ProjectRizal : The Life And Works

Submitted by :

Abigail M. Villanueva

EED71 / SED71

Submitted To :

Ms. Ma. Lourdes G. Dorias

Professor

University of Santo Tomas50

History

THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS IS THE OLDEST EXISTING UNIVERSITY in Asia. In terms of student population, it is the largest Catholic university in the world in a single campus. The

institution was established through the initiative of Bishop Miguel de Benavides, O.P., the third Archbishop of Manila. On July 24, 1605, he bequeathed the amount of P1,500 and his personal library for the establishment of a “seminary-college” to prepare young men for the priesthood. Those funds, and his personal library, became the nucleus for the start of UST and its library.

The founding of the University of Santo Tomas followed on April 28, 1611. The original campus was located in Intramuros, the Walled City of Manila. UST was first called Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario, and later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomas, in memory of the foremost Dominican Theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas.

On July 29, 1619 the Colegio was authorized to confer academic degrees in theology and philosophy. By November 20, 1645, Pope Innocent X elevated the college to a university. In 1680, it was subsequently placed under the royal patronage of the Spanish monarchy. In 1681, Pope Innocent XI declared it a Public University of General Studies allowing it to confer other degrees. In 1734 Pope Clement XII authorized the University to confer degrees in all existing faculties as well as all others that might be introduced in the future. The Pope also approved the curriculum in the entire field of jurisprudence.

During the British invasion of Manila in 1762, the University raised four companies of students andprofessors numbering 400 men each. These saw action in battles against the British until 1764.

The expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the Philippines in 1768 left the University of Santo Tomas as the only institution of higher learning in the islands.

In 1785 in recognition of the role of the students and faculty in resisting the British, King Charles III conferred the title of “loyal” to the university and formally granted it the status of a royal university.

On May 20, 1865, a royal order from Queen Isabella II gave the University the power to direct and supervise all the schools in the Philippines and the Rector of the University became the ex-officio head of the secondary and higher education in the Philippines. All diplomas issued by other schools were approved by the Rector of the University and examinations leading to the issuance of such diplomas were supervised by the Dominican professors of UST.

On September 17, 1902, Pope Leo XIII made the University of Santo Tomas a “Pontifical University”, and by 1947, Pope Pius XII bestowed upon it the title of “The Catholic University of the Philippines”. The University of Santo Tomas is the second university in the world after the Gregorian University in Vatican to be granted the formal title of Pontifical University. The Gregorian University was allowed to assume this title in 1873.

The continuing increase in enrolment prompted the administration, in 1927 to transfer the university campus from Intramuros to its present site in Sampaloc district, which

Pope Innocent X

Queen Isabela II of Spain

Pope Leo XIII

covers a total of 21.5 hectares. The Intramuros campus continued to operate until its destruction during the Second World War.

Since its establishment in 1611, the university academic life was disrupted only twice: once, from 1898 to 1899, during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino-American War, and for the second time, from 1942 to 1945, when the Japanese Occupation Forces during the Second World War converted the UST campus into an internment camp where around 2,500 allied civilians were detained. Buildings such as the Main Building, the Gymnasium and an annex building behind the Main Building called the Domestic Arts building were used as living quarters. The internees were liberated by U.S. forces on February 3, 1945.

Throughout its almost 400 years of existence, The University has become the alma mater of four Filipino heroes who shaped the nation’s destiny like Jose Rizal, Emilio Jacinto, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Apolinario Mabini; Philippine Presidents such as Manuel Luis Quezon, Sergio Osmeña, Jose P. Laurel and Diosdado Macapagal; various Chief Justices of the Supreme Court, senators, congressmen, scientist, architects, engineers and writers, all outstanding in their chosen professions. It was visited by two popes, Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul II, and various heads of states and foreign dignitaries.

As it prepares for its 400th year by 2011, UST plans to establish campuses outside España Boulevard, Manila. A campus will rise in Sta. Rosa, Laguna, and another is forthcoming in General Santos City. Through these campuses, UST commits to continue to provide Filipinos with the characteristically high quality of Catholic education.

The University Seal

THE PRESENT SEAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO Tomas (UST) is likened to a shield, quartered by the Dominican Cross on which is superimposed the sun of St. Thomas Aquinas, patron saint of Catholic schools, after whom the university is named.

On the upper left corner is the Papal Tiara, indicating the pontifical roots of the university. The upper right shows the lion, which is derived from the seal of Spain, indicative of royal patronage throughout the greater part of the university’s centuries-old existence. The lower left quadrant contains an image of a sea-lion, from the old seal of the City of Manila, the capital of the country, symbolizing that this university is a part of the Republic of the Philippines. The rose on the lower right

corner is a symbol of the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary, under whose care the university was placed from its very beginnings.

