8
Research Article Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in Streams of the Mae Klong Watershed, Western Thailand Witwisitpong Maneechan and Taeng On Prommi Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, ailand Correspondence should be addressed to Taeng On Prommi; [email protected] Received 27 July 2015; Revised 26 October 2015; Accepted 29 October 2015 Academic Editor: Nguya K. Maniania Copyright © 2015 W. Maneechan and T. O. Prommi. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. e distribution and diversity of aquatic insects and water quality variables were studied among three streams of the Mae Klong Watershed. In each stream, two sites were sampled. Aquatic insects and water quality variables were randomly sampled seven times in February, May, September, and December 2010 and in January, April, and May 2011. Overall, 11,153 individuals belonging to 64 families and nine orders were examined. Among the aquatic insects collected from the three streams, the order Trichoptera was most diverse in number of individuals, followed by Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, Megaloptera, and Lepidoptera. e highest Shannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded in Huai Kayeng stream and the lowest was in Huai Pakkok stream (2.68 and 2.62). e high diversity of insect fauna in streams is an indication of larger microhabitat diversity and better water quality conditions prevailing in the streams. e evenness value was recorded as high in most sites. e high species diversity and evenness in almost all sites indicated good water quality. 1. Introduction In lotic environments, aquatic insects are important elements in the ecological dynamics [1], playing an important role in the cycle of materials and in trophic transfers [2–5]. e understanding of distribution patterns in communities is one of the main aims in ecology [6]. A multiplicity of factors regulates the occurrence and the distribution of aquatic insects, the most important being the current (velocity), temperature, altitude, season, total suspended solids, and vegetation [7]. Other factors which affect the occurrence of these benthic fauna include substrates, pH, dissolved oxygen, availability of food, turbidity, conductivity, and competition [8]. Changes of these environmental factors in streams can be used in biomonitoring and degraded aquatic environments [9, 10]. us, the nature of this distribution provides an initial insight into the types of ecological processes that regulate populations and assemblages. For example, the distribution of aquatic insects among stream habitats reflects, to some degree, the distribution of benthic resources (e.g., food, oxygen, and predators) and provides information about how communities might respond to changes in environmental parameters such as increased sedimentation and changes in flow [11]. In this work, three streams in the Mae Klong Watershed were selected. ese streams are used for domestic activities including drinking, cooking, bathing, and fisheries. It is therefore important to preserve these water resources and maintain the biotic integrity of these ecosystems. Such man- agement requires basic knowledge such as the distribution of the aquatic communities among stream habitats. e aim of this study was to describe the composition of aquatic insects at different stations of the studied streams. e identification of species and their distribution patterns provide more infor- mation for monitoring and conserving these ecosystems. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area. e Mae Klong Watershed is the most important watershed in western ailand. e upstream watershed area consists of two main rivers, namely, Khwae Noi and Khwae Yai. e rivers run into the Khao Laem and Srinagarind Dam located in the upper region of Mae Klong Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2015, Article ID 912451, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/912451

Research Article Diversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects ......aquatic insects is recorded from streams with similar habitat structures,streamgeomorphologies,andhydrologicalcondi-tions[]

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    3

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • Research ArticleDiversity and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in Streams ofthe Mae Klong Watershed, Western Thailand

    Witwisitpong Maneechan and Taeng On Prommi

    Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand

    Correspondence should be addressed to Taeng On Prommi; [email protected]

    Received 27 July 2015; Revised 26 October 2015; Accepted 29 October 2015

    Academic Editor: Nguya K. Maniania

    Copyright © 2015 W. Maneechan and T. O. Prommi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.

    The distribution and diversity of aquatic insects and water quality variables were studied among three streams of the Mae KlongWatershed. In each stream, two sites were sampled. Aquatic insects and water quality variables were randomly sampled seven timesin February, May, September, and December 2010 and in January, April, and May 2011. Overall, 11,153 individuals belonging to 64families andnine orderswere examined.Among the aquatic insects collected from the three streams, the order Trichopterawasmostdiverse in number of individuals, followed by Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, Megaloptera,and Lepidoptera. The highest Shannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded in Huai Kayeng stream and the lowestwas in Huai Pakkok stream (2.68 and 2.62). The high diversity of insect fauna in streams is an indication of larger microhabitatdiversity and better water quality conditions prevailing in the streams. The evenness value was recorded as high in most sites. Thehigh species diversity and evenness in almost all sites indicated good water quality.

