(Re)MakingCities:UrbanTransformationandSportMega-EventsinBrazil

Wednesday13July2016,08.45-18.000.5EastBuilding,UniversityofBath

Organisedby:BryanC.Cliftb.c.clift@bath.ac.ukThiagoAllisthiagoallis@usp.br

Fundedby:InternationalRelationsOffice,UniversityofBath

(Re)MakingCities13July2016,UniversityofBath

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INTRODUCTION Mega-events are no longer a novelty: Since the late 19th century, exhibitions have taken place inEuropean and North-American emerging industrial cities, attracting hordes of visitors whilstprojecting images of host cities to domestic and international audiences. However, over the lastseveraldecadessuchevents–mainlyofsportingandculturalvarieties–havealsobecomepowerfulcommunication strategies and opportunities to concentrate investment in urban redevelopmentstrategieswithshortandlongtermaimsundertheumbrellaofaso-called‘citymarketing.’

AstheFIFAWorldCupandSummerOlympicGameshavetakenplaceinnon-Westernandemergingcountries,newconcernshavearisen:Iftourismandurbanimprovementarebenefitstobeachieved,how do host cities copewith the antecedents of uneven socioeconomic development? Evictions,gentrification,inflation,corruption,etc.,populatethelistofsideeffectsassociatedwithplanningthemega-event.

Nevertheless,whenRiode Janeirowon thebid for the 2016OlympicGamesBrazilwas emergingwithinagoldenmoment:Theeconomywasbooming,inflationcameundercontrol,the“newmiddleclasses”beganexpanding,andthenPresidentLuizInácioLuladaSilva(popularlyreferredtoasLula)wasrespectedasa leaderworldwide.Yet,theperspectivesandimpactsofbotheventscannotbeunderstoodorassessedwithoutcloser,morecriticalexaminationofthehostnationanditscities.

Rio de Janeiro, as the capital of Brazil until 1960 – when the newly modernist capital wasinaugurated–the‘WonderfulCity’evolvedintooneofthemostimportanturbanagglomerationsinSouthAmericamadefamousbyitstouristhotspotsandbreathtakingurbanlandscapesandyetalsoknownforitssignificantsocialandeconomicgaps.Afterthe1990s,whenmayoralofficespromotedurban entrepreneurial initiatives (including the support of international advisors), Rio de Janeiroembarkedonamega-eventeraincludingmostnotablythe2007Pan-AmericanGames,2013WorldYouthDay,2013ConfederationsCup,2014FIFAWorldCup,andshortlythe2016OlympicGames.Inhostingtheseevents,tourismandtheresultantinternationalprojectionbroughtRioforwardacrosslocal,national,continental,andglobalpoliticalandeconomicscenesasextremelydrasticstructuralchangescontinuedatsomewhatslowerpaces.

Whatistheroleofasportmega-eventintheprocessofurbantransformationobservedoverthe20years?Canthe“Barcelonamodel”–heraldedandcriticized inmanyaspects–provide insight intotheurbanchallengesofthissociallyandspatiallydividedcity?Whatarethespecificissuestotacklewhena ‘GlobalSouth’metropolis isthestageforasportmega-event?Howimportantare internalandexternal(political,economic,mainly)forcesalongtheplanning?

Acceptingtheinvitationtoshareanddiscusstheseandotherideasandquestions,wearepleasedtohostparticipantsfocusingontheever-shiftingdevelopmentsofhowsportmega-eventsingeneral–andRioandBrazil inparticular – can (re)make cities in social, political, economic, cultural, urban,andenvironmentalterms.

WewishtowarmlythanktheInternationalRelationsOffice(IRO)atUniversityofBathforfundingthiscolloquium,andtheFacultyofHumanitiesandSocialSciencesandUniversity’sDepartmentsforHealthfortheirsupportofthisevent. WehopeyouallenjoytheColloquium,

BryanCliftandThiagoAllis

Contents Introduction i

Programme 2

CampusMap 4

Abstracts 5

Travelinformation 13

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PROGRAMME

08.45-9.15

Registration,tea/coffee0.5EastBuilding

9.15-9.30

WelcomeandIntroduction0.5EastBuilding

BryanClift,UniversityofBathThiagoAllis,UniversidadedeSãoPaulo,USP

SESSIONI:PROJECTEDANDCONTESTEDLEGACIES:SPORTANDURBANISSUES

Title,Author,&Affiliation Discussant

09.30–09.50

Legacy?Whatlegacy?RiodeJaneiroandtheOlympicsincrisisTomWinterbottomUniversityofStanford

