Research Article Preparation and Performance of an ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2015/970267.pdfResearch Article Preparation and Performance of an Adsorption Type Gel Plugging

Research ArticlePreparation and Performance of an Adsorption Type GelPlugging Agent as Enhanced Oil Recovery Chemical

Xiaoping Qin Jiapeng Zheng Liangchuan Li Cuixia Li Guiling SunHaiwei Lu and Tong Peng

Drilling and Production Technology Research Institute PetroChina Jidong Oilfield Company Tangshan 063004 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaoping Qin 948801727qqcom

Received 5 August 2015 Revised 30 September 2015 Accepted 7 October 2015

Academic Editor Marinos Pitsikalis

Copyright copy 2015 Xiaoping Qin et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

A novel adsorption type gel plugging agent (ATGPA) was prepared using acrylamide (AM) acrylic acid (AA) diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (AMPS) formaldehyde (HCHO) resorcinol(C6H6O2) and thiocarbamide (CH

4N2S) as raw materials under mild conditions ATGPA was characterized by infrared (IR)

spectroscopy elemental analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) It was found that ATGPA exhibited higher elasticmodulus (1198661015840) and viscous modulus (11986610158401015840) than AMAA gel plugging agent (AAGPA) under the same scanning frequency It wasalso found that ATGPA had moderate temperature resistance and salt tolerance Core plugging tests results indicated that ATGPAcould achieve up to higher plugging rate (119875

119877) than AAGPA (972 versus 957) at 65∘C In addition ATGPA possessed stronger

antiscouring ability by core plugging experiments at 65∘C

1 Introduction

Gel plugging agent plays an important role in the field ofenhanced oil recovery (EOR) for high water cut oilfield [1 2]However the current widely used gel plugging agent pre-pared by polyacrylamide (PAM) or partially hydrolyzed poly-acrylamide (HPAM) cannot completely meet the require-ments due to the poor antiscouring ability in porous mediumand the degradation under high temperature or high salinity[3ndash7]

In general while increasing the concentration of gelplugging agent is beneficial to enhance the sealing strengththe antiscouring ability of the gel plugging agent is nothelpful And this method will lead to a substantial increasein the cost of gel plugging agent Recently many studieshave demonstrated that the adsorption property of compositematerial could be significantly improved by copolymeriza-tion with a cationic functional monomer with high chargedensity [8ndash10] The composite material containing cationicfunctional monomer such as polymeric adsorbent chelatingresin and polymer supported catalyst may exhibit more sat-isfactory adsorption stability owing to the effect of quaternaryammonium basic ion [10ndash14] However there are no papers

about the application of cationic functional monomer withhigh charge density in EOR to develop antiscouring ability ofgel plugging agent

Furthermore many research works have indicated thatfunctional polyacrylamide with -SO

3

minus groups such as 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (AMPS) vinyl sul-fonate (VS) p-styrenesulfonate (SS) and sodium (acry-lamido) methanesulfonate (SAM) could yield a better prod-uct which may be salt tolerance and temperature resistanceunder the reservoir conditions [15ndash17] And the applicationof AMPS is pretty widespread

Keeping in mind these fundamental conditions hereindiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and AMPS were intro-duced into gel plugging agent aiming to obtain satisfying anti-scouring ability temperature resistance and salt tolerance

2 Experimental

21 Chemicals and Reagents Acrylamide (AM ge990) acr-ylic acid (AA ge995) 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesul-fonate (AA ge995) diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(DMDAAC ge995) sodium hydroxide (NaOH ge960)polyoxyethylene (10) octylphenyl ether (OP-10 ge995)

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2015 Article ID 970267 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015970267

2 Journal of Chemistry

Table 1 Composition and TDS of injecting water

Composition Na+ + K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42minus Clminus HCO3

minus TDSContent (wt) 00232 00099 00024 00009 00321 00473 01158

sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO3 ge585) ammonium

persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8 ge980) ethanol (C

2H5OH

ge997) formaldehyde (HCHO 37 aqueous) resorcinol(C6H6O2 ge997) thiocarbamide (CH

4N2S ge980) sod-

ium chloride (NaCl ge995) magnesium chloride hexahyd-rate (MgCl

2sdot6H2O ge980) calcium chloride anhydrous

(CaCl2 ge960) potassium chloride (KCl ge995) sodium

sulfate (Na2SO4ge990) and sodiumbicarbonate (NaHCO

3

ge995) were purchased from Chengdu Kelong ChemicalReagent Factory (Sichuan China) All chemicals and reagentswere used as received without any further purificationWaterwas deionized by passing through an ion-exchange columnand doubly distilled