    1. Introduction

    In lotic environments, aquatic insects are important elementsin the ecological dynamics [1], playing an important role inthe cycle of materials and in trophic transfers [2–5]. Theunderstanding of distribution patterns in communities is oneof the main aims in ecology [6]. A multiplicity of factorsregulates the occurrence and the distribution of aquaticinsects, the most important being the current (velocity),temperature, altitude, season, total suspended solids, andvegetation [7]. Other factors which affect the occurrence ofthese benthic fauna include substrates, pH, dissolved oxygen,availability of food, turbidity, conductivity, and competition[8]. Changes of these environmental factors in streams can beused in biomonitoring and degraded aquatic environments[9, 10].Thus, the nature of this distribution provides an initialinsight into the types of ecological processes that regulatepopulations and assemblages. For example, the distributionof aquatic insects among stream habitats reflects, to somedegree, the distribution of benthic resources (e.g., food,oxygen, and predators) and provides information about howcommunities might respond to changes in environmental

    parameters such as increased sedimentation and changes inflow [11].

    In this work, three streams in the Mae Klong Watershedwere selected. These streams are used for domestic activitiesincluding drinking, cooking, bathing, and fisheries. It istherefore important to preserve these water resources andmaintain the biotic integrity of these ecosystems. Such man-agement requires basic knowledge such as the distribution ofthe aquatic communities among stream habitats. The aim ofthis study was to describe the composition of aquatic insectsat different stations of the studied streams. The identificationof species and their distribution patterns provide more infor-mation for monitoring and conserving these ecosystems.

    2. Materials and Methods

    2.1. Study Area. The Mae Klong Watershed is the mostimportant watershed in western Thailand. The upstreamwatershed area consists of two main rivers, namely, KhwaeNoi and Khwae Yai. The rivers run into the Khao Laem andSrinagarind Dam located in the upper region of Mae Klong

    Hindawi Publishing CorporationPsycheVolume 2015, Article ID 912451, 7 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/912451

  • 2 Psyche

    Site

    Stream

    Mae Klong River

    Boundary of Thailand

    Boundary of Province

    Mae Klong Watershed

    10 0 10 20 30

    (km)

    N

    Number Site name1

    1

    2

    2

    3

    3

    4

    4

    5

    5

    6

    6

    7

    7

    8

    8

    9

    9

    10

    10

    11

    11

    Huai Pakkok 1Huai Pakkok 2Huai Kayeng 1Huai Kayeng 2Huai U long 1Huai U long 2

    Pilok WireWachiralongkorn

    DamMae Klong Dam

    RatchaburiSamut Songkhram

    Figure 1: Map of Mae Klong Watershed showing the sampling sites, namely, Huai Pakkok, PK1 = 1 and PK2 = 2; Huai Kayeng, KY1 = 3 andKY2 = 4; and Huai U Long, UL1 = 5 and UL2 = 6.

    Watershed.The rivers joint in Kanchanaburi Province, whichis considered downstream, flow throughRatchaburi Provinceand enter theGulf ofThailand in Samut SongkhramProvince.Six sampling sites in three streams (upper and lower in eachstream) were chosen in this study. These streams were in theupstream section of Khwae Noi River before flowing intoKhao Laem Dam (Figure 1). These three streams are, namely,Huai Pakkok, PK1 and PK2; Huai Kayeng, KY1 and KY2; andHuai U Long, UL1 and UL2.

