River ContaminantsRiver ContaminantsA Practical Look at SolubilityA Practical Look at Solubility

River ContaminantsRiver ContaminantsA Practical Look at SolubilityA Practical Look at Solubility

So Far:So Far:

- Math of Solubility- Math of Solubility

- Making Saturated Solutions- Making Saturated Solutions

- Determining Saturated UnsaturatedDetermining Saturated UnsaturatedSuper SaturatedSuper Saturated

- % Saturation- % Saturation

River ContaminantsRiver ContaminantsA Practical Look at SolubilityA Practical Look at Solubility

Classes of Contamination:Classes of Contamination:

- Heavy Metals- Heavy Metals

- pH of water (Acids/Bases in the water- pH of water (Acids/Bases in the water

- Gases- Gases

What they areWhat they are

How we measure themHow we measure them

Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals

- - Densities greater than 4.0. (4X Densities greater than 4.0. (4X the Density of water)the Density of water)

- - elements between elements between copper and and bismuth on the on the periodic table

- trace amounts of some heavy - trace amounts of some heavy metals are needed, but excessive metals are needed, but excessive levels can be toxic to the organismlevels can be toxic to the organism

Heavy MetalsHeavy Metals

Hg - Hg - mercury, Pb - , Pb - lead and Cd - and Cd - cadmium have NO known vital or have NO known vital or beneficial effect on organisms, beneficial effect on organisms, and their accumulation over time and their accumulation over time in the bodies of in the bodies of mammals can can cause serious illness.cause serious illness.

MercuryMercury

MercuryMercury

--manufacture of industrial chemicals manufacture of industrial chemicals -electrical and electronic applicationselectrical and electronic applications-some some thermometersthermometers-Metal refiningMetal refining-Wood Preservative (Lumber Industry)Wood Preservative (Lumber Industry)-CFL lightbulbsCFL lightbulbs

MercuryMercury

More and More Hg More and More Hg in the in the EfnvironmentEfnvironment

More and More Hg More and More Hg making its way into making its way into the food chainthe food chain

MercuryMercuryMercury in fishMercury in fish

- stored in the muscle tissues of fish,- stored in the muscle tissues of fish,

- fish-tissue concentrations increase over time.- fish-tissue concentrations increase over time.

-can be particularly toxic to unborn or young children, can be particularly toxic to unborn or young children,

- women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant - women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant within the next one or two years, as well as young children within the next one or two years, as well as young children avoid eating more than 6 ounces (one average meal) of avoid eating more than 6 ounces (one average meal) of fish per weekfish per week

- In the United States the FDA has an action level for - In the United States the FDA has an action level for methyl mercury in commercial marine and freshwater fish methyl mercury in commercial marine and freshwater fish that is 1.0 parts per million (ppm)that is 1.0 parts per million (ppm)

MercuryMercuryToxic Effects;Toxic Effects;

Exposure to any form of mercury on a repeated basis, Exposure to any form of mercury on a repeated basis, or even from a single, very high exposure can lead to or even from a single, very high exposure can lead to the disease of chronic mercury poisoning. There are the disease of chronic mercury poisoning. There are three main symptoms:three main symptoms:

- 1.Gum problems: The gums become soft and spongy, the - 1.Gum problems: The gums become soft and spongy, the teeth get loose, sores may develop, and there may be teeth get loose, sores may develop, and there may be increased saliva.increased saliva.

MercuryMercuryToxic Effects;Toxic Effects;

2.Mood and mental changes. 2.Mood and mental changes.

- 1.Gum problems: The gums become soft and spongy, the - 1.Gum problems: The gums become soft and spongy, the teeth get loose, sores may develop, and there may be teeth get loose, sores may develop, and there may be increased saliva.increased saliva.

- Hallucinations, memory loss and - Hallucinations, memory loss and inability to concentrate can occurinability to concentrate can occur

- Wide swings of mood, becoming - Wide swings of mood, becoming irritable, frightened, depressed or irritable, frightened, depressed or excited very quickly for no apparent excited very quickly for no apparent reason. reason.

MercuryMercuryToxic Effects;Toxic Effects;

3.Nervous system. The earliest and most frequent 3.Nervous system. The earliest and most frequent symptom is a fine tremor (shaking) of the hand. A tremor symptom is a fine tremor (shaking) of the hand. A tremor may also occur in the tongue and eyelids. may also occur in the tongue and eyelids.

2.Mood and mental changes. 2.Mood and mental changes.