ThiagoAllis

09.50–10.10

Towardsculturalcentralityinmega-eventurbanlegacy:ThecaseofPortoMaravilha,Rio2016OlympicsDéboraGuerra,EvaKipnis,&JenniferFerreiraCoventryUniversity

CamilaMariadosSantosMoraes

10.10–10.30

TheAfterParty:AnotherpathtoArenaCarioca1ofRio2016CamilaD.S.ForcelliniUniversityIbirapuera(FAU-Unib)

OliverSeitz

10.30–10.50

Rio2016OlympiclegacyintheBrazilianprintmediaAndressaGuimarães,RenaPetersen-Wagner,&LeonardoMatarunadosSantosCoventryUniversity

AndrewManley

Brazilandthelastinglegacyofsportmega-event:RelevantaspectstobeconsideredontourismLeonardoMatarunadosSantos&ThiagoMeloCoventryUniversity

HowisrugbytransformingcommunitiesinBrazil?AninterdisciplinaryinterpretationGarethHallAberystwythUniversity

10.50–11.10 Discussion

11.10–11.30 CoffeeandTeaBreak

SESSIONII:Buildingforamega-event:UrbantransformationsanditsimpactsinRiodeJaneiro

Title,Author,&Affiliation Discussant

11.30–11.50

Favelastoplay,favelasinplayCamilaMariadosSantosMoraesLancasterUniversity&FederalUniversityoftheStateofRiode

DéboraGuerra

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Janeiro

11.50–12.10

FavelaevictionintheOlympicCity:ReflectingonthepracticesofresistanceagainststateviolenceinRiodeJaneiroAntoniaGamaUniversityofManchester

AmyJaffa

12.10–12.30

Socio-spatialsegregationduringtheRio-2106OlympicGamesinTijucaRegion-RJ:VilaAutodromoCommunityCarinePreviatti(Skype)UniversidadedeSãoPaulo

AndressaGuimaraes

12.30–12.50

PhotographsoftheOlympiccityunderconstruction:ThearchiveofanurbanlandscapeintransformationDéboraGauziski&FaustoAmaro(Skype)RiodeJaneiroStateUniversity

BryanClift

12.50–13.10 Discussion

13.10–14.40 Lunch

SESSIONIII:Urbanpolicyandmulti-levelpoliticsofmega-eventsinBrazil

Title,Author,&Affiliation Discussant

14.40–15.00

Urbandevelopment,largeurbanprojectsandmega-eventsinBrazil:AhistoricaloverviewThiagoAllisUniversidadedeSãoPaulo,USP

JuanPabloFerrero

15.00–15.20

Outofsight,outofmind:Women’sexperiencesofpoliceviolenceinaRiodeJaneirofavelaAmyJaffaUniversityofCambridge

AntoniaGama

15.20–15.40

LeftinLula’spassion:ThepoliticsofRio2016andDilmaRousseffBryanCliftUniversityofBath

TomWinterbottom

15.40–16.00

WorldCupforVotes:AnanalysisoftheimpactoftheFIFAWorldCuponelectionsresultsOliverSeitzUCFBWembley

BradMillington

16.00–16.20 Discussion

16.20–16.40 CoffeeandTeaBreak

16.40–17.10 Closingremarksandfuturedevelopments

18.30 Dinnerincitycentre

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CAMPUSMAP

DEPARTMENTS

Architecture & Civil Engineering

Biology & Biochem

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puter ScienceEconom

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Electrical Engineering School of M

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Mathem

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Politics, Languages and International Studies

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Health

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Norwood House

Polden Court

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Brendon CourtEastw

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Marlborough Court

Solsbury CourtThe Quads

Osborne House

Woodland Court

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w.bath.ac.uk

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Sports TrainingVillage

All Weather

Pitches

St Johns Sports Fields

Woodland

Court

Annexe

5S

3SAB

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City Bus Service

Fire Assembly Points

Parking: Pay & Display and

Permit H

oldersParking: Perm

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Lime Tree

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AMENITIES &

SERVICESLibrary - Security and EnquiriesChaplaincy CentreChancellors’ BuildingFounders Sports Hall

Sports Training Village/Sports CaféAthletics throw

s & jum

ps/Modern Pentathlon

50m Olym

pic Swim

ming Pool

The Edge/ICIA/School of Managem

entArts Lecture Theatre

IDPS (Imaging, Design and Print Services)

