Rescue Technicianâ€” Confined Space Rescue - MFRI Home

Note-Taking Guide

Rescue Technician—Confined Space Rescue

Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute University of Maryland

Steven T. Edwards

Spring 2010

Copyright© 2010 by the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this book may by copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission of the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute.

The Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute of the University of Maryland is the State’s compre-hensive training and education system for all emergency services. The Institute plans, researches, develops, and delivers quality programs to enhance the abil-ity of emergency services providers to protect life, the environment, and property.

Rescue TechnicianRescue TechnicianConfined Space RescueConfined Space Rescue

Lesson 1Lesson 1--11

Introduction and PaperworkIntroduction and Paperwork

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--11

Student Performance ObjectiveStudent Performance Objective

Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe handouts, and reading materials, describe the structure and requirements of this the structure and requirements of this course.course.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--22

OverviewOverview

Course Structure and IntroductionsCourse Structure and IntroductionsCourse RequirementsCourse Requirements

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--33

Course Structure and IntroductionsCourse Structure and Introductions

Fill out paperworkFill out paperworkStructure of classStructure of class

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--44


Class StructureClass Structure–– 11--11 Introduction and PaperworkIntroduction and Paperwork–– 11--22 Confined Spaces and Their HazardsConfined Spaces and Their Hazards–– 22--11 Confined Space Entry RequirementsConfined Space Entry Requirements–– 33--11 Air MonitoringAir Monitoring–– 33--22 Ventilation and InertingVentilation and Inerting–– 44--11 Lock Out/Tag OutLock Out/Tag Out–– 44--22 Strategic Rescue FactorsStrategic Rescue Factors–– 55--11 Incident CommandIncident Command

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--55


Class StructureClass Structure–– 55--22 SOPsSOPs–– 55--33 Team EvaluationTeam Evaluation–– 66--11 SafetySafety–– 77--11 RescueRescue–– 77--22 Rescue EquipmentRescue Equipment–– 88--11 Practical ExercisesPractical Exercises–– 99--11 Practical ExercisesPractical Exercises–– 1010--11 Comprehensive Practical ExerciseComprehensive Practical Exercise–– 1111--11 Final Written ExamFinal Written Exam

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--66


Attendance requirementAttendance requirementSafety firstSafety firstTermsTermsIntroductionsIntroductions

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--77

Course RequirementsCourse Requirements

Skill Sheets Skill Sheets –– Must be completed Must be completed priorprior to to taking the finaltaking the finalFinal Written Exam Final Written Exam –– Student must Student must receive a grade of 70% higherreceive a grade of 70% higher

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--88


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe handouts, and reading materials, describe the structure and requirements of this the structure and requirements of this course.course.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--11--99

ReviewReview

Course Structure and IntroductionsCourse Structure and IntroductionsCourse RequirementsCourse Requirements



Confined Spaces and Their HazardsConfined Spaces and Their Hazards

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, define handouts, and reading materials, define what constitutes a confined space and what constitutes a confined space and describe the hazards associated with describe the hazards associated with confined space rescue.confined space rescue.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--22

OverviewOverview

IntroductionIntroductionDefining Confined SpaceDefining Confined SpaceHazard RecognitionHazard RecognitionNonNon--Permit Spaces versus PermitPermit Spaces versus Permit--Required SpacesRequired Spaces

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--33

Introduction toIntroduction toConfined Space RescueConfined Space Rescue

Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedOSHA HistoryOSHA History

Rule 1 - Don’t become a victim

Introduction toIntroduction toConfined Space RescueConfined Space Rescue

NFPA 1006 Level I vs. Level IINFPA 1006 Level I vs. Level II–– Level ILevel I

Prepare to enter a confined spacePrepare to enter a confined spaceEnter a confined spaceEnter a confined spacePackage a victimPackage a victimRemove all entrantsRemove all entrants

–– Level IILevel IIPreplan a confined spacePreplan a confined spaceAssess a confined space incidentAssess a confined space incidentControl hazards at a confined space incidentControl hazards at a confined space incident

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--44

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--55

Defining Confined SpaceDefining Confined Space

Large enough to enterLarge enough to enterLimited openingsLimited openingsNot meant for human occupancyNot meant for human occupancy

Defining Confined SpaceDefining Confined Space

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--66

Interior of a confined space. This space is large enough for a person to enter and work in.

View of a limited opening on a confined space—opening is on top of the vault.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--77

Hazard RecognitionHazard Recognition

Atmospheric hazardsAtmospheric hazardsFlammable gas, vapor or mistFlammable gas, vapor or mistAirborne combustible dustAirborne combustible dustHigh or low atmospheric oxygenHigh or low atmospheric oxygenAtmospheric concentration in excess of Atmospheric concentration in excess of permissible exposure limitpermissible exposure limitOther IDLH atmospheric conditionsOther IDLH atmospheric conditions

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--88


Flammable/Explosive RangeFlammable/Explosive Range–– Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)–– Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)–– Flash PointFlash PointDust ConditionsDust ConditionsHazardous MaterialsHazardous Materials


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--99

Illustration showing flammable range. The fuel mixture to the left of the LFL is too lean (not enough fuel), and the fuel mixture to the right of the UFL is too rich (too much fuel, not enough oxygen).


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--1010

Flammable ranges of various materials. Some materials have a narrow flammable range, whereas others have a broad range.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--1111

Different materials have different flash points. Knowing the identity of the material, the flash point, and the temperature of the material will give you an idea of the fire hazard.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--1212

Effects of varying levels of oxygen on people.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--1313


Physical HazardsPhysical Hazards–– ElectricalElectrical–– MechanicalMechanical–– FireFire–– Physical FeaturesPhysical Features–– EngulfmentEngulfment


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--1414

A variety of physical hazards can be present in a confined space. Note the sludge thickener (screw) running up the center of the picture.

A final clarifier tank in a sewage treatment plant. Hazards include the water, sloped sides near the top of the tank, and weirs.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--1515

NonNon--Permit Spaces versusPermit Spaces versusPermitPermit--Required SpacesRequired Spaces

Permit SpacesPermit Spaces–– Hazardous AtmosphereHazardous Atmosphere–– Engulfment PotentialEngulfment Potential–– Internal ConfigurationInternal Configuration–– Other Health and Safety HazardsOther Health and Safety Hazards

NonNon--Permit SpacesPermit Spaces

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--1616


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, define handouts, and reading materials, define what constitutes a confined space and what constitutes a confined space and describe the hazards associated with describe the hazards associated with confined space rescue.confined space rescue.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--11--22--1717

ReviewReview

Introduction to Confined Space RescueIntroduction to Confined Space RescueDefining Confined SpaceDefining Confined SpaceHazard RecognitionHazard RecognitionNonNon--Permit Spaces versus PermitPermit Spaces versus Permit--Required SpacesRequired Spaces



Confined Space Entry RequirementsConfined Space Entry Requirements

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe the requirements to make describe the requirements to make entry into a permitentry into a permit--required confined required confined space.space.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--22

OverviewOverview

Requirements for Confined Space EntryRequirements for Confined Space EntryConfined Space ProgramsConfined Space ProgramsConfined Space Entry PermitConfined Space Entry PermitEntry Permit PreparationEntry Permit PreparationRopes and Rigging ReviewRopes and Rigging Review

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--33

Chapter 1 Review QuestionsChapter 1 Review Questions

Discuss the review questions found on Discuss the review questions found on page 11 of the textpage 11 of the text

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--44

Requirements forRequirements forConfined Space EntryConfined Space Entry

LessonsLessons--learned reviewlearned reviewRescue Standard Operating ProceduresRescue Standard Operating ProceduresEntry PermitEntry Permit–– Determine if an entry permit existsDetermine if an entry permit exists–– Use the entry permit during sizeUse the entry permit during size--upup

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--55

Confined Space ProgramsConfined Space Programs

AttendantAttendantAuthorized EntrantAuthorized EntrantConfined Space SupervisorConfined Space Supervisor

Confined Space ProgramsConfined Space Programs

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--66

Attendant communicating with the entrants working inside the confined space.

