Road Map for Developing Transport in Sri Lanka

Seminar Organized by the

Chamber of Construction Industry

Amal S. Kumarage

Professor/Head, Transportation Engineering Division

University of Moratuwa

kumarage@sltnet.lk

16th February 2006, Colombo

Infrastructure……..

� …. is defined as services and facilities

that are available for common utilization

� ….. is neither physically feasible nor cost

effective to be individually owned for

personal consumption.

Efficient and reliable physical

infrastructure is……

� ……essential for the economic and social

development, whether at the village, provincial,

national or international level and the

integration thereof….integration thereof….

� ……..the essential nature of much of these

facilities and associated services lies not in

their direct consumption but in the

opportunities they provide in accessing and

developing potential economic, social and

welfare opportunities….

Sri Lanka- best in transport

networks in SAARC…?

Road Density Rail Density

Country km per sq

km

km per 1000

population

km per sq

km

km per 1000

population Nepal 0.13 0.71 Pakistan 0.33 1.73 0.010 0.052 Pakistan 0.33 1.73 0.010 0.052 Bangladesh 0.95 1.01 0.019 0.021 Bhutan 0.20 5.71 Maldives India 1.01 2.78 0.019 0.053 Sri Lanka 1.61 5.53 0.024 0.081

PS/ In addition Sri Lanka also has the highest ratio of buses per capita in the region

The transport sector how it really works!

� Passengers• Buses Carry 68% (good network, adequate supply but poor

quality, poor regulation & institutional capacity, private sector showing monopolistic behaviour, State sector poor management & dominated by trade unions)

• Railways Carry 05% (good network, inadequate rolling stock, track needs re-investment, poor commercial orientation, track needs re-investment, poor commercial orientation, unreliable due to disruption by trade union actions)

• Private Vehicles Carry 26% (rapid growth, road investment not keeping pace, low speeds & congestion, high energy consumption, accidents & pollution levels a concern, no plan to manage private vehicle growth)

� Goods__________________________________ • Trucks Carry 97% (largely informal sector, low loads, high

over loadings, low cost recovery and high external costs)

• Railways Carry 2% (only few commodities to few destinations, not competitive on speed and where double handling occurs.

Economic Parameters of Transport-2003

� Direct Operating Costs -Rs 208 bn

(Cost of Fuel in transport -Rs 82 bn)

� Cost of Externalities -Rs 28 bn� Cost of Externalities -Rs 28 bn

� Cost of Time in Travel (uncongested)-Rs 77 bn

� Govt. Expenditure -Rs 20 bn

� Govt. Income -Rs 24 bn

What transport sector interventions

are needed for………………

• Rural Development

• Urban Development

• Regional Development

• Industrial

• Tourism

• Alleviating Pockets of Poverty

Transport for Rural Development

Some aspects considered

� Rural Roads

� Rural Bus Services

� Supply Chain for Agricultural Produce

Improving Quality of Rural Roads….

� Moratorium on New Rural Roads??• No Treasury funds for new Rural Roads?

� Model for ensuring sustainability• funding•• funding• management • technology

� Set Minimum levels of accessibility• at prescribed levels of mobility

� Set plan for improving quality of roads for mobility• With traffic levels

Roads are not enough we need to Improve

Quality of Rural Bus Services

Passenger Feedback indicates

Attributes of Service Desired Rank Average Score

(from 100)

Loading Level 10

42.4

Condition of Bus Stops 9

49.1 8

Waiting Time for Bus 8

49.4

Time taken for Journey 7

56.8

Condition of Bus 6

58.1

Acceptability of Bus Fare 5

59.9

Ticket Issuing 4

71.0

Morning, Night & School Services 3

75.9

Bus Conductor’s Behavior 2

76.0

Bus Driver’s Behavior 1

78.2

Gami Saeriya

A Sustainable Rural Bus Program

� Objective: To initiate reliable, rural bus services to developing areas where losses are subsidized by Government.

� Method: • To entertain requests for rural services from PTAs, AGAs,

GNs, community leaders etc.

• Undertake survey to establish requirements and design route and timetable

• Set up Community Transport Committee

• Enter into service contract for 2 years based on most favorable bid.

• Cross-subsidise with tender proceedings from profit making routes

Improving the Supply Chain to

develop agricultural sector

� Lets go shopping…..

Source: ADB

Sour Plantains

�Farm Gate Price Rs.6/- per kg

�Wholesale Market Price Rs.25/- per kg

�Price paid by Consumer Rs.45/- per kg

Source: Rohan Abeywickrema- presentation on Infrastructure, IPS workshop, 25 Jan 2006

Papaya

�Farm Gate Price Rs.5/- per kg

�Wholesale Market Price Rs.25/- to Rs.30/- per kg

�Price paid by Consumer Rs.50/- to Rs.55/- per kg

Source: Rohan Abeywickrema- presentation on Infrastructure, IPS workshop, 25 Jan 2006

Vegetables

Most expensive varieties like carrots, beans,

broccoli, etc

�Farm Gate Price Rs.7.50 per kg

�Wholesale Market Price Rs.30/- per kg

�Price paid by Consumer Rs.80/- to Rs.100/- per kg

Source: Rohan Abeywickrema- presentation on Infrastructure, IPS workshop, 25 Jan 2006

Seer Fish

�Price Paid at the Beach Rs.125/- per kg

�Wholesale Market Price Rs.280/- per kg

�Retail Price Rs.450/- per kg

Source: Rohan Abeywickrema- presentation on Infrastructure, IPS workshop, 25 Jan 2006