Post Office, Banks & Shops

Careers Service

University HallBale Haus

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Student Centre, Union Shop

1112

Estates Office13

Medical Centre &

Dental Centre

Central Stores, Goods Received, LandscapeW

est Accomm

odation CentreW

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Claverton Rooms, Parade Bar,

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e tree refectoryCAFESports CaféPlug Bar &

the TUBStarbucks, Fresh Express, PitstopCosta Coffee, Proper Pasty

The Edge

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CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION

FACULTY ADMINISTRATION

Admissions

University Secretary’s Office

Development &

Alumni Relations

Research & Innovation Services (RIS)

Widening Participation

Vice-Chancellor’s Office

Finance Office & Purchasing Services

Registry

International Relations OfficeStudent Records &

Examinations

The Roper Student Services CentreHum

an ResourcesGraduate CentreM

arketing & Com

munications

Faculty of ScienceFaculty of Engineering &

DesignFaculty of Hum

anities & Social Sciences

School of Managem

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East BuildingThe EDGE

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ABSTRACTS

SESSION I: PROJECT AND CONTESTED LEGACIES: SPORT AND URBAN ISSUES

Legacy? What legacy? Rio de Janeiro and the Olympics in cris is TomWinterbottomUniversityofStanford

Citiesusedtofightfortherighttohostmega-events.However,withtheawardingoftheseeventssubjecttothesystemiccorruptionthatunderliesthepowerful,unelectednon-sovereignbodiesthatorganizethem,theWorldCupandtheOlympicsareincreasinglytarnished.Citiesnowchoosenottobidforthemasthelong-lastingdetrimentalimpactsfaroutweighthe(perceived)short-termboosts.Whilewhatistypicallymostrememberedarethememorablesportingachievements,thelegacyofsucheventsisamorecontestedareathanever.

In Rio de Janeiro, a host city of the 2014World Cup and the host city of the 2016Olympics, thepreparations saw human rights abuses, evictions, corruption, real estate speculation, andincomplete infrastructure projects. The negative impacts of hosting theGames are – even beforetheybegin–destined to leavea legacyof crisis: amore socially segregatedcityandan inevitableeconomicbustthatfollowsthemuch-publicizedurbantransformationtoutedbetween2004-2010.

AsapointofdepartureIpresentadeepcritiqueoftheorganizationalcommitteesofmega-eventsfor their impactonhostcities,withparticular reference toBrazil in the2000s.Morespecifically, IexaminetheRiodeJaneirocaseinprofounddetailthroughhistoricalanalysisofthesocialimpactoflargeinfrastructureprojects.Mycontentionisthat,since1889,Rio’shistoryhasbeenmarkedbyaseries of intense pushes towards “progress” – exemplified in this contemporary moment by theOlympics– that seeminglyplacedBrazilon thebrinkof“achieving itspotential.”With that falliblenotion as justification, huge infrastructure projects taking place at breakneck speed broughtwiththem evictions, increased inequality, and a fragmented urban environment. The result is a crisisdefined by further cemented sociocultural divisions and socioeconomic issues that – instead of alegacy–iswhatremainswhentheOlympicsleavetown.

Towards cultural central ity in mega-event urban legacy: The case of Porto Maravi lha, Rio 2016 Olympics DéboraGuerra,EvaKipnis,&JenniferFerreiraCoventryUniversity

The importanceofculture in thecityplanning is indispensable inunderstandingandreflectingthelocalidentitiesandhistory.However,thistopicreceivedrelativelylittleattentioninthemega-eventplanningandhostingliterature.Yet,thistopicdeservesgreaterattentionbythepublicandprivatesectorwhenplanningandimplementingcities’developmentsforeventsinordertoavoidthelossofheritage.

Thisarticleintegratesthetheoriesdevelopedbyauthorsofthenineteenthcentury,suchasCamilloSitteandPatrickGeddes(Choay,1998;Geddes,1994)withamodernexampleofeventcityplanning

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called“creativecity” (Landry,2000), tocontributetoabetterunderstandingof theroleofculturewithincitiesandenhanceculturalprocesses.Theseprocessesareanalyzedfromtheperspectiveof“hardandsoftlegacies”(Poynter,2007),achievedbyeventhosting,stimulatingurbandevelopmentandthepromotionofheritageinbothatangibleandintangiblesense.