Any person who makes entry into a confined space is an entrant and must be trained as an entrant. This entrant training requirement includes rescuers.

The confined space supervisor is responsible for making sure that the entry permit is properly filled out.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--77

Confined Space Entry PermitConfined Space Entry Permit

Permit SpacesPermit Spaces–– Hazardous Hazardous

atmosphereatmosphere–– Engulfment Engulfment

potentialpotential–– Internal Internal

configurationconfiguration–– Other health and Other health and

safety hazardssafety hazardsNonNon--Permit SpacesPermit Spaces


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--88

Not all spaces are permit-required confined spaces. This space does not require a confined space entry permit because it does not meet the definition of a permit-required confined space. But if an emergency occurred, how would you handle this space?

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--99


Elements of an Entry PermitElements of an Entry Permit–– Issue and expiration dateIssue and expiration date–– Identification of job site/space and supervisorIdentification of job site/space and supervisor–– Equipment to be worked on and work to be Equipment to be worked on and work to be

donedone–– Identification of attendant and entrantsIdentification of attendant and entrants–– Atmospheric checks before and during entryAtmospheric checks before and during entry

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--1010


Elements of an Entry Permit Elements of an Entry Permit (continued)(continued)

–– Lockout/tagout in placeLockout/tagout in place

–– Ventilation requirementsVentilation requirements

–– Atmospheric monitoringAtmospheric monitoring

–– Communication proceduresCommunication procedures

–– Rescue proceduresRescue procedures

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--1111


Elements of an Entry Permit Elements of an Entry Permit (continued)(continued)

–– Identification of all persons associated with Identification of all persons associated with the permit, including standthe permit, including stand--by personnelby personnel

–– Equipment requiredEquipment required

–– Review and approval signatureReview and approval signature

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--1212

Entry PermitEntry Permit

Entry Permit PreparationEntry Permit Preparation

InIn--class Exerciseclass Exercise–– Groups fill out permitGroups fill out permit–– Review with whole classReview with whole class

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--1313

Rope and Rigging ReviewRope and Rigging Review

Review rope and rigging skills required to Review rope and rigging skills required to perform practical exercises in Sessions 7, perform practical exercises in Sessions 7, 9 and 10.9 and 10.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--1414

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--1515


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe the requirements to make describe the requirements to make entry into a permitentry into a permit--required confined required confined space.space.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--22--11--1616

ReviewReview

Requirements for Confined Space EntryRequirements for Confined Space EntryConfined Space ProgramsConfined Space ProgramsConfined Space Entry PermitConfined Space Entry PermitEntry Permit PreparationEntry Permit PreparationRopes and Rigging ReviewRopes and Rigging Review


Lesson 3Lesson 3--11Air MonitoringAir Monitoring

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe why and how to monitor the describe why and how to monitor the air in a confined space.air in a confined space.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--22

OverviewOverview

Combustible GasesCombustible GasesOxygen Monitoring EquipmentOxygen Monitoring EquipmentSpecific Gas MonitoringSpecific Gas MonitoringpH DevicespH DevicesUnderstanding Monitoring Equipment Understanding Monitoring Equipment ReadingsReadings

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--33


Discuss the 10 review questions found Discuss the 10 review questions found on page 28 of the texton page 28 of the text

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--44

Combustible GasesCombustible Gases

LessonsLessons--learned reviewlearned reviewDirect Reading InstrumentsDirect Reading InstrumentsCombustible Gas Indicator (CGI)Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI)–– Wheatstone BridgeWheatstone Bridge–– LFL %LFL %–– Gas used to calibrateGas used to calibrate–– Action limitAction limit–– Effects of vapor densityEffects of vapor density


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--55

A combustible gas detector combined with a multiple gas detector and calibration equipment.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--66

Combustible gas detectors indicate how close the gas concentration is to the lower flammable limit of the gas with which the meter is calibrated.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--77

For a CGI calibrated on methane, a meter reading of 50 percent would indicate a gas concentration equal to 2.5 percent methane in air.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--88

Depending on the vapor density of the gas you are attempting to monitor, the gas concentration may vary within the space. A gas that is heavier than air will tend to be more concentrated at the bottom of the space. The reverse would be true for a gas that is lighter than air.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--99


DemonstrationDemonstrationStudent PracticeStudent PracticeSkill SignSkill Sign--OffOff

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1010

Oxygen Monitoring EquipmentOxygen Monitoring Equipment

Upper and lower limitsUpper and lower limits

Impact of oxygen content on rescue Impact of oxygen content on rescue efforts and safetyefforts and safety

Evaluation of the space and monitoring Evaluation of the space and monitoring different levels of the spacedifferent levels of the space


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1111

Oxygen levels that are above or below the normal range of 19.5 percent to 23.5 percent lead to problems that must be addressed.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1212


DemonstrationDemonstrationPracticePracticeSign OffSign Off

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1313

Specific Gas MonitoringSpecific Gas Monitoring

Identification of potential gasesIdentification of potential gasesUse of gas specific monitorsUse of gas specific monitorsInterpreting readingsInterpreting readingsPresence of an IDLHPresence of an IDLHUse of colorimetric tubesUse of colorimetric tubesLimitation of indirect monitoring devicesLimitation of indirect monitoring devices


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1414

This is a meter that is designed to monitor carbon monoxide levels. It is not intended to detect or measure any other gas.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1515

This meter is designed to measure combustible gases, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1616

Colorimetric tubes are designed to be used to detect specific chemicals. These tubes are used by drawing a sample of air through the tube and then noting any color change.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1717


DemonstrateDemonstratePracticePracticeSign OffSign Off

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1818

pH DevicespH Devices

Nature of corrosive materialsNature of corrosive materialspH of specific substancespH of specific substancesMethods of determining pHMethods of determining pHUse of pH toolsUse of pH tools


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--1919

A pH meter. pH paper.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--2020


DemonstrateDemonstratePracticePracticeSign OffSign Off

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--2121

Understanding Monitoring Understanding Monitoring Equipment ReadingsEquipment Readings

Order of equipment useOrder of equipment useMonitoring outside environmentMonitoring outside environmentUse of preUse of pre--plansplansConfined space sizeConfined space size--up and the role of up and the role of monitoringmonitoringContinuous monitoringContinuous monitoringUse of manufacturer documentationUse of manufacturer documentationInterference with monitoring equipmentInterference with monitoring equipment


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--2222

1. Monitor the atmosphere outside of the confined space as you approach the opening. Then begin monitoring the space, beginning at the top of the space, moving to the middle, and finally moving near the bottom of the space.

2. Depending on the length of any hose or tubing attached to the monitoring equipment, the response time of the equipment will vary. The longer the hose, the longer it takes for the sample to reach the sensors.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--2323

3. If the space is deep, you might want to consider taking readings at inter-mediate levels between the top, middle, and bottom levels.

