Research FINAL PPT3

RE SEARCHMETHODS and DESIGNS

ERICKSON D. CALATAMaster in Public Administration

Student University of Makati

Research methods and designs

THE HISTORICAL RESEARCH

What is History?

“Any integrated narrative or description of past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth” (Nevins, 1988).

“The search for knowledge and the truth- a searching to find out” (C. A. Sanchez,,1997).

“Broadly, it involves any appeal to past experience to help in knowing what to do in the present and future” (Fox, 1969).

“It is concerned with describing past events or facts in a spirit of inquiring critically for the whole truth” (Sevilla et. al., 67, 1992).


“ A research design wherein past events are studied and related to the present or in the future time” (Castillo, 2002).

“Its purpose is to reconstruct the past objectively and accurately” (M. Salmorin, 2006).

What is Historical Research?

“ Is the accumulation of facts in relation to a particular time of sequence to determine whether or what certain events in history actually happened” (McAshan, 1963).


TWO OPPOSING VIEWS ON THE VALUE OF HISTORICAL RESEACH


CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORICAL RESEARCHES According to RESEARCH METHODS by Sevilla et. al., 1992

should not distort, exaggerate or violate actual events and the condition of the certain period of time.Critical standards used by historians and the tools and procedures used by other researchers before you Should be properly evaluated.Judge objectively the conditions which led to the results of the studies undertaken previously.

1. PRESENT HISTORICAL INVESTIGATIONS PRIMARILY AIM FOR CRITICAL SEARCH FOR TRUTH.


CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORICAL RESEARCHES According to RESEARCH METHODS by Sevilla et. al., 19921. PRESENT HISTORICAL INVESTIGATIONS

PRIMARILY AIM FOR CRITICAL SEARCH FOR TRUTH.2. CONTEMPORARY RESEARCHES IN HISTORY ARE ECCLECTIC AND PLURALISTIC IN APPROACH

Actors of every era of history is adjudged in the light of his own setting and sometimes by other

standards.


CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORICAL RESEARCHES According to RESEARCH METHODS by Sevilla et. al., 19921. PRESENT HISTORICAL INVESTIGATIONS

PRIMARILY AIM FOR CRITICAL SEARCH FOR TRUTH.2. CONTEMPORARY RESEARCHES IN HISTORY ARE ECCLECTIC AND PLURALISTIC IN APPROACH

3. MODERN HISTORICAL STUDIES ARE AIDED BY THE USE OF A GREATER NUMBER OF AUXILIARY SCIENCES WHICH EXPEDITE THE WORK OF MAKING EXTERNAL CRITICISMS OF THE SOURCES.


1. FORMULATING YOUR PROBLEM

Methods of Historical Research

2. GATHERING YOUR SOURCE MATERIALS3. CRITICIZING YOUR SOURCE

MATERIALS4. THE WRITING OF HISTORY




Question regarding an old interpretation of an existing data

WHAT ARE THE COMMON MOTIVATIONS FOR

UNDERTAKING A HISTORICAL RESEARCH?




Doubt about some events, developments, or experience in the past






Discoveryof new source materials which will supply answers about past events






of new source materials which will supply answers about past events

WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE FOCUS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH?

INDIVIDUALSIDEAS AND PHENOMENA WHICH OCCUR DURING A

PARTICULAR PERIOD OF TIME IN A GIVEN SETTING AND CULTURE

INSTITUTIONSCURRICULATEXTBOOKSFACILITIESPROJECTS OR PROGRAMSPROCEDURES

STRUCTURESAND PROCESSESEVENTSCONCEPTS


Methods of Historical Research2. GATHERING YOUR SOURCE MATERIALS

Gather the best available data to solve your problem

Look out for the many varied evidences of the activities engaged in by people who lived in the past.

Necessary to familiarize with the different types of historical sources as

you conduct your data collection.

Be expedient in data gathering


Methods of Historical Research2. GATHERING YOUR SOURCE MATERIALSCLASSIFICATION OF HISTORICAL

SOURCES

Historical sources may be classified as primary or secondary sources (fox, 1969).

PRIMARY SOURCESIt is regarded as the source of the best evidence.It comes from the testimony of able eye and ear witnesses to past eventsIt can also be actual objects used in the past which you can directly scrutinize or examine.

SECONDARY SOURCESAre supplied by a person who was not a direct observer or participant of the event, object, or condition.

HISTORICAL SOURCES CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE

RECORDING OF DATA

DELIBERATE SOURCES

INADVERTENT SOURCES“provide data which have been recorded with the conscious effort to preserve information” (fox, 1969)

examples are diaries and epitaphs on tombstones the data, however maybe, subjective and difficult to secure because they may come from few sources

INADVERTENT SOURCES

These can not be the original intention of the source

A metal bracelet, for example, was intended as a personal ornament by its owner; it was not intended to give the date for the existence of a culture.

