REVIEWNutrition & Transport

1. Explain what a food label tells you.

The nutritional facts found in processed foods.

2. Identify the following information for the food to the left.

a. Serving sizeb. Total carbohydratesc. Caloriesd. Protein

3. How many calories would you consume if you ate 2 servings of these crackers?

2 crackers10g

602g

120 calories

4. Identify each structure labeled in the diagram.

oral cavity

stomachpancreas

small intestine

rectum

gall bladder

large intestine

5. Where does protein digestion begin?

6. What is the function of F?

7. Where are nutrients absorbed into the blood?

In the stomach

Absorb water

In the small intestine

8. What does C produce? Where does it go?

9. What is the function of G?

10 Chemical digestion is completed in this structure.

11. What type of digestion occurs in A?

Pancreatic juiceGoes to the small intestine

store bile

small intestine

mechanical and chemical

12. What is the name of this process? What is its function?

13. Where in the digestive tract does this process occur?

•peristalsis•To push food through the digestive tract

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

14. What is structure F? What is the function of this substance?15. Identify structure B. What kind of digestion occurs

here?

16. What is the function of structure A?

•liver •to produce bile

•stomach

The esophagus pushes food down into the stomach using peristalsis.

•chemical digestion

17. Through which of these structures does food pass?

18. Which organs are not part of the gastrovascular tract? How do they aid in digestion?

Esophagus (A)Stomach (B)

Small intestine (D)

•Liver (F) – produces bile that goes to the SI•Gall bladder (E) – stores bile•Pancreas (C) – releases pancreatic juice into SI

19. Describe the role of the small intestine in digestion.

•Where most chemical digestion occurs•Where chemical digestion is completed

•Lined with VILLI which absorb nutrients into the blood

20. Identify the labeled organs.A - mouthB - EsophagusC – StomachD – PancreasE - Large intestineF - AppendixG - Small intestineH – Gall bladderI - Liver

21. Through what organs does food pass? (in order)

mouthEsophagusStomachSmall intestineLarge intestineRectumAnus

22. Where excess water reabsorbed?

23. What occurs in structure G?

24. What does I produce? Where does it go?

25. This is where chemical digestion begins.

26. This is where chemical digestion ends.

Large intestine

Villi absorb nutrients into blood

Bile – into small intestine

mouth

Small intestine/duodenum

27. Identify organs where there is no digestion occurring.EsophagusLiverSalivary glandsPancreasGlass bladder

28. Which part of the human blood:a. is the most numerous? b. contains a nucleus?c. is produced in the bone marrow?

d. consists mainly of water?

wbc’srbc’s

rbc’s, wbc’s, platelets

plasma

Y Z

29. Identify structures X, Y, and Z.

red blood cell

white blood cell

platelet

30. Which activity is not a function of white blood cells in response to an invasion of the body by bacteria?

1. engulfing these bacteria 2. producing antibodies to act against this type of

bacteria 3. preparing for future invasions of this type of

bacteria 4. speeding transmissions of nerve impulses to

detect these bacteria

31. Explain the difference between arteries and veins.

•Arteries carry blood AWAY from heart. Veins carry blood to the heart.

•Arteries are larger, more muscular and elastic than veins.•Arteries carry blood under higher pressure than veins. •Veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Arteries do not have valves.

32. Explain what occurs in capillaries and why.

The exchange or diffusion of substances into or out of the capillary.

Capillaries are extremely small and have a VERY thin lining that allows for diffusion to occur.

O 2

glucose

O 2

glucose

glucose

O 2

O 2

glucose

CO 2

CO 2

CO 2

33.The diagram represents a capillary near some cells. a. Identify the substances diffusing out of the capillary and into cells. b. Identify the substances diffusing out of cells into the capillary.

left ventricle

right ventricle

left atrium

right atrium

34. Identify the structures below.

aorta

Upper vena cava

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

35. When blood passes through the heart from the left atrium (D) to the left ventricle (E), it must first pass through a

valve

36. Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion.• Mechanical is a physical breakdown,

while chemical digestion breaks down complex molecules into more simple molecules using enzymes.

37. Where does mechanical digestion begin? How?• Mouth – teeth grind up food38. Where does chemical digestion begin? How?• Mouth – ptyalin in saliva starts to

chemically break down starches into sugar

39. Where does chemical digestion end?• Duodenum (small intestine)

40. Where does most chemical digestion occur?• Duodenum (small intestine)

41. Where and how are nutrients absorbed once food has been completely broken down. • They are absorbed in the villi of the

small intestine by diffusion.