22 Preparation of ATGPA The AMAAAMPSDMDAACcopolymer was synthesized by free radical copolymerization1758 g AM 453 g AA 387 g AMPS 402 g DMDAAC 251 gNaOH 012 g OP-10 (used as emulsifier) and 015 g NaHSO

3-

(NH4)2S2O8initiator (11mol ratio) were taken along with

70 g distilled water in a three-necked flask Residual oxygenwas removed by nitrogen (N

2) being bubbled through the

solution for 30min under constant stirring at 35∘CThe three-necked flask was kept in a water bath with magnetic stirringunless otherwise indicated Copolymerization was carriedout at 35∘C under N

2atmosphere for 6 h After being cooled

to room temperature (25∘C) the products were separatedby precipitation using ethanol and dried in vacuum oven at40∘C for 24 h to give the powdered copolymer samples 608 gHCHO (37wt aqueous) 060 gC

6H6O2 and 015 gCH

4N2S

were added into a solution of copolymer (30 g) in 1000mLdistilled water at room temperature with magnetic stirring toyield ATGPA

The AMAA copolymer without AMPS and DMDAAC(replaced by additional AM and AA) was synthesized byusing the same synthesis method The AMAA gel pluggingagent (AAGPA) was prepared using the AMAA copolymerHCHO C

6H6O2 and CH

4N2S via the same method

23 Characterization ATGPA and AAGPA solutions(06 wt) were prepared with distilled water These solutionswere placed in a constant temperature box and the cross-linking reaction took 72 h All characterization and evalua-tion were carried out until all of the plugging agent was cross-linked unless otherwise indicated Infrared (IR) spectraof ATGPA and AAGPA were measured with potassiumbromide (KBr) pellets using a PerkinElmer RX-1 spectro-photometer The elementary analysis of ATGPA and AAGPAwas carried out with a Vario EL-III elemental analyzer Themicrostructures of ATGPA and AAGPA were observed by ascanning electron microscope (SEM)

24 Temperature Resistance and Salt Tolerance ATGPA andAAGPA solutions (06 wt) were prepared with distilledwater These plugging agents were placed at different tem-perature and the time required for the formation of the gelwas 72 hThen the apparent viscosity of these plugging agentswas tested using Brookfield DV-III viscometer at differenttemperatures

The plugging agents solutions were prepared by usingbrinewith different salt concentration (NaCl or CaCl

2)These

plugging agents solutions needed to be aged for 72 h at 65∘CThe apparent viscosity of these plugging agents wasmeasuredvia Brookfield DV-III viscometer at 65∘C

25 Viscoelasticity Viscoelasticity measurements of ATGPAand AAGPA were conducted on a HAAKE RS 600 Rota-tional Rheometer (Germany) The test system was cone-plate system and the rotor was P35TiL in viscoelasticitymeasurements The stress was 10 Pa and the scanning rangeof frequency (119891) was 01ndash100Hz

26 Core Plugging Tests Two sandstone cores were used forcore plugging experimentsThe cores were dried at 65∘C andthen their diameter length gas permeability and porositywere measured by using a SCMS-B2 core multiparametermeasurement system A Hassler core holder was used with35MPa confining pressure and 15MPa backpressure [18]The core was saturated with injecting water at 01mLminand then the plugging agent solution (06 wt non-cross-linked) was injected at 01mLmin until injection massreached 06 pore volume (PV) In 3 days the core wasflooding with injecting water at 01mLmin to obtain stableinjection pressure All the core plugging procedures wereconducted at 65∘C Chemical composition and total dissolvedsolids (TDS) of the injecting water are listed in Table 1 Theplugging rate is calculated with the following equation

119875119877=(119870wb minus 119870wa)

119870wbtimes 100 (1)

where 119875119877is plugging rate 119870wb is aqueous phase per-

meability before plugging mD and 119870wa is aqueous phasepermeability after plugging mD

