REPORT Lymphatic Blood Vessel

8/14/2019 REPORT Lymphatic Blood Vessel

1/140

ADVANCED

PHYSIOLOGYLYMPHATICS

&BLOOD VESSELS

MR. REY P. SO-ONG

MSciEd Biology


2/140

2

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMFunctions

1) Maintenance of fluid balance inthe internal environment

Drain interstitial fluid

2) Transport lipids

3) Carries out immune responses


3/140

3


4/140

4

Maintaining FluidBalance

Plasma filters into the interstitialspaces from blood flowing through thecapillaries

Much of this interstitial fluid is

absorbed by tissue cells or reabsorbedby the blood before it flows out of thetissue

A small amount of interstitial fluid isleft behind


5/140

5


6/140

6


If this would continue over even a briefperiod of time, the increasedinterstitial fluid would cause massiveedema

This edema would causes tissuedestruction or death


7/1407


8/1408


This problem is avoided by thepresence of lymphatic vessels that actas "drains" to collect the excess fluidand return it to the venous blood just

before it reaches the heart


9/1409


10/14010

Lymphatic System

Consists of:1) lymphatic vessels

2) lymph

3) lymph nodes4) organs which

contain lymph tissue

5) red bone marrow


11/14011


12/14012

Lymphatic Vessels

The lymphaticsystem is aspecializedcomponent of the

circulatory systemLymphatic vessels

parallel veins


13/14013


14/140

14

Lymphatic Vessels

The lymphatic system differs from thecirculatory system in that thelymphatics do not form a closed ring orcircuit

Instead, begin blindly in theintercellular spaces of the softtissues of the body


15/140

15


16/140

16

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic capillaries flow to largerlymphatic vessels

Drain lymph to right subclavian veinand thoracic duct


17/140

17


18/140

18

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymph flows through lymph nodesscattered along lymphatic vessels

Lacateals in villi of small intestineabsorbs and transports lipids to

lymphatic vessels


19/140

19

St t f L h ti


20/140

20

Structure of LymphaticVessels

Lymphatic vessels resemble veins instructure with these exceptions:

have thinner walls

contain more valves

contain lymph nodes located atcertain intervals along their course


21/140

21

F ti f L h ti


22/140

22

Functions of LymphaticVessels

The high degree of capillarypermeability permits large molecularweight substances which cannot beabsorbed by the blood capillary to be

removed from the interstitial spacesProteins that accumulate in the

interstitial spaces can return to theblood only via lymphatics


23/140

23

F ti f L h ti


24/140

24

Functions of LymphaticVessels

Each day about 50% of the total bloodproteins leak out of the capillaries intothe tissue fluid and return to the bloodvia the lymphatic vessels


25/140

25


26/140

26

Lymphatic Pump

no muscular pumping organ connectedwith the lymphatic vessels to force lymphonward

Lymph flows through the thoracic duct and

reenters the general circulation at the rateof 125 mL/hour


27/140

27


28/140

28

Lymphatic Pump

Occurs despite the fact that most ofthe flow is against gravity or "uphill"

Lymph moves through the system inthe right direction because of the large

number of valves that permit fluid flowonly in one direction


29/140

29

Lymphatic Pump

The movement is due to breathingmovements and skeletal musclecontractions


30/140

30


31/140

31

Lymph

a moving fluid (lymph) derived fromthe blood and tissue fluid

Fluid formed from excess plasma fluid

App. 3L/day


32/140

32

Lymph and Interstitial


33/140

33

Lymph and InterstitialFluid

Essentially the samefluid

Lymph

clear, watery fluid

found in thelymphatic vessels

Interstitial fluid

fluid that fills thespaces around cells


34/140

34


35/140

35

Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes located alongthe paths of collectingvessels

Isolated nodules of

lymphatic patches in theintestinal wall


36/140

36

Structure of Lymph


37/140

37

Structure of LymphNodes

Lymph nodes are oval-shaped of bean-shaped structures

Some are as small as a pinhead andothers as large as a lima bean


38/140

38

Structure of Lymph


39/140

39


Each lymph node is enclosed by a

fibrous capsuleThink of a lymph node as a biological

filter placed in the channel of severalafferent lymph vessels

Reticular fibers trap foreignsubstances

Macrophages and lymphocytes

destroy trapped material


40/140

40

Structure of Lymph


41/140

41


Once lymph enters the node, it"percolates" slowly through the spacesknown as sinuses before draining into asingle efferent draining vessel

