Revolutions in Science

Sir. Isaac Newton Tycho Brahe

Galileo Galilei Copernicus

Began well before the Enlightenment, dating as far back as the Renaissance

Lasted through the Enlightenment period

Contributed to the questioning of Royal and Religious Authority

GEOCENTRIC VIEW OF THE WORLD DOMINATES

• Aristotle first believed in the geocentric universe• Ptolemy is a famous Greek astronomer who believed

that the earth was the center of the universe.• Most people agreed with this because it was common

sense • It also followed the teachings of the church.• The discoveries of the 1500’s and 1600’s radically

change the way the physical world is seen.

Countered the teachings of the Church

Heliocentric Theory of the Universe

Facts About Copernicus

• He came up with a different model in which the planets all circled the sun.

• Copernicus's theory explained some problems, such as the reason that Mercury and Venus are only observed close to the Sun and Mar’s retrograde motion the Earth, traveling in its smaller orbit.

• 1542 – Copernicus’ book on Trigonometry, an extract from certain chapters of De Revolutionibus, published at Wittenberg.

• 1543 – Nicolas Copernicus died.

Copernicus introduces a new model for thought the sun centered universe or Heliocentric.

Copernicus believed that earth was one of several planets that revolved around the sun

Most experts reject this idea as it completely contradicts Aristotle as well as Ptolemy and the Church.

In the late 1500’s Tyco Brahe provides evidence that Copernicus was correct. Brahe observed the sky on a nightly basis to record the movements of heavenly bodies.

He did this for years but, died before he could finish the job .

The Church!

Copernicus!

Astronomer

Combined the Teachings of the Church with Science

Observed the Universe with the Naked Eye

Collected Data used by later Astronomers

Tycho Brahe• He was born in 1546, ran his own

printing press.• 1572 he observed the new star and

the comet (1577). • Tycho Brahe made a remarkable star

catalogue of over 1000 stars.• He built a nice castle on the island

Hven, between Denmark and Sweden. This castle, named Uraniborg,

• Tycho's lived by the words "Non videri sed esse" “Not to be seen, but to be.”

The Tychonic Theory

Brahe’s Observatory

Lost his Nose in a drunken duel w/ fellow Danish Noble

Had a replacement nose of Gold and Silver attached by paste

His father died of pneumonia after saving Frederick II of Denmark from drowning

He kept a “dwarf” named Jepp who be believed was clairvoyant

Jepp sat under the table during dinner

Had a pet Elk that died after drinking too much beer and falling down the stairs

For 100s of years it was believed he died from an exploded bladder at a dinner party

Recent studies show mercury poisoning

             

Kepler

Brahe assistant Johannes Kepler use his data to support Copernicus’ theory about the sun centered universe.

Kepler discovers that planets move in ellipses not perfect circles

Planets move at different speeds

And orbit is directly related to the distance from the sun.

Kepler’s 3 LawsLAW 1: The orbit of a planet/comet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun's center of mass at one focus

                         This is the equation for an ellipse:                 

LAW 2: A line joining a planet/comet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.

LAW 3: The squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their semi-major axes:

Ta2 / Tb

2 = Ra3 / Rb

3

Contradicted the teachings of the Church

Invented a more powerful Telescope

Proved the Heliocentric Theory of the Universe

IT DOES MOVES• Galileo an Italian thinker uses a Dutch

lens grinder to create the first astronomical telescope

• He is the first person to see mountains on the moon and sun spots

• Also see the four moons of Jupiter and exactly how the earth rotates around the sun

• His discoveries and publication of same cause an uproar in the Church

• Galileo is attacked and brought before the Inquisition

• He is threatened with death if does not recant his views so he does.

               

Calculus

3 Laws of Motion

Universal Gravitation

NEWTON FINISHES THE JOB• Isaac Newton was an extremely

religious person who was highly suspicious

• Was a student at Cambridge university.

• BY 24 he had a theory as to why planets moves as they did he called it GRAVITY

• In 1687 he published information on the laws of gravity

• He believed that all motion in the universe can be measured mathematically

• Every body in the universe attracts every other in a precise relationship.

      

            

NEWTON

"A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force."

"F = ma: the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration."

"To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."

Newton’s Accomplishments• Newton made a huge impact on theoretical astronomy.

He defined the laws of motion and universal gravitation which he used to predict precisely the motions of stars, and the planets around the sun.

• Invented integral calculus, and jointly with Leibnitz, differential calculus.

• By 1666 Newton had early versions of his three laws of motion. He had also discovered the law giving the centrifugal force on a body moving uniformly in a circular path. However he did not have a correct understanding of the mechanics of circular motion.

Advances in Medicine

• Paracelsus- developed new chemical philosophy of medicine- Like cures Like– Use toxic substances to cure patients

• Boyle -father of modern chemistry Boyle’s law difference between chemical elements and compounds

More advances

• Vesalius- study medicine and the anatomy

• New approach to teaching/understanding anatomy

• Harvey work on the heart and circulation, capillaries

• Laid foundation for modern physiology

Discovered how the Heart works and how it pumps blood through the Circulatory System

Founder of Modern Human Anatomy

De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books)

A PageFrom Vesalius’

Book

               

BACONBACON One of the two giants of the scientific revolution

Rejects Aristotle’s scientific assumption

Challenges scholarly traditions that made the physical world fit.

Science must work within the frame work of the church.

Truth is at the end of a process of investigation

I THINK THEREFORE I AM

• Decartes used reason to explain things

• The Best road to understanding is investigation

• You need to first discover basic truths

• The universe is a unified majestic system.

               

DECARTES