Some solutions……

� Strategically located warehouses and markets

(e.g. Dambulla)

� Modern packaging and handling systems

(e.g. Manning methods)

� Use of modern technology in distribution systems

Transport for Urban Development

� Welcome to Colombo……

Growth of ‘traffic’ to Colombo Daily Passengers in Both Directions at the CMC Boundary (1965-2005) Corridor Pax

1965 (000s)

AAGR 65-85 %

Pax 1985 (000s)

AAGR 85-95 %

Pax 1995 (000s)

AAGR 95-05 %

Pax 2005 (000s)

Galle Road 91 5.8% 279 1.7% 331 1.0% 365

Neg’bo & Kandy Rds 118 6.2% 400 3.6% 607 -1.0% 553 Ratnapura Rd 62 4.2% 141 3.9% 206 -0.5% 196 Ratnapura Rd 62 4.2% 141 3.9% 206 -0.5% 196

Cotta Rd/SJP Rd 45 3.5% 89 10.8% 249 1.3% 278 Horana Rd 21 5.2% 58 8.1% 126 -1.3% 111

Wellampitiya Rd 38 2.0% 56 0.1% 59 -0.3% 57

Narahenpita Rd 12 6.2% 40 0.1% 35 2.8% 46 Ambatale Rd 32 12.0% 63 -0.8% 58 TOTAL 387 5.3% 1,095 4.4% 1,676 -0.6% 1,572

Growth of ‘traffic’ to Colombo

Year Private

Vehicles

Buses Goods

Vehicles

Total

1995 203,215 27,084 24,158 254,457

2005 321,249 22,835 30,296 374,381 2005 321,249 22,835 30,296 374,381

Period Growth 58% -16% 25% 47%

Growth p.a. 4.7% -1.7% 2.3% 3.9%

•Growth of Passenger Traffic - 06%

•Growth of Vehicle Traffic + 47%

•Growth of Demand for Road Space + 32%

Period 1995-2005

Predictions for the next decade………..

� Road congestion will increase, travel times will increase

� As a result, number of people coming to the city will reduce,

� A number of business establishments will migrate to suburbs or become uncompetitive

� congestion will remain at a dynamic equilibrium

� Colombo will become disfunctional gradually as an effective commercial capital with no planned alternate to take its place.

Some solutions?� Improve quality of Public Transport

� Introduce dedicated bus services • (Sisu Saeriya)

� Modernize Public Transport Terminals � Modernize Public Transport Terminals

� Introduce new technology for PT• LRT• BRT• ITS

� Introduce User Pricing• Road Tolls• Parking Tolls

Attribute of Service Desired

Rank Average Score (from 100)

Loading of Bus 10 30.7

Ticket Issuing 9 36.6 7

Improving Quality of Urban Bus Services

Passenger Feedback indicates

Time to Complete Journey 7 44.8

Morning,Night & School Services 7 44.8

Bus Conductor’s Behavior 6 44.9

Condition of Bus Stops 5 49.0

Bus Driver’s Behavior 4 49.9

Waiting Time for Bus 3 67.3

Condition of Bus 2 71.7

Acceptability of Bus Fare 1 72.6

Proposed Inter-Modal Nodes (Colombo City)

ITS- Getting more from existing roads

TCS Servers

LAN

` ` `

TCS 2 Server

Video K/B

Workstations

TCS 1

Server

DB

DB

TSCServer

Digital Switch

Video Wall

(Optional)

LAN

CCTV Camera

Security

Camera

Parking Control

Camera

Phase 1

Phase 3

DYNAMICMESSAGE

SIGNSTraffic Signal

Controller

Red Light

Camera

Phase 2

Public Transport Vehicle Tracking Electronic Road Pricing

Fiber optic cable backbone OR Coax cable backbone OR Wireless transmission system

Vehicle Detection Station

Microwave Vehicle

Detector

Video Detection

Controller

Transport for Regional Development

� Relocation of Industrial Development

� Development of new areas for Tourism� Development of new areas for Tourism

� Remove ‘Pockets’ of Poverty

Provincial GDP per Capita by

Travel Time from Colombo

NCP

CP

WP

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

GD

P p

er

Cap

ita

Sab Uva

NWP

SP

CP

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Travel Time from Colombo (Hrs.)

GD

P p

er

Cap

ita

Provincial GDP Growth Rate

with Change in Travel Time (1990-1994)

Polonnaruwa

Anurashapura

Matara

Nuwara Eliya

8

10

12

14

16

Per

Cap

ita G

row

th R

ate

(%

)

M'gala

Badulla

Kurunegala

Hambantota

Galle

Kalutara

Gampaha

Colombo

0

2

4

6

8

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Change in Travel Time (%)

Per

Cap

ita G

row

th R

ate

(%

)

GDP Growth Rate

The Objective of the new Expressway Program

should be to encourage regional industrial development

and open up areas with high poverty for new

development

Integrate Location of IPZs with potential for Goods Transport by Railways

Develop new railway Lines through potential sites for IPZs

Developing new areas for tourism….

Case Study-- Uva

Impediments to Development of Land Transport

Policy Making

� ‘Where there is No Vision the People Perish’ (Psalms)

Microscopic vs Telescopic

Administration

Square Pegs in Round Holes� Square Pegs in Round HolesThe ‘transport administrator’ and the China Shop

Stakeholders

� A problem of cloutThe ultimate equation –service providers overcomes the users

Organisations

� Saving the ship and loosing the warPreoccupation with SoEs –in pursuit of the past glories

Till then……..

‘Happy Dreaming!!’

The Dream

The Reality

and lets……

‘Make Believe!!’