4. Do not allow the sampling tube to touch or rest on the bottom of the con-fined space. Debris can enter sampling hose and plug or damage the meter.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--2424


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe why and how to monitor the describe why and how to monitor the air in a confined space.air in a confined space.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--11--2525

ReviewReview

Combustible GasesCombustible GasesOxygen Monitoring EquipmentOxygen Monitoring EquipmentSpecific Gas MonitoringSpecific Gas MonitoringpH DevicespH DevicesUnderstanding Monitoring Equipment Understanding Monitoring Equipment ReadingsReadings


Lesson 3Lesson 3--22Ventilation and InertingVentilation and Inerting

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe handouts, and reading materials, describe and demonstrate how to ventilate a and demonstrate how to ventilate a confined space and identify the impact of confined space and identify the impact of inerting a confined space.inerting a confined space.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--22

OverviewOverview

VentilationVentilationInertingInertingPractical ExercisesPractical Exercises

VentilationVentilation

Ventilation eliminates or reduces hazardsVentilation eliminates or reduces hazards

Atmospheric hazards can originate from Atmospheric hazards can originate from outside the spaceoutside the space–– Accidental (such as vehicle exhaust)Accidental (such as vehicle exhaust)–– Intentional (such as inerting)Intentional (such as inerting)

Ventilation reduces contaminants by dilution Ventilation reduces contaminants by dilution or removalor removalVentilation can provide victims with Ventilation can provide victims with increased oxygenincreased oxygen

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--33


Mechanical ventilation can protect victimsMechanical ventilation can protect victims–– Entry is not requiredEntry is not required–– SetSet--up is quickup is quick

Prior to ventilation:Prior to ventilation:–– Know what hazards are in the spaceKnow what hazards are in the space–– Initiate constant monitoringInitiate constant monitoring–– Estimate space size and ventilation Estimate space size and ventilation

requirementsrequirements

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--44


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--55

You know that this space contains a hazardous atmosphere. Now you must determine what the hazard is.

This confined space has a single, small (21-inch) opening for ventila-tion and access.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--66

A mechanical blower that moves 2,500 cubic feet A mechanical blower that moves 2,500 cubic feet per minute (cfm) will change the air 2.5 times per per minute (cfm) will change the air 2.5 times per minute in a 1,000 cubic foot spaceminute in a 1,000 cubic foot space

By blowing air into a space and placing the air hose near the victim, you can provide fresh air to the victim.

This large, bulk storage tank will be difficult to ventilate due to the large volume of the space.


Inlet and exhaust openings must be Inlet and exhaust openings must be plannedplanned–– Must consider hazard to people outside the Must consider hazard to people outside the

spacespace

–– Location of ventilation openings can assist Location of ventilation openings can assist depending on vapor densitydepending on vapor density

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--77


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--88

You must know where your exhaust gases are going as you vent a con-fined space. If these exhaust gases are heavier than air, or the intake opening was downwind of the ex-haust opening, what effect would that have on your operation?

Churning occurs when air is blown through the fan or blower, enters and immediately exits the space, and is drawn right back through the fan. When you are venting a space, you must be aware of how effective the air move-ment is. Air that is churning does not contribute to ventilating the space.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--99

Prevent churning by using a hose attached to the Prevent churning by using a hose attached to the fanfan——creates a remote discharge point for air being creates a remote discharge point for air being moved by fanmoved by fan

When you have a space with a single opening, it must be used for intake and exhaust. By using a hose to push air into the lower areas, air will cir-culate more effectively.


Other factors to consider:Other factors to consider:–– Where exhaust gases will goWhere exhaust gases will go

–– Victim locationVictim location

–– Gas locationGas location

–– FansFans’’ placementplacementVolumeVolumeStacking and tandem useStacking and tandem useHose length and diameterHose length and diameter

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1010


Saddle VentSaddle Vent™™–– Air is received from an 8Air is received from an 8--inch blower hose, inch blower hose,

passed through Saddle Ventpassed through Saddle Vent™™ and passed and passed into an 8into an 8--inch hose for deliveryinch hose for delivery

Heaters Heaters –– Used in cold confined spacesUsed in cold confined spaces

FiltersFilters–– Placed in the line to remove dustPlaced in the line to remove dust

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1111


Power sources for ventilation equipmentPower sources for ventilation equipment–– GasolineGasoline–– Internal combustion engineInternal combustion engine–– Electric motorElectric motor–– Air compressorAir compressor

Some equipment can be an ignition Some equipment can be an ignition source for flammable vaporssource for flammable vapors

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1212


Potential equipment failures can be simple Potential equipment failures can be simple problems (accidentally unplugged) or problems (accidentally unplugged) or complex problems (loss of electrical power)complex problems (loss of electrical power)

–– Determine if you can safely work around the Determine if you can safely work around the problem or if rescuers need to be pulled outproblem or if rescuers need to be pulled out

–– If impact is minor, make sure it remains minorIf impact is minor, make sure it remains minor

–– Minimize impact of failures by maintaining Minimize impact of failures by maintaining equipmentequipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1313


PositivePositive--pressure ventilationpressure ventilation–– Takes air from outside and forces it insideTakes air from outside and forces it inside

Use a hose to direct air to victimUse a hose to direct air to victim

–– Avoids flammable vapors coming into contact Avoids flammable vapors coming into contact with the fan blades or motorwith the fan blades or motor

Static electricity still may occurStatic electricity still may occur

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1414


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1515

It is possible to use a single opening for positive-pressure ventilation. You must allow for a space at the top of the intake opening for exhaust gases to pass to the outside.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1616

It is possible to use fans in combination for both positive-pressure and negative-pressure ventilation.


NegativeNegative--pressure pressure ventilationventilation–– Drawing air outDrawing air out–– Directing air to a Directing air to a

location remote from location remote from inlet openinginlet opening

A combination of A combination of negative and positive negative and positive pressure may also be pressure may also be usedused

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1717

A gasoline powered blower and two electrically powered fans. Note the size and length of the ventilation hoses as well as the different sizes of the fans.

InertingInerting

Removes oxygen from a confined spaceRemoves oxygen from a confined spaceUses inerting gases such as:Uses inerting gases such as:–– Nitrogen Nitrogen –– Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide–– CombinationCombinationRemoves oxygen to:Removes oxygen to:–– Eliminate one leg of fire triangle (oxygen) to Eliminate one leg of fire triangle (oxygen) to

reduce fire potentialreduce fire potential–– Stop oxidation of productStop oxidation of product

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1818

InertingInerting

A significant amount of inerting gas A significant amount of inerting gas replaces the volume of air in the spacereplaces the volume of air in the space

If a space has been inerted, find out whyIf a space has been inerted, find out why

Adding air to inerted confined space Adding air to inerted confined space containing flammable liquid and vapors containing flammable liquid and vapors may bring vapors into flammable rangemay bring vapors into flammable range

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--1919

InertingInerting

Gaseous fire extinguishing agents used Gaseous fire extinguishing agents used in a confined space may create low in a confined space may create low oxygen atmosphere (inert) or a toxic oxygen atmosphere (inert) or a toxic atmosphereatmosphere

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--2020

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--2121

InertingInertingThe white tank, next to the two silos shown in this picture, is a liquid nitrogen tank for inerting the atmosphere within the silos. Without preplanning, you may not realize that this hazard is present.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--2222

Practical ExercisesPractical Exercises

DemonstrationDemonstrationStudent practiceStudent practiceSkill signSkill sign--offoff