Theconceptof“creativecity”considershowthecitiesevolveandreflecttheirculturalidentitiesandhownewcreativeeconomiesemergethroughaculturalpolicydeployedbythecities.Theconceptisappliedtothecontextofmega-events’legacythatisanessentialcomponentofthehostcities’eventplanning and hosting. We focus in particular on emergence of modern city associated with theOlympicMovement, that emphasize the cityplanningprograms to stimulate the creative industrydiversificationaspartoftheirlegacyconstructiongoals.

The paper contextualizes the issue of cultural legacy creation through a case of the "PortoMaravilha" inRiodeJaneiro,whichurbandevelopmentand(re)constructionisanexampleof(re)creationofcity’sculturalidentityandmemoriesoflocalpopulations.

The After Party: Another path to Arena Carioca 1 of Rio 2016 CamilaD.S.ForcelliniUniversityIbirapuera(FAU-Unib)

Itiswidespreadthatoneofthemostworryingfactorsintheconstructionofsportsbuildingsformegaeventsisitsuseaftertowhichitisintended.Architecturalfeatures(largeandprecisedimensionstoaccommodatesportsandareasofsupport)andconstructive(whosesystemandmaterialchoicesmayendearthemaintenanceofthesespaces),corroboratethattheymaybeunderutilizedorevenabandoned,beginningaprocessofdeteriorationthatcangobeyondthebuildingitself,leadingtothedegradationofapartoftheurbanspacecausing,inadditiontoalwaysdiscussedeconomicdifficulties,socialproblems.

Thedifficultyofmanagingsuchlargeequipmentaftermegaeventspresentedthroughouthistory,thetwosidesofthecoininrelationtourbanfactors:Athens(2004)showedthenegativeeffectsonacityduetothelackofplanningforthepost-use;andBarcelona(1992)tookadvantageoftheopportunityoftheOlympicstoextendtheimprovementplaninadditiontotheconstructionofarenasandgymnasiums,restructuringadegradedurbanspace.Still,Barcelonacouldnotbeconsidereda100%perfectcase,sincethemainbuildingsthatservedtohousetheOlympiccompetitionsremainedclosedandunuseduntilrecentyears,showinghowdifficultitistohandlelargesportsequipment.Perhapsthebigquestionthatremainsis:forwhomisthis"legacy"?Despitetheapparentobviousnessoftheresponse,itdoesnotseemclearinmostcases:forathletes?Tothegovernment?Forbusinesses?Foracommunity?

Thispaperpresentsaproposalforpost-useofanarenadesignedforOlympicGames,incasetheArenaCarioca1forRio2016,tryingtoshowthatthebestwaytokeepsuchequipmentisitsconstantuse,fromitsownershipandzealforthecommunity,consideringacollaborativemanagementbetweenthepublicandprivatesectors.

Rio 2016 Olympic legacy in the Brazi l ian print media AndressaGuimarães,RenaPetersen-Wagner,&LeonardoMatarunadosSantosCoventryUniversity

As part of the actions surrounding the organization of the 2016Olympics, Rio City Hall hired theBrazilianphotographerCesarBarretotodocumenttheurbanchanges.Between2011and2013,the

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images were published in an institutional website, namely Cidade Olímpica (Olympic City). Thesephotos depict working sites and urban landscapes shot in black and white with large formatcameras.Barreto’sphotographicworkcaptureselementsrelatedtotwosimultaneousmovements:the construction and the “erasing” of architectural elements of the city. The first one can berecognized inphotosthat focusonthedevelopmentofnewbuildings,suchastheArtMuseumofRio.Ontheotherhand,thedemolitions(“erasings”)evokereminiscencesofaspecificcityspotinaprevioustime,whichcanbeidentifiedbythemissingelementsintheimagesofconstructionsites.

Theurbanrenewalplanincludedsolutionsfortransportation(withthebusrapidtransitsystemandthetramlinesinthecenterarea),constructionofrecreationalspaces,theOlympicvillageandsportsfacilities,andtherevitalizationoftheportarea.Throughapublic-privatepartnership,majoreffortsandinvestmentsweredirectedtothislastzone,whosebrandingnameisPortoMaravilha(AmazingPort). All these processes produced undeniable changes in the city’s landscape, registered byBarreto’sphotos.