It is, however, argued that since an object is used for some purpose other than that for which it was produced, it must be an objective piece of evidence or data.



PLACES WHERE THE SOURCES ARE LOCATED

PHILIPPINE HISTORICAL INSTITUTE




NATIONAL AND LOCAL LIBRARIES




NATIONAL AND LOCAL MUSEUMS




ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS

historical




HISTORICAL SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS



SYSTEMATIZING YOUR NOTE TAKING

As you complete your bibliography and analyze the content of the source materials for your study, taking down of notes also goes on simultaneously

In fact, note taking continues as you come to avail more information.

Necessary for full bibliographical information and proper documentation.

2. GATHERING YOUR SOURCE MATERIALS



ESCRUOS

3. CRITICIZING YOUR SOURCE MATERIALS



ES CRU

O S

ERS CUO S



Methods of Historical Research3. CRITICIZING YOUR SOURCE

MATERIALS

INTERNALand EXTERNALCRITICISMS

Textual criticism and involves such factors as the competence, good faith, position, and bias of the author.

It is positive in nature when it seeks to discover the literal and the real meaning of the text and negative when every possible reason is sought for disbelieving the statements made, questioning critically the good faith and accuracy of the author.

EXTERNAL

Basically, external criticism involves finding out if the source material is genuine and if it possesses textual integrity (Gay, et. al., 1972).

Is the document admissible as evidence?

Is the document original?

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED IN RELATION TO EXTERNAL CRITICISMS

Who made or produced the document? Is this material just a copy or is it an original work of the credited author?

Where were the contents of the documents derived?

When and where is it produced?

PROCEDURES THAT ARE USED TO CHECK THE GENUINENESS OF SOURCE MATERIALS

Authentication of signatures , Chemical analysis of the paint

, or Carbon-dating the artifacts.



MATERIALS

One of your essential responsibilities as a historical researcher is to be able to detect whether a document is unintentionally erroneous or deliberately produced to misinform.

Be careful in thinking that a remain is genuine unless you have tried scientific means to determine how reliable and trustworthy it is.

The terms external and internal refer to the purpose or objective of criticism and not to method or procedure in dealing with the sources (Good and Scates, 1974).

Apply meticulously external and internal

criticisms!

IMPORTANT NOTES



MATERIALS

Have great contribution in the work of external criticism.

THE USE OF AUXILLIARY SCIENCES

Epigraphy

the study of inscriptions and the art of deciphering,

inspiring and classifying them.



MATERIALSTHE USE OF AUXILLIARY SCIENCES

Diplomatics

The science of charters and

diplomas, of old official documents or

copies.




Paleography The study of ancient forms of writing.




PhilologyThe study of written records in order to determine their authenticity or meaning.


Chemistry

have often to say in the ink written in documents.






MATERIALS


Archeology, Anthropology and Prehistory

have great influence in study of history.


Methods of Historical Research4. THE WRITING OF HISTORY

DOCUMENTATION

The use of references in educational, psychological and social science literature is very important.

Never commit plagiarism!

Original ideas of authors and drawings of artists should received full credit.

Permission must be obtained from an author of a reproduced copyrighted works.



DOCUMENTATIONTWO MOST COMMONLY USED DOCUMENTATION AND CITATION STYLE

APA (American Psychological Association) STYLEMLA (Modern Language Association) STYLE

Guidelines based upon the 2010 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6 th edition

The Three Elements of APA CitationsAuthor

Year of PublicationPage or Paragraph Number

1. APA style, the common method of documentation in the social sciences, uses parenthetical citations within the text to identify each quotation, paraphrase, summary, or reference in your text.A. If the parenthetical citation comes at the end of a sentence or clause, include in parentheses the author’s surname, year of publication, and page or paragraph number if needed (see # 3 below),placing the period or other appropriate punctuation mark AFTER the parentheses:“Education is an unending struggle” (Jones, 2008, p. 65). [print source or electronic source in PDF]“Education is an unending struggle” (Jones, 2008, para. 9). [electronic source—no page numbers]

B. If you include the name of the author in your text, place the date in parentheses immediately after the author’s name. If the page or paragraph number should be included, place it at the end of the citation:According to Jones (2008), “Education is an unending struggle” (p. 65).

2. APA style gives detailed information about all sources in a References list at the end of the text. . All parenthetical citations (except personal communications) must have corresponding entries listing bibliographic data in the References list; conversely, all sources in the References list must have citations inthe paper.