    2.2. Sampling and Identification of Aquatic Insects. To deter-mine the distribution of aquatic insect taxa, six samplingsites in three streams (upper and lower in each stream)were chosen in this study. Seven samplings were performedin February, May, September, and December 2010 and inJanuary, April, and May 2011. Aquatic insects were collectedusing aquatic D-frame aquatic kick net (30 × 30 cm frame,

    250 𝜇m mesh). At each sampling site, a stretch of approx-imately 50m was chosen for collection of samples fromthe three target habitats: riparian vegetation, leaf litter, andlow gradient riffles and pools. The sampling time at eachhabitat was 3min. In each sampling period, three replicatesamples were collected at each station and placed in whitetrays for sorting. The content of each sample was transferredinto properly labelled plastic containers, preserved in 80%ethanol, and taken back to the laboratory for analysis. Inthe laboratory, aquatic insects were sorted and identified tothe family level using taxonomic keys [12–14]. All the sortedsamples were kept in properly labelled vials containing 80%ethanol.

    2.3. Environmental Variables. Three replicates of selectedphysicochemical water quality parameters were recordeddirectly at the sampling sites including pH, air temperature

  • Psyche 3

    Ephemeroptera19.66%

    Hemiptera15.31%

    Coleoptera8.77%

    Megaloptera0.30%

    Lepidoptera0.26%

    Trichoptera33.98%

    Diptera5.81%

    Odonata11.30%

    Plecoptera4.61%

    Figure 2: Composition of aquatic insect orders of the three streamsin the Mae Klong Watershed during a period of seven months.

    (AT), water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO),total dissolved solid (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC).Water samples from each collecting period were stored inpolyethylene bottles (500mL). Ammonia-nitrogen (NH

    3-N),

    orthophosphate (PO4

    3−), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), sulfate

    (SO4

    2−), and turbidity (TUB) were determined in accordancewith the standard method procedures (APHA et al., 1992)[15]. Alkalinity (ALK) was measured by titration.

    2.4. Data Analyses. The aquatic insect abundance and taxo-nomic richness (𝑆) were estimated for each sample. Ecolog-ical indices, including the Shannon-Wiener diversity (𝐻),Simpson’s diversity index (𝐷), and Evenness (𝐸) indices,were determined for each sampling site [16]. A principlecomponent analysis (PCA) was performed using environ-mental variables to determine the abiotic typology of sam-pling stations. This analysis was performed with the matrixconsisting of 42 samples (6 stations × 7 campaigns) and 12environmental variables. Analyses were conducted using PC-ORD.

    3. Results and Discussion

    A total of 11,153 individuals of aquatic insects representing64 families from 9 orders were collected and identified fromthree streams in February, May, September, and December2010 and in January, April, andMay 2011. Table 1 and Figure 2show the overall composition and distribution of aquaticinsect communities in the three streams.More aquatic insectswere recorded in Huai Pakkok (PK1 and PK2) (2,054 and2,726 individuals) than inHuai Kayeng (KY1 andKY2) (2,202and 1,234 individuals) and Huai U Long (UL1 and UL2)(969 and 1,968 individuals). However, the total number ofindividuals recorded in the three streams was significantlydifferent (One-Sample Test = 7.022, 𝑃 < 0.05). Trichoptera(3,790 individuals; 33.98% of total abundance) was the mostdominant order with the highest number of individualsin the three streams. It was followed by Ephemeroptera

    (2,193 individuals; 19.66% of total abundance), Hemiptera(1,707 individuals; 15.31% of total abundance), Odonata (1,260individuals; 11.30%of total abundance), Coleoptera (978 indi-viduals; 8.77% of total abundance), Diptera (648 individuals;5.81% of total abundance), Plecoptera (514 individuals; 4.61%of total abundance), Megaloptera (34 individuals; 0.30% oftotal abundance), and Lepidoptera (29 individuals; 0.26% oftotal abundance) (Figure 2; Table 1). The aquatic insects ofHuai Pakkok stream (PK1 and PK2) constituted 50 familiesand 46 families, while 49 families and 46 families wererecorded in Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2).The aquaticinsects recorded from Huai U Long stream (UL1 and UL2)were represented by 41 and 49 families, respectively (Table 1).