One-way valvesin both theafferent andefferent vessels

keep lymphflowing in onedirection


42/140

42


43/140

43

Immune Functions

filtration andphagocytosis

The structure ofthe sinus channels

within the lymphnodes slows thelymph flowthrough them


44/140

44

Immune Functions


45/140

45

Immune FunctionsAllows the phagocytic cells that line the

channels time to remove microorganisms and

other injurious particles (soot) from the lymphSometimes such large numbers of

microorganisms enter the node that thephagocytes cannot destroy enough of them to

prevent their injuring the node

Swollenlymph


46/140


47/140

47

Immune Functions

An infection of the nodecancer cells often

break away from amalignant tumor

and enter thelymphatics

they travel to thenode, where theymay set up newgrowths


48/140

48


49/140


50/140

50

Norma

l

Cancerous

Lymph Node Cancer

h


51/140

51

Lymphocytes

When an infection is present the nodebegins to release lymphocytes

Lymphocytes mature in the lymphnodes

Lymph nodes are lined with fixedmacrophages, capable of phagocytosis

L h


52/140

52

Lymphocytes

T-cells and macrophages contained onthe rim of the follicles

B-cells proliferate in the centralgerminal centers


53/140

53


54/140

54


55/140

55

L h t


56/140

56

Lymphocytes

The lymphatic tissue of lymph nodesserve as the sites of the final stages ofmaturation for some types oflymphocytes and monocytes that have

migrated from the bone marrowT-cell attackingcancer cells

L h O


57/140

57

Lymph Organs

Primary lymphatic organs produce B-cells and T-cells and include:

Red bone marrow

Thymus gland

Secondary lymphatic organs are:

Tonsils

Spleen

R d b


58/140

58

Red bone marrow

B-cells and pre-T-cells originate in thebone marrow


59/140

59

Th l d


60/140

60

Thymus gland

Located behind sternumand between lungs

Thymus performs twoimportant functions:

Lymphocytedevelopment

Secrete thymosin


61/140

61

Th l d


62/140

62

Thymus gland

Pre-T-cells migrate from red bonemarrow to thymus

Proliferate and mature due to thymichormone

Thymus reaches maximum size atpuberty (10-12 months)

As an individual

matures thethymus glandatrophies


63/140

63

Tonsils


64/140

64

Tonsils

Masses of lymphoid tissue located in aprotective ring under mucousmembranes in the mouth and back ofthe throat

Help protect against bacteria that mayinvade tissues in the area around theopenings between the oral and nasalcavities


65/140

65

Tonsils


66/140

66

Tonsils

The tonsils serve as the first line ofdefense from the exterior and as suchare subject to chronic infection

tonsillitis


67/140

67

Spleen


68/140

68

Spleen

Roughly ovoid in shape

Largest mass of lymphatic tissue

Does not filter lymph


69/140

69

Functions of the


70/140

70

SpleenPhagocytosis of RBC and bacteria

Complete maturation of monocytesand lymphocytes

Blood reservoir


71/140

Phagocytosis


72/140

72

Phagocytosis

As blood passesthrough the spleen,macrophages liningthese venous spaces

removemicroorganisms fromthe blood and destroythem by phagocytosis


73/140

73

Phagocytosis


74/140

74

Phagocytosis

Macrophages lining the spleen removeworn-out red blood cells and imperfectplatelets from the blood and destroythem by phagocytosis
http://www.crossnet.org/biomed/labs/under.htmlhttp://www.crossnet.org/biomed/labs/under.htmlhttp://www.crossnet.org/biomed/labs/under.html


75/140

75
http://www.crossnet.org/biomed/labs/under.htmlhttp://www.crossnet.org/biomed/labs/under.html


76/140


77/140

77

Blood reservoir


78/140

78

Blood reservoir

Pulp of the spleenand its venoussinuses storeconsiderable blood

which can be releasedduring hemorrhage

Redpulp

White

pulp

Trabeculae

d i


79/140

79

Red pulp

White pulp

Trabeculae

ood reservoir

Splenectomy


80/140

80

Splenectomy

Removal of thespleen

Red bone marrowand liver perform

functions of thespleen

Disorders of the


81/140

81

Lymphatic System

Tonsilitis

Lymphangitis

Elephantiasis

Lymphedema

Lymphomas

Lymph nodecancer

TONSILITIS


82/140

82

TONSILITIS

bacterial or viral infection of thelymphoid tissue of tonsils

soreness of the throat, high fever,difficulty swallowing


83/140

83

LYMPHANGITIS


84/140

84

LYMPHANGITIS

bacterial infection that has spread from

its initial site (skin cut, etc.) to nearbylymph glands

chills, fever, swelling of the lymph glands

if the lymphatics

become inflamed, redlines may appear onthe arms or legsindicating

concentration ofinflammation alongthe lymph channels


85/140

85

ELEPHANTIASIS


86/140

86

ELEPHANTIASIS

filarial (worm) infestation that blocksthe lymphatics

swelling of the area, skin discoloration,difficulty urinating, etc.