MLA (Modern Language Association) STYLE1. Use parenthetical citations to identify each quotation, paraphrase, summary, or reference in your text. Include the author’s last name and page number for a print source or electronic source in PDF, placing the period or other appropriate punctuation mark AFTER the parentheses. If you are using an electronic sourcethat provides paragraph numbers rather than page numbers, place a comma after the author’s name and precede the paragraph number with the abbreviation par. or pars. If the source has no page or paragraph numbers, no number can be given in the parenthetical citation.

EXAMPLES:Women’s communication often reflects their role as mediators (Tannen 32). [print source]Women’s communication often reflects their role as mediators (Tannen, par. 9). [electronic source]Women’s communication often reflects their role as mediators (Tannen). [no page or paragraphnumber provided by source]

2. If you mention the author’s name in your text, include only the page or paragraph number in your citation:Tannen notes that women’s communication often reflects their role as mediators (32).

3. If a quotation runs more than four lines, block the quotation by indenting all lines ten spaces from the left margin only. Double-space. Omit quotation marks. End blocked quotations with a period, then add parenthetical citation with no period after the parentheses.



Identification of the problem.Inductive reasoning and the use of

hypothesis.Deductive reasoning or deduction

CausationThesis or principle of synthesis

SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF HISTORICAL WRITING

THE DESCRIPTIVE METHOD OF RESEARCH

What is Descriptive Method of Research?

designed for the investigator to gather information about present existing conditions.

Descriptive Research is defined by Best (1963) in the following way: “Descriptive Research describes and interprets WHAT IS. It is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and processes that are going, effects that are being felt, or trend that are developing.

The process of Descriptive research goes beyond mere gathering of data. It involves an element of interpretation of the meaning or significance of what is described.

Thus, description is often combined with comparison and contrast involving measurements, classifications, interpretations and evaluation. “


Ways of Obtaining Descriptive Information

Asking to get important information. This type of descriptive investigation is classified as questionnaire or opinionnaire studies. These studies are also known as “self-reporting”.

Observation. Categorized into three as purpose of study:

Activity Analysis and Situation Analysis. , Product Analysis

Use of devices or descriptive survey instruments to conduct measurements from identified participants. Normative survey is any study which

establishes standards of what is prevalent while developmental study requires a combination of several cross-sectional studies.


EXTENT OF USE

Descriptive method is more commonly used because it is expansive and encompassing than any other methods. It provides science necessary information in a new situation. Data gathered with this method is considered very useful in helping us adjust or meet existing daily common problems in life.


TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE METHOD

Case Study

A detailed study of about persons’ behavior or unit over a considerable period of time.

SurveysIt involves determining information about variables rather than individuals. Two scopes of surveys are census (covers the entire population of interests) and samples (deals only with a portion of population).

Developmental Studies Intends to get reliable information, for

example, about the similarities of children at various ages, how they differ

at age levels and how they grow and develop.

Two complementary techniques in pursuing developmental studies the longitudinal method or the long term study of

sample of participants over an extended period of time;the Cross- Sectional Method or the study of participants of various age levels and other characteristics at the same point in time.

Follow-up StudiesEmployed when you intend to investigate the subsequent development of participants after a specified treatment or condition.

Documentary Analyses Often referred as content analysis, involves gathering information by examining records and documents.

Trend Analyses Study which seeks future status. It is employed in the studies which aims to project the demands or needs of the people in the future.

Correlational Studies Are designed to help determine the extent to which different variables are related to each other in the population of interest. In these studies, you collect two or more sets of scores on a sample of participants and the relationship between these sets are computed.


ADVANTAGES IN THE USE OF

DESCRIPTIVE METHOD

It is preferred in many areas of investigation because under controlled conditions, it is not possible for you to observe all the characteristics and existing in present “real-life” situations. The only approach advisable for the use in practical situations.

It has logical use in studies which aim in information dissemination or in creating good public relations.

It lends itself appropriately to investigations which provide normative standards based on what is prevalent.

It provides limited information about the effects of variables under study.

DIS

Neophytes prefer this without conviction that it will entail less problems because it seems to be the simplest.. It seems that they can avoid statistical analysis with this technique.

Participants have delicate and inconsistent actuations. This then depends on the attention, sympathy, interests and cooperation of participants in your study.

ADVANTAGESCAUTIONS

Be sure to include not only the common characteristics of the group you study but also their unique characteristics. These unique characteristics may make your results inconsistent and unreliable.

This method’s primary objective is to make use of the results to facilitate predictions or control of some behaviors. As a researcher, you must plan how your findings can be used as means to further some ends.

It demands you to use statistical procedures to assure of a level of confidence that your results are trustworthy. Doing otherwise will render your study unscientific because it is unreliable.

THANK YOU AND GOOD DAY!

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Research FINAL PPT3