    Table 1 showed the species diversity indices. The highestShannon index of diversity of 2.934 and 3.2 was recorded inHuai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2) and the lowest was inHuai Pakkok stream (HK1 andHK2) (2.68 and 2.62), indicat-ing the presence of a higher diversity of aquatic insects in loticecosystems. The diversity of insects in aquatic ecosystemstends to increase with increased nutrients and these optimumenvironmental conditions favour their abundance in thishabitat [17]. The high diversity of insect fauna in streamsis an indication of larger microhabitat diversity and betterwater quality conditions prevailing in the streams (Table 2)[18]. Their abundance has been associated with the presenceof high food quality, stable water flow, and stable substratacommon in these habitats [17].

    The evenness value in the present study was recordedas high in almost all the sites, indicating a relatively evendistribution of taxa in the stream. The highest species diver-sity and evenness in almost all the sites are an indication ofgood water quality [18]. The high scores of diversity indices,such as those of the Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson’sindex, indicate that clean or unpolluted rivers support morediverse taxa, thus making them useful for detecting organicpollution [19]. Higher numbers of taxa (family) collectedfrom a habitat imply a richer community that usually lives ina healthier environment. Based on the scores, all streams inthe Mae Klong Watershed supported relatively rich aquaticinsect fauna, but their composition and abundance weresignificantly different between rivers.

    The differences in the physical habitat and hydrologicalconditions of streams could contribute to the observeddissimilarities in the aquatic insect compositions. This maybe due to the multiplicity of microhabitats along with acombination of several other environmental factors thatvaried between streams [20]. Usually, similar richness ofaquatic insects is recorded from streams with similar habitatstructures, stream geomorphologies, and hydrological condi-tions [21].

    By composition, Trichoptera and the Ephemeropteradominated the study sites, accounting for almost 54% of allthe total individuals that were sampled at the three streams.Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) and Hydropsychidae (Tri-choptera) were found in all sampling sites because theyare able to colonize waters with low oxygen concentration.Similar low numbers of Plecoptera in tropical waters havebeen reported [22, 23].

  • 4 Psyche

    Table 1: The composition and total abundance of aquatic insect communities in Mae Klong Watershed.

    Taxa Abbv. PK1 PK2 KY1 KY2 UL1 UL2EphemeropteraPothamanthidae Potha 1 1 1 1 7Oligoneuriidae Oligo 2 1 1Caenidae Caeni 5 1 3 4 1 7Heptageniidae Hepta 88 266 91 110 79 113Leptophlebiidae Leptp 247 218 58 40 65 76Ephemerellidae Ephem 20 97 17 50 20 94Neoephemeridae Neoep 1 6 8Ephemeridae Ephee 2 9 5Baetidae Baeti 57 118 75 41 33 51Prosopistomatidae Proso 2OdonataLestidae Lesti 26 8Chlorocyphidae Chlor 24 8 6 15 3 4Protoneuridae Proto 53 61 58 9 9 8Gomphidae Gomph 43 33 15 59 20 37Libellulidae Libel 20 26 16 9 4 19Euphaeidae Eupha 29 14 31 34 14 28Corduliidae Cordu 42 31 68 20 12 32Aeshnidae Aeshn 1 1 1Platycnemididae Platy 12 1 1 3 3 2Coenagrionidae Coena 62 39 53 24 8Calopterygidae Calop 16 20 46 4 13 2PlecopteraPerlidae Perli 60 99 63 39 75 130Peltoperlidae Pelto 3 22 21 1Nemouridae Nemou 1HemipteraAphelocheiridae Aphel 13 15 32 33 4 28Gerridae Gerri 69 128 50 52 24 40Veliidae Velii 19 10 23 13 3 16Nepidae Nepid 13 16 15 12 1 4Hydrometridae Hydrm 1 1 2Helotrephidae Helot 24 17 12 1 9 10Naucoridae Nauco 125 289 171 52 63 262Pleidae Pleid 13 1 2 5Notonectidae Noton 6 2Micronectidae Micro 1 5ColeopteraNoteridae Noter 1Hydrophilidae Hydrp 12 8 8 10 19 3Hydraenidae Hydra 2 1 1 4Gyrinidae Gyrin 17 12 21 19 4 75Elmidae Elmid 79 29 91 46 299 50Psephenidae Pseph 23 9 26 20 9 12Dytiscidae Dytis 10 41 9 3Scirtidae Scirt 5MegalopteraCorydalidae Coryd 6 6 10 3 9LepidopteraPyralidae Pyral 2 5 4 3 15

  • Psyche 5

    Table 1: Continued.

