15
2017/9/29 1 Protected cultivation technology for high tech farming in the changing climate situation in India Dr. Neelam Patel, Principal Scientist and Incharge Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012, INDIA Email: [email protected] Established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar and shifted to New Delhi in 1935 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi Established in the year 1998-99 and commissioned as Indo-Israel project in January 2000 After the completion of the project and the unit was re-designed as Centre for Protected Cultivation technology (CPCT) in 2004 To demonstrate different technologies for intensive and commercially oriented peri-urban cultivation of horticulture crops for improved quality and productivity The centre acts as a nodal centre of R&D work, training and transfer of technology on protected cultivation aspects The centre also focuses on precision and controlled input agriculture using latest techniques of drip irrigation (fertigation) and protected cultivation of horticultural crops Components Total area (m2) Crops Climate Controlled polyhouse 4,200 Cucumber, Capsicum, Tomato & Cherry Tomato, rose and gerbera Semi climate controlled polyhouse 2,000 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and Gerbera Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings Insect proof Net house 1,000 Vegetables Shade net house 3000 Leafy vegetables and ornamental greens Low tunnels/walk-in-tunnels 2,000 Cucurbits Open fields 20,000 Seasonal Bulbous flowers and vegetables Orchards 20,000 Lemon, Kinnow, Ber and Mango Solar power operated polyhouse 200 Capsicum and cucumber. Protected structures available at CPCT Fresh Water Resources 4 % Land 2.3 % Population 1.2 billion (16 % of world) 1.64 billion 2050 Rainfall 1170 mm Land available - 0.33 ha per capita in 1952 (now 0.15 ha) Irrigation potential - 22.6 mha (1950-1951) and 100 mha Irrigated area - 160 mha (2025) to ensure food security Food production : 50 m tons (1951) Food requirement : 450 m tons Resources and Liabilities 2000 2025 Past and Projected Water Demand Irrigation is the largest consumer of water and there is a great scope of increasing efficiency of irrigation. Annual Water use by Various Sectors Annual Water demand by Various Sectors

Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

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Page 1: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

2017/9/29

1

Protected cultivation technology for high tech

farming in the changing climate situation in

India

Dr. Neelam Patel, Principal Scientist and Incharge

Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology,

ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012, INDIA

Email: [email protected]

Established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar and shifted to New

Delhi in 1935

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi

Established in the year 1998-99 and commissioned as Indo-Israel project in January 2000

After the completion of the project and the unit was re-designed as Centre for Protected

Cultivation technology (CPCT) in 2004

To demonstrate different technologies for intensive and commercially oriented peri-urban

cultivation of horticulture crops for improved quality and productivity

The centre acts as a nodal centre of R&D work, training and transfer of technology on

protected cultivation aspects

The centre also focuses on precision and controlled input agriculture using latest techniques of

drip irrigation (fertigation) and protected cultivation of horticultural crops

Components Total area

(m2)

Crops

Climate Controlled polyhouse 4,200 Cucumber, Capsicum, Tomato & Cherry Tomato, rose and gerbera

Semi –climate controlled

polyhouse

2,000 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and

Gerbera

Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and

carnation

Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

Insect proof Net house 1,000 Vegetables

Shade net house 3000 Leafy vegetables and ornamental greens

Low tunnels/walk-in-tunnels 2,000 Cucurbits

Open fields 20,000 Seasonal Bulbous flowers and vegetables

Orchards 20,000 Lemon, Kinnow, Ber and Mango

Solar power operated polyhouse 200 Capsicum and cucumber.

Protected structures available at CPCT

Fresh Water Resources – 4 %

Land – 2.3 %

Population – 1.2 billion (16 % of world) 1.64 billion 2050

Rainfall – 1170 mm

Land available - 0.33 ha per capita in 1952 (now 0.15 ha)

Irrigation potential - 22.6 mha (1950-1951) and 100 mha

Irrigated area - 160 mha (2025) to ensure food

security

Food production : 50 m tons (1951)

Food requirement : 450 m tons

Resources and Liabilities 2000 2025

Past and Projected Water Demand

Irrigation is the largest consumer of water and there is a great scope of increasing efficiency of irrigation.

Annual Water use by

Various Sectors

Annual Water demand

by Various Sectors

Page 2: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

2017/9/29

2

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Yie

ld

Are

a a

nd

Pro

du

cti

on

Area in m.ha Production in m.t Yield in kg/ha

Production X 5 Productivity X 3 Area X 0.25

1960-61-82.02 MT-710kg/ha 1965-66-72.35 MT-629kg/ha 1973-74-104.6 MT-827kg/ha 2010-11-241.5 MT-1921kg/ha

Trends in food grain production in India

Food production : 273.38 million tons

Second largest producer of the Fruits (45.5 Million tons) and vegetables (90.8

Million tons) in the world, contributing 10.23% and 14.45% of the total world

production of fruits and vegetables, respectively.

“If agriculture goes wrong nothing else goes right.”

and “Younger people will join agriculture if it is

technologically driven”.

Average monthly income

per capita from farming

increased from USD 16 in

2003 to USD 58 in 2013

60-70 % population

depends on agriculture

Doubling Farmer’s Income by 2022

Highest

global solar

radiation – energy

5,000 trillion

kWh/year varying

from 4-7 kWh per m2

per day

ACRP

No.

Name of

ACRP

Geog.

Area

(Lha)

Names of the States No. of

district

Rainfall

(mm)

Crop

growing

period

(days)

I Western Himalayan 331.39 H. P; J & K Uttaranchal 39 165-2000 <90 -210

II Eastern Himalayan 274.94 Arunachal Pradesh; Assam; Manipur; Meghalaya;

Mizoram: Nagaland; Sikkim; Tripura & three

districts of West Bengal.

