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Researchers’ Forum:
New Perspectives on the role of culture for sustainable urban development
POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS
Moderator: Giulio Verdini (Italy), Associate Professor of Urban Planning and Design and Co-Director of the Research Institute of Urbanisation at Xi’an
Jiaotong-Liverpool University
Speakers:
- Juliana Forero Bordamalo (Colombia), Programme Specialist for Research, World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and
the Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (WHITRAP) Shanghai, China
- Anna-Paola Pola (Italy), Researcher, Urbanism and Architecture Institute of Venice
- Julia Rey Pérez (Spain), Researcher, University of Seville
- Loes Veldpaus (Netherlands), Research Associate at the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape of Newcastle University
- Kuai Dashen (China), Research Professor, Deputy Director, Institute of Literature of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES
Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
10-12 December 2015
CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON THE BASIS OF SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY:
THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES
HANGZHOU, DECEMBER 09 - 12, 2015
JULIANA FORERO Programme Specialist for Research - HUL Programme
World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (WHITRAP)
Index
1. Background 2. Searching for the Role of Culture for Sustainable Urban Development 3. Sociocultural Sustainability and Cultural Heritage 4. Social Function of Heritage 5. Conclusions
1. Global Development and Trends
Development paradigm crisis: economic, environmental, social and cultural
Fast growing economies are now located outside of Europe and USA For example BRICS, Indonesia and Latin America
Re-organization of the population between the ‘global-north’ and the ‘global-south’
Culture as leader of new development and world composition order
图:北半球”的青年人口百分比.图片来源:Winter (2012) 图:在“南半球”的青年人口百分比. 图片来源:Winter (2012)
Urbanization processes more than a half of population coming to live in the city
Population growth will come from developing countries
1. BACKGROUND
1. BACKGROUND
2016 – 2030 -From cities to metropolis -Digital revolution -Migration to cities – Migration back to small towns
New urban dynamics of development and new urban shapes
-2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development -Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -HABITAT III - 2016
Charters, recommendations, declarations - 2011 HUL
Approaching the Social Function of Heritage
Culture, heritage and Sustainability
Shift of Heritage Concept Broader understandings of belonging
1. Global Development and Trends
Globalization
Global, Social and economic interdependence
The Role of Culture for Sustainable Urban Development
Cultural Heritage Urban Dynamics Sustainable Development
2. SEARCHING FOR THE ROLE OF CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
How the Global South approached sustainable development discourses?
Global North needs for sustainable developments: economy and environment
Social – Cultural
Sustainable Approaches +
Cultural Heritage
Social Function
of Heritage
The Role of Culture for Sustainable Urban Development
2. SEARCHING FOR THE ROLE OF CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
2. SEARCHING FOR THE ROLE OF CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
1. Social Sustainability
3. SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
2. Cultural Heritage
CULTURAL HERITAGE
3. SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
3. The relationship between Sociocultual Sustainability and Cultural Heritage
SOCIOCULTURAL
SUSTAINABILITY
CULTURAL
HERITAGE
3. SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
1. The Social Function of Cultural Heritage
4. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF HERITAGE
2. The Social Function of Heritage Addresses
4. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF HERITAGE
Cultural Heritage Sociocultural Sustainability
Social Function of Heritage
Protect Human Relationships Its environment and spaces
Inversion of
Cultural Heritage Role within Development Processes
From the object to the subject
From the subject to the object
5. CONCLUSIONS
Interrelation between People –Space and Time
• Sustainability not as a goal , but as force on the achievement for other aims. • People centered – people based approach • Cultural rights – Human rights acknowledgment • Citizens active agents of urban development process.
A continuing relationship between people, development and heritage
must be established […] simply put, the aim should be to integrate
development with preservation
(Asia Society et al, 1995).
谢谢 Gracias! , Thank you , Vielen dank,
Grazie, Toda.