Flow chart of the core plugging experiments is shown inFigure 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 IR Spectra Analysis The structures of ATGPA andAAGPA were confirmed by IR spectra as illustrated inFigure 2 ATGPA was confirmed by strong absorptions at34332 cmminus1 (-OH stretching vibration and -NH stretch-ing vibration) 29243 cmminus1 (-CH

2stretching vibration)

Journal of Chemistry 3

Table 2 The test results of elementary analysis of ATGPA and AAGPA

Element AAGPA ATGPATheoretical value () Found value () Theoretical value () Found value ()

C 472 482 472 494H 65 69 67 75N 88 91 77 83S 11 10 20 19

ISCO pump

Constant temperature oven

CoreCylinder

Backpressure valve

Pressure transducer system

Computer

Inje

ctin

g w

ater

Plug

ging

agen

t

Figure 1 Flow chart of the core plugging experiments

AAGPA

ATGPA

3433

8

2924

1

1404

611

837

1117

1

1661

6

1404

5

1112

011

865

2924

3

3433

2

954

2

1662

5

1038

3

Wavenumber (cmminus1)4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Figure 2 IR spectra of ATGPA and AAGPA

16625 cmminus1 (C=O stretching vibration) 14045 cmminus1 (C-N stretching vibration) 11865 cmminus1 (C-N stretching vibra-tion) 11120 cmminus1 (-NH

2characteristic absorption peak)

10383 cmminus1 (-SO3

minus stretching vibration) and 9542 cmminus1(quaternary ammonium salt characteristic absorption peak)in the spectrum As expected the IR spectrum confirmed thepresence of different monomers in ATGPA

32 ElementaryAnalysis of ATGPAandAAGPA Theelemen-tary analysis of ATGPA and AAGPA was carried out usinga Vario EL-III elemental analyzer The content of different

element in these plugging agents can be obtained by detectingthe gases which are the decomposition products of thesamples at high temperature The test results of ATGPA andAAGPA are shown in Table 2

33 Microscopic Structure The microscopic structures ofATGPA and AAGPA were observed through SEM atroom temperature ATGPA and AAGPA solution samples(06 wt) were prepared with distilled water and cooled withliquid nitrogen and then these samples were evacuated tokeep original appearance as far as possible As shown inFigure 3 the form of molecular coils was obviously changedwhen DMDAAC and AMPS were introduced into theAMAA copolymer Compared with the images of AAGPAthe network structure of molecular coils of ATGPA wascloser than that of AAGPA and the molecular coils ofATGPA possessed uneven surfaces due to the introductionof DMDAAC and AMPS

34 Temperature Resistance ATGPA and AAGPA solutionswere prepared with distilled water These plugging agentswere placed at different temperatures for 72 h The apparentviscosity of these plugging agents was tested using BrookfieldDV-III viscometer at different temperatures The apparentviscosity versus temperature curves of ATGPA and AAGPAsolutions are shown in Figure 4 Comparing with AAGPAwe could easily find that ATGPA owned better temperatureresistance The data indicated that ATGPA could withstandhigher temperature and exhibited higher apparent viscosity atthe same temperatureThis phenomenon might be explainedby the five-membered ring structure of ATGPA polymericchains which could enhance the temperature resistance ofthis plugging agent In addition it might be attributed to


Table 3 The parameter of core and the results of core plugging experiments

Plugging agent Cores Length (cm) Diameter (cm) Porosity () 119870wb (mD) 119870wa (mD) 119875119877()

ATGPA 1 656 251 2418 8226 227 972AAGPA 2 615 252 2331 8024 324 957

ATGPA AAGPA

Figure 3 SEM images of ATGPA and AAGPA

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

ATGPAAAGPA

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

Temperature (∘C)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Figure 4 Apparent viscosity versus temperature for ATGPA andAAGPA The apparent viscosity of these plugging agents (06 wt)was measured by Brookfield DV-3 viscometer at 734 sminus1

the -SO3

minus groups which usually could improve the tempera-ture resistance

35 Salt Tolerance The ability against Na+ of ATGPA wasshown in Figure 5(a)The salt tolerance of ATGPA was muchmore excellent than AAGPA The tests about Ca2+ (06 wt65∘C) gave similar results (Figure 5(b)) These phenomenarevealed that ATGPA could withstand higher salinity And

thismay be related to the -CONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3

minus units onthe chain of ATGPA Comparing with -CONH

2

minus groups thehydration layer formed by -CONHC(CH

3)2CH2SO3

minus groupswas more difficult to damage when neutralized with counterions Therefore the salt resistance of ATGPA was better thanAAGPA