79 1400-

12000

>270

III Lower Gangetic Plains 69.73 15 districts of West Bengal 15 1300-2100 150-270

IV Middle Gangetic plains 164.59 23 districts of Uttar Pradesh & Bihar State 60 1211-1470 150-180

V Upper Gangetic plains 141.08 40 districts of Uttar Pradesh 40 721-979 150-180 VI Trans-gangetic Plains 116.80 Delhi; Haryana; Punjab; Chandigarh UT & two

districts of Rajasthan 48 360-890 <90

VII Eastern Plateau & Hills 371.23 Chhattisgarh; Jharkhand; three districts of Madhya Pradesh; four districts of Maharashtra; 15 districts of Orissa & one district of West Bengal.

57 1270-1430 <120

VIII Central Plateau & Hills 371.64 30 districts of Madhya Pradesh; 20 districts of Rajasthan & 7 districts of Uttar Pradesh

57 490-1300 >120-150

IX Western Plateau & Hills 334.53 15 districts of Madhya Pradesh; 25 districts of Maharashtra and one district of Rajasthan.

41 602-1040 90-150

X Southern Plateau & Hills

400.14 14 districts of Andhra Pradesh; 21 districts of Karnataka and 13 districts of Tamilnadu.

48 576-1051 <90

XI East Coat Plains & Hills 214.49 9 districts of Andhra Pradesh; 15 districts of Orissa; 15 districts of Tamilnadu and 4 districts of Pondicherry.

43 800-1904 115-210

XII West Coast Plains & Ghats

116.04 Goa; Kerala; 6 districts each of Karnataka & Maharashtra and two districts of Tamilnadu.

30 1457-5000 >270

XIII Gujarat Plains & Hills 196.63 Gujarat; D & N Haveli and Daman & Diu 28 340-1793 90-150

XIV Western Dry 175.73 9 districts of Rajasthan 9 256 <80

XV The Islands 8.28 A & N Islands and Lakshdweep. 3 2836- 3159

<270

Total 3287.24 30 States +

5 UTs

597 - -

Agro-climatic regions of India

Physiology - Plant /growth factors

Physical Aspects - Temp, RH, Radiation, CO2

Equipment - Record above parameters

Research on protected cultivation

Page 3: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

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3

Protected structures designs & use

• Glass house

• Poly house

• Insect proof house

• Shade net house

• Low tunnels

• Mulching

(1). Glass house

*Glass is used as glazing material

*First and oldest among all types of greenhouse

structures.

*High initial cost, difficulty in construction, and frequent

damage of glass panels by strong winds are other

discouraging factors.

*In hilly regions, only a few of such structures are used

for breeding research.

*UV stabilized polycarbonate sheet used for covering

material in hilly regions

Multi-span

Quonset type Naturally ventilated

Gothic arch

1980-1990

1990 -2000

2. Poly houses in India Depends on cost

Low cost

High cost

Medium cost

Year 2000 onwards

Double-Wall Polyench Sl. No. Items Description/Specifications

1 Product Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse

2 Size 100 m2 - 300 m2

3 Bay size 6 m x 3-4m, Width of greenhouse should be at least 35 %

of the desired length.

4 Ridge height 3.5 m to 4.5 m

5 Vents Ridge vent should have 80-90 cm and side vent depending

upon the requirement and opening

should be fixed with 40 mesh UV stabilized nylon insect screen.

6 Gutter height 2.5 m to 3 m from floor area

7 Gutter slope 2% slope need be provided in civil foundation work/ structure

8 Gutter material 20 gauge or 1 mm thick GI sheet with perimeter of 500 mm or more preferably of single

length without joint

9 Structural design The structural design need to be sound enough to withstand wind speed minimum 150

km/hr and minimum load of 25 kg/m2. There should be provision for opening one

portion at either side for entry of small tractor/power tiller for intercultural practices. The

firm needs to highlight design features and list of greenhouse clients.

10 Structure Complete structure made of galvanized steel tubular pipes or equivalent section

conforming Indian Standards having wall thickness 2mm, structural member should be

joined with fasteners properly.

Columns 48/42 mm OD, 2 mm thick

Trusses Bottom & top cord 42 mm OD, 2 mm thick

Trusses member & Purlin 33 mm OD, 2 mm thick

Purlin member & others 25 mm, 2 mm thick

Foundations Insert GI pipes of minimum 42 mm OD or more to have foundation depth of 48 cm or

more depending upon soil type and prevailing wind condition, grouted with cement

concrete mixture of 1:2:4 using telescopic insertion of column.

Fasteners All nuts & bolts must be of high tensile strength and galvanized.

11 Entrance room & Door One entrance room of size 3 m x 3 m x 3 m (L x W x H) need to be provided and

covered with 200 micron UV stabilized transparent plastic film. Two hinge doors of size

2 m width & 2.5 m height double leaf made in plastic/FRP sheets mounted in suitable

strong frame.

12 Cladding material UV stabilized 200 micron transparent Plastics films conforming Indian

Standards (IS 15827: 2009), multilayered, anti drip, anti fog, anti

sulphur, diffused, clear and having minimum 85% level of light

transmittance.

13 Fixing of cladding

materials

All ends/joints of plastic film need to be fixed with two way aluminum

profiles with suitable locking arrangement along with curtain top.

Wooden batons or PVC grippers need not be used.

14 Spring Insert Zigzag high carbon steel with spring action wire of 2-3 mm diameter

must be inserted to fix shade net into Aluminum Profile.