Historic center and natural environment as constant terms of the design equation Anna-Paola Pola University IUAV of Venice
BOLOGNA aerial photo
Historical section, restoration subject to protective restrictions
Green buffer zone areas for hydrogeological defence
Agricultural area subject to special restrictions
Historical landscape subject to protective restrictions
Agricultural area partially subject to special restrictions
Public green
2 km
BOLOGNA (ITA)
Plan for the Historic Centre 1969 Plan for the Hill 1969 Master Plan 1970 Municipality (with Giuseppe Campos Venuti, Leonardo Benevolo, Pier Luigi Cervellati, Armando Sarti)
“The active conservation of the hill, similar to the one that invests the historic centre derives from cultural and social considerations which want to acknowledge that the historic, artistic and landscape heritage of the hill (and the old centre) of Bologna is a preeminent value of civilization, absolute and universal, such as to be considered a heritage for the whole community”.
City of Bologna, Piano Regolatore Generale [General Masterplan], STEB, Bologna 1973, p. 99
BOLOGNA photo Nino Comaschi 1956-57 (Cineteca di Bologna, archive Comaschi)
BOLOGNA cultivated fields, mountains, river Reno
BURSA aerial photo
BURSA photo Giovanni Astengo (Urbanistica 36-37, 1962)
“Bursa has numerous monumental, architectural and natural values at a time where very few cities in the world can boast the same. Their conservation and development should be the first concern of the general plan. We have to note that not only the individual monuments taken one by one should be conserved, but rather the whole environment in which they live (…) the houses, the gardens, the big trees, the views; these things are the essential elements that give the scale itself to the monumental works” “It must indeed maintain in the strongest terms: the landscape views (…) and the only agricultural use of the large valley at the foot of Bursa, which constitutes the essential element of the city, its main source of wealth and the basic reason of its beauty”
Luigi Piccinato, Report of the General Masterplan, 1958
Historical urban area to be preserved
Green zone areas to be planted
Agricultural area subject to special restrictions
Public green
2 km
Historical landscape to be preserved
Private gardens
Green zone areas for geological defence
Forest to be preserved
BURSA (TUR)
General Masterplan and Town Plan 1958 Plan of Reconstruction of the bazaar 1958 Luigi Piccinato
BURSA Abdal Köprüsü
YAZD aerial photo
YAZD wind trappers
Historical section, restoration and renewal subject to special restrictions
Green buffer zone areas planted to form barriers against desert sands
Agricultural zone to be preserved as buffer area for rural districts
Public green
2 km
YAZD (IRN)
General Masterplan, 2nd phase 1977 Mehdi Kowsar (with Ludovico Quaroni, consultant)
YAZD Georg Gerster 1977 walled orchards sit amidst fields in a net of irrigation channels and ditches
BOLOGNA photo Archivio Leonardo Benevolo
BURSA photo source Urbanistica 36-37, 1962
YAZD photo Georg Gerster 1977
International Conference on «Culture for Sustainable Cities» Hangzhou, China. December 2015
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE FROM AN INTERDISCIPLINARY
AND CITIZENSHIP VIEW. THE CASE OF CUENCA, ECUADOR
Julia Rey Pérez, Ph. D. Architect Professor of the University of Sevilla (Spain) Co-director of Project PUH_C at the University of Cuenca (Ecuador) Source: J. Rey
Source: https://maps.google.ec
Source: https://maps.google.ec
Urban Fabric on the foundation of Cuenca in 1557. Source: Albornoz, B. (2008), Planos e imágenes de Cuenca, Cuenca: I. Municipalidad de Cuenca.
Source: Criollo, J., Macancela, J., Washima, S., Heras, V. (2007)
Source: Mariana Sánchez
Source: F. Cardoso
Municipality. Gilberto Gatto Sobral Source: J. Guerra
Culture’s House. Gilberto Gatto Sobral Source: J. Guerra
Culture’s house. Gilberto Gatto Sobral Source: J. Guerra
Source:http://farm4.static.flickr. com/3542/3387143037_030bd52837_o.jpg
Source: María Eugenia Siguencia
Source: http://mail.ucuenca. edu.ec /?l oginOp=l ogout
The Committee inscribed the site on the World Heritage List on the basis of criteria (ii), (iv) and (v). (ii): Cuenca illustrates the successful implantation of the principles of Renaissance urban planning in the Americas (iv): The successful fusion of different societies and cultures in Latin America is vividly symbolized by the layout and townscape of Cuenca (v): Cuenca is an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish colonial city
Source: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/863/multiple=1&unique_number=1014
Reassessment of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of the city of Cuenca from the strategies of sustainable development supported in the figure of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL_C).
