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Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Chapter 28

Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

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Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World. Chapter 28. Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval. Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas. Popular Sovereignty & Individual Freedom. Global Influence of Enlightenment Values. Political and Legal Equality. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic WorldChapter 28

Page 2: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval

Page 3: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas

Popular Sovereignty& Individual Freedom Political and Legal Equality Global Influence of

Enlightenment Values

• Philosophes began toQuestion notions of Sovereignty• Locke: indiv. VoluntarilyFormed society & est. gov’tRulers derive authority fromConsent of governed• Voltaire: called for religiousToleration and freedom to Express their views openly

• Many enlightened philosophesCalled for equality• Recommend society where All individuals are equal beforeThe law• Rousseau: members of a Society are sovereign, in an Ideal society indiv. Would Participate in the creation of laws

• Enlightenment challengedLong established ideas• Revolutionary leadersWere influenced by Enlightenment ideas• Enlightenment ideasInfluenced the organizationOf states and societiesThroughout the world.

Page 4: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The American Revolution (1775-1781)

Tightened British ControlOver Colonies

Declaration of Independence& Divided Loyalties Building an Independent

State

• N. American colonistsBecame disenchanted withBritish imperial rule• Reasons for Disenchantment: Geographic distance, Inefficient gov’t , taxation w/o representation

• July 4, 1776 D.o.I. drafted• Inspired by enlightenmentThought to justify quest forIndependence• Echoed Locke’s idea• Difficult to put independenceInto action• Brits had many advantages• Americans had much foreignSupport (France, Spain, NetherlandsAnd German principalities

• Constitution emphasizedThe rights of individuals• Gov’t based on popularsovereignty

Page 5: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The French Revolution (1789-1799)

The Estates General The National Assembly Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity

• France faced fiscal Problems (war debts)• 1st estate: RomanCatholic Clergy• 2nd estate: nobles• 3rd estate: serf, freePeasants, urban residents• All estates have same #Of votes even though 3rd Estate has more people• Called Estates GeneralInto session to authorize taxes• 3rd Estate demanded reform

• 3rd estates secede from theEstates General claim Themselves as National Assembly• Parisian crowds storm the Bastille • Military Garrison protecting theBastille surrenders• Promulagated Declaration of theRights of Man and the Citizen • Guided by American revolutionPrinciples calling for equality for all,Popular sovereignty, & individual rights

• Abolish old social order• Got rid of fees of peasants• Abolish 1st estate• Clergy seen as citizens ofThe state• King is still executive butNo legislative authority• France for a time becameA constitutional monarchy

Page 6: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The French Revolution

The Convention The Directory

• Revolution becomes more radical• French nobility attempts to getForeign help• Forces the Nat’l Assembly to declareWar on Prussia, Spain, Britain & Netherlands• Counterrevolutionaries start the assemblyKnown as the Convention • Abolished the monarchy• Used the guillotine• Maximillien Robespierre (Jacobin Party)Leads the Convention for a time• Committee of Public Safety- campaign of Terror, promoted “cult of reason”

• Instability of Convention led to peopleUndermining the regime• The Convention arrests Robespierre• New group of conservative men takeOver the Convention and start the Directory• The Directory was unable to solve socialAnd economic problems• Enter in Napoleon Bonaparte with aCoup d’ etat

Page 7: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The Reign of Napoleon

Napoleonic France Napoleon’s Empire The Fall of Napoleon

• Napoleon brought politicalStability to France• Made an agreement withThe Roman Catholic ChurchKnown as the CONCORDAT (payClerics salaries, prefer RomanCatholic Church, retained landsSeized)• This won support• Promulagated the Civil CodeThat stabilized society• Merit based society• Let opponents return to France• Limited free speech, secretPolice, use of propaganda

• Wanted to extend authority Throughout Europe• Iberian and Italian peninsulas,Netherlands, Austria, Prussia• Attempted to attack Russia• Went to Capital everyoneWas gone and burned down• Napoleon did not have Adequate supplies and housing