15 Curtains and insect

screen

Roll up UV stabilized 200 micron transparent plastic film as curtains

need be provided should be equal to height on all sides having

automatic type motor operated crank mechanism. However, provision

for manual opening and closing of curtains need also be provided.40 mesh nylon insect proof nets (UV stabilized) of equivalent size need to

be fixed inside the curtains. Anti flapping strips is suggested to ensure

smooth functioning of the curtain.

16 Shadenet UV stabilized 50% shading net with motor/ manually operated

mechanism for expanding and retracting. Size of net should be equal to

the floor area of greenhouse.

17 Drip Irrigation System

with fogging & misting

facility

Drip irrigation system under greenhouse need to be selected on the basis

of crop spacing (design on spacing 45cm x 45 cm) along with fogging

and misting facilities. The spacing considered for calculation The

suggested bill of materials are Sand Filter 5 m3/hr, Screen Filter 10 m3/hr,

Control Valve 63 mm, Control Valve 50mm, By-pass Assembly - 1.5", Air Release Valve 1", Non Return Valve1.5", Throttle Valve 1.5'’, Flush

Valve 50mm, Venturi 1.5" Assembly with manifold, PVC pipe 63 mm/6 kg/ cm2, PVC pipe 50 mm/6 kg/cm2, PE plane lateral 16 mm, Emitting

pipe lateral 16mm- @ 0.45m spacing, hanging type micro sprinkler

nozzle (four-way take- off assembly) for very fine water particles (foggers & mister) to be fixed in PE pipe of diameter 16mm, Water tank

of capacity 2000 liter and fittings & accessories.

18 Footpath 1m wide and 10 cm thick footpaths should be provided in the centre

(length x width) & made of cement concrete ratio of 1:2:4.

19 Curtain wall/

Apron

22 cm brick wall of 1m height (24 cm below

and 80 cm above ground level on all the four

sides. The wall needs to be plastered and water

proofing cement with 1:6 ratio.

After sales services (The firm have to provide)

20 Warranty Free maintenance for one year from the date of

installation.

21 Training Free training for operation, maintenance &

production for one year.

22 Testing All plastic materials used in the greenhouse

should be tested by the CIPET for quality

assurance (If necessary).

Technical specifications of Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse

Page 4: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

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4

19

1

2

3

Area 1000 m2

Crop Gerbera

Data

Points

1. At Pad

2. 3m from pad

3. 12m from pad

4. 24m from

pad(fan side)

Measurem

ents

1. Temperature (C)

2. Relative

Humidity (%)

Microclimate evaluation inside greenhouse with

evaporative cooling system

4

Thermal modeling Evaporative cooling system

• Kc and α are determined by fitting the equation with

experimental values

• Then predicted values were determined at different x values

• Area of pad 60sq.m

• Air flow rate : 9m3/s

20

𝑇𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑎 + 𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑑 − 𝑇𝑜 − 𝐴1 exp 𝐴2 + 𝐴1

𝐴1 = 𝜏 1− 𝛼 𝑅𝑔 𝐿

𝑉𝑝𝐶𝑝

𝐴2 = 𝐾𝑐𝐿/(𝑉𝑝𝐶𝑝)

ƞ =𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑝𝑎𝑑

𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑜 ,𝑤

Temperature and RH Profile in a evaporatively cooled

greenhouse

21

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2

3

4

5

6

32

34

36

38

40

Time Distance from the Pad

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

33

33.5

34

34.5

35

35.5

36

36.5

37

37.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

RH outside (%)

RH Inside (%)

Cooling efficiency

22

23

y = 0.983x + 1.200

R² = 0.927

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

31 32 33 34 35 36 37

Pred

icte

d T

em

pera

ture [

c]

Measured Temperature©

At 3m distance

Ti predicted

線性(Ti predicted)

y = 0.724x + 10.25

R² = 0.836

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Pred

icte

d T

em

pera

ture (

c)

Measured Temperature ©

At 16m

Ti predicted

線性(Ti predicted)

y = 0.548x + 16.51

R² = 0.7632

35.5

36

36.5

37

37.5

38

38.5

39

39.5

34 36 38 40 42

Pre

dic

ted

tem

pera

ture

(c)

Measured temperature ©

at 24m

數列1

線性(數列1)

Measure and Predicted Temperatures

Cold desert of Laddakh and hot deserts of Rajasthan and heavy rainfall

areas of north-east, etc.

Hilly regions in the North have very short outdoor growing season of 3 to

6 months. Outdoor temperature remains far below the required level for

the rest of the year.

Snow or hail may be additional stress factors. Jammu and Kashmir,

Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Northern U. P.

experience such conditions.

Structure should have an adequate height of at least

5.5-6.5 m (for hot areas) and 3.5 m (for cold areas with

snow).

Farmers should have knowledge about proper ventilation (with roll up

facility), height of the side vent (30 cm from ground), double doors,

fogger for maintaining humidity, drip irrigation, proper installation of

shade nets (outside polyhouse), proper selection of the crop variety and

the technical knowledge of growing vegetables inside polyhouses.

Conclusions

Page 5: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

2017/9/29

5

Indeterminate tomato (Hybrids G.S.600) under

different protected structures

Force Ventilated

Polyhouse Naturally ventilated

Polyhouse Insect proof Net

house

3-4 0C 2-3 0C 0.5-1.0 0C

Fan-Pad Polyhouse Naturally Ventilated

Polyhouse

Insect proof Net house

Yield kg/m2 B:C

ratio

FPP 22.7 1.99

NVP 17.20 2.10

IPNH 12.50

1.89

Average 16.07 1.83

Cherry tomato under FVP

Sale Price Rs. 50/kg

Varieties Yield, kg/m2 B:C ratio

Pusa Cherry Sl. 1 17.60 3.91

Olleh 16.72 3.41

Conchita 14.80 2.96

Flavoring 14.20 2.96 Nagmoti 15.20 2.10

Var.

