Review - Communication Process

Part 2 - Listening Activity – Active listening

Environment

Message Encoded

SPEAKER

Frame of

Reference

Message Decoded

LISTENER

Frame of

Reference

Types of Anxiety

Situational – anxiety caused by factors present in a specific speaking situation

Trait – internal anxieties an individual brings to the speaking situation

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

List at least two ways in which you can prepare yourself physically and intellectually to listen to a speech.

When you are a listener, how can you encourage a speaker?

5 Stages of Listening

1. S

ensin

g

VISUAL

VOCAL

VERBAL

Sensing– At this stage you listen to what is said (verbally and nonverbally).

Improving your listening reception:◦ Focus your attention on the speaker’s verbal and

nonverbal messages. Avoid focusing your attention on what you’ll say next; if you begin to rehearse your responses, you’re going to miss what the speaker says next.

◦ Avoid distractions in the environment

◦ Maintain your role as listener and avoid interrupting.

5 Stages of Listening

1. S

ensin

g

2. In

terp

retin

g

VISUAL

VOCAL

VERBAL

After receiving the message, you process it; you extract the meaning from the message.

Improve your interpreting/understanding:◦ Avoid assuming you understand what the speaker

is going to say before he or she actually says it.

◦ Ask questions for clarification, if necessary; ask for additional details or examples if they’re needed.

◦ Rephrase (paraphrase) the speaker’s ideas into your own words.

Interpreting -

5 Stages of Listening

1. S

ensin

g

2. In

terp

retin

g

3. E

valu

atin

g

VISUAL

VOCAL

VERBAL

Evaluating-Once you’ve received, understood, and have the message in memory, you need to evaluate it.

Resist evaluation until you fully understand the speaker’s point of view. This is not always easy, but it’s always essential. If you put a label on what the speaker is saying (ultraconservative, bleeding-heart liberal), you’ll hear the remainder of the messages through these labels.

Distinguish facts from opinions and personal interpretations by the speaker.

5 Stages of Listening

1. S

ensin

g

2. In

terp

retin

g

3. E

valu

atin

g

4. R

espo

ndin

g

VISUAL

VOCAL

VERBAL

Responding – Of course, a speaker expects a response.

Support the speaker throughout the speaker’s conversation by using (and varying) listening cues, such as head nods and minimal responses such as “I see” or “mm-hmm.”

Own your responses. Take responsibility for what you say. Instead of saying, “Nobody will want to do that” say something like “I don’t want to do that.” Use the anonymity that most social networks allow with discretion.

Avoid being a thought-completing listener who listens a little and then finishes the speaker’s thought.

5 Stages of Listening

1. S

ensin

g

2. In

terp

retin

g

3. E

valu

atin

g

4. R

espo

ndin

g

VISUAL

VOCAL 5. Remembering

VERBAL

Remembering –It would help little if you received and understood the message but didn’t remember it.

Focus your attention on the central ideas.

Avoid focusing on minor details that often lead to detours in listening and in conversation.

Organize what you hear; summarize the message in a more easily retained form, but take care not to ignore crucial details or qualifications.

Repeat names and key concepts to yourself or, if appropriate, aloud.

When a speaker is enthusiastic about his or her ideas, how do listeners usually react?

List the six criteria discussed in this chapter for writing a specific purpose statement.

What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea?

Select a topic that…Fits requirements of assignmentShowcases your experiences and knowledgeInterests youYou can make interesting and valuable to your audience

Establish a general purpose to help bring your topic under control.

◦ To inform

◦ To persuade

◦ To entertain

What exactly to you want to accomplish in your speech?◦ Topic: Foodborne illnesses◦ General Purpose: To inform◦ Specific Purpose: To tell my listeners how to

protect themselves from foodborne illnesses

What exactly to you want your audience to remember from your speech?◦ Topic: Foodborne illnesses◦ General Purpose: To inform

◦ Specific Purpose: To tell my listeners how to protect themselves from foodborne illnesses

◦ Central Idea: Monitoring food temperatures is a great way to avoid foodborne illnesses

Football- Explain divisions / conferences- Explain job of coaching- Explain history - Explain artificial vs. natural turf

Let’s use football as an example:

Brainstorm for possible main points Narrow to 3 – 5 possible main points

Narrow down the following broad subjects to specific, manageable topics:◦Outdoor recreation◦Musical groups◦Illegal drugs◦Saving money

Friendly◦ Heard you speak before◦ Positive to what you are saying◦ Sold on your topic

Speaking to the Friendly Audience◦ Any pattern of organization◦ Audience participation◦ Warm, enthusiastic delivery◦ Verbal and visual supports

Neutral◦ Consider themselves objective◦ Open to new information◦ Looking for logic and facts

Speaking to a Neutral Audience◦ Problem-solution organization◦ Controlled, authoritative delivery◦ Expert, non-flashy verbal and visual supports

Uninterested or indifferent◦ Short attention span◦ Wish they were somewhere else◦ Will be polite but probably will take a “mental

holiday”

Speaking to an Uninterested Audience◦ Three-point or brief organization◦ Dynamic, entertaining delivery◦ Humorous, colorful, and powerful verbal and

visual supports

Hostile◦ Predisposed to dislike you or your topic◦ This audience is the greatest challenge

Speaking to a Hostile Audience◦ Topical, time, or spatial organization◦ Calm, controlled delivery◦ Objective, expert supports; avoid narratives and

humor

Determine evidence and emotional appeals

Select visual aids and attention-getters

Improve credibility

Relate topic to audience

Motivate and persuade

My car (10 sec)

What you had for breakfast/lunch (30 sec)

Your job (1 min)

What do you want to do when you graduate? (1.5 min)