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--2323


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe and demonstrate how to describe and demonstrate how to ventilate a confined space and identify ventilate a confined space and identify the impact of inerting a confined space.the impact of inerting a confined space.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--33--22--2424

ReviewReview

VentilationVentilationInertingInertingPractical ExercisesPractical Exercises


Lesson 4Lesson 4--11Lockout/TagoutLockout/Tagout

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe handouts, and reading materials, describe lockout/tagout procedures and how they lockout/tagout procedures and how they apply to confined space rescue.apply to confined space rescue.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--22

OverviewOverview

Lockout/Tagout RequirementsLockout/Tagout RequirementsPreplanningPreplanningHazard and Risk AssessmentHazard and Risk AssessmentLockout/Tagout DevicesLockout/Tagout DevicesLockout/Tagout EquipmentLockout/Tagout EquipmentLockout/Tagout Strategic FactorsLockout/Tagout Strategic FactorsDemonstration and Student PracticeDemonstration and Student Practice

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--33

Chapters 3 & 7Chapters 3 & 7Review QuestionsReview Questions

Discuss the review questions found on Discuss the review questions found on pages 44 and 105 of the textpages 44 and 105 of the text

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--44

Lockout/Tagout RequirementsLockout/Tagout Requirements

PurposePurpose——to identify and control energy to identify and control energy sourcessourcesInclusion in entry permitInclusion in entry permitIdentification in preIdentification in pre--planplan

Lockout/Tagout RequirementsLockout/Tagout Requirements

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--55

A lockout control center showing some of the equipment required for controlling energy sources.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--66

PreplanningPreplanning

Identify hazardsIdentify hazardsIdentify how to control hazardsIdentify how to control hazardsUnderstand that preplans help with Understand that preplans help with sizesize--up but do not replace sizeup but do not replace size--upupExpect changes when using a preplanExpect changes when using a preplanCarry a basic lockout/tagout kit as part Carry a basic lockout/tagout kit as part of rescue equipmentof rescue equipment

PreplanningPreplanning

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--77

Product stored in this hopper is intended to be released through the chute at the bottom. The source of the energy moving this product is gravity, and it must be thought of as stored energy.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--88

Hazard and Risk AssessmentHazard and Risk Assessment

Conduct AssessmentConduct Assessment–– What energy sources exist?What energy sources exist?

–– How are sources controlled?How are sources controlled?

–– Is this a recovery or a rescue effort?Is this a recovery or a rescue effort?

–– What is likely to happen as rescue proceeds?What is likely to happen as rescue proceeds?

–– What must be done to protect the victim and the What must be done to protect the victim and the rescuers?rescuers?

Document the assessment and incorporate into Document the assessment and incorporate into the IAPthe IAP

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--99

Lockout/Tagout DevicesLockout/Tagout Devices

Electrical Circuit BreakersElectrical Circuit BreakersDisconnect SwitchesDisconnect SwitchesLine ValvesLine ValvesLatches, Chains and ChocksLatches, Chains and Chocks

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--1010

Lockout/Tagout EquipmentLockout/Tagout Equipment

RescuersRescuers’’ basic equipmentbasic equipmentOnOn--site and/or specialized equipmentsite and/or specialized equipmentImprovised devices (with caution)Improvised devices (with caution)

Lockout/Tagout EquipmentLockout/Tagout Equipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--1111

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--1212

Lockout/Tagout Strategic FactorsLockout/Tagout Strategic Factors

Energy sources can kill or maim and Energy sources can kill or maim and must be understood and controlledmust be understood and controlled

First answer basic sizeFirst answer basic size--up questions, up questions, then ask:then ask:–– Can energy be controlled?Can energy be controlled?–– Is additional assistance needed?Is additional assistance needed?–– Where will assistance come from?Where will assistance come from?


For energy sources found must consider:For energy sources found must consider:–– Is energy source part of the cause of the Is energy source part of the cause of the

incident?incident?–– Is it controlled and if so, how?Is it controlled and if so, how?–– Is there equipment that starts automatically?Is there equipment that starts automatically?–– Is there a preplan that discusses energy Is there a preplan that discusses energy

sources?sources?–– What is the current situation and what has to What is the current situation and what has to

happen next?happen next?

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--1313


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--1414

Warning sign indicating the presence of automatic starting equipment. Automatic starting equipment can start without warning.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--1515

Practical ExercisePractical Exercise

DemonstrateDemonstratePracticePracticeSign offSign off

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--1616


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe handouts, and reading materials, describe lockout/tagout procedures and how they lockout/tagout procedures and how they apply to confined space rescue.apply to confined space rescue.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--11--1717

ReviewReview

Lockout/Tagout RequirementsLockout/Tagout RequirementsPreplanningPreplanningHazard and Risk AssessmentHazard and Risk AssessmentLockout/Tagout DevicesLockout/Tagout DevicesLockout/Tagout EquipmentLockout/Tagout EquipmentLockout/Tagout Strategic FactorsLockout/Tagout Strategic FactorsDemonstration and Student PracticeDemonstration and Student Practice


Lesson 4Lesson 4--22Strategic Rescue FactorsStrategic Rescue Factors

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe handouts, and reading materials, describe the strategic factors that have to be the strategic factors that have to be considered when sizing up a confined considered when sizing up a confined space rescue.space rescue.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--22

OverviewOverview

Basic Rescue SizeBasic Rescue Size--UpUpBasic Strategic FactorsBasic Strategic Factors

Basic Rescue SizeBasic Rescue Size--UpUp

Conduct Size UpConduct Size Up–– Analyze extent of problem Analyze extent of problem

–– Identify readily available information and Identify readily available information and determine its impactdetermine its impact

–– Identify critical factors and analyze their Identify critical factors and analyze their impactimpact

–– Determine what additional information is Determine what additional information is requiredrequired

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--33

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--44


Prepare preplansPrepare preplans–– Identify spaces and their hazardsIdentify spaces and their hazards–– Define limits of the organizationDefine limits of the organization–– Plan for common types of facilitiesPlan for common types of facilities–– Identify training needsIdentify training needs–– Examine SOPs/SOGs for adequacyExamine SOPs/SOGs for adequacy

Gain Access for Preplanning and TrainingGain Access for Preplanning and Training–– Should be a written agreementShould be a written agreement–– Should include both preplanning and trainingShould include both preplanning and training


Standardize confined space SOPsStandardize confined space SOPs–– Look for similaritiesLook for similarities–– Incorporate into the SOPIncorporate into the SOP

Identify variations in SOP requirementsIdentify variations in SOP requirements–– Categorize as high or low impactCategorize as high or low impact

–– Prepare expanded procedures for high Prepare expanded procedures for high impact variationsimpact variations

–– Minimize efforts on low impact variationsMinimize efforts on low impact variations

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--55

Basic Strategic FactorsBasic Strategic Factors

Impact varies according to incidentImpact varies according to incident–– Confined space permit should indicate:Confined space permit should indicate:

Type of work being performedType of work being performedExpected hazardsExpected hazardsNumber of people in the confined spaceNumber of people in the confined spaceWho to contact for additional informationWho to contact for additional information

–– If no permit is present: If no permit is present: Gather informationGather informationAnalyze Analyze Use what you know to develop an action planUse what you know to develop an action plan

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--66

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--77


Atmospheric hazardsAtmospheric hazards–– What work was being done?What work was being done?

–– Were toxic substances being used?Were toxic substances being used?