Yield

kg/m2

Gross

income

(Rs/m2/yea

r)

Cost of

cultivation

(Rs/m2/year)

Net

income

(Rs/m2yea

r)

B:C ratio

Paserella

Big Red Colored Var. 9.75 487.5 347 140.5 1.40

VTS-px- 9954559 ( small red Colored Var.)

8.80 440 348 92 1.26

Bachata

Big Yellow Colored Var.

9.60 480 347 133 1.38

VTS-px- 9956434

(small yellow Colored

Var.) 11.50 625 347 278 1.80

VTS-px-9967422

(small orange Colored Var.)

10.50 575 348 227 1.65

Evaluation of Coloured Capsicum varieties under evaporative cooling

Page 6: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

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6

Growing off season cucumbers in naturally ventilated polyhouse

25 days old plants transplanted crop

geometry of 60cm x 60cm (October)

F1=100:75:125;

F2= 150:112:188;

F3=200:150:250;

F4=250:188:312 & F5= 300:225:375

kg/ha

Fertigation two times in a week

C1= Aviva; C2= Mini Sri Ram; C3=

Terminator; C4= Sania and C5 = Oscar

Maximum yield of 3.34 kg/ plant i.e.

92.8 t/ha was obtained in the variety

Oscar by applying N:P:K::

@250:188:312 kg/ ha

Page 7: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

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7

Crops Open cultivation (t/ha) Protected cultivation (t/ha) Increase

(%) Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg.

Capsicum 25 30 27.5 90 150 120 336

Tomato 40 45 42.5 180 250 215 406

Cucumber 15 20 17.5 80 100 90 414

Beans 10 15 12.5 24 32 28 124

Peas 10 15 12.5 20 25 22.5 80

Coriander 10 12 11.0 15 20 17.5 59

Spinach 10 15 12.5 20 25 22.5 80

Comparison between Open and Protected cultivation yield

Rose Rose varieties namely, First Red, Nobeless, Golden Gate, Mercedes,

Grand Gala, Buggati, Poison, Balance, Golden Strike and Tajmahal

are grown for cut flowers. First Red, Grand Gala and Tajmahal are

highly suitable for North Indian Plains under naturally ventilated

polyhouse. Productivity may increased by three fold with a

provision of evaporative cooling in summer months (May to

September). .

• 8-10 no. of plants at 20cm x 40 cm spacing, 60-75 cm raised beds

• Yield: 270 flowers /m2/ year

• Cost Benefit Ratio : 1:3.5

Chrysanthemum

Standard/single (Snowdon white, Zembla, Yellow Star, White Star and Thai Chen

Queen) and spray varieties (Lemans, Yellow Bouquet, Pompon White, Ajay, Ravi

Kiran, Haldi Ghati, Pusa Anmol and Bronze) are under polyhouse with two

successive crops can be raised at a planting density of 64 plants/m2 (single types)

and 32 plants/m2 (spray types) on one meter wide beds staked with nylon net

15cm x 15cm supported on angle iron stands equipped with drip system (16:2:30).

Such crop can produce 40-50 cut stems/m2.

Cost benefit ratio of 1:4.0

Gerbera:

Gerbera varieties, namely Balance, Cabana, Danna Ellen, Goliath, Pabeo, Prime

Rose, Rosalin, Sangaria, Salvadore and Sunway are being grown for attractive

colours having 6-9 plants may produce 45-60 flowers/year and approximately

400-450 flowers/m2/year. Once planted a crop may last 5-7 years. A 1000 m2

gerbera polyhouse/greenhouse structure may fetch a famers approximately ₹

25,000-30,000 per month with a cost benefit ration 1: 3.5.

Carnation Carnation is grown round the year in polyhouse/greenhouse under mild

climatic conditions and prefers a day and night temperatures of 18-21 and

24-28 0C along with moderate levels (60-70 %) of relative humidity.

Crop geometry of 15cm x 15cm with nylon net for support on angle iron

stands at a planting density of 48-64 plants/m2. However, 32 plants/m2

gives more sturdy and erect ( >80 cm) stems with large flower size (9.2 cm

diameter across).

Varieties, namely Ambrose (bicolour), Guadina (red), Liberty (creamy

white), Master (red), Domingo (red) and White Liberty (white) are most

commonly grown for good quality cut flowers (Fig. 13). Approximately

75,000 to 1.0 lakh flowers/1000 m2/year can be harvested at cost benefit

ratio of 1: 2.5.

Page 8: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

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8

Crops Planting density

(cm x cm ) as

plant to plant

and row to row

spacings

Total number of

plants / 1000 m2

Fresh fruit/ flower

yield

(q or nos /acre/year )

Total crop

duration

(months)

Cost

Benefit

Ratio

Cucumber 30 x 50 400-4200 600-700 3-4 (3

crops /

year

1:3.5

Tomato 50 x 50 2800-3200 600-700 10-11

months

1:2.5

Capsicum 30 x 50 4000-4200 300-400 9-10

months

1:3.0

Rose 30 x 40 4500-5000 4-5 lakh

stems/ha/year

5-7 years 1:3.0

Chrysanthemum 15 x 15 32,000-64,000 5-7 lakh

stems/ha/year

3-4

months

1:4.0

Gerbera 30 x 40 4500-5000 10-12 lakh/ha/year 4-5 years 1:3.5

Carnation 15 x 15 32,000-36,000 6-9 lakhs 3-4 years 1:2.5

High value vegetables and cut flowers grown under polyhouse

Insect-proof net house

During peak (40-45 0C) a healthy nursery of early cauliflower, cabbage

etc.