42. Identify the digestive organ described.

a. Where the digestion of protein begins.• stomach

b. Where mechanical digestion begins.• mouth

c. Site of water absorption.• Large intestine

d. All chemical digestion is completed here.• Duodenum (SI)

42. Identify the digestive organ described.

e. Where the breakdown of starch begins.• mouth

f. Where bile is stored.• Gall bladder

g. Releases many enzymes into the SI.• pancreas

42. Identify the digestive organ described.

h. Pushes food into the stomach.• esophagus

i. Where the absorption of nutrients occurs.• Small intestine

j. Lining is protected by a mucus layer.• stomach

43. How is energy measured in food?• calories

44. Identify the 6 types of nutrients. • Carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals,

water

45. The main function of the human digestive system is to (1) break down foods for absorption into the blood (2) exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs (3) release energy from sugars within the cells (4) carry nutrients to all parts of the body46. Nutrients from digested food enter the blood stream through the process of (1) absorption (3) respiration (2) elimination (4) secretion

47. Which substance provides humans with their main source of energy? (1) food (2) carbon dioxide (3) water (4) chlorophyll 

48. Describe the function of plasma.• Transports materials (blood cells,

hormones, wastes…)

49. Describe the function and shape of red blood cells.• Disc shaped, no nucleus, carries oxygen

& carbon dioxide

50. What do red blood cells contain?• Hemoglobin (red protein that allows them

to carry oxygen)

51. Identify the part of blood being described.

a. Most numerous blood cell.• Red blood cellsb. Carries enzymes.• plasmac. Involved in blood clotting.• plateletsd. Carries oxygen.• Red blood cells

51. Identify the part of blood being described.

e. Largest blood cell.• White blood cellsf. Made up of 90% water.• plasmag. Involved in blood clotting.• plateletsh. Protect the body against disease.• White blood cellsi. Carries hormones.• plasma

52. What component of blood is important in healing wounds on the skin?  

a.  red blood cells  b.  urea  c.  platelets  d.  white blood cells 

53. What is a pickup function of blood?  

a. picks up urine from the bladder  b. picks up undigested food from

the large intestine  c. picks up carbon dioxide from

the air in the lungs   d. picks up carbon dioxide waste

from cells.

19. Which statement best describes the activities of the parts of the blood shown in the diagram below?

a. A and B kill germs, and C carries oxygen. b. A, B, and C produce hemoglobin. c. B and C kill germs, and A carries nutrients. d. A carries oxygen, B starts clotting, and C

kills germs.

A

B

C

54

20. What part of the blood carries minerals, vitamins, sugar, and other foods to the body's cells? a. plasma b. red blood cells c. white blood cells d. platelets 21. What would happen to people who have an open wound and whose blood did not clot naturally? a. Nothing. Clotting is not important. b. They would have to take special clotting drugs. c. They would bleed to death. d. They would need a transfusion of plasma.

55

56

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

57. Identify the blood vessels below:

58. Identify the blood vessel described.a. Carry blood towards the heart.• veinsb. Thickest blood vessel.• arteriesc. Where the diffusion of substances occurs.• capillariesd. Contain valves.• veins

58. Identify the blood vessel described.e. Blood vessel used when measuring pulse rate.• arteriesf. Thinnest blood vessel• capillariesg. Blood flows through with a lot of pressure.• arteriesh. Very elastic.• arteries

59

60. Explain the function of the circulatory system. • Transport materials through the body61. Describe the four chambers of the heart.• right atrium & right ventricle – pump

deoxygenated blood from cells to lungs• Left atrium & left ventricle – pump oxygenated

blood from lungs to cells62. Explain the importance of valves in the heart.• Prevent blood from moving backwards63. Why is the septum so important?• Prevents blood in right and left sides from

mixing

64. Where is deoxygenated blood pumped to?• The lungs65. Where is oxygenated blood pumped to?• To body cells66. Identify the largest artery in the body. Where does it pump blood to? Oxygenated or deoxygenated? • Aorta, to all body cells, oxygenated

67.Identify the part of the heart being described.

a. Chamber that receives oxygenated blood.• Left atriumb. Wall that separates the right and left side of the heart.• septumc. Chamber that pumps out deoxygenated blood.• Right ventricle

67. Identify the part of the heart being described.

d. Chamber that receives deoxygenated blood.• Right atriume. Prevents the backflow of blood between atria and ventricles.• valvesf. Chamber that pulps out oxygenated blood.• Left ventricles

Lower vena cava

upper vena cava

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Pulmonary vein Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

aorta

Pulmonary artery

68

Pulmonary artery

Salivary gland

esophagus

stomach

duodenum

pancreas

Small intestine

rectum

mouth

epiglottis

liver

Gall bladder

Large intestine

appendix

69