Theideaofourpresentationisthentoexploretherelationbetweenthelandscaperepresentationand the archive construction in Barreto’s photographic project. In this concern, the photos weresuddenly taken off the site in June 2014. By examining these photos as an archive, we will alsoanalyze the socialmovements and the “actors” that operate “behind” these images – a network,followingBrunoLatour’sidea.Thesephotographsdocumentalandscapeunderconstruction,butarealsoanofficialarchiveofthetransformationsinthecity,guidedbytheOlympicproject.

Brazi l and the lasting legacy of sport mega-event: Relevant aspects to be considered on tourism LeonardoMatarunadosSantos&ThiagoMeloCoventryUniversity

The holding of sport mega-events in Brazil has been used as a discursive instrument to justifyinvestments and possible legacies that these events can promote to the country. Between theselegacies,tourismispromisedtobeoneofthemainlastinglegacies.ThispaperaimstopresenttheperceptionforeignervisitorshaveonBraziliantouristicservicesandinfrastructure,whichhavebeenimproved because of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the 2014 FIFAWorld Cup and the 2016OlympicGamesinRiodeJaneiro.First,itanalysessomeofficialdatabytheBraziliangovernmentontourists' experiencesduring theeventsof2013and2014 in the country. Furthermore, itpresentsperceptionsandexpectations touristshaveabout thecountry regarding the2016Olympics.TheseperceptionswereverifiedduringasurveyinMunich,Germany,inthelastweeksofthewinterthisyear. Inaddition to thepeoplewhohavebeentoBrazil in the lastcoupleofyearsbecauseof theevents, this research inMunichhighlightsnewperspectives frompeoplewhohaveneverbeen tothecountry,butsomehowwasinfluencedpositivelyornegativelybythemediacoverageorword-mouthmarketing.The setofall thisdata is a relevantelement tounderstandhow the tourism inBrazil canbedeveloped tobe a lasting legacyof the sportmega- events, aswell as creatingnewmarketing strategiesabroad,newservicesand improving infrastructures thatmayalsoenable thecountrytoholdnewmega-events inthenear future.Thispaper inpartof theresearchdevelopedunder the CARNiVAL project sponsored by European Union's Seventh Framework ProgrammeFP7/2007-2013/underREAgrantagreementn°612614.

How is rugby transforming communities in Brazi l?

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An interdiscipl inary interpretation GarethHallAberystwythUniversity

Rugby’sinclusionintheRio2016hasbeendescribedbyitsambassadorsasthefutureofrugbyandtheOlympicmovement. Broadly, itwas thought that rugbyhad clear social responsibility and lifeskilldevelopmentembeddedwithinitsethosasasport,andassuchstrategically includedintothesummerOlympics“toattractayoungeraudience”(LordSebatsianCoe,2013)andcreateacultureofsocial responsibility that addressed social challenges in Brazil (gender equality, citizenship,discrimination,andyouthdisillusionment;InternationalRugbyBoard,2014).Giventheseambitions,there has been significant investment in promoting rugby and exposing Brazilian populations torugby’sapparentintrinsicvaluesthroughlocalandcorporateinitiatives.ThepurposeofthispaperistoreportonthreecommunityprogrammesemphasisingrugbyasvehicleforsocialchangeinBrazil.First, in conjunction Premiership Rugby, England the Brazilian Social Services for Industry (ServiçoSocialdaIndústria;SESI)isthelargestsocialdevelopmentprojectinBraziltohaveintroducedrugby(TryRugby)byembeddingthesportintoitsschoolcurricula.Second,UmRio(OneRio)isaregistredcharityandpart-fundedbyOxfordUniversity.ThefinalprogrammeisRugbyParaTodos(RugbyforAll)andisthelongestrunningrugbyprogrammeinBrazilinthelargestcommunidadeofSaoPaulo.In this paper I will address how Brazilian communities might experience transformation throughrugbybasedonmyinitialobservationsanddatafollowingone-monthfieldworkinSaoPauloandRiode Janeiro.Thispaperwill attempt tounderstandperceived transformations in thecommunitybyutilising an interdisciplinary that draw on scholarly perspectives from psychology, sociology andhumangeography.