The symbols are set in gold on a field of light blue, to honor the Marian color. The cross, however, is in blackand-white, the Dominican colors.

Evolution of Seals

1619-1773

1773-1854

1734-1855

1828-1856

1845-1880

Coat of Arms-19th Century

1868-1935

Minor Seal-1875-1909

Rose Vignette-1875-1909

1935-1938

1937-1946

1957-1983

University of Santo Tomas Hymn

God of all nations Merciful Lord of our restless being Sweep with Your golden lilies This fountain of puerst light

Trace with the sails of the galleons The dream beyond our seeing Touch with the flame of Your kindness The gloom of our darkest night

Keep us in beauty And truth and virtues, impassioned embrace Ever Your valiant legions Imbued with undending grace

Ateneo de Manila University

History

The Ateneo de Manila University began in 1859 when Spanish Jesuits established the Escuela Municipal de Manila, a public primary school established in Intramuros for the city of Manila. However, the educational tradition of the Ateneo embraces the much older history of the Jesuits as a teaching order in the Philippines.

The first Spanish Jesuits arrived in the country in 1581. While primarily missionaries, they were also custodians of the ratio studiorum, the system of Jesuit education formulated about 1959. In 1950,, they founded one of the first colleges in the Philippines, the Colegio de Manila (also

known as the Colegio Seminario de San Ignacio) under the leadership of Antonio Sedeño, S.J. The school formally opened in 1595.

I n 1621, Pope Gregory XV, through the archbishop of Manila, authorized the San Ignacio to confer degrees in theology and the arts. Two years later, King Philip IV of Spain confirmed this authorization, making the school a royal and a pontifical university, the very first university in the Philippines and in Asia.

However, by the mid-18th century, Catholic colonial powers, notably France, Portugal, and Spain, had grown hostile to the Society of Jesus. The colonial powers eventually expelled the Society, often quite brutally, from their realms.

The Jesuits had to relinquish the San Ignacio to Spanish civil authorities in 1768, upon their violent expulsion from all Spanish territories. Finally, under pressure from Catholic royalty, Pope Clement XIV formally declared the dissolution of the Society of Jesus in 1773.

Pope Pius VII reinstated the Society in 1814, after almost seven decades of persecution and over four decades of formal suppression. However, the Jesuits would not return to the Philippines until 1859, almost a century after their expulsion.

Authorized by a royal decree of 1852, ten Spanish Jesuits arrived in Manila on April 14, 1859. This Jesuit mission was sent mainly for missionary work in Mindanao and Jolo. However, despite almost a century away from the Philippines, the Jesuits’ reputation as educators remained entrenched in the minds of Manila’s leaders. On August 5, the ayuntamiento or city council requested the Governor-General for a Jesuit school financed by public money.

Pope Pius VII

A street view of the original Intramuros campus of the Ateneo de Manila in 1909

Pope Gregory XV

On October 1, 1859, the Governor-General authorized the Jesuits to take over the Escuela Municipal, then a small private school maintained for 30 children of Spanish residents. Partly subsidized by the ayuntamiento, it was the only primary school in Manila at the time. Under the Jesuits, the Escuela eventually became the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865 when it was elevated to an institution of secondary education. The Ateneo Municipal offered the bachillerato as well as technical courses leading to certificates in agriculture, surveying, and business.

When American colonial rule came in 1902, the Ateneo Municipal lost its government subsidy. In 1908, the colonial government recognized it as a college licensed to offer the bachelor’s degree and certificates in various disciplines, including electrical engineering. In 1909, years after the Ateneo became a private institution, the Jesuits finally removed the word “Municipal” from the Ateneo’s official name, and it has since been known as the Ateneo de Manila.

American Jesuits took over administration in 1921. In 1932, under Fr. Richard O’Brien, third American rector, the Ateneo transferred to Padre Faura after a fire destroyed the Intramuros campus.

Devastation hit the Ateneo campus once again during World War II. Only one structure remained standing – the statue of St. Joseph and the Child Jesus which now stands in front of the Jesuit Residence in the Loyola Heights campus. Ironwork and statuary salvaged from the Ateneo ruins have since been incorporated into various existing Ateneo buildings. Some examples are the Ateneo monograms on the gates of the Loyola Heights campus, the iron grillwork on the ground floor of Xavier Hall, and the statue of the Immaculate Conception displayed at the University archives.