–– Was sludge disturbed?Was sludge disturbed?

–– Where will exhaust venting gases go?Where will exhaust venting gases go?

–– Will an atmospheric hazard be spread?Will an atmospheric hazard be spread?

–– Will rescue equipment generate hazardous Will rescue equipment generate hazardous gases?gases?


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--88

This trench has a variety of physical hazard items surrounding it that can easily be knocked or dropped into the space and injure people.

Depending upon the type of work being performed within the confined space, hazards may be introduced that you might not expect.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--99


Physical HazardsPhysical Hazards–– Go beyond lockout/tagoutGo beyond lockout/tagout–– Identify all hazardsIdentify all hazards

ExposuresExposures–– Will hazards be spread?Will hazards be spread?

ConstructionConstruction–– Is the space structurally stable?Is the space structurally stable?–– Has the structure been damaged?Has the structure been damaged?

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--1010


ContentsContents–– What is normally in the space?What is normally in the space?–– What other products have been brought in?What other products have been brought in?

ResourcesResources–– Is the response adequate?Is the response adequate?–– Are more resources needed?Are more resources needed?

TimeTime–– How long will the rescue take and what will How long will the rescue take and what will

be the effect on the victim(s) and the be the effect on the victim(s) and the rescuers?rescuers?

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--1111


CommunicationsCommunications–– Both within and outside the spaceBoth within and outside the space

Risk to LifeRisk to Life–– What are the hazards?What are the hazards?

Weather ConditionsWeather Conditions–– TemperatureTemperature–– WindWind

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--1212


Special ProblemsSpecial Problems–– Everything else (what are examples?)Everything else (what are examples?)

Life SafetyLife Safety–– Safety of victims, rescuers and onlookersSafety of victims, rescuers and onlookers

Incident StabilizationIncident Stabilization–– Control hazards, focus on safetyControl hazards, focus on safety

Property ConservationProperty Conservation–– Necessary vs. unnecessary damageNecessary vs. unnecessary damage


Basic actions at a confined space rescue:Basic actions at a confined space rescue:–– Manage the risk to operating personnelManage the risk to operating personnel–– Locate the victim(s)Locate the victim(s)–– Identify how you will communicate with the Identify how you will communicate with the

entry team while they are in the spaceentry team while they are in the space–– Determine how you will rescue the entry Determine how you will rescue the entry

team, if neededteam, if needed–– Identify how you will remove the victimIdentify how you will remove the victim–– Enter only with proper PPE for rescue entry Enter only with proper PPE for rescue entry

teamteamRES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--1313


Incident priorities:Incident priorities:–– Life safetyLife safety

Eliminate or decrease hazards to victims Eliminate or decrease hazards to victims Rescue once rescuers are protectedRescue once rescuers are protected

–– Incident stabilizationIncident stabilization–– Property conservationProperty conservation

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--1414

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--1515


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe handouts, and reading materials, describe the strategic factors that have to be the strategic factors that have to be considered when sizing up a confined considered when sizing up a confined space rescue.space rescue.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--44--22--1616

ReviewReview

Basic Rescue SizeBasic Rescue Size--UpUpBasic Strategic FactorsBasic Strategic Factors


Lesson 5Lesson 5--11Using the Incident Command SystemUsing the Incident Command System

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe the necessity of using the describe the necessity of using the incident command system in incident command system in management of a confined space management of a confined space rescue. rescue.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--22

OverviewOverview(1 of 2)(1 of 2)

SafetySafetyUnity of CommandUnity of CommandSpan of ControlSpan of ControlCommon TerminologyCommon TerminologySingle Command and Unified CommandSingle Command and Unified CommandThe Incident Action PlanThe Incident Action Plan

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--33

OverviewOverview(2 of 2)(2 of 2)

The Command PostThe Command PostResource ManagementResource ManagementIncident PrioritiesIncident PrioritiesCommandCommandOther Command Support StaffOther Command Support StaffApplying the Incident Command System Applying the Incident Command System to Confined Space Rescueto Confined Space Rescue

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--44

Chapter 4 & 6Chapter 4 & 6Review QuestionsReview Questions

Discuss the review questions found on Discuss the review questions found on pages 55 and 93 of the textpages 55 and 93 of the text

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--55

The Incident Command SystemThe Incident Command System

SafetySafety–– Safety firstSafety first–– Nature of hazards and risksNature of hazards and risks

Unity of CommandUnity of Command–– Confined space incident command much the same Confined space incident command much the same

as that of other incidentsas that of other incidents–– One IC, each person has one supervisorOne IC, each person has one supervisor

Span of controlSpan of control–– Span of control cannot exceed 7 peopleSpan of control cannot exceed 7 people–– Staff needs to increase as resources increaseStaff needs to increase as resources increase

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--66


Common TerminologyCommon Terminology–– Unit numbering, radio terms, etc.Unit numbering, radio terms, etc.

Single command and unified commandSingle command and unified command–– Single commandSingle command——single incident commander is in single incident commander is in

chargecharge–– Unified commandUnified command——multiple agencies involvedmultiple agencies involved

The Incident Action PlanThe Incident Action Plan–– Goals and objectivesGoals and objectives–– Strategy and tactics incorporating SOPsStrategy and tactics incorporating SOPs

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--77


The Command PostThe Command Post–– Location must be known to all personnelLocation must be known to all personnel–– Size will increase with complexity of the incidentSize will increase with complexity of the incident

Resource ManagementResource Management–– Task assignmentsTask assignments–– AccountabilityAccountability–– Additional resourcesAdditional resources

Incident PrioritiesIncident Priorities–– Life safetyLife safety–– Incident stabilizationIncident stabilization–– Property conservationProperty conservation

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--88

CommandCommand

Command must exist on every incidentCommand must exist on every incidentStaff other positions only as neededStaff other positions only as needed–– Incident Safety Officer (ISO)Incident Safety Officer (ISO)

Must have knowledge of confined space rescueMust have knowledge of confined space rescueMust recognize hazards present/possibleMust recognize hazards present/possibleMust have authority to actMust have authority to act

–– Public Information Officer (PIO)Public Information Officer (PIO)Allows IC to focus on incidentAllows IC to focus on incidentMust be given factual information by the ICMust be given factual information by the IC

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--99

Other Command PositionsOther Command Positions

PlanningPlanningOperationsOperationsLogisticsLogisticsFinance/AdministrationFinance/Administration

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--1010

Applying Incident CommandApplying Incident Commandto Confined Space Rescueto Confined Space Rescue

Incident command structure needs to Incident command structure needs to meet the size and complexity of the meet the size and complexity of the incident incident

Structure must consider span of controlStructure must consider span of control

Command requires good, timely Command requires good, timely information to be effectiveinformation to be effective

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--1111


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe the necessity of using the describe the necessity of using the incident command system in incident command system in management of a confined space management of a confined space rescue. rescue.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--1212

ReviewReview(1 of 2)(1 of 2)

SafetySafetyUnity of CommandUnity of CommandSpan of ControlSpan of ControlCommon TerminologyCommon TerminologySingle Command and Unified CommandSingle Command and Unified CommandThe Incident Action PlanThe Incident Action Plan

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--11--1313

ReviewReview(2 of 2)(2 of 2)

The Command PostThe Command PostResource ManagementResource ManagementIncident PrioritiesIncident PrioritiesCommandCommandOther Command Support StaffOther Command Support StaffApplying the Incident Command System Applying the Incident Command System to Confined Space Rescueto Confined Space Rescue


Lesson 5Lesson 5--22Standard Operating ProceduresStandard Operating Procedures

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe the role of standard operating describe the role of standard operating procedures in conducting effective and procedures in conducting effective and efficient confined space rescues.efficient confined space rescues.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--22

OverviewOverview

Development of Standard Operating Development of Standard Operating ProceduresProceduresWritten SOPsWritten SOPsUse of ChecklistsUse of Checklists

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--33

Development of Development of Standard Operating ProceduresStandard Operating ProceduresWhy do we need SOPs in confined space Why do we need SOPs in confined space rescue?rescue?