WHY was it necessary to apply HUL in Cuenca? • extreme urban development • socioeconomic changes • emigration and immigration • threatened heritage buildings • tourism • gentrification • abandoned modern heritage • real estate investment • mobility and traffic • lack of maintenance • proliferation of poor contemporary architecture
Source: Team PUH_C Source: María Eugenia Siguencia
Tangible aspects • natural systems • topographical sites • geomorphology • rivers • vegetation • archeological ruins • historical and contemporary architecture • infrastructure • transportation and circulation systems • land use and spatial organization • space and visual relations
WHERE? The whole city beyond its area nominated as a world heritage site
Intangible aspects • socio-cultural practices • economic processes • diversity • identity
WHAT? make reference to the multiple information layers from HUL’s definition
Source: Team PUH_C
1 . A N T H R O P O L O G Y 2 . C I T I Z E N PA R T I C I PAT I O N
3 . G E O L O G Y 4 . A R C H I T E C T U R E 5 . E N V I R O N M E N T
6 . E C O N O M Y 7 . A R C H A E O L O G Y
H O W do we overlap the information from all the layers required by HUL, including different disciplines beyond architecture?
Source: Team PUH_C
The main object of this project is to apply HUL as an innovative form of heritage preservation NEW PATRIMONIAL VIEW (HUL CITY AS A WHOLE) INTERDISCIPLINARITY ROLE OF THE CITIZEN
Source: F. Cardoso
Objectives: 1) Evaluate Cuenca’s state of preservation
2) Define the cultural values of the city beyond the ones identified in the Declaration of 1999 3) Identify the urban, architectural, touristic, landscape, economic, social, and spatial impacts that affect the heritage values 4) A Manual of Good Practices that, starting from the heritage values of the city, define the intervention strategies in the historic city and of urban growth in the city itself
Source: Karina Rivera
Methodology 1) Analytical phase
• Urban and territorial character • Heritage character • Perception character
2) Characterization of landscape units
3) Selection of units for a specific study
4) Specific analysis of the selected unit 5) Elaboration of landscape unit fact sheet and Assessment
Autor: Sebastián Astudillo
Source: Sebastián Astudillo
I. STUDIES OF TERRITORIAL OR URBAN CHARACTER HISTORIC-CARTOGRAPHIC STUDY. The urban evolution of Cuenca and its territorial planning. The objective of this document has been to understand and reconstruct Cuenca’s urban evolution and its internal and outward planning.
Source: Team PUH_C
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION DENSITY AND LAND USE
Source: Team PUH_C
vivienda
Servicios especiales
Housing land use
Special services land use
Administration and management land use
INFLUENCE AND CONDITIONING OF THE TERRITORY IN THE URBAN CONFIGURATION OF CUENCA (geomorphology, geology and hidrology). Analysis of the physical structure of the territory and its relationship with the location and conformation of the city of Cuenca.
Source: Team PUH_C
Producción de artesanías Intercambio Administración y gestión
THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE AS PART OF HUL FROM AN ENVIRONMENTAL POINT OF VIEW
Source: Photographic Archive, vlirCPM project, July 2014.
REVIEW OF THE CODE. RELATIONSHIP OF HUL WITH THE TERRITORIAL ORDINANCE AND URBANISTIC PROPOSAL.
Source: Team PUH_C
Source: Team PUH_C
II. STUDIES OF HERITAGE CHARACTER THE ARCHEOLOGICAL COMPONENT IN HUL IN CUENCA. Identification of cultural and natural element links with archeology that currently is a reference in the conformation of Cuenca’s landscape
Source: Team PUH_C
Source: Team PUH_C
INTANGIBLE HERITAGE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CUENCA’S HUL. Based on five areas defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 2003
Source: F. Cardoso
Source: Team PUH_C
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN CUENCA. CONTRIBUTION OF COMMERCE TO THE FORMATION OF HUL (SOCIOECONOMIC PROCESS)
Source: Karina Rivera
STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGIES OF THE CITY OF CUENCA.