SESSION I I : BUILDING FOR A MEGA-EVENT:

URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND ITS IMPACTS IN RIO DE JANEIRO

Favelas to play, favelas in play CamilaMariadosSantosMoraesLancasterUniversity&FederalUniversityoftheStateofRiodeJaneiro

Inthe1980s,acontroversialtourismpracticedevelopsinsomeslumsoftheGlobalSouthframedbyCapitalismasthe“experienceofpoverty”anditiscalledasslumtourism(Freire-Medeiros,2013).Inthepast20years,thenumberofslumdestinationshasincreasedspeciallyintheglobalsouth,sohasthenumberoftouriststakingpartinslumtourism.Researchersestimatesanannualnumberofover1 million slum tourists (Frenzel et.al. 2015). The first two destinations chosen by tourists andresearchersarethetownships inSouthAfrica (1980s)andthefavelasofRiodeJaneiro (1990s). InthispaperIwillfocusintheRiodeJaneirocase,whereakeyroleinthisexpansionoffavelatourismisplayedbypublicpolicy.Ifuntil2009,themaintouristfavelawasRocinha,after2010,itstartstoshare tourists ‘attention with other favelas. It is important to note that the expansion of favelatourism in Rio de Janeiro appears after 2009,whenRio de Janeiro became the “host city” of the2014FIFAWorldCupandthe2016OlympicGames.Inthissense,themainquestionofmyresearchis how much are the favelas of Rio de Janeiro are being made and remade in order to attracttourists?Toanswerthisquestion,Iconductedmulti-sitedfieldworkinfavelasofRiobetween2009

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in2015inordertomapandfollowtheincreaseoffavelatourisminRio,themaindebatesinfavelasabouttourismandthenetworksthatwereactivatedtoputnewfavelasinthetourismmovements.Bydoingthis Icouldwatchtheappearanceof“newcoolplaces”of favelatourismconnectedwithenvironmental concerns in favelas,what seems to be a central thread in this expansion of favelatourisminRiodeJaneiro.

Favela eviction in the Olympic City: Reflecting on the practices of resistance against state violence in Rio de Janeiro AntoniaGamaUniversityofManchester

DrawingonthelocalrealityofRio’sfavelas,thispaperaddressestheprocessofforcedevictionandtheperformanceofmedia-orientedactivistsdedicated to fightagainstanexclusionarycity-projectandrights-violatinginterventionswithinthecontextoftheforthcomingOlympicgames.Itdrawsona 12-month ethnographic research I conducted in Vila Autódromo, a small favela located in agentrifyingareaofRio.Althoughthreatenedwithremovalsincethe1990s,VilaAutódromohasbeenrecentlybrought into the limelightdue toanongoingprocessofdemolitionandeviction tomakewayfortheOlympicPark.Theethnographicdata illustratesthestate's 'warofattrition'versustheresidents''warofresilience',eventhoughtheagentsintheselinesofbattleareconstantlyshifting.Ialso intend to highlight the collusive strategies I witnessed the city deploying to terrorise theresidents,eventuallyforcingthemtogivein,whileclaimingpubliclytheirrespectfortheresidents'right to remain.Within this framework,media-oriented favela-activists havebeenusing FacebookandWhatsAppasmediumsthroughwhichtheyperformtheirpoliticalengagementwhilelaunchingonlinecampaigns to spreadglobalawarenessabout their cause.Grounded inethnographicdata, Iargue that the use of social media have been changing the process and texture of practices ofresistanceagainststateterrorwithinthecontextoffavelasinRiodeJaneiro.Inmycontributiontotheworkshop Iwant to stress thedifferent roles socialmedia canplaywithin thenarrowwebofprotectionthatfavelaresidentscanrelyontoprotectthemselvesagainststateviolenceinBrazil.

Socio-spatial segregation during the Rio-2106 Olympic Games in Ti juca Region-RJ: Vi la Autodromo Community CarinePreviattiUniversidadedeSãoPaulo

Theappropriationof spaces thatwerenotempty,using the sportsmegaeventsasa justification,signalsafundamentalmomentinthecapitalistreproductionprocessthatbringstheconflictofthespace as a place of appropriation and use opposed to the space as a reproduction of value andwealth.Thesportsmegaeventsrepresentmarketingstrategiesthatattract internationalcapital inordertorebuildcertainfragmentsofspace into"newcenters",abletoreceive investmentsbythereproduction of urban models which are subject to economic and financial logic over theexperiencesoflivingthecity.

The city of Rio de Janeiro,which historically uses urban development plans in order to legitimizespatialchangesinfragmentsofthecity,hascontinuedthisprocessinrecentyears,throughstrategicplans and realization of the Olympic Games. The analysis of the State's interventions in this

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relationshipisfundamental,asanintermediaryagentinthereproductionprocessesoffragmentsofthecitythatintereststhehegemonicplayers.