LYMPHEDEMA


87/140

87

LYMPHEDEMA

blockage or dysfunction of lymph

vessels or nodesoften associated with lymphatic

disorders following surgery forbreast cancer, prostate cancer, etc.

swelling of arms

breast cancer surgery,radiation

swelling of legsprostate cancer and

gynecologic cancer surgery,with or without radiation


88/140


89/140

CANCER OF LYMPHG S


90/140

90

GLANDSSymptoms include:

loss of energy, appetite, and weight

swelling and hardening of glands

surgical removal, radiation therapy,

chemotherapy

Cancerous tissue

Blood Vessels


91/140

91

Blood Vessels

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Arteries


92/140

92

Arteries

Three coats (tunics) line the vessels

Intima (tunica interna)

Media (tunica media)

Adventia (tunica externa)


93/140

93

Intima


94/140

94

Intima

Inner layer

Endothelium lining

Basal layer

Elastic layer


95/140

95

Intima


96/140

96

Intima

Inner layer

Endothelium lining

Basal layer

Elastic layer


97/140

97

Tunica media


98/140

98

Tunica media

Middle layer

Elastic fibers

Smooth muscle fibers


99/140

Tunica media


100/140

100

Middle layer

Elastic fibers

Smooth muscle fibers


101/140

101

Adventia


102/140

102

Outer layer

Elastic fibers

Collagen fibers


103/140

103

Adventia


104/140

104

Outer layer

Elastic fibers

Collagen fibers


105/140

105

ArteryA - adventiaM - tunica media


106/140

106

y

I

M

A

I - intima

Vasoconstriction


107/140

107

Smooth muscle contracts

Arterial lumen size decreases

Clickmouse to

seeanimation

Vasodilation


108/140

108

Smooth muscle relaxes

Arterial lumen size increases

Clickmouse to

seeanimation

Elastic Arteries


109/140

109

Large

Tunica media contains more elasticfibers, less smooth muscle

Elastic Arteries


110/140

110

Walls stretch and

momentarily storesome of the energy ofsurging blood

During relaxation ofthe heart they recoilconverting stored(potential) energy into

kinetic energy

Muscular Arteries


111/140

111

Tunica media

contains moresmooth muscle andfewer elastic fibers


112/140

Anastomoses


113/140

113

Union of branches of two or more

arteries supplying the same bodyregion

Provide alternate routes for blood to

reach a tissue

Arterioles


114/140

114

Fewer elastic fibers than arteries

Arterioles


115/140

115

Function in

regulating bloodflow from arteriesinto capillaries


116/140

Capillaries


117/140

117

Microscopic single cell layer (endothelium)

thickFunction in exchange of substances

between blood and interstitial fluids

Capillaries


118/140

118

Three types of capillaries

Continuous

Fenestrated

Sinusoid

Continuous capillaries


119/140

119

Small gaps between endothelial cells

Muscle, lungs

Fenestratedcapillaries


120/140

120

capillariesMore openings (pores) than continuous

capillaries

Kidneys, small intestine, brain

Sinusoid capillaries


121/140

121

Large openings

Basement membrane is incomplete

Liver, spleen, bone marrow


122/140

Venules


123/140

123

Veinsi i


124/140

124

Tunics same as arteries

Intima is thinner in veinsTunic externa (adventia) is thicker in

veins

Veins


125/140

125

Blood pressure lower in veins, thus

thinner walls

V

A

Vein Artery

Veins


126/140

126

Veins


127/140

127

Lumens contain flap like cusps (valves)


128/140

128


129/140

129

Veins


130/140

130

Valves prevent back flow of blood

Muscular contraction forces bloodthrough veins

Disorders of BloodVessels


131/140

131

VesselsAtherosclerosis

Aneurysm

Varicose veins

Atherosclerosis


132/140

132

Cholesterol plaque builds up on the

arterial wallConstricts flow of blood

Atherosclerosis


133/140

133

Atherosclerosis


134/140

134


135/140

Atherosclerosis


136/140

136

Treatments

Arthrectomy

Angioplasty


137/140

Aneurysm


138/140

138

A weakening of the arteriole wall

causes an out pouching of the artery

Varicose VeinsB l i f i d b li f


139/140

139

Bulging of veins caused by a pooling of

blood behind the venous valvesOut pouching of the walls brings veins

closer to the surface of the skin

EndLymphatics and Blood


140/140

Lymphatics and Blood

Vessels

Living with

Documents

REPORT Lymphatic Blood Vessel