During winter’s nursery of various vegetables like tomato, capsicum,

brinjal, cucurbitaceous crops and cucumber can be raised by covering the

insect-proof net house (40 mesh) with 200 micron thickness plastic sheet.

Cucumber, Summer squash, Bitter gourd, Musk melon, Sarada melon,

and Sneaks melon.

Bitter gourd (Pusa Rasdar) produced max. fruits yield - 13.23 kg,

and B:C ratio 1:2.21 per m2 in the best combination of 2nd week

of Aug. planting with closer spacing 20x50cm and optimum dose

of NPK @25:17:26kg/1000m2

Walk-in tunnel Under north Indian plains there is severe winter during

December and January months.

Walk-in tunnel for early summer vegetables (summer squash,

bottle gourd, cucumber) to fetch high price

Covering material can be reused for 4-5 years

100 square meter walking tunnel with

double door facility (25 meter length,

4 meter width and 1.5 meter high)

costing (USD 750) with low head drip

irrigation system. Pay back period of

one year with estimated life of 10

years for structure

Crop Yield (t/ha) Advancement of

crop season (days)

Benefit-cost ratio

Summer squash 50-60 40-60 3:1

Bottle gourd 25-30 30-40 2.5:1

Bitter gourd 12-15 30-40 2.5:1

Muskmelon 20-25 30-40 2.5:1

Economics of crops under low tunnels Plastic low tunnels – protect the crop from frost and enhance the yield

Low tunnels are ideal for the early production of many vegetable crops The plastic covers protect the crop from frost Plant growth enhancement by the daily increments of solar heating Temperature inside the low tunnels was 2 to 3 0C higher than the open field Plastic covers (1.0 to 1.5 mil thickness of plastic) are supported above the crop by wire hoops.

Page 9: Resources and Liabilities Naturally ventilated polyhouse 5,860 Tomato, Cherry Tomato, Cucumber, Capsicum , chrysanthemum and carnation Nursery 1,000 Vegetables / flowers seedlings

2017/9/29

9

Summer Squash

Varieties

Crop

duration

days

Average

fruit yield

(t /ha)

Net return

Rs. Lakh

/ha

Australian Green

(Long green) 120 53.60 2.7

Pusa Alankar

(Long green) 120 81.70 4.15

Dhoom-2

(Round)

125

41.50 2.10

D.S.-8 (Round)

Pusa Variety

130

35.50 1.80

Plastic

mulch (25-

30- Micron

thickness)

Varieties Crop

Duration

Plants

Affected

with

Virus (%)

Average

fruit yield

(Kg/Plant)

Average

fruit yield

(q / ha)

Cost :

benefit

ratio

Control

(Without

Mulch)

Pusa Rohini 160 Days 25.50 1.168 280.20 1: 1.80

Avilash 170 Days 18.50 1.776 426.40 1:2.79

Avinash-3 175 Days 20.50 1.760 422.50 1:2.77

Silver/Black

plastic

Mulch

Pusa Rohini 180 Days 13.60 1.776 426.26 1: 2.34

Avilash 190 Days 10.40 2.667 640.30 1: 3.51

Avinash-3 195 Days 11.50 2.639 633.50 1: 3.47

Plastic mulching technology

View of plastics mulching in vegetables

Soil less media used in the study

• Coco peat

• Perlite

• Vermiculite

• Sand

Properties of good soilless media Light Weight Free from pathogen Bulk Density <0.25 g/cc Porosity >30 % Water Holding Capacity >60%

We can either use one media or mixtures to get desirable properties

Soil less technology

S.

No.

Media mixture Bulk Density

(g/cc)

Particle Density

(g/cc)

Porosity

(%)

Water holding

capacity (%)

1. 1:1: 2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.71 56.25 171.07

2. 2:3:1 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 257.71

3. 1:3:2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 300.13

4. 3:2:1 (P:C:V) 0.29 0.71 58.80 232.95

5. 3:1:2 (P:C:V) 0.31 0.83 62.50 237.47

6. 1:3:1 (P:C:V) 0.45 1.0 54.54 167.78

Physical properties of different soil less media mixtures Climatic data and reference crop evapo-transpiration (ET0) inside NVPH

Date

Open field Inside NVPH

Solar

radiation

(W/m2)

Avg.

temp.

(°C)

RH (%)

Dew

point

(°C)

ETo

(mm/day)

Solar

radiation

(W/m2)

Avg.

temp.

(°C)

RH (%) Dew

point (°C)

ETo

(mm/day)

25 Feb. to 02 March 2016 150.15 19.87 67.00 11.97 1.66 76.8 42.9 65.7 11.2 0.90

03-09 March 2016 171.51 21.57 65.57 13.73 2.33 101.3 43.3 61.1 11.9 1.93

10 -16 March 2016 189.26 21.41 68.14 14.09 2.71 91.2 44.7 66.6 13.3 1.62

17 -23 March 2016 217.58 23.83 49.14 10.67 3.74 88.6 47.8 68.3 14.9 1.69

24 -30 March 2016 208.00 24.40 48.57 10.86 3.21 86.9 44.9 57.3 10.7 1.88

31 March to 06 April 2016 204.09 29.26 38.00 11.47 3.56 94.4 51.4 49.7 10.7 2.01

07- 13 April 2016 224.93 28.21 31.71 7.99 4.76 103.7 48.4 42.7 7.5 2.00

14 -20 2016 219.95 31.57 28.14 9.01 4.93 110.2 45.2 43.1 7.1 2.12

21- 27 April 2016 234.34 30.10 20.86 2.21 4.67 122.1 43.1 45.1 2.1 2.41

Highest yield (6.25 kg / m2) was recorded in the nutrients solution (N1) and

media (M5).

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Energy Budgeting in Solar operated polyhouse

Cooling

Passive (Ventilation and Fogging

Active cooling (Fan and Pad, Air coolers)

1 kw power needed for 100 m2 size polyhouse

Vertical farming for urban vegetables production

Crop Yield, kg/ m2

Pot dia .

4 inch

Pot dia. 6

inch

Pot dia. 9

inch

Amaranths 9.5 kg 8.5 8.0

Spinach 5.7 kg 5.0 4.5

Lettuce 510 g 0.6

Kale 5.0 kg 6.7 6.5

Garden

mint

800 g 1.7 1.5

Pokchoi 7.2 kg 11.5 9.5

Swiss

chard

5.0 kg 10.5 6.5

Tomato 2.5g 5.5

Broccoli 6.5 13.6

Cabbage 7.8 14.0

Standardization of pot size,

media and nutrients solution

Rain water harvesting and reuse in polyhouses

• Wireless sensor based irrigation and fertigation system

assist farmers with an automated system through which

they can monitor their soil and control the irrigation and

fertigation of their fields from anywhere in the world.

Wireless sensor network

• Four sensors for measuring the soil parameters i.e Soil Ph,

moisture, temperature & EC were developed. The values of

these four parameters sent to the internet through wifi on

real time basis.

Application of wireless sensor networks for

greenhouse

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Saving of irrigation water in vegetables in tune of 40 % by applying water at appropriate scheduling.

Soil Depth, cm

Field Capacity, %

Wilting point, %

Available water, %

0-15 27.06 8.92 18.14 15-30 23.46 9.71 13.75 30-45 21.02 9.86 11.16

Shade-net colour

and percentage

Crops Duration

in days

Yield

(kg/m2)

Net-Income

Rs./m2

BCR

30%

Black Colour

Spinach 75 4.3 158 2.58

Coriander 70 3.7 122 2.22

Fenugreek 65 2.5 50 1.5

50%

Black Colour

Spinach 95 3.8 128 2.28

Coriander 85 2.5 50 1.5

Fenugreek 75 1.8 8 1.08

30%

Green Colour

Spinach 80 3.7 122 2.22

Coriander 90 2.6 56 1.56

Fenugreek 75 2.3 38 1.38

50%

Green Colour

Spinach 110 4.7 182 2.82

Coriander 101 3.9 134 2.34

Fenugreek 90 2.8 68 1.68

Shade nets for different agro climatic regions

PLUG-TRAY NURSERY RAISING TECHNOLOGY FOR VEGETABLES

Developing seedlings 15 days earlier with minimal mortality also helps in earning extra benefit of USD 500 to 750 per ha to the grower

Hybrid seed production of Tomato under Low cost polyhouse

Crop Yield (Kg/ 500 sq.mt.) Returns (Rs)

Brinjal 2.0-2.5 600

Cauliflower & Tomato 15 750, 1500

Marigold 70–80 1500

Bottle gourd (Hybrid seed) 32-35 500

Protected cultivation provide employment opportunities

to the unemployed youth making it an attractive

agricultural option for the farmers as well as at the

service provider level with the business expanding into

rural areas.

A total of 0.132 man days/m2 required

India's labour force consists of 459 million workers. Out of these, 433

million (94%) are in the unorganized sector and the remaining 260

million (6%) are in the organized sector, according to a survey

conducted by NSSO

Breeding of vegetables suitable for

protected cultivation

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DPaC-6 Identified as Pusa Seedless Cucumber-6

DPaC-10 DPaC-6 DPaC-9

DPaC-6

Salient features

First extra early improved variety of parthenocarpic cucumber developed by ICAR-IARI

Distinct advantage in yield and quality over commercial varieties and private sector hybrids

Fruits become ready for first harvesting in 40-45 days after sowing during winter season

Fruits have desirable marketable attributes viz., uniform, dark green, glossy, cylindrical,

straight, slightly ribbed, non-hairy, non-warty, slightly striped at blossom end and has tender

skin & crispy flesh

Average fruit length is 14.24 cm and width 3.45 cm. Average fruit weight is 105 g.

Average fruit yield 126.0 t/ha (1260 kg/ 100 m2) during winter season (off-season,

November-March) under low cost polyhouse which is 32.2%, 29.8% and 21.5 % superior over

Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber-2, Aviva and Asma, respectively.

First indigenous cherry tomato variety suitable for green house environment/

protected cultivation

It is characterized by indeterminate growth habit and attains average vine length

varying from 9-13 m

It has 15-18 average flower truss per plant

The average fruit weight is about 5-7 g with approximately average fruit yield 4-5

kg/plant with yield potential of 8-10 tonnes/1000 m2

The fruits get ready for first harvest is about 70-75 days and crop lasts for about 9-10

months

It is tolerant to root-knot nematode

Its fruits contain 5.4 mg/100 g FW lycopene, 20.7 mg/100g FW ascorbic acid, 0.43

acidity and 10.40B TSS

Pusa Cherry Tomato-1 released and notified by CVRC

Salient features

Hybrids

Average fruit wt (g)

Yield /plant (Kg)

Yield/100m2

(q)

KTCH 13-y

147.0

2.469

11.25

KTCH-155

159.0

1.931

8.55

KTCH-17

109.0

1.565

7.20

KTCH-11

102.0

1.550

6.97

KTCH-46

125.0

1.548

6.96

KTCH-142

102.0

1.52

6.84

Manhattan (c)

121.0

1.40

6.30

CD@5%

12.56

1.37

1.57

CV

8.44

4.25

5.49

Breeding sweet pepper hybrids for polyhouse cultivation

The hybrids KTCH-13Y and KTCH-155 had performed consistently better over two

years under polyhouse conditions.

KTCH 13Y

KTCH 155

Genotype

Days to

50%

Flowering

AT

No of

Fruits

/Cluster

Average

Fruit

Weight (g)

Fruits/

Plant Pericarp

thickness

(mm)

TSS

(%)

Lycopene

mg/

100g

Yield/

plant

(kg)

Yield

q/100 sq

m

SEL-60 36 5.0 110 49 8.1 5.4 6.0 4.8 13.93

SEL-60-1 39 8.0 110 41 8.3 4.9 6.1 4.6 12.56

SEL-6 35 6.0 115 35 7.3 5.0 5.9 4.1 13.22

SEL-2 34 18.0 50 80 6.1 4.9 5.8 4.0 9.27

SEL-120 35 5.0 90 50 7.2 4.8 4.6 4.5 10.92

SEL-11 (HSK) 38 6.0 80 50 7.0 6.2 6.5 4.0 9.62

CD at 5% 4.01 0.84 9.50 7.53 0.89 0.61 0.49 0.52 0.85

CV (%) 5.76 8.82 15.5 12.3 7.5 6.8 8.72 8.53 4.44

Fourteen Selections were evaluated

Sel-60 Sel-60-1

Performance of promising tomato lines under low cost polyhouse

Inbred

Avg. Fruit wt. (g)

Yield/plant (Kg)

Fruit shape

Fruit colour at maturity

KT Sel-6 92.0 1.45 Blocky Orange

KT Sel-3 87.0 1.40 Blocky Red

KT Sel-2 80.0 1.34 Blocky

CW (C ) 69.0 0.95 Blocky Red

CD@5% 7.24 0.11 - -

CV 3.49 9.80 - -

Development of inbreds in sweet pepper for polyhouse cultivation

KT Sel-2

KT Sel-6

Success stories

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NV polyhouse for vegetables S.

No. Name of the farmers Area, m2

1. Smt. Somati W/o Dhani Ram, Alawara 1008

2. Smt. Kamla W/o Hari Ram, Langni 1008

3. Shri. Budha Singh S/o Sharad Singh, Langni 1008

4. Shri. Rajvir Singh S/o Munshi Ram, Chauma 1008

5. Shri. Jagdish S/o Jivandaram, Tilwar 1008

Farmer field demonstration

S.

No.

Particular Detail

1 Name and

Address of the

Farmer

Mr. Budha Singh

Nangli, Ramgargh Alwar District,

Rajasthan

2 Area under

technology

Poly house - 1008 m2

3 Crops grown Cucumber and Tomato

4 Economics

(2015-16)

Gross Income=275000

Cost of cultivation=174065

Net return=100935 (1500 USD)

5 Impact of

technology

Water saving = 42.5%

Yield increase = 38 %

S.No. Particular Detail

1 Name and

Address of the

Farmer

Mr. Jitenrda Saini,

Gujuki, Tahseel and District - Alwar,

Rajasthan

2 Area under

Technology

Poly house=7168 M2

Drip Irrigation =2.75 ha

3 Crops grown Cucumber, Tomato, cauliflower, Capsicum.

4 Economics (2015-

16)

Gross Income=3312935

Cost of cultivation=1165704

Net return=2147231 (32500 USD)

5 Impact of

technology

Water saving = 48%

Yield increase = 41 %

Farmer field demonstration

S.No. Particular Detail

1 Name and Address

of the Farmer

Mr. Hari singh

Village nangli District Alwar (Rajasthan)

2 Area under

technology

Drip irrigation system= 1 ha

Poly house= 1008 m2

3 Crops grown Cucumber , Ber, Cotton and wheat

4 Economics (2015-16) Gross Income=317400

Cost of cultivation=88,000

Net return=229400 (3444 USD)

5 Impact of technology Water saving = 45 %

Yield increase = 41 %

Farmer field demonstration

S.No. Particular Detail

1 Name and Address

of the Farmer

Mr. Jagdeesh Rajput

Village Tilwar District Alwar (Rajasthan)

2 Area under

technology

Drip irrigation system= 0.04 ha

Poly house= 1008 M2

3 Crops grown Tomato, Potato and cucumber

4 Economics (2015-

16)

Gross Income=1,85,000

Cost of cultivation=52,000

Net return=133000 (2000 USD)

5 Impact of

technology

Water saving = 48 %

Yield increase = 31 %

Farmer field demonstration S.No. Particular Detail

1 Name and Address

of the Farmer

Mr. Omprakash

Village chauma District Alwar (Rajasthan)

2 Area under

technology

Drip irrigation system= 1 ha

Poly house= 1008 M2

3 Crops grown Tomato, Wheat, cotton and cucumber

4 Economics 2015-16

(Rs.)

Gross Income=2,17,000

Cost of cultivation=95,000

Net return=1,22,000 (1830 USD)

5 Impact of

technology

Water saving = 48 %

Yield increase = 39 %

Farmer field demonstration

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Shade Net

Reduced inside temperature by 4-5° C in hot and dry climate of summer season. Vegetable produced 40 ton in 0.4 ha Net profit of Rs. 4 lakh/year

Farm Women Innovators-2012, ICAR, New Delhi

. Cultivation in Poly-houses

A 56-year old farm woman Mrs.

Ratan Kaur from Haryana with an

investment of about USD 3500 has

successfully started her own

venture in poly-house farming in

Haryana. She started poly-house

farming in August 2011 availing the

government subsidies (50 % under

National Horticulture Mission and

15 percent by the government of

Haryana). She is growing flowers,

seedless cucumber, capsicum,

cherry tomatoes and other

vegetables.

The Economic Times, March 31, 2012

Ind

ian

Ag

ric

ult

ura

l R

ese

arc

h I

nsti

tute

, N

ew

De

lhi

Protected

Cultivation

Research

Government policy

HRD and skill development

Extension

Government policy and plans One of the largest agricultural research

establishments in the world

Department of Agricultural Research and Education

(Indian Council of Agricultural Research

National Institutes – 5

National bureau – 5

Central research institute – 44

Project Directorate – 11

National research centre – 32

Research schemes and projects – 91

State Agricultural university – 60

Central Agricultural University – 4

Deemed to be university - 4

Mission for integrated development of

horticulture Cost of Protected cultivation structures

Type of

structures

Unit cost Subsidy

Poly house structure

(a) Fan & Pad

system

USD 25/m2 (up to area 500 m2)

USD 22/ m2 (>500 m2 up to 1008 m2)

USD 21/ m2 (>1008 m2 up to 2080 m2)

USD 20 / m2 (>2080 m2 up to 4000 m2)

15% higher for hilly areas.

50% of cost for a maximum

area of 4000 m2 per

beneficiary.

(b) Naturally ventilated system

i) Tubular

structure

USD 16/m2 (up to area 500 m2)

USD 14/m2 (>500 m2 up to 1008 m2)

USD 13.4/m2 (>1008 m2 to 2080 m2)

USD 12.7 / m2 (>2080 m2 up to 4000 m2)

Above rate will be 15% higher for hilly areas.

50% of cost limited 4000 m2

per beneficiary.

ii) Wooden

structure

USD 8/m2 and

USD. 9.3/m2 for

hilly areas

50% of the cost limited to 20

units per beneficiary (each unit

not to exceed 200 m2).

iii) Bamboo

structure

USD 450/m2 and

USD. 518/m2 for

hilly areas

50% of the cost limited to 20

units per beneficiary (each unit

should not exceed 200 m2).

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Type of

structures

Unit cost Subsidy

Shade Net House

Tubular

structure

USD 11/m2 and

USD 12.3/m2 for hilly areas

50% of cost limited to 4000 m2 per

beneficiary.

Wooden

structure

USD 7.4/m2 and USD

8.5/m2 for hilly areas

50% of cost limited to 20 units per

beneficiary (each unit not to exceed 200 m2)

Bamboo

structure

USD 5.4/m2 and USD

6.2/m2 for hilly Areas

50% of cost limited to 20 units per

beneficiary (each unit not to exceed 200

m2)

Plastic tunnels USD 1/m2 and USD

1.25/m2 for hilly

areas.

50% of cost limited 1000 m2 per

beneficiary.

Walk in tunnels USD 9/ m2 50% of the cost limited to 5 units per

beneficiary (each unit not to exceed 800

m2).

Anti Bird/Anti

Hail Nets

USD 0.5 /m2 50% of cost limited to 5000 m2 per

beneficiary.

Plastic Mulching USD 480/ha and

USD 555/ha for hilly areas

50% of the total cost limited to 2 ha per

beneficiary.

• Area under horticulture increased 29 % in 8 years, from 18.7

mha in 2005-06 to 24.5 mha in 2014-15.

• Horticulture production increased from 167 million tons in

2004-05 to 278 million tons in 2014-15 or 66 per cent increase in

9 years.

• Investments in horticulture have been steadily increasing,

from 7.5 million USD in the 10th Plan to 25.3 million USD in

the 12th Plan, keeping pace with increased demand in the

sector.

• About 0.15 mha were covered under protected cultivation for

improving productivity.

• Over 1.2 million farmers have been trained so far on

improved horticulture practices.

• In all, 27 Centres of Excellence were established through

Indo-Israel and Indo Dutch collaboration.

S.

No.

States Area (ha) Crops

1. Maharashtra 15,000 Carnation, Gerbera, Rose, Capsicum

2. Karnataka 10,000 Roses, Gerbera, Carnation, Seed ,

Nursery

3. Himachal Pradesh 5000 Capsicum, Carnation, Gerbera,

Tuberose

4. Punjab 4000 Vegetables

5. Uttarakhand 3000 Gerbera, Capsicum

6. Tamil Nadu 2100 Flowers

7. North-Eastern 2000 Flowers and Vegetables

Other States – Haryana, U.P., Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, J&K, Delhi,

West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, M. P.

Leading States of India in Protected Cultivation

S.

No.

Structures Area

(ha)

Budget

allocation

(USD in

million)

1. Polyhouse

Hi-tech 100 12

Low cost 500 45

2. Plastic mulching 100000 22.5

3. Shade net house 200 15

4. Low tunnels 2000 9.0

5. Anti hail nets/ bird protection net 4000 15.0

Area under use of protected structures during XI plan

period (2007-2012)

HRD and capacity buildings of farmers

Greenhouse operator, Micro Irrigation

Technician and Greenhouse Fitter - 200 h

Certificate course

Insurance of protected structure

Registration of manufacturer

Ministry of skill development and

Entrepreneurship