    Taxa Abbv. PK1 PK2 KY1 KY2 UL1 UL2TrichopteraPolycentropodidae Polyc 2Hydroptilidae Hydrt 1 1Odontoceridae Odont 1 30 8 1 52Leptoceridae Lepto 6 4 5 1 8Calamoceratidae Calam 6 8 76 145 26 60Hydropsychidae Hydrs 727 809 522 130 96 578Helicopsychidae Helic 2 324 91Philopotamidae Philo 4 2 37 13 2Lepidostomatidae Lepid 1 2 5Goeridae Goeri 3 1DipteraAthericidae Ather 2 1 1 5Tipulidae Tipul 12 16 3 4 3 15Simuliidae Simul 21 195 34 5 3 23Tabanidae Taban 4 6 2 1 5Ceratopogonidae Cerat 1 1 1 7Stratiomyidae Strat 5Culicidae Culic 3 3 1Psychodidae Psych 6 2Sciomyzidae Sciom 1Chironomidae Chiro 47 55 62 40 2 50Abundance 2,054 2,726 2,202 1,234 969 1,968Richness 50 46 49 46 41 49Evenness 0.685 0.684 0.754 0.836 0.712 0.712Shannon-Wiener diversity 2.68 2.62 2.934 3.2 2.643 2.771Simson’s diversity index 0.8461 0.8709 0.9031 0.9441 0.8683 0.8775

    Table 2: Mean values (±SD) of environmental variables in each sampling site.

    Parameter/station PK1 PK2 KY1 KY2 UL1 UL2AT 31.35 ± 3.03 33.73 ± 1.73 31.87 ± 2.66 30.04 ± 4.36 30.57 ± 1.86 29.97 ± 3.68WT 28.45 ± 3.02 29.82 ± 2.67 29.03 ± 2.17 28.58 ± 2.57 27.83 ± 1.15 28.11 ± 2.72pH 8.05 ± 0.85 8.15 ± 0.9 8.15 ± 0.59 7.99 ± 0.99 8.43 ± 0.64 8.19 ± 0.53DO 4.16 ± 2.08 4.45 ± 1.98 3.79 ± 1.63 5.0 ± 1.67 3.86 ± 0.65 6.35 ± 2.51EC 74.08 ± 21.95 104.1 ± 30.72 275.38 ± 111.73 325.49 ± 91.15 119.68 ± 16.94 158.62 ± 69.67TDS 37.02 ± 10.56 55.03 ± 13.5 135.44 ± 55 163.15 ± 43.27 58.3 ± 15.22 92.92 ± 33.39TUB 3.33 ± 1.37 3.57 ± 3.36 9 ± 16.67 12.43 ± 24.53 5.0 ± 2.65 5.17 ± 4.96ALK 58.33 ± 22.32 70 ± 20.40 106.67 ± 35 170.71 ± 33.76 132 ± 24.98 136.17 ± 24.33NH3-N 0.18 ± 0.18 0.14 ± 0.16 0.24 ± 0.19 0.22 ± 0.18 0.19 ± 0.19 0.18 ± 0.16

    PO4

    3− 0.13 ± 0.06 0.09 ± 0.06 0.11 ± 0.06 0.07 ± 0.05 0.09 ± 0.08 0.14 ± 0.22NO3-N 1.35 ± 0.42 1.57 ± 0.24 1.52 ± 0.29 1.87 ± 0.81 1.47 ± 0.06 1.45 ± 0.16

    SO4

    2− 1.2 ± 6 2 ± 10 2.2 ± 11 2.33 ± 14 5 ± 15 1.83 ± 11

    PCA ordination for data of aquatic insects can be sepa-rated into two groups (Figure 3). The first group was locatedin the Huai Pakkok stream (PK1 and PK2) and the secondgroup was located in the Huai Kayeng stream (KY1 and KY2)and the Huai U Long stream (UL1 and UL2). PCA analysis

    revealed a correlation between the aquatic insect family andwater quality (Figure 3). Aquatic insects in families Baeti-dae, Heptageniidae, Protoneuridae, Gerridae, Helotrephidae,Notonectidae, Nepidae, Leptoceridae, and Simuliidae wererelated to the concentration of orthophosphate and water