SOPs must beSOPs must be–– AccurateAccurate–– CurrentCurrent–– TaughtTaught

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--44

Written SOPsWritten SOPs

Why do SOPs need to be written?Why do SOPs need to be written?

SOPs should beSOPs should be–– In standard formatIn standard format–– DetailedDetailed–– SimpleSimple–– ExercisedExercised

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--55

Use of ChecklistsUse of Checklists

How do checklists support SOPs?How do checklists support SOPs?How can a checklist serve as an How can a checklist serve as an evaluation tool?evaluation tool?


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--66


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--77


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--88


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--99


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--1010


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--1111


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--1212

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--1313


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe the role of standard operating describe the role of standard operating procedures in conducting effective and procedures in conducting effective and efficient confined space rescues.efficient confined space rescues.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--22--1414

ReviewReview

Development of Standard Operating Development of Standard Operating ProceduresProceduresWritten SOPsWritten SOPsUse of ChecklistsUse of Checklists


Lesson 5Lesson 5--33Team EvaluationTeam Evaluation

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe components of selecting and describe components of selecting and evaluating confined space rescue teams. evaluating confined space rescue teams.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--22

OverviewOverview

OSHAOSHA’’s Response Time Evaluations Response Time EvaluationOSHAOSHA’’s Potential Rescue Team Evaluation: s Potential Rescue Team Evaluation: QualificationsQualificationsNFPA StandardsNFPA StandardsOther Considerations for Evaluating Other Considerations for Evaluating Confined SpacesConfined SpacesManaging Confined Spaces and the Need Managing Confined Spaces and the Need for Rescuefor Rescue

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--33

OSHAOSHA’’s Response Time Evaluations Response Time Evaluation

Characterizing the hazards of a confined Characterizing the hazards of a confined spacespace–– Higher threat needs faster action?Higher threat needs faster action?–– How are hazards controlled?How are hazards controlled?

Time considerationTime consideration–– How long will it take for rescuers to arrive on How long will it take for rescuers to arrive on

scene after notification?scene after notification?–– How much time will be needed to set up?How much time will be needed to set up?

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--44

OSHAOSHA’’s Potential Rescue Teams Potential Rescue TeamEvaluation: QualificationsEvaluation: Qualifications

Initial EvaluationInitial Evaluation–– Confined space trainingConfined space training–– EMS trainingEMS training–– PPE and rescue equipmentPPE and rescue equipment

Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation–– Measurable objectivesMeasurable objectives–– Identified shortcomingsIdentified shortcomings–– Periodic trainingPeriodic training

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--55

NFPA StandardsNFPA Standards

NFPA 1006, Chapter 7NFPA 1006, Chapter 7NFPA 1670NFPA 1670

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--66

Other Considerations for Other Considerations for Evaluating Confined SpacesEvaluating Confined Spaces

NFPA Standard 1006, Chapter 7NFPA Standard 1006, Chapter 7Other considerations for evaluationOther considerations for evaluation–– Configuration of the spaceConfiguration of the space–– Elevation of the openingsElevation of the openings–– Portal sizePortal size–– Access and retrieval linesAccess and retrieval lines

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--77

Managing Confined SpacesManaging Confined Spacesand the Need for Rescueand the Need for Rescue

NonNon--entry rescueentry rescueRescue classificationsRescue classifications–– Class AClass A–– Class BClass B–– Class CClass C–– Class DClass D


Class A Confined Space: Class A Confined Space: –– PermitPermit--requiredrequired

–– Hazards require immediate rescue of victims Hazards require immediate rescue of victims and a rescue team to effect the rescueand a rescue team to effect the rescue

–– An approved rescue team must be on An approved rescue team must be on location at entry pointlocation at entry point

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--88


Class B Confined Space: Class B Confined Space: –– PermitPermit--requiredrequired

–– Hazards require immediate rescue of victimsHazards require immediate rescue of victims

–– Attendant can perform rescue from outside Attendant can perform rescue from outside the spacethe space

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--99


Class C Confined Space: Class C Confined Space: –– PermitPermit--required or nonrequired or non--permit required permit required

–– No hazards or hazards are fully controlledNo hazards or hazards are fully controlled

–– Rescue requires use of a rescue teamRescue requires use of a rescue teamApproved rescue team must be available and Approved rescue team must be available and able to respond in a timely mannerable to respond in a timely manner

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--1010


Class D Confined Space: Class D Confined Space: –– PermitPermit--required or nonrequired or non––permit required permit required

spacespace

–– No hazards or hazards are fully controlled No hazards or hazards are fully controlled

–– Attendant can perform rescue from outside Attendant can perform rescue from outside the spacethe space

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--1111

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--1212


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe components of selecting and describe components of selecting and evaluating confined space rescue evaluating confined space rescue teams. teams.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--55--33--1313

ReviewReview

OSHAOSHA’’s Response Time Evaluations Response Time EvaluationOSHAOSHA’’s Potential Rescue Team s Potential Rescue Team Evaluation: QualificationsEvaluation: QualificationsNFPA StandardsNFPA StandardsOther Considerations for Evaluating Other Considerations for Evaluating Confined SpacesConfined SpacesManaging Confined Spaces and the Need Managing Confined Spaces and the Need for Rescuefor Rescue


Lesson 6Lesson 6--11SafetySafety

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe how to manage risk and describe how to manage risk and protect personnel during confined protect personnel during confined space rescues. space rescues.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--22

OverviewOverview

Safety Considerations for PersonnelSafety Considerations for PersonnelPersonal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective EquipmentNoiseNoisePractical ExercisesPractical Exercises

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--33

Chapters 5, 10 and 12Chapters 5, 10 and 12Review QuestionsReview Questions

Discuss the review questions found on Discuss the review questions found on pages 76, 162 and 202 of the textpages 76, 162 and 202 of the text

Safety Considerations for PersonnelSafety Considerations for Personnel

Inherent risk associated with confined Inherent risk associated with confined space rescuespace rescue–– By definition of a confined spaceBy definition of a confined space–– Hazardous atmosphereHazardous atmosphere–– Engulfment potentialEngulfment potential–– Physical configuration that can cause Physical configuration that can cause

entrapmententrapment–– Other hazardsOther hazards

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--44


Actions therefore requiredActions therefore required–– Identify hazardsIdentify hazards

–– Analyze hazardsAnalyze hazards

–– Control or eliminate hazardsControl or eliminate hazards

–– Determine appropriate PPE and other safety Determine appropriate PPE and other safety equipment and use itequipment and use it

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--55

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--66


Temperature stressTemperature stress–– Hydration of rescuerHydration of rescuer

–– Dress of rescuerDress of rescuer

–– Pace of workPace of work


Prevention of heat stressPrevention of heat stress–– Change conditionsChange conditions

–– Limit exposureLimit exposure

–– VentilateVentilate

–– HydrateHydrate

–– Manage time of PPE useManage time of PPE use

–– Plan pace of workPlan pace of work

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--77


Prevention of coldPrevention of cold--related injuriesrelated injuries–– Avoid getting wetAvoid getting wet

–– Consider wind chillConsider wind chill

–– Heat the confined spaceHeat the confined space

–– Minimize exposure to coldMinimize exposure to cold

–– Pace the workPace the work

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--88


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--99

Minimize the number of people who are needed to perform the rescue safely.