36 Viscoelasticity Measurements ATGPA and AAGPA solu-tions (06 wt) were prepared with distilled water Theseplugging agents were placed at 65∘C and the time requiredfor the formation of the gel was 72 h The viscoelasticitycurves of ATGPA andAAGPAwere shown in Figure 6 In thelinear viscoelastic region the elastic modulus (1198661015840) of ATGPAand AAGPA was higher than the viscous modulus (11986610158401015840)This meant that the ATGPA and AAGPA are mainly basedon elasticity Compared with AAGPA ATGPA exhibitedhigher 1198661015840 and 11986610158401015840 under the same scanning frequencyThis phenomenon might support that the adsorption typefunctional monomer could enhance the acting force betweenATGPA molecular coils

37 Plugging Ability As shown in Table 3 the pluggingrate of ATGPA (06 wt) was 972 at 65∘C However theplugging rate of AAGPA (06 wt) was 957 under the sameconditions The core plugging experiments results showedthat ATGPA revealed more superior ability of core pluggingAs shown in Figure 7 compared with AAGPA ATGPAexhibited stronger antiscouring ability In the subsequentwater flooding process the fluctuation of the injectionpressure of ATGPA was relatively large but there was notrend of decline This phenomenon might support that theantiscouring ability was obviously improved in porous mediadue to the introduction of DMDAAC


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

NaCl (wt)00 04 08 12 16 20

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(a)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

CaCl2 (wt)000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(b)

Figure 5 Salt tolerance ((a) NaCl and (b) CaCl2) of ATGPA and AAGPA (06wt) at 65∘C The apparent viscosity of these plugging agents

was measured by Brookfield DV-3 viscometer at 734 sminus1

01110001

01

1

10

100

G998400998400 AAGPAG998400 AAGPA

G998400998400 ATGPAG998400 ATGPA

f (Hz)

G998400 G

998400998400(P

a)

Figure 6 Viscoelasticity of ATGPA and AAGPA at 65∘C Theseplugging agents (06 wt) were prepared with distilled water

4 Conclusions

ATGPA was prepared using AM AA DMDAAC AMPSHCHO C

6H6O2 and CH

4N2S as raw materials ATGPA

was characterized by IR spectrum elemental analysis andscanning electron microscope The solution properties suchas viscoelasticity temperature resistance salt tolerance andplugging ability of ATGPA were investigated under differentconditions The results indicated that ATGPA possessedmoderate or good viscoelasticity temperature resistance salttolerance plugging ability and antiscouring ability as EORchemical

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

Water flooding

Injection plugging agent

Subsequent water flooding

Inje

ctio

n pr

essu

re (M

Pa)

Cumulative injection volume (PV)ATGPAAAGPA

0 5 10 15 20

Figure 7 Core plugging experiments results of ATGPAandAAGPA(06 wt) at 65∘C

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no possible conflict of interests

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Major Project of Jidong Oil-field (2013A06-08) and the Science and Technology Projectof the exploration and production company (2014B-1113)


References

[1] M Lin G Zhang Z Hua Q Zhao and F Sun ldquoConformationand plugging properties of crosslinked polymer microspheresfor profile controlrdquoColloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical andEngineering Aspects vol 477 pp 49ndash54 2015

[2] L W Niu X G Lu C M Xiong et al ldquoExperimental studyon gelling property and plugging effect of inorganic gel system(OMGL)rdquo Petroleum Exploration and Development vol 40 no6 pp 780ndash784 2013

[3] Z B Ye G J Gou S H Gou W C Jiang and T Y LiuldquoSynthesis and characterization of a water-soluble sulfonatescopolymer of acrylamide andN-allylbenzamide as enhanced oilrecovery chemicalrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol 128no 3 pp 2003ndash2011 2013