But even if the Ateneo campus had been destroyed, the university survived. Following the American liberation, the Ateneo de Manila reopened temporarily in Plaza Guipit in Sampaloc. The Padre Faura campus reopened in 1946 with Quonset huts serving as buildings among the campus ruins.

In 1952, the university, led by Fr. William Masterson, S.J. moved most of its units to its present Loyola Heights campus. Controversy surrounded the decision. An Ateneo Jesuit supposedly said that only the ‘children of Tarzan’ would study in the new campus. But over the years, the Ateneo in Loyola Heights has become the center of a dynamic community. The Padre Faura campus continued to house the professional schools until 1976.

The first Filipino rector, Fr. Francisco Araneta, S.J. was appointed in 1958. And in 1959, its centennial year, the Ateneo became a university.

The Padre Faura campus was closed in 1976. A year after, the University opened a new campus for its professional schools in Salcedo Village, in the bustling business district of Makati. In October 1998, the University completed construction of a bigger site of the Ateneo Professional Schools at Rockwell, also in Makati.Facts

1. The Ateneo de Manila University began in 1859 with three Jesuit priests and a brother taking over the Escuela Municipal, a small private school for 33 children of Spanish residents. The Escuela eventually became the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865 when it became an institution of secondary education. In 1901, the American colonial government withdrew government subsidy for the Ateneo. Fr. Jose Clos, S. J. decided to drop ‘Municipal’ from the Ateneo’s official name, and it has since been known as the Ateneo de Manila.

2. Jose Rizal, the Philippines’ national hero and the Ateneo’s greatest student, graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Ateneo Municipal. He was one of nine hailed as sobresaliente in his graduating class of twelve.

3. Lux in Domino (“Light in the Lord”, the Ateneo’s motto, is not the school’s original motto. The Escuela Municipal’s 1859 motto was Al merito y a la virtud (“In Merit and in Virtue”). This motto persisted through the school’s renaming in 1865 and in 1901.

4. Fr. James J. Meany, S.J. explains that the name Ateneo is the Spanish form of Atheneum, which the Dictionary of Classical Antiquities defines as “the first educational institution in Rome” where “rhetoricians and poets held their recitations.” He further explains that Hadrian’s Roman school drew its title from a Greek temple dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom, where the Encyclopedia Britannica says “poets and men of learning were accustomed to meet and read their productions.”

5. The Ateneo became a university on December 11, 1959, its centennial year.

6. The central symbol of the Ateneo de Manila seal is the shield of Onaz-Loyola, a device used by many Jesuit organizations. In heraldic terms, the shield may be blazoned thus: Party per pale: Or, seven bendlets Gules; Argent, a two-eared pot hanging on a chain between two wolves rampant. In plain English, the shield is gold, divided vertically. To the viewer’s left is a red and gold bendy of seven pairs—seven red bars on a field of gold—the arms of Onaz given in honor of the seven heroes of the family who fought with the Spaniards against 70,000 French, Navarrese, and Gascons. To the right is a white or silver field with the arms of Loyola: a two-eared pot hanging by hooks on a chain flanked by two rampant wolves, also symbols of the ricos hominess or nobility. The name Loyola itself is a contraction of lobos y alla, wolves and pot. The Loyolas were reputed to have provided so well for their own that they could afford to feed wild wolves.

7. The Ateneo has adopted blue and white, the colors of Our Lady, as its own school colors. The school colors are therefore signs of the Ateneo’s devotion to Mary and its commitment to become, like her, a constantly true and faithful servant of the Lord.

Marian blue, or ultramarine, is the purest and most enduring of blues. It is also the rarest and most expensive of pigments, and exceeds gold in value. The color must be extracted in tiny amounts from crushed lapis lazuli, a gem. Medieval artists therefore reserved blue for the robes of the Virgin and the Child Jesus.

White is also the color of Mary, conceived without sin and clothed with the sun. It is at once colorless and yet bears the entire spectrum of color. White is the color of openness, truth, purity, and hope. 8. The Ateneo adopted the eagle as its mascot in the late ‘30s. The choice of mascot held iconic significance. It was a reference to the “high-flying” basketball team which would “sweep the fields away;” the dominating force in the NCAA. Furthermore, there was some mythological—even political—significance to the eagle as a symbol of power.

The eagle also appears in the standards of many organizations, schools, as nations as a guardian of freedom and truth. It is also worthwhile to note that the national bird of the Philippines is an eagle as well.