• Opponents of NapoleonTake advantage and Force him to abdicate hisThrone• Send him to island of Elba• Attempt to regain powerFor 100 days• British army defeats him in Battle of Waterloo• Once again and finally sentTo island of St. Helena

Page 8: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The Influence of Revolution

Page 9: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The Haitian Revolution

Saint-Domingue Society Slave Revolt andToussaint Louverture

Republic of Haiti

• 3 major groups:• Whites: European bornColonial administrators, Plantation owners, minorAristocrats• Gens de colour: People ofColor, mulattoes & black• Slaves• Planters did not take careOf slaves leading to high Mortality rate• Violent conflicts betweenWhite owners and slaves• Gen de colour coming fromAmerican Revo. Wanted theSame change in Saint Domingue• 1791 civil war Gen de ColourAnd white settlers

• Boukman, voodoo priestOrganizes slave revolt• Battle between white,Gen de colour, & slaves• French attempt to restoreOrder• British & Spanish interfere• Louverture aided the revolution• Put Spanish, Brits, and FrenchAgainst each other• Promulagated a constitution that Gave equality and citizenship to allresidents

• Napoleon sent troops toRestore order but yellowFever caught them• 1803 declared independence• 1804 establishment ofHaiti

Page 10: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Wars of Independence in Latin America

Latin American Society Mexican Independence Simon Bolivar

• Revolutionary ideals Traveled to Spanish & Portuguese colonies• Creoles: Euro-American• Other groups include: BlackSlaves, mixed ancestry (mestizos& mulattoes)• Creoles benefited in Plantations, ranches and trade w/Spain & Portugual• Sought to displace Peninsulares but retain privilegePosition• Political independence modelof the U.S.

• Napoleon’s invasion of Spain & Portugal weakensColonies• Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, parish priest, creates Peasant rebellion• Mestizos against colonialRule• Social & economic warfareAgainst elites• Colonial rule came to an endIn 1821 • Augustin de Ituribe deposed• Mexico becomes a republic• Central American Federation:Guatemala, El Salvado, Honduras,Nicaragua, Costa r Rica till 1838

• Led movements of Independence in S. America• Took up arms againstSpanish rule and deposed Most throughout S. America• Gran Colombia: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador ended in 1830

Page 11: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Wars of Independence in Latin America

Brazilian Independence Creole Dominance

• When Napoleon invaded PortugalRoyal court goes to Rio de Janeiro• King returns in 1821 leaves, son,Pedro, behind• Creoles call for independence inThe following year. Pedro agrees.• Becomes emperor Pedro

• Creoles dominate former colonies• Latin American society remained rigidlyStratified• Caudillos: military authorities• Continuation of slavery• Confirmed authority of Roman CatholicChurch

Page 12: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The Emergence of Ideologies: Conservatism & Liberalism

Conservatism Liberalism Voting Rights and Restrictions

• Viewed society as anOrganism that changed slowly• Edmund Burke: condemnedRadical or revolutionary change• Approved American Revo asNatural changing w/historicalDevelopment• Disapproved of FrenchRevolution chaotic and irrespon-Sible to society

• Change normal, sign of Progress• Viewed conservatism asMaintaining status quo andNot wanting to address Inequalities• Championed enligthenmentValues of freedom & equality• Liberalism of Atlantic revolutions more concerned about civil rights• At the end of 19th c. liberals beganTo look to the gov’t to correct Problems• John Stuart Mill argued for indiviDual freedom

• The idea that in order toEstablish democratic Legitimacy and popular Sovereignty universal suffrageIs needed.• Suffrage derived legitimacyFrom the EnlightenmentAbout self government andConsent of the governed.