This paper objective is to analyze the socio-spatial changes brought to the Vila Autodromocommunity,locatedintheBarradaTijuca–RiodeJaneirocity,becauseoftheOlympicGamesRio-2016.Onespecificobjectiveistoidentifythesocialactorsandinterestsinvolvedintheremovalofthiscommunity.

Toachieve thisgoal, thepaperuses theoreticalanddocumentalmethodologybased innormativedocuments related to the removal process experienced by the Vila Autodromo since 1993. FieldsurveysintheVilaAutodromoandthecityofRiodeJaneirowereconductedthroughdescriptiveandanalytical perspectives, with application of qualitative questionnaires that underlies the conflictbetween the interests of residents, the government and private companies in an attempt tounderstandhowthesocio-spatialchangesarepartoftheplace,thecityandtheglobaleconomies.

Photographs of the Olympic city under construction: the archive of an urban landscape in transformation DéboraGauziski&FaustoAmaroRiodeJaneiroStateUniversity

Print media is one important site for exploring public opinion, impacts on audiences and socialbehaviours.Theword‘legacy’becamemorefrequentinBrazilianmediaaftertheannouncementofRio de Janeiro (RJ) as host city for the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. After the 1992BarcelonaGamesthe'Olympiclegacies'discoursewashighlightedduetothehugetransformationsininfrastructure,andeconomicdevelopmentthecitysustained.Thediscussionaboutdifferenttypesoflegaciesandtheirsustainabilityispartoforganisingcommittees,government,societyandmediadiscourse. This study investigated which types of legacies (tangible or intangible) were mostrecurrentinthetwomajordailynewspapersinBrazil:(1)FolhadeSãoPaulo-SPand(2)OGlobo-RJ.WeappliedcontentanalysistoarticlespublishedbetweenJanuary2015andFebruary2016.InFolhadeSP,21articleswere found(9 tangible legacies,7 intangibleand5aboutboth issues).Fromthenine articles about tangible legacies seven were negative– two emphasized the delay ofinfrastructureworks,anothertwocriticisedhuge investments in infrastructureandquestionedthelackofinvestmentsinhospitalsandschools.AnotherfourarticleshighlightedthecostsoftheGamesand the use of public money. In O Globo, 16 articles were found (1 tangible, 7 intangible and 8includingboth).Theonlyarticleregardingtangiblelegaciesdiscussedthecreationofananti-dopingcentre at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Despite these newspapers having nationalcirculations,wearguethatthedistinctapproachesregardinglegacycoverageareduetotheirmain'local' audiences. By being fromRJ,OGlobo focusedmoreon intangible legacies as it highlighted'benefits'forthelocalpopulation,whileFolhatendedtohighlightthenegativetangiblelegaciesforthecountrymoreduetothefactthattheBrazilianFederalgovernmentisthemajor'investor'oftheGames.

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SESSION I I I : URBAN POLICY AND MULTI-LEVEL POLITICS OF

MEGA-EVENTS IN BRAZIL

Urban development, large urban projects and mega-events in Brazi l : A historical overview ThiagoAllisUniversityofSãoPaulo(USP)

Thispresentationaimstodiscusshowrecenttransformationsinurbanpolicies–associatedornottomega-events–tookplace inBrazil, following international trendsofurbanentrepreneurialismandcitymarketing,notwithoutsupportofinternationaladvisorsprescribing“receipts”widelyappliedinother contexts.The“EstatutodasCidades” (“CityEstatute”), from2001, isa legal instrument thatseeks to overcome urban inequality in Brazil, after centuries of uneven and segregated ofurbanization.Amongothernovelties,itencompassesparticulartoolsinordertomeettheneedsofpublic and private – mainly real estate – agents within the cities, as the “Urban OperationConsortium”. With the advent of mega-events, the urgency of urban interventions in particularportionsofcityfabricshedlightonopportunitiesurbantransformationsandtherisksofdeepeningnegativeeffectsofsuchurbanprojects.InRiodeJaneiroonecanobservetheimplementationofoneof these largeurbandevelopmentprojects (“PortoMaravilha”),whosepurpose, if notpartof thevenuesofsportmega-events(FIFAWorldCupandSummerOlympicGames),isto(re)developaportzoneandnearbybrownfields.Thiscase,inthecontextofBrazilianurbantransformations,illustratedilemmas and opportunities of urban interventions, often justified as requirements for hostingmega-eventsandpromisedasalegacy.