- Hallucinations, memory loss and inability to concentrate - Hallucinations, memory loss and inability to concentrate can occurcan occur

- Wide swings of mood, becoming irritable, frightened, - Wide swings of mood, becoming irritable, frightened, depressed or excited very quickly for no apparent reason. depressed or excited very quickly for no apparent reason.

CadmiumCadmium

Cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from Cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfide ores of zinc, mining, smelting, and refining sulfide ores of zinc, and to a lesser degree, lead and copper. and to a lesser degree, lead and copper.

This element and solutions of its compounds are extremely This element and solutions of its compounds are extremely toxictoxic even in low concentrations, and will even in low concentrations, and will bioaccumulatebioaccumulate in in organismsorganisms

Ingestion of any significant amount of cadmium causes Ingestion of any significant amount of cadmium causes immediate poisoning and damage to the liver and the immediate poisoning and damage to the liver and the kidneys.kidneys.

Cadmium poisoning is the cause of the itai-itai disease, Cadmium poisoning is the cause of the itai-itai disease, which literally means "pain pain" in Japanesewhich literally means "pain pain" in Japanese

Itai - Itai DiseaseItai - Itai Disease

Toyama Prefecture. JapanToyama Prefecture. Japan

Due to the cadmium poisoning, the fish in the river started Due to the cadmium poisoning, the fish in the river started to die.to die.

The rice absorbed the cadmium. The cadmium accumulated The rice absorbed the cadmium. The cadmium accumulated in the people eating contaminated rice.in the people eating contaminated rice.

BioaccumulationBioaccumulation

Concentration of the toxin in increased as it Concentration of the toxin in increased as it travels up the foodchaintravels up the foodchain

CadmiumCadmiumFacts. Facts.

The average soil in the US contains cadmium compounds The average soil in the US contains cadmium compounds 250 ppb (Parts per billion) 250 ppb (Parts per billion)

Hazardous waste soils have concentrations as high as 4 Hazardous waste soils have concentrations as high as 4 ppm, water as high as 6 ppmppm, water as high as 6 ppm

In the US the average person consumes 30 micrograms In the US the average person consumes 30 micrograms of Cadmium per day but only absorbs 1-3 micrograms.of Cadmium per day but only absorbs 1-3 micrograms.

Smokers double this intake due to the Cd in the tobaccoSmokers double this intake due to the Cd in the tobacco

Minimum drinking water safety standards allow 50 ppbMinimum drinking water safety standards allow 50 ppb

Lead & ArsenicLead & Arsenic

Acids and BasesAcids and BasesAcids and Bases are two classes of chemicals that are Acids and Bases are two classes of chemicals that are highly reactivehighly reactive

Common AcidsCommon Acids Common BasesCommon Bases

HClHCl HydrochloricHydrochloric

HNOHNO33Nitric AcidNitric Acid

H(CHH(CH33COO)COO)

Acetic AcidAcetic Acid

NaOHNaOH Sodium HydroxideSodium Hydroxide

KOH KOH Potassium HydroxidePotassium Hydroxide

LiOHLiOH Lithium HydrroxideLithium Hydrroxide

Acids and BasesAcids and BasesAcidity of a water sample is measured in pH Acidity of a water sample is measured in pH

Power of HydrogenPower of Hydrogen

Scale goes from 0 - 14Scale goes from 0 - 14

0 - 7 Acidic0 - 7 Acidic

7 - 14 Basic7 - 14 Basic

EPA Drinking Water RequirementsEPA Drinking Water Requirements

pH between 6.5 - 8.5pH between 6.5 - 8.5

Acids and BasesAcids and BasesAcidity of a water sample is measured in pH Acidity of a water sample is measured in pH

EPA Drinking Water RequirementsEPA Drinking Water Requirements

pH between 6.5 - 8.5pH between 6.5 - 8.5

Fish TolerateFish Tolerate

pH between 5 - 9pH between 5 - 9

Dissolved OxygenDissolved Oxygen

GasesGasesEven compounds that we consider essential to life can Even compounds that we consider essential to life can become a toxinbecome a toxin

Oxygen can be found in water at saturations as high as 160%Oxygen can be found in water at saturations as high as 160%

If Oxygen saturation in the water becomes too low the If Oxygen saturation in the water becomes too low the organisms suffocate (DO < 60%)organisms suffocate (DO < 60%)

If the oxygen saturation is too high, again the substance If the oxygen saturation is too high, again the substance becomes fatal (DO> 125%)becomes fatal (DO> 125%)

Too high and air bubbles form in the blood stream, Too high and air bubbles form in the blood stream, blocking blood vesselsblocking blood vessels