[4] D A Z Wever F Picchioni and A A Broekhuis ldquoPolymersfor enhanced oil recovery a paradigm for structurendashpropertyrelationship in aqueous solutionrdquo Progress in Polymer Sciencevol 36 no 11 pp 1558ndash1628 2011

[5] Z Hua M Lin J Guo F Xu Z Li and M Li ldquoStudy on plug-ging performance of cross-linked polymer microspheres withreservoir poresrdquo Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineeringvol 105 pp 70ndash75 2013

[6] X Yu W Pu D Chen et al ldquoDegradable cross-linked poly-mericmicrosphere for enhanced oil recovery applicationsrdquoRSCAdvances vol 5 no 77 pp 62752ndash62762 2015

[7] A Mehrdad and R Akbarzadeh ldquoEffect of temperature andsolvent composition on the intrinsic viscosity of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in water-ethanol solutionsrdquo Journal of Chemicaland Engineering Data vol 55 no 9 pp 3720ndash3724 2010

[8] C R Zhong R H Huang X Zhang and H Dai ldquoSynthesischaracterization and solution properties of an acrylamide-based terpolymer with butyl styrenerdquo Journal of Applied Poly-mer Science vol 103 no 6 pp 4027ndash4038 2007

[9] C J Yao G L Lei L Li and X M Gao ldquoPreparation andcharacterization of polyacrylamide nanomicrospheres and itsprofile control and flooding performancerdquo Journal of AppliedPolymer Science vol 127 no 5 pp 3910ndash3915 2013

[10] A Sabhapondit A Borthakur and I Haque ldquoAdsorptionbehavior of poly(NN-dimethylacrylamide-co-Na 2-acrylami-do-2-methylpropanesulfonate) on sand surfacerdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 91 no 4 pp 2482ndash2490 2004

[11] X Zhao L X Li B C Li J P Zhang and A QWang ldquoDurablesuperhydrophobicsuperoleophilic PDMS sponges and theirapplications in selective oil absorption and in plugging oilleakagesrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 2 no 43 pp18281ndash18287 2014

[12] Y Zheng andAWang ldquoNitrate adsorption using poly(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride)polyacrylamide hydrogelrdquo Journalof Chemical amp Engineering Data vol 55 no 9 pp 3494ndash35002010

[13] E Guzman H Ritacco F Ortega T Svitova C J Radke andR G Rubio ldquoAdsorption kinetics and mechanical propertiesof ultrathin polyelectrolytemultilayers liquid-supported versussolid-supported filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 113no 20 pp 7128ndash7137 2009

[14] J O Carnali and P Shah ldquoCorrelation of surfactantpolymerphase behavior with adsorption on target surfacesrdquo Journal ofPhysical Chemistry B vol 112 no 24 pp 7171ndash7182 2008

[15] X-J Liu W-C Jiang S-H Gou Z-B Ye and X-D XieldquoSynthesis and evaluation of a water-soluble acrylamide binarysulfonates copolymer onMMTcrystalline interspace and EORrdquo

Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol 125 no 2 pp 1252ndash12602012

[16] X Liu W C Jiang S H Gou Z B Ye and C Luo ldquoSynthesisand clay stabilization of a water-soluble copolymer based onacrylamide modular 120573-cyclodextrin and AMPSrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 128 no 5 pp 3398ndash3404 2013

[17] X LiuW Jiang S Gou et al ldquoSynthesis and evaluation of novelwater-soluble copolymers based on acrylamide andmodular 120573-cyclodextrinrdquo Carbohydrate Polymers vol 96 no 1 pp 47ndash562013

[18] L T Shi Z B Ye Z Zhang C J Zhou S S Zhu and Z D GuoldquoNecessity and feasibility of improving the residual resistancefactor of polymer flooding in heavy oil reservoirsrdquo PetroleumScience vol 7 no 2 pp 251ndash256 2010

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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International Journal of


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Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


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Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


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Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