The eagle is also often seen as a bird of God, the only bird that could fly above the clouds and stare directly at the

sun. In fact, the eagle represents St. John, the Evangelist, in honor of the soaring spirit and penetrating vision of his gospel.

9. In 2000, the School of Arts and Sciences restructured into four Loyola Schools: the School of Humanities, the John Gokongwei School of Management, the School of Science and Engineering, and the School of Social Sciences.

10. The Ateneo Art Gallery, widely recognized as the first museum of Philippine modern art, showcases works by postwar Filipino artists donated to the Ateneo de Manila University from 1959 to 1961 by the late Fernando Zobel de Ayala (1924-1984). An internationally renowned painter and art scholar, Zobel had intended his donation to be the start of a permanent Philippine contemporary collection for the University’s students in the liberal arts. Today, the Gallery is recognized as the country’s primary museum of modern art. Its current and permanent collections of postwar and contemporary artwork pay tribute to the talent and artistry.

Rizal Poems as an Atenean

Mi Primera Inspiracion

Spanish Version [Original Version]

¿Porqué exhalan a porfíadel cáliz dulces oloresde la arpada filomena? las embalsamadas floresen este festivo dia? Y ¿porqué, en la selva amena,se oye dulce melodíaque asemeja la armonía¿Porqué en la mullida gramalas aves, al son del viento,exhalan meloso acentoy saltan de rama en rama? Y la fuente cristalina,formando dulce murmullo,del cefiro al suave arrulloentre las flores camina? Es que hoy celebran tu día¡oh, mi Madre cariñosa!con su perfume la rosay el ave con su armonía. Y la fuente rumorosa,en este día feliz,con su murmullo te dice¡que vivas siempre gozosa! Y, de esa fuente al rumor,oye la primera nota,que ahora de mi laud brotaal impulso de mi amor!

English Translation

Why do the scented bowersIn fragrant frayRival each other's flowersThis festive day?

Why is sweet melody bruitedIn the sylvan daleHarmony sweet and flutedLike the nightingale?

Why do the birds sing soIn the tender grassFlitting from bough to boughWith the winds that pass?

And why does the crystal springRun among the flowersWhile lullaby zephyrs singLike its crystal showers?

Sweet mother, they celebrateYour natal dayThe rose with her scent innateThe bird with his lay

The murmurous spring this dayWithout alloyMurmuring bids you alwaysTo live in joy

While the crystalline murmurs glistenHear you the accents strongStruck from my lyre, listen!To my love's first song

Mi Primera Inspiracion : Background, Content And InterpretationBackground

The first poem written by Rizal as an Atenean was about his beloved mother. In his poem, he felicitates his mother on her birthday, expressing his filial affection in sonorous verses. It was written in 1874 before he turned 14. Before that year, Rizal did not write any poem because of the sadness he feels due to the imprisonment of her mother.

According to Soledad and Trinidad Jose wrote this poem although Narcisa thinks her son Antonio Lopez-Rizal was the author. Antonio learned to imitate the handwriting of José, which may have led to this uncertainty

The title 'Mi Primera Inspiracion' literally translated as 'My First Inspiration' was written to give tribute to the person who served as an inspiration and also the first to give encouragement to the author.

Content And Interpretation

The poem opens with the first stanza telling about the immeasurable beauty of the flowers in which everyone stands out and no one is left behind in terms of attractiveness. Also, their engaging fragrance is scattered all around and can be breathed in casually without intending to. And these things happen on a 'festive day'.

The second stanza moves on to a faraway and a high place which is somewhat a dale or commonly called as valley. The birds were pictured out as they sing. The singing of the birds can be heard as melodious and sweet that it seems like it was sung by a nightingale and comes out of an instrument like a flute.

The third stanza joins in with the thought of the second stanza. In contrast to the birds from a high place, the birds which are on the ground and on grass started to sing as they fly from branch after branch of the trees. The wind which passes them unites with the bird as the birds soar through the sky with the help of the wind.

The fourth stanza continues on with the blooming of the flowers like it is the season of spring. The wind then gushes through these flowers and makes a quiet song that is soothing.

The fifth stanza answers the questions that the first four stanzas imposed. It is deduced that the festive day which was mentioned in the first stanza is actually the natal day of the author's mother. And that is the reason why the flowers give out their delicate scent and also the reason why the birds lay and sing in harmony.

The sixth stanza carries on with the growth of nature whispering out to the mother to live her life joyfully and happily forever with the start of her natal day because that day is a blissful one.

The seventh stanza concludes the poem with the mother being told to reserve first the beauty of nature and listen to the author's song of his tender love.