Protective clothing can increase the potential for heat stress injuries to rescuers.


Medical monitoringMedical monitoring–– HeatHeat--related injuriesrelated injuries

Consider temperatureConsider temperature——ambient space temperatures ambient space temperatures above 78 degrees can cause heat injuriesabove 78 degrees can cause heat injuriesConsider age, physical condition, type of PPE wornConsider age, physical condition, type of PPE wornMonitor vitals before and after entryMonitor vitals before and after entry

–– ColdCold--related injuriesrelated injuriesConsider temperatureConsider temperature——temperatures as high as 50 temperatures as high as 50 degrees can cause cold injuriesdegrees can cause cold injuriesConsider age, physical condition, type of PPEConsider age, physical condition, type of PPEMonitor vitals before and after entryMonitor vitals before and after entry

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1010

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1111

Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment

Respiratory protectionRespiratory protection–– SCBASCBA–– SARSAR

Retrieval equipmentRetrieval equipment–– HarnessHarness–– GlovesGloves–– Foot protectionFoot protection–– Skin protectionSkin protection


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1212

A supplied air respirator showing the air supply, air hose, escape bottle, and facepiece.


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1313

This is a Class III harness with “D” rings at the shoulders and center of the back.

Chemical-resistant gloves, firefighter’s gloves, leather utility gloves, and rescue gloves. Each type of glove has a purpose and limitations.

Sharp edges such as those on the weirs shown here require responders to protect themselves from cuts and puncture wounds.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1414


Damage to chemical protective clothingDamage to chemical protective clothing–– PermeationPermeation

–– PenetrationPenetration

–– DegradationDegradation


RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1515

Illustration of permeation.Illustration of penetration.

Illustration of degradation.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1616

NoiseNoise

Effect of noise in a confined spaceEffect of noise in a confined spaceNeed for hearing protectionNeed for hearing protectionImportance of hand signalsImportance of hand signals

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1717



RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1818


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe how to manage risk and describe how to manage risk and protect personnel during confined protect personnel during confined space rescues. space rescues.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--66--11--1919

ReviewReview

Safety Considerations for PersonnelSafety Considerations for PersonnelPersonal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective EquipmentNoiseNoisePractical ExercisesPractical Exercises


Lesson 7Lesson 7--11RescueRescue

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe the ninedescribe the nine--step process for step process for confined space rescues. confined space rescues.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--22

OverviewOverview

Rescue ConsiderationsRescue ConsiderationsEquipmentEquipmentInitial Scene OperationsInitial Scene OperationsAssessing the VictimAssessing the VictimVictim StabilizationVictim StabilizationVictim RemovalVictim Removal

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--33


Discuss the review questions found on Discuss the review questions found on pages 125 and 126 of the text.pages 125 and 126 of the text.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--44

Rescue ConsiderationsRescue Considerations

The NineThe Nine--Step ProcessStep Process–– Establish command and take control of Establish command and take control of

scenescene

–– Identify the type of rescue problemIdentify the type of rescue problem

–– Perform a hazard and risk assessmentPerform a hazard and risk assessment

–– Identify rescue objectivesIdentify rescue objectives

–– Identify resources neededIdentify resources needed

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--55

Rescue ConsiderationsRescue Considerations

The NineThe Nine--Step Process Step Process (continued)(continued)

–– Develop an action planDevelop an action plan

–– Implement the action planImplement the action plan

–– Evaluate the effectiveness of the planEvaluate the effectiveness of the plan

–– Terminate the incidentTerminate the incident

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--66

EquipmentEquipment

TripodsTripodsImprovised lifting devicesImprovised lifting devicesRope and hardwareRope and hardwareElectrical equipmentElectrical equipmentCommunications equipmentCommunications equipmentTraining of personnel (use of equipment)Training of personnel (use of equipment)Termination (evaluation of operation)Termination (evaluation of operation)

EquipmentEquipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--77

Tripods are among the various pieces of equipment that can be used for confined space rescue.

EquipmentEquipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--88

Skills/Procedures 9-2. Managing three retrieval/safety lines for two rescuers and a victim.

1. You have one tripod that accepts three attachments for retrieval/safety lines.

2. One rescuer enters wearing retrieval line 1 and one safety line.

EquipmentEquipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--99

Skills/Procedures 9-2. Managing three retrieval/safety lines for two rescuers and a victim (cont’d.).

3. The first rescuer detaches the safety line, which is brought out of the space and attached to the second rescuer along with retrieval line 2. Rescuer 2 then enters the space.

EquipmentEquipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1010Skills/Procedures 9-2. Managing three retrieval/safety lines for two rescuers and a victim (cont’d.).

4. When the victim has been packaged by the rescuers, rescuer 2 is brought out of the space, and retrieval line 2 and the safety line are detached from rescuer 2 and sent back into the space to be attached the victim. Rescuer 1 attaches retrieval line 2 and the safety line to the victim, and the victim is removed from the space. Retrieval line 1 remains attached to rescuer 1 at all times.

EquipmentEquipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1111

Using this rope and harness, could you retrieve this rescuer if he became injured or entangled?

A carabiner used to connect a figure 8 descender to a sling.

A Sked™ stretcher placed in a stokes basket.

EquipmentEquipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1212

A harness, SAR, PPE, ropes, and other rope equipment being used during confined space rescue training.

A pulley being used to change the direction of pull on the rope by 90 degrees.

EquipmentEquipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1313

Equipment for confined space rescue laid out in a staging area to organize and account for the equipment.

A rescuer wearing a supplied air respirator with a radio adapted for use during confined space entry.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1414

Initial Scene OperationsInitial Scene Operations

Use of nine stepsUse of nine stepsDefensive operationsDefensive operationsOffensive operationsOffensive operations

Initial Scene OperationsInitial Scene Operations

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1515

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1616

Victim ConsiderationsVictim Considerations

Assessing the victimAssessing the victimVictim stabilizationVictim stabilizationVictim removalVictim removal

Victim ConsiderationsVictim Considerations

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1717

How rapidly your victim must be removed should be one of the primary considerations in packaging.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1818


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe the ninedescribe the nine--step process for step process for confined space rescues.confined space rescues.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--11--1919

ReviewReview

Rescue ConsiderationsRescue ConsiderationsEquipmentEquipmentInitial Scene OperationsInitial Scene OperationsAssessing the VictimAssessing the VictimVictim StabilizationVictim StabilizationVictim RemovalVictim Removal


Lesson 7Lesson 7--22Rescue EquipmentRescue Equipment

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--22--11


Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe and operate equipment describe and operate equipment designed to support confined space designed to support confined space rescues.rescues.