Table 1 Composition and TDS of injecting water

Composition Na+ + K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42minus Clminus HCO3

minus TDSContent (wt) 00232 00099 00024 00009 00321 00473 01158

sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO3 ge585) ammonium

persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8 ge980) ethanol (C

2H5OH

ge997) formaldehyde (HCHO 37 aqueous) resorcinol(C6H6O2 ge997) thiocarbamide (CH

4N2S ge980) sod-

ium chloride (NaCl ge995) magnesium chloride hexahyd-rate (MgCl

2sdot6H2O ge980) calcium chloride anhydrous

(CaCl2 ge960) potassium chloride (KCl ge995) sodium

sulfate (Na2SO4ge990) and sodiumbicarbonate (NaHCO

3

ge995) were purchased from Chengdu Kelong ChemicalReagent Factory (Sichuan China) All chemicals and reagentswere used as received without any further purificationWaterwas deionized by passing through an ion-exchange columnand doubly distilled

22 Preparation of ATGPA The AMAAAMPSDMDAACcopolymer was synthesized by free radical copolymerization1758 g AM 453 g AA 387 g AMPS 402 g DMDAAC 251 gNaOH 012 g OP-10 (used as emulsifier) and 015 g NaHSO

3-

(NH4)2S2O8initiator (11mol ratio) were taken along with

70 g distilled water in a three-necked flask Residual oxygenwas removed by nitrogen (N

2) being bubbled through the

solution for 30min under constant stirring at 35∘CThe three-necked flask was kept in a water bath with magnetic stirringunless otherwise indicated Copolymerization was carriedout at 35∘C under N

2atmosphere for 6 h After being cooled

to room temperature (25∘C) the products were separatedby precipitation using ethanol and dried in vacuum oven at40∘C for 24 h to give the powdered copolymer samples 608 gHCHO (37wt aqueous) 060 gC

6H6O2 and 015 gCH

4N2S

were added into a solution of copolymer (30 g) in 1000mLdistilled water at room temperature with magnetic stirring toyield ATGPA

The AMAA copolymer without AMPS and DMDAAC(replaced by additional AM and AA) was synthesized byusing the same synthesis method The AMAA gel pluggingagent (AAGPA) was prepared using the AMAA copolymerHCHO C

6H6O2 and CH

4N2S via the same method

23 Characterization ATGPA and AAGPA solutions(06 wt) were prepared with distilled water These solutionswere placed in a constant temperature box and the cross-linking reaction took 72 h All characterization and evalua-tion were carried out until all of the plugging agent was cross-linked unless otherwise indicated Infrared (IR) spectraof ATGPA and AAGPA were measured with potassiumbromide (KBr) pellets using a PerkinElmer RX-1 spectro-photometer The elementary analysis of ATGPA and AAGPAwas carried out with a Vario EL-III elemental analyzer Themicrostructures of ATGPA and AAGPA were observed by ascanning electron microscope (SEM)

24 Temperature Resistance and Salt Tolerance ATGPA andAAGPA solutions (06 wt) were prepared with distilledwater These plugging agents were placed at different tem-perature and the time required for the formation of the gelwas 72 hThen the apparent viscosity of these plugging agentswas tested using Brookfield DV-III viscometer at differenttemperatures

The plugging agents solutions were prepared by usingbrinewith different salt concentration (NaCl or CaCl

2)These

plugging agents solutions needed to be aged for 72 h at 65∘CThe apparent viscosity of these plugging agents wasmeasuredvia Brookfield DV-III viscometer at 65∘C

25 Viscoelasticity Viscoelasticity measurements of ATGPAand AAGPA were conducted on a HAAKE RS 600 Rota-tional Rheometer (Germany) The test system was cone-plate system and the rotor was P35TiL in viscoelasticitymeasurements The stress was 10 Pa and the scanning rangeof frequency (119891) was 01ndash100Hz

26 Core Plugging Tests Two sandstone cores were used forcore plugging experimentsThe cores were dried at 65∘C andthen their diameter length gas permeability and porositywere measured by using a SCMS-B2 core multiparametermeasurement system A Hassler core holder was used with35MPa confining pressure and 15MPa backpressure [18]The core was saturated with injecting water at 01mLminand then the plugging agent solution (06 wt non-cross-linked) was injected at 01mLmin until injection massreached 06 pore volume (PV) In 3 days the core wasflooding with injecting water at 01mLmin to obtain stableinjection pressure All the core plugging procedures wereconducted at 65∘C Chemical composition and total dissolvedsolids (TDS) of the injecting water are listed in Table 1 Theplugging rate is calculated with the following equation

119875119877=(119870wb minus 119870wa)