Out of s ight, out of mind: Women’s experiences of pol ice violence in a Rio de Janeiro favela AmyJaffaUniversityofCambridge

Theissueofpoliceviolencetowardsmarginalizedgroupsofsocietyhasreceivedincreasingattentionwithin academic and activist spheres. In response to the highly racialized and geographicallycentralised nature of lethal police violence, the focus has been on the most visible category ofvictims;theyoung,blackmenfromlowsocio-economiccommunitieswhoconstitutethesubstantialmajorityofliveslostatthehandsofthepolice.Few,however,haveactivelyconsideredhowwomeninhabit andexperienceviolenceof the statewithin the same spacesof relegation. In thispaper, Iseek to furtherourunderstandingof theexperiencesof theyoung,blackwomen that inhabit thesamemarginalisedspacesofstateneglect.Whilst,unliketheirmalecounterparts,theyarerarelythetargetsoflethalpoliceshootings,theyexperiencealternative,highlygenderedformsofviolence.Inthecontextof theworld’snextOlympiccity,experiencingamomentglobalvisibility, this researchaims to shed light on the deeply invisible, yetwidely prevalent formsof violence that occur on adailybasis inRiodeJaneiro’sforgottencommunities.BasedonqualitativeresearchconductedinafavelaintheNorthZoneofthecity,Iarguethatthepolicetreatmentofwomenactsasatoolforthereproductionofthe‘mulherdobandido’identity,whichinturnservesasamechanismforthesocialcontrolofwomeninthepublicandprivatespheresandasameansofquellingmorevisibleformsofresistance.Setwithinthecontextofafavelawhichwasgovernedbyamilitiagroupuntil2011,when

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membersof theComandoVermelho tookcontrol following their forcedexit fromother ‘pacified’favelas, this research illustrates the more nuanced effects that the Sporting Mega-Events andassociatedUPPprogrammecanhaveonsomeofthemostvulnerable,andleastvisiblemembersofsociety.

Left in Lula’s passion: The polit ics of Rio 2016 and Dilma Rousseff BryanC.CliftUniversityofBath

In2010BrazilelecteditsfirstwomanPresident,DilmaRousseff.SuccessortoformerPresidentLuizInacioLuladaSilva(popularlyreferredtoasLula)andleaderofthePartidodosTrabalhadores[theWorkers’Party],orPT,sheinheritedthelegaciesoftheLulaadministration.Thisincludedthe2014FIFAWorldCupandthe2016OlympicGames.TheCupandtheGames,asintegralelementsofLula’spoliticalagendaandlegacy(Gaffney,2010;Canales,2011;Clift&Andrews,2012),at leastpartiallycontributed to the shaping of President Rousseff’s political agenda. Within this paper, I offer areading of Rio 2016 contextualized within the political and economic agenda and legacy of Lula,subsequentlyPresidentRousseff,andthechangesinBrazilduringthetenureofonetotheother.

World Cup for Votes: An analysis of the impact of the FIFA World Cup on elections results OliverSeitzUCFBWembley

AgoodnumberofresearcheshavefocusedontheeconomicimpactoftheFIFAWorldCup(FWC)onhosting countries with no consensus over positive outcomes. As deciding to host the FWC isultimately a decisionmade by governments, a question that needs to be asked is howmuch dopoliticiansthemselvesbenefitfromhostingtheevent.Apositiveimpactforpoliticiansmayprovidesome explanation why governments actively bid for hosting the event despite no guarantee ofeconomicreturn.Inordertoshedalightintothis,thepapermeasurestheimpactofthe2014FWConBrazilianpoliticsonthreedifferentlevels–country,stateandcity–byanalysingtheinfluenceofFWC-relatedeventsontheapprovalratingsofthepresidencyandonelectionresultsforstateandcitygovernments.Resultsshowthatthereisevidencetosuggestastrongpositiveimpactofwinningthe rights to host the FWC on the popularity of politicians, but mixed impact after theannouncementandduringandaftertheeventtakesplace.ResultsalsosuggestthathostingtheFWCmayhavedifferentimpactondifferentlevelsofgovernment,withcity-levelpoliticiansstrugglingthemosttobenefitfromhostingtheevent.Thispaperhopestocontributeforfootballgoverningbodiesto better understand the full scope of the FWC on hosting nations and also for politicians torealisticallyassesstheeffects that theFWCmayhaveontheir futurepoliticalplans.Limitationsofthestudyareanalysedandsuggestionsforfurtherresearcharerecommended.

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