0,45%
12,37%
13,36%
12,66%
47,56%
9,23%
2,24%
1,16% 0,96%
STUDY AREA
Alto deterioro
Col_Rep Intervenidas
Coloniales y Republicanas
Contemporaneas
Modernas
Moderna Intervenida
Parqueadero
Taller
Terreno
42,00
39,00
76,00
119,00
118,00
50,00
50,00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
1
2
3
4
7
8
10
1 2 3 4 7 8 10
Series1 42 39 76 119 118 50 50
Unit
Source: Team PUH_C
Source: Team PUH_C
Source: Julia Rey
ASSESSMENT CATEGORIES OF BUILT HERITAGE
Source: INPC and vlirCPM (2011)
Source: INPC and vlirCPM (2011)
III. STUDIES OF PERCEPTION CRITICAL HISTORIC REVIEW OF IMAGES. HISTORY AND ARTISTIC PERCEPTION OF THE LANDSCAPE. VISION OF HUL THROUGH PHOTOGRAPHY
Source: Repositorio del Banco Central Fotografía. Source: Sebastián Astudillo
Source: Repositorio del Banco Central. Source: Nataly Cordero, Andrea León, Andrea Orellana.
Proces and result
Exercise 1
Identity elements
Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5
Failed elements Elements with heritage values
Units of landscape
General ideas
PERCEPTION OF HUL IN CUENCA FROM THE CITIZENSHIP PARTICIPATION WORKSHOPS
Source: Team PUH_C
Source: Team PUH_C
Source: Team PUH_C
CAPAS DISPONIBLES - Densidad de población - Periodos históricos - Usos del suelo - Valoración patrimonial
Source: Team PUH_C
Source: Team PUH_C
Source: Team PUH_C
The six steps defined by UNESCO for the application of HUL: • MAP of natural, cultural, and human resources
• REACH A CONSENSUS of what to protect: values and attributes
• EVALUATE THE VULNERABILITY to change and develop
• INTEGRATE the previous points in the framework of urban development • GIVE PRIORITY TO THE ACTIONS for conservation and development • ESTABLISH LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS and management frameworks
Source: Team PUH_C Source: Karina Rivera Source: Sebastián Astudillo
The outlook is very POSITIVE for the relationship established with WHITRAP and the AGREEMENT to work on the application of the figure of HUL in Cuenca with the Municipality
Source: Sebastián Astudillo
Framing the integration of urban and heritage planning in multi level governance
Historic urban landscapes
Loes Veldpaus Newcastle University (UK) | Eindhoven University of Technology (NL) 11 Dec. 2015
Settlements with OUV Number of inscribed WH-properties in relation to the number of settlements involved in those nominations 2010: 731 Cultural and Mixed sites, 942 settlements 2015: 834 Cultural and Mixed sites, 1631 settlements _______ ______ ±100 ±600
1978
2009
2015
properties settlements
Pereira Roders, 2010; Turner et al., 2016
• Landscape is integrative, universal, dynamic, hierarchical, and holistic;
• Landscape approach guides the nature of the transformation, process;
• Historic Urban Landscape Approach
Landscape approach - HUL
Agnoletti, 2014; Cortina, 2011; Dalglish, 2012; Nassauer, 2012; Stobbelaar and Pedroli, 2011
Brown et al. 2005; Brown, 2015; Taylor et al., 2014; Turner, 2006
Edinburgh’s Newtown
“To grapple with the complexities of heritage, we need to move beyond the traditional disciplines and the fragmentation of knowledge practices”
- Winter, 2012
UNESCO, 2011
‘What is the contribution of the historic urban landscape approach to existing subnational heritage policy and practices in the management of urban resources?’
Evidence-based policy Edinburgh’s Newtown
Evolutionary taxonomy WHAT is heritage (attributes) WHY is anything heritage (values) HOW is it being managed (process steps) WHO is involved (actors) Based on: supranational policy
matrix: cross-relating taxonomy
• Object to landscape • More inclusive – no a priori exclusion • Shift from category-driven to process-driven • From containing to creating value • Democratisation
Heritage Concept Edinburgh’s Newtown
1 YES for Heritage 2 YES for All urban resources 3 NO | DON’T KNOW
Comparison
114
Taxonomy improved To move beyond the traditional disciplines and the fragmentation of knowledge practices,
we need a common language. It was therefore important to f nd out whether the taxonomy
would indeed cause confusion. Testing among governmental stakeholders in Amsterdam had
revealed a level of confusion regarding the taxonomy, and to further investigate this issue
follow-up research was done across academic heritage related disciplines, as also indicated
in green in Figure 27.
