RELATIVITY Based on Physical Processes B udapest 2009 by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany

RELATIVITYBased on Physical Processes

Budapest 2009

byAlbrecht Giese

Hamburg, Germany

1

The Physical Causes of Relativity

2

Contents

2

‘

“Space” and “Time”?

Special Relativity

Origin of Mass

General Relativity


3

The Leading Question

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‘

Einstein’s Relativity is based

on assumptions about

“Space” and “Time”


1. Is this the only possible way?

2. Is this a good way?

.

4

Einstein’s Statement (Original Paper 1905)

4

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From the origin of a system k there shall a light beam be transmitted at the time 0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time 1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time 2; so, there must be

½(0+2) = 1

5

‘

d

v

5


XO x‘

1

0 + 21 = 1/2(0+2)?

Note: The one-way speed of light cannot be measured independently

… shall a light beam be transmitted at the time 0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time 1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time 2;

66

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“ … This definition is essential for the special theory of relativity, but it is not epistemologically necessary. Einstein’s definition, too, is only one possible definition. …”

The special theory prefers ½ ... ,” it does so on the ground that this definition leads to simpler relations”. …

The intention of this talk is to show: Relativity of Einstein based on space-time is not the good solution Relativity can be based on physical processes rather principles This is . Much-much easier . Gives information about other areas, e.g. particle physics

X X

Philosopher Hans Reichenbach in “The Philosophy of Space and Time”:

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Contents

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Special Relativity

Origin of Mass

General Relativity


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• Contraction

• Dilation

‘

2cmE

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• Increase of Mass

• Energy-Mass Relation

• Constancy of c

Special Relativity:Its Elements


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Special Relativity:History of the contraction

1888: O. Heaviside Electric fields contract at motion

Objects contract at motion 1889 G.F. FitzGerald

1892: H.A. Lorentz Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motionwhich explains the null-result of the experiment:

‘

9

2

2

1/1cvddd *1'


1932: R.J. Kennedy E.M.Thorndike

The experiment cannot be explained by pure contractionNeeds dilation also

Sufficient to understand relativity?

10

h/E

Special Relativity:Dilation is the consequence of internal motion

History of the internal motion

1908: J. Ziegler Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’

Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’frequency:

1924: L. de Broglie

1928: P. Dirac Relativistic QM-function of the electron:

1930: E. Schrödinger Evaluation of the Dirac Function: t

txitxH

),(),(

‘

10

tHpcxtx kkk12)0()(

)1)()0((21 211 iHt

kk eHcpcHi c

Zitterbewegung


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“Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed Structure of an Elementary Particle:

‘

No conflict with the electron experiments

orbit (Spin, mag. moment)

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(de Broglie 1924) = E / h(Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30)v = c

(Relativity)m = 0

(Momentum law)N = 2

1212

Special Relativity:Dilation

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222 vcq Pythagoras

cRT 2

qRT 2'

2

2

1/1'cv

qc

TT i.e. the Lorentz-Factor

222

2 cvdtdc

2

2

11cv

dtd

222

2 vcdtdc

v

dtdc

„Speed of proper time“


For the helical motion:

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Contents

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Special Relativity

Origin of Mass

General Relativity


www.ag-physics.org /rmass 14

Static field of a point charge

‘

14

rU 1

U


www.ag-physics.org /rmass 15

Field of a moving charge

rU 1

rU 1

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