119870wbtimes 100 (1)

where 119875119877is plugging rate 119870wb is aqueous phase per-

meability before plugging mD and 119870wa is aqueous phasepermeability after plugging mD

Flow chart of the core plugging experiments is shown inFigure 1

3 Results and Discussion

31 IR Spectra Analysis The structures of ATGPA andAAGPA were confirmed by IR spectra as illustrated inFigure 2 ATGPA was confirmed by strong absorptions at34332 cmminus1 (-OH stretching vibration and -NH stretch-ing vibration) 29243 cmminus1 (-CH

2stretching vibration)




C 472 482 472 494H 65 69 67 75N 88 91 77 83S 11 10 20 19

ISCO pump


CoreCylinder

Backpressure valve


Computer

Inje

ctin

g w

ater

Plug

ging

agen

t


AAGPA

ATGPA

3433

8

2924

1

1404

611

837

1117

1

1661

6

1404

5

1112

011

865

2924

3

3433

2

954

2

1662

5

1038

3














ATGPA 1 656 251 2418 8226 227 972AAGPA 2 615 252 2331 8024 324 957

ATGPA AAGPA


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

ATGPAAAGPA

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

Temperature (∘C)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


the -SO3





2


3)2CH2SO3





0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

NaCl (wt)00 04 08 12 16 20

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(a)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

CaCl2 (wt)000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(b)



01110001

01

1

10

100

G998400998400 AAGPAG998400 AAGPA

G998400998400 ATGPAG998400 ATGPA

f (Hz)

G998400 G

998400998400(P

a)


4 Conclusions


6H6O2 and CH



00

02

04

06

08

10

12

Water flooding



Inje

ctio

n pr

essu

re (M

Pa)


0 5 10 15 20




Acknowledgments



References





























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




C 472 482 472 494H 65 69 67 75N 88 91 77 83S 11 10 20 19

ISCO pump


CoreCylinder

Backpressure valve


Computer

Inje

ctin

g w

ater

Plug

ging

agen

t


AAGPA

ATGPA

3433

8

2924

1

1404

611

837

1117

1

1661

6

1404

5

1112

011

865

2924

3

3433

2

954

2

1662

5

1038

3














ATGPA 1 656 251 2418 8226 227 972AAGPA 2 615 252 2331 8024 324 957

ATGPA AAGPA


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

ATGPAAAGPA

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

Temperature (∘C)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


the -SO3





2


3)2CH2SO3





0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

NaCl (wt)00 04 08 12 16 20

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(a)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

CaCl2 (wt)000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(b)



01110001

01

1

10

100

G998400998400 AAGPAG998400 AAGPA

G998400998400 ATGPAG998400 ATGPA

f (Hz)

G998400 G

998400998400(P

a)


4 Conclusions


6H6O2 and CH



00

02

04

06

08

10

12

Water flooding



Inje

ctio

n pr

essu

re (M

Pa)


0 5 10 15 20




Acknowledgments



References





























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




ATGPA 1 656 251 2418 8226 227 972AAGPA 2 615 252 2331 8024 324 957

ATGPA AAGPA


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

ATGPAAAGPA

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

Temperature (∘C)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100


the -SO3





2


3)2CH2SO3





0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

NaCl (wt)00 04 08 12 16 20

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(a)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

CaCl2 (wt)000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(b)



01110001

01

1

10

100

G998400998400 AAGPAG998400 AAGPA

G998400998400 ATGPAG998400 ATGPA

f (Hz)

G998400 G

998400998400(P

a)


4 Conclusions


6H6O2 and CH



00

02

04

06

08

10

12

Water flooding



Inje

ctio

n pr

essu

re (M

Pa)


0 5 10 15 20




Acknowledgments



References





























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

NaCl (wt)00 04 08 12 16 20

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(a)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

CaCl2 (wt)000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010

Appa

rent

visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

ATGPAAAGPA

(b)



01110001

01

1

10

100

G998400998400 AAGPAG998400 AAGPA

G998400998400 ATGPAG998400 ATGPA

f (Hz)

G998400 G

998400998400(P

a)


4 Conclusions


6H6O2 and CH



00

02

04

06

08

10

12

Water flooding



Inje

ctio

n pr

essu

re (M

Pa)


0 5 10 15 20




Acknowledgments



References





























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


References





























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

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