Method
A group of 12 academics from various disciplines (archaeology, architecture, anthropology,
art history, heritage management, landscape studies, urbanism, cultural management) and
various European universities (i.e. universities in France, Spain, the Netherlands, Serbia,
Poland, Germany and the UK), working the f eld of heritage studies were asked to give their own
professional def nitions of the terms used in the taxonomy. (‘Please write down how you def ne
those words, as to how (if at all) you would use them in your daily (academic) practice.’). The
answers for commonalities and dif erences were compared to identify shared def nitions. All
answers were combined into a def nition covering the main message and additional variations
(Figure 28). The main def nition is the one found in at least three quarters of the given answers.
There were also additional characteristics; they show the variety on the common def nition.
Additional or dif erent def nitions have been distinguished.
Academic def nitions
Although the sample is not representative of the entire heritage sector, the results indicate that
there is not that much confusion over the terminology in heritage studies among academics
in Europe. The sample (n=12) was too small and the range of backgrounds and countries
too wide to compare between disciplines or European regions. In general, the results show
that tangible attributes are better known than intangible ones (Figure 28). For the tangible
attributes, only 7 of the 99 answers were left blank, whereas for the intangible attributes 19
were left blank. In addition, most def nitions show a high level of commonality. What stands
out from the answers is that the division between tangible and intangible is not that strong
in most answers. A tangible feature is often def ned in terms of its association with or is
complemented by an intangible feature, and vice versa. The perception of heritage among the
participants seems to be linked to the full taxonomy. Relation(s) to meaning, association (15)
and Long-term/unplanned processes, evolution (18) were the least known, and had the most
blanks (4 and 3, respectively).
understanding of these power relations and their impact on heritage management in practice,
comparative research and monitoring is needed. The taxonomy as a method to frame the roles
of the various actors or actor groups in each step of the process, preferably also in relation to
the various attributes and values, could be a means to analyse the process. The results can
again be compared to other results or to themselves in time, to monitor the changes and their
impact in time.
By using taxonomy, and cross-relating it, a complex framework for comparative analysis,
possibly large-N comparison, can be developed. As indicated in blue in Figure 27, this
research related levels of governance and compared disciplines (urban, heritage) on the
subnational level. The focus was mainly on tracing the taxonomy of supranational policy in
one case (Amsterdam) of subnational policy (vertical), comparing two disciplines (horizontal).
The results are also used in Chapter 5, to ref ect on HUL as a supranational policy document.
More levels of governance and more disciplines could be added. Doing so would also provide
insights into the reciprocal relation between the levels of governance. As such, comparison
could be done on a much bigger scale; between levels of governance and/or disciplines.
To raise complexity further, such a comparison could be executed through time, place and
society, as well as between or among practices, policies and theories.
Discipline A
Supranational policy
Subnational policy
Discipline B
Heritage policy Amsterdam
Urban policy Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Academic Definitions
Figure 27: Horizontal and vertical tracing of taxonomy. In black the possible relations; in blue the
research in Amsterdam as presented in Chapter 3; in green the testing of taxonomy among academic
disciplines.
• Subnational and Supranational policies • Urban and Heritage policies
scheme : horizontal and vertical comparison
Amsterdam • Newer concepts are less well known; • Reflect on definition of heritage and ‘break down’ the narrative; • Revealed differences in definition and focus between departments;
• Tool: helps to cross relate – reveal perspectives – reflect – compare
results policy analysis tool: quick scan
Taxonomy • Works as a common language; • Enables categorisation & comparison, horizontal and vertical; • Has to be OPEN ended; • Should be developed and tested further.
scheme: taxonomy development
• Neither landscape nor heritage is a static concept; • Holistic and inclusive; • Pushes for different ways of thinking, for new perspectives and for
openness in processes of heritage and planning.
Landscape approach
“[…] people and their motivations define heritage. Not everything is heritage, but anything could become heritage”
- Howard, 2003
Thank you
Loes Veldpaus Newcastle University (UK) | Eindhoven University of Technology (NL) 11 Dec. 2015