E=ecute /apitol Suggests /hanges Attributed to Ale=ander#ac+son ;avis, after 'eorge :adfield C$lan for the /apitol, ashington, by 'eorge
:adfield, first Arc. "F4,C c. "G"?"G2 ater color on paper Machen /ollection (he:istorical Society of ashington, ;./. DF
East Elevation of the /apitol
est Elevation of the /apitol Simplification of /apitol ;esign Suggested Attributed to'eorge :adfield LEast and est Elevations of the /apitol, c. "F4 In+ on paperMaryland :istorical Society, 5altimore DG"a, G"b
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/apitol as It Might :ave Appeared in "G@2 illiam /. Allen L/on8ectural Reconstructionof :ouse of Representatives of "G@2, "G /opyprint Architect of the /apitol DG
/apitolKs Minor Rooms in Evolution illiam (hornton L$lan of 'round Story of the/apitol, c. "F4?"FF In+ and water color on paper $rints and $hotographs ;ivision
ibrary of /ongress DG4
(hornton $lans Alternate /onference Room ;esign illiam (hornton L$lan of the$rincipal -loor of the /apitol, c. "F?"FF In+ and water color on paper $rints and$hotographs ;ivision ibrary of /ongress DGH
#efferson %sed Ancient $rototype for /apitolKs >ew East $ortico Robert ood C(empleLof the Sun,C in (he Ruins of $almyra, 6therwise (edmor in the ;esart Lsic. ondon!"F4, (able 1I0 Engraving in boo+ Rare 5oo+ and Special /ollections ;ivision ibraryof /ongress DGG."
atrobe $lans ;ome with :idden ight Source and Recessed est $ortico 5en8amin:enry atrobe LStudy for a est -ront, c. "G@G?"G@ ater color on paper $rints and$hotographs ;ivision ibrary of /ongress DG
atrobe $lans Relief Sculpture for ;rum of ;ome 5en8amin :enry atrobe L$erspective0iew of the /apitol from the >ortheast,C "G"@ ater color on paper Maryland :istoricalSociety, 5altimore D@
/apitol -irst /onsidered in Relation to Its 'rounds 5en8amin :enry atrobe L$lan of theMall and the /apitol 'rounds, "G"4 ater color on paper 'eography and Map ;ivisionibrary of /ongress D
/apitol as Redesigned by atrobe about "G"" Architectural Model of 5en8amin :enryatrobeKs ;esign for the /apitol, c. "G"" $lastic model, "2 Architect of the /apitol D
'iant Statue of iberty $roposed for /apitolKs East -ront 5en8amin :enry atrobeL-igure of Athena or Minerva as American iberty, c. "G"" ater color on paper $rintsand $hotographs ;ivision ibrary of /ongress DH
/apitol and 6ther $ublic 5uildings 5urnt by 5ritish on August 2, "G"2 /harles (urnerafter #ohn #ames :all CAdmiral Sir #ohn /oc+burn,C "G" Engraving $rints and$hotographs ;ivision ibrary of /ongress DF
5ulfinch Adds Subbasement for Additional 6ffices /harles 5ulfinch LS+etch of est-ront of the /apitol in etter to #ohn (rumbull, April "F, "G"G $encil on paper #ohn(rumbull $apers Manuscript ;ivision ibrary of /ongress D"@@
-irst $ublication of /apitol with 5ulfinchKs >ew est -ront ;esign .I. Stone C/orrectMap of the /ity of ashington,C "G@ Engraved Map 'eography and Map ;ivisionibrary of /ongress D"@"
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English Architect /opies 5ulfinchKs East Elevation /harles A. 5usby C(he /apitol atashington. Elevation of the $rincipal -ront,C "G Etching on paper $rints and$hotographs ;ivision ibrary of /ongress D"@
:emispherical and Stilted?Arch ;omes /ompared /harles 5ulfinch LAlternate designs
for the %.S. /apitol ;ome, c. "G2 In+ $rints and $hotographs ;ivision ibrary of/ongress D"@
Early $erspective ;rawing of /ompleted /apitol Attributed to 'eorge Stric+landL$erspective drawing of the /apitol from the >ortheast, c. "G@?"G2@ In+ on paperArchitect of the /apitol D"@2
6nly 3nown $hotograph of est -ront 5efore E=tension %n+nown $hotographer Lest-ront of /apitol, c. "G2G /opyprint Architect of the /apitol D"@4
/apitol as /ompleted in "GH Architectural Model of /harles 5ulfinchKs /apitol $lastic
model, "2 Architect of the /apitol D"@H
est (errace /ontinues 'round evel of East Side /harles 5ulfinch LSite $lan of the/apitol, c. "GH? ater color on paper $rints and $hotographs ;ivision ibrary of/ongress D"@F
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