  • 6 Psyche

    PK1

    PK2

    KY1

    KY2

    UL1

    UL2

    Aphel

    Gerri

    Velii

    Nepid

    Hydrm

    Helot

    Nauco Pleid

    Noton

    Micro

    Potha

    Oligo

    Caeni

    Hepta

    Lepto

    Ephem

    Neoep

    Ephee

    Baeti

    Proso

    Perli

    Pelto

    Nemou

    Noter

    HydrpHydra

    GyrinElmid

    Pseph

    Dytis

    Scirt

    Polyc

    Hydrt

    OdontLeptc

    Calam

    Hydrs

    HelicPhilo

    Lepid

    GoeriAther

    TipulSimul

    Taban

    Cerat

    Strat

    Culic

    Psych

    Sciom

    Chiro

    Lesti

    Chlor

    Proto

    Gomph

    Libel

    Eupha

    Cordu

    Aeshn

    Platy

    Coena

    Calop

    Pyral

    Coryd

    WT

    pH

    DO

    EC

    TDSTUR

    ALK

    NH3-N

    PO4

    NO3-N

    SO4

    Axis 1

    Axi

    s 2

    Figure 3: Biplot of the PCA ordination diagram for the data setbetween aquatic insect taxa, sampling sites, and environmentalvariables in the three streams. Abbreviations of taxa are shown inTable 1.

    temperature. Aquatic insects in families Calopterygidae,Chlorocyphidae, Coenagrionidae, Lestidae, Platycnemidi-dae, Peltoperlidae, Pleidae, Culicidae, and Hydropsychidaehad relationships with pH of water. Water quality vari-ables such as alkalinity, total dissolved solids, dissolvedoxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen, and ammonia-nitrogen affected aquatic insect fam-ilies Neoephemeridae, Ephemeridae, Elmidae, Dytiscidae,Calamoceratidae, Helicopsychidae, and Philopotamidae.

    4. Conclusions

    The results obtained in the present study indicate that, of theaquatic insects collected from the three streams, the orderTrichoptera was most diverse in number of individuals, fol-lowed by Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Coleoptera,Diptera, Plecoptera,Megaloptera, and Lepidoptera.Thehigh-est Shannon index of diversity was recorded in Huai Kayengstream and the lowest was in Huai Pakkok stream. Theevenness value was recorded as high in almost all sites.PCA analysis can expose the correlation between aquaticinsect family and water quality with water temperature,orthophosphate alkalinity, total dissolved solids, dissolvedoxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, sulfate, nitrate-nitrogen, and ammonia-nitrogen.

    Conflict of Interests

    The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.

    Acknowledgment

    Financial support for this research was given through ascholarship of theGraduate School, Kasetsart University, year2014, to Witwisitpong Maneechan.

    References

    [1] H. B. N. Hynes, The Ecology of Running Water, University ofToronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 1970.

    [2] K.W. Cummins, “Structure and function of stream ecosystems,”BioScience, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 631–641, 1974.

    [3] R. L. Vannote, G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell,and C. E. Cushing, “The river continuum concept,” CanadianJournal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 130–137, 1980.

    [4] K.W.Cummins,M.A.Wilzbach,D.M.Gates, J. B. Perry, andW.B. Taliaferro, “Shredders and riparian vegetation,” BioScience,vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 24–30, 1989.

    [5] M. J. Dunbar, M. Warren, C. Extence et al., “Interactionbetween macroinvertebrates, discharge and physical habitat inupland rivers,” Aquatic Conservation: Marine and FreshwaterEcosystems, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. S31–S44, 2010.

    [6] M. Bergon, J. L. Harper, and C. R. Townsend, Ecology: Individ-uals, Populations and Communities, Blackwell Science, Oxford,UK, 1996.