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--22--22

OverviewOverview

Types of LoadsTypes of LoadsEquipment StandardsEquipment StandardsHarnessesHarnessesTripods and Other Legged Rescue Tripods and Other Legged Rescue EquipmentEquipmentHoisting Devices and Fall ProtectionHoisting Devices and Fall ProtectionPeople and EquipmentPeople and EquipmentPractical ExercisesPractical Exercises

RES 202RES 202--PPTPPT--77--22--33

Types of LoadsTypes of Loads

Types of LoadsTypes of Loads–– Static loadStatic load–– Impact loadImpact load–– Working loadWorking load–– Axial loadAxial load–– Eccentric loadEccentric load


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Static loads are applied and remain in the Static loads are applied and remain in the same position and locationsame position and location–– Example: forces applied to a harness or life Example: forces applied to a harness or life

safety rope during testingsafety rope during testing

A static load is applied in only one direction and the whole system is at rest.


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An impact load is created when a load that is in motion is applied to the support.


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During impact loading, the load is in motion, and the acceleration increases the effect of the load.

The result of an impact load can be great enough to cause the support to fail.


Working load is the expected load applied Working load is the expected load applied to equipment during useto equipment during use–– Maximum working load is maximum weight Maximum working load is maximum weight

expected to be supported by equipmentexpected to be supported by equipment

Axial load refers to the direction the load Axial load refers to the direction the load is carriedis carriedEccentric loads are off centerEccentric loads are off center

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An axial load is applied in the same plane as the axis of the support.

Even though a tripod has three legs to carry the load to the ground, there is still an axis for the entire tripod. Each leg also has an axis.

An eccentric load is one that is applied off center. The eccentric load can cause a failure of the support.

Equipment StandardsEquipment Standards

Different standards Different standards carry different legal carry different legal weightweight

–– OSHA and CALOSHA OSHA and CALOSHA are legally adopted are legally adopted standardsstandards

–– NFPA and ANSI are NFPA and ANSI are consensus standardsconsensus standards

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There are a variety of standards that affect how different types of equipment are designed,manufactured, and used.

Equipment StandardsEquipment Standards

OSHA, ANSI, and NFPA OSHA, ANSI, and NFPA –– Do not certify equipment Do not certify equipment –– Typically do not test for complianceTypically do not test for compliance

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This label, on a harness, shows the standards that the harness is designed to meet, the manufacturer, lot number, and model number.

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HarnessesHarnesses

HarnessesHarnesses–– Classes of harnessesClasses of harnesses–– WristletsWristlets–– InspectionInspection

HarnessesHarnesses

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A Class I harness is designed to support a single person. All harnesses should be clearly marked as to their class.

The ladder belt should not be used to support a person while raising or lowering on a rope, cable, or other support.

Class II harnesses are designed to support a two-person load, and they look similar to Class I harnesses.

HarnessesHarnesses

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A Class III harness. This harness not only supports a two-person load, it also protects a wearer from falling out if inverted.

The stitching pattern and number of stitches per inch in a harness are important considerations because they can affect the strength of the harness.

HarnessesHarnesses

Wristlets may be Wristlets may be used when a harness used when a harness cannot cannot –– Safety factor is 3:1 Safety factor is 3:1

To lift a 300 pound To lift a 300 pound load, wristlets must load, wristlets must have a 900 pound have a 900 pound minimum breaking minimum breaking strengthstrength

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Wristlets that can be used to raise or lower a person.

HarnessesHarnesses

Inspection program:Inspection program:–– Must document harness and equipment Must document harness and equipment

historyhistory

–– Should be based on manufacturerShould be based on manufacturer’’s s recommendations for inspection, testing, recommendations for inspection, testing, and maintenanceand maintenance

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Tripods and Other LeggedTripods and Other LeggedRescue EquipmentRescue Equipment

Tripods and Other Legged Rescue Tripods and Other Legged Rescue EquipmentEquipment–– Lifting capacityLifting capacity–– SurfacesSurfaces


TripodsTripods–– Provide a fixed anchor point for lifting equipmentProvide a fixed anchor point for lifting equipment–– Must use axial loads to keep from tipping or Must use axial loads to keep from tipping or

collapsing the equipmentcollapsing the equipment

Specialized tripodsSpecialized tripods–– Have features such as four leg configurations, Have features such as four leg configurations,

davit arms, bolts, attachment devices, anchorsdavit arms, bolts, attachment devices, anchors

Tripod selectionTripod selection–– Should be based on the situation Should be based on the situation

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Lifting capacityLifting capacity–– Varies so rescuers must know the capacity of Varies so rescuers must know the capacity of

the tripod being usedthe tripod being used

SurfacesSurfaces–– Sloped surface presents hazardsSloped surface presents hazards–– Anchors and locks for the legs should be Anchors and locks for the legs should be

usedused

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The locking device at the head of this tripod keeps the legs rigidly in place.

Chains between the tripod feet keep the legs from spreading as a load is applied.

This transformer retrieval support is specifically designed and built to be bolted to the manway opening. (Photo courtesy of DBI/SALA.)


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Tripods with adjustable legs may havereduced load carrying capacities because the legs are extended.

The number of retrieval devices that can be attached to a tripod will have an impact on your rescue operations.

Just as a tripod must be loaded axially, so must other devices.

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Hoisting Devices andHoisting Devices andFall ProtectionFall Protection

Hoisting Devices and Fall ProtectionHoisting Devices and Fall Protection–– Retrieval winchesRetrieval winches–– Equipment integrityEquipment integrity–– Ropes and rope equipmentRopes and rope equipment


Retrieval winches:Retrieval winches:–– Are designed for Are designed for

hoistinghoisting

–– May have stainless May have stainless steel or galvanized steel or galvanized steel cables attached steel cables attached to allow use as lifting to allow use as lifting devicesdevices

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This retrieval device has a variety of features that make it valuable for confined space rescue.


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A snap hook for connecting O-rings, D-rings, and other equipment to retrieval equipment.

Match the snap hook to the size of the device to which it is to be connected.

Hoisting Devices and Hoisting Devices and Fall ProtectionFall Protection

Rope and rope equipment Rope and rope equipment use is commonuse is common–– Rescuers must have Rescuers must have

capability to perform rope capability to perform rope rescue tasksrescue tasks

–– Rescuers must follow NFPA Rescuers must follow NFPA Standard 1983 for inspection Standard 1983 for inspection maintenance and testingmaintenance and testing

Fire Service Life Safety Rope Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Componentsand System Components

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Maintaining your equipment in a safe manner is essential to the reliability of the equipment. The duct tape shown here is not an acceptable repair.

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People and EquipmentPeople and Equipment

People and EquipmentPeople and Equipment–– Training for equipment useTraining for equipment use

–– Proper use of equipmentProper use of equipment

–– Maintenance of equipmentMaintenance of equipment

–– Damage to equipmentDamage to equipment

–– Skill refreshmentSkill refreshment

People and EquipmentPeople and Equipment

Equipment is useful only if people who Equipment is useful only if people who use it know how to correctlyuse it know how to correctly–– Understand equipment purposeUnderstand equipment purpose

–– Understand design featuresUnderstand design features

–– Understand how to maintain itUnderstand how to maintain it

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Given information from discussion, Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, handouts, and reading materials, describe and operate equipment describe and operate equipment designed to support confined space designed to support confined space rescues.rescues.

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ReviewReview

Types of LoadsTypes of LoadsEquipment StandardsEquipment StandardsHarnessesHarnessesTripods and Other Legged Rescue Tripods and Other Legged Rescue EquipmentEquipmentHoisting Devices and Fall ProtectionHoisting Devices and Fall ProtectionPeople and EquipmentPeople and EquipmentPractical ExercisesPractical Exercises

Documents

Rescue Technicianâ€” Confined Space Rescue - MFRI Home