Page 13: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Slavery

Movements to end the Slave Trade

Movements to Abolish Slavery Freedom w/o Equality

• Idea to end slave tradeStarted in the 18th c.• William Wilberforce: Leading proponent to endThe slave trade. Philanthropist. Member ofParliament • 1807 Wilberforce’s billPasses to end the slave Trade• Other countries followed• Some illegal trade still occurred

• Bigger challenge• Inexpensive labor• Ending slave tradeWould ultimately endSlavery

• Abolition brought legalFreedom, not political Equality• Property requirements,Literacy rates, poll taxes,Intimidation• White creoles over blackcreoles

Page 14: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Testing the Limits of the Revolutionary Ideals: Women’s Rights

Enlightenment IdealsAnd Women

Women and Revolution Women’s Rights Movement

• Most enlightenment Philosophers did not believeIn women’s rights• Reformers used it to theirAdvantage• Mary Wollstonecraft: “A Vindication for the Rights of • Women” stated womenPossessed all the rights of men(education, contribute to society)

• Women participated in theRevolutions in various ways• Preparing uniforms, Bandages, managing farms, Shops & businesses• They found little political Freedom and equality

• 19th c. women pressedFor their rights and abolitionOf slavery• Elizabeth Cady Stanton:Called for women’s rights,Movement gained limitedSuccess in the 19th centuryBut gained momentum in The 20th c.

Page 15: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The Consolidation of National States in Europe

Page 16: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Nations and Nationalism

Cultural Nationalism Political Nationalism

• Refers to the type of communityThat became prominent in 19th c.• Distinctive people born into a Unique community w/commonLanguage, customs, culture, values,And historical experiences• Nation must be focus of politicalLoyalty• Sought to deepen appreciation for Historical experiences of the nation• Germany held great political nationalism

• Advocates of nationalism demandedLoyalty and solidarity from members• People that lived in lands of foreign Rule or who were the minorities oftenSought their own independence• This could often led to conflict betweenThe ruled and rulers

Page 17: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Nations and Nationalism

Nationalism and Anti-Semitism Zionism

• Zionism: the idea that the Jewish People have their right to their own National homeland• Jews were throughout Europe and oftenThe minorities• Many nationalist distrusted Jews andBrought Anti-Semitism• Especially visible in Eastern Europe (Austria-Hungary & Germany)

Theodor Herzl, Journalist, realized anti-Semitism was a persistent feature of Human society and assimilation couldNot be solved• Founded the World Zionist OrganizationWhich sought to find a home for theJewish community• Location “ancient kingdom of Israel” Today known as Palestine• Provoked resentful nationalism from Displaced Arabs

Page 18: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The Emergence of National Communities

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Nationalist Rebellions

• After the Great Powers (Britain, Austria,Prussia and Russia) deposed Napoleon aMeeting was held to return power backInto the hands of the old prerevolutionary Order.• Countries did not want one to dominateThe other• This meeting, and return to old way,Proved futile and did not last long (100 years), • The idea of Popular sovereignty had beenEmbedded into the citizens of nations

• 1820s-1840s a wave of national rebellionOccurred throughout Europe. • Greeks sought and gained independenceFrom Ottoman Turks• Rebellions in France, Spain, and PortugalCalled for constitutional gov’t based on Popular sovereignty• Belgium, Italy and Poland called for the Formation of national states

Page 19: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

The Unification of Italy and Germany

Cavour and Garibaldi Otto von Bismark

• Prime minister of King Vittore Emmanuele II of Peidemont and Sardinia united with nationalAdvocates of independence• Cavour expelled Austrian authoritiesFrom N. Italy• Soldier Garibaldi dealt with forcesIn Southern Italy• Eventually unifying all of Italy into onestate

• Prime Minister• Drew German sentiment againstDenmark, Austria and France in 3Victorious war.s• Drew up German pride.• Prussian King Wilhem I announceThe establishment of the Second Reich-Second German empire-following theHoly Roman Empire• Unifications and nationalism hadEnormous potential • National states created flags, anthems,Holidays, created schools, nat’l populations,Recruitments to foster patriotism and Patriotic values