    [7] V. L. Crisci-Bispo, P. C. Bispo, and C. G. Froehlich, “Epheme-roptera, plecoptera and trichoptera assemblages in two AtlanticRainforest streams, Southeastern Brazil,” Revista Brasileira deZoologia, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 312–318, 2007.

    [8] M. S. Gage, A. Spivak, andC. J. Paradise, “Effects of land use anddisturbance on benthic insects in headwater streams drainingsmall watersheds north of Charlotte, NC,” Southeastern Natu-ralist, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 345–358, 2004.

    [9] E. T. H. M. Peeters, R. Gylstra, and J. H. Vos, “Benthic macroin-vertebrate community structure in relation to food and environ-mental variables,” Hydrobiologia, vol. 519, no. 1–3, pp. 103–115,2004.

    [10] A. Clarke, R. Mac Nally, N. Bond, and P. S. Lake, “Macroin-vertebrate diversity in headwater streams: a review,” FreshwaterBiology, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1707–1721, 2008.

    [11] A. Ramı́rez, P. Paaby, C. M. Pringle, and G. Agüero, “Effectof habitat type on benthic macroinvertebrates in two lowlandtropical streams, Costa Rica,” Revista de Biologia Tropical, vol.46, no. 6, pp. 201–213, 1998.

    [12] G. B. Wiggins, Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera(Trichoptera), University of Toronto Press, 2nd edition, 1996.

    [13] D. Dudgeon, Tropical Asian Streams: Zoobenthos, Ecology andConservation, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 1999.

    [14] C. M. Yule and H. S. Yong, Freshwater Invertebrates of theMalaysian Region, Academy of Science Malaysia, Kuala Lump-ur, Malaysia, 2004.

    [15] APHA, AWWA, and WPCF, Standard Method for the Exam-ination of Water and Wastewater, American Public HealthAssociation, Washington, DC, USA, 18th edition, 1992.

    [16] J. A. Ludwig and J. F. Reynolds, Statistical Ecology, John Wiley& Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1988.

    [17] L. U. Hepp, R. M. Restello, S. V. Milesi, C. Biasi, and J. Molozzi,“Distribution of aquatic insects in urban headwater streams,”Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2013.

    [18] U. G. Abhijna, R. Ratheesh, and A. Biju Kumar, “Distributionand diversity of aquatic insects of Vellayani lake in Kerala,”Journal of Environmental Biology, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 605–611,2013.

    [19] D. R. Lenat andD. L. Penrose, “History of the EPT taxa richnessmetric,” Bulletin North American Benthological Society, vol. 12,no. 13, pp. 279–290, 1996.

  • Psyche 7

    [20] S. S. Costa and A. S. Melo, “Beta diversity in stream macroin-vertebrate assemblages: among-site and among-microhabitatcomponents,” Hydrobiologia, vol. 598, no. 1, pp. 131–138, 2008.

    [21] R. Novelo-Gutiérrez and J. A. Gómez-Anaya, “A comparativestudy of Odonata (Insecta) assemblages along an altitudinalgradient in the sierra de Coalcomán Mountains, Michoacán,Mexico,” Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 679–698, 2009.

    [22] P. C. Bispo, C. G. Froehlich, and L. G. Oliveira, “Spatialdistribution of plecoptera nymphs in streams of a mountainousarea of central Brazil,” Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 62, no.3, pp. 409–417, 2002.

    [23] S. A. Hamid and C. S. Rawi, “Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) inMalaysian tropical rivers: diversity and seasonality,” Journal ofEntomology and Nematology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 30–36, 2013.

  • Submit your manuscripts athttp://www.hindawi.com

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Anatomy Research International

    PeptidesInternational Journal of

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com

    International Journal of

    Volume 2014

    Zoology

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Molecular Biology International

    GenomicsInternational Journal of

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    BioinformaticsAdvances in

    Marine BiologyJournal of

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Signal TransductionJournal of

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    BioMed Research International

    Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Biochemistry Research International

    ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Genetics Research International

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Advances in

    Virolog y

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com

    Nucleic AcidsJournal of

    Volume 2014

    Stem CellsInternational

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    Enzyme Research

    Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

    International Journal of

    Microbiology