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Tylar MooreScience of Acoustics Sec 01Nasser3/18/2013
Measuring the speed of sound: Resonance tube method
In this experiment, we measured the speed of sound.
The apparatus consisted of a plastic tube filled with water linked to a water container. This
container displaced vertically in order to change the water level. We then took tuning fork to
vibrate above the pipe and change the water level until the resonance was at maximum
intensity.
Hypothesis: The velocity of sound is 342 ms-1, the relationship between speed, frequency and
wavelength is represented by the formula c=, Measuring 18.5 degrees Celsius, we used the
equation Cs=331+0.6(). Having 18.5 as our value for , our theory for the speed of sound
comes to 342.1 m/s.
1) Raw data presented
Table 1
Table 1 shows the measurements of the wavelengths of the first, third and fifth harmonics.
The error on the length was estimated to 0.1 cm as we repeated each experiment several
times.
2) Data analysis and interpretation
During the experiment, we have created a fundamental standing wave between the surface of
the water and the opening of the pipe. The distance measured represents ¼ of the complete
standing wave therefore = measured length * 4
-From the general formula c=, we find that speed of sound in ms-1 for the first tuning fork
experimented is c = 10000.0855254 = 342.1
-Calculating the error for velocity: c = (/ + /)v
For the first tuning fork: c = (0.001 / 0.085525+0.1/1000) 342.1
c = 0.00184 ms-1
c 0 ms-1
c 342 +/- 0 ms-1
-To find the mean velocity we add all values of v and divide the sum by the number of values.
A similar process was completed for the mean c.
Results of all processed data are shown in table 2
Table 2
As c=, and =c/, let c be constant of 342.1 ms-1 then 1/
By plotting the graph of Frequency over 1/ we obtain a straight line. The gradient of this line
represents the constant v and the y-intercept a systematic error. The situation is illustrated by
graph 1
Note that if we add the y-intercept to the gradient we obtain the value of 342.1 ms-1 for the
speed of sound.
3) Evaluation
By repeating the experiment using several harmonics of 1000 Hz we have achieved an
accurate measurement of the speed of sound. We are proud to report that our concluding
results did not stray far from the theoretical value of 342.1 ms-1, it appears that the average of
all measurements is 342 ms-1 . The graph plotting frequency over 1/wavelength is a straight
line passing through all points within the error bars. This proves the inverse proportionality
“1/”. Using the error estimation of the gradient found from the second best fit line, our
final result is c= 342.1+/- 0 ms-1
We may conclude that the experiment is a success as we have obtained the expected
values listed in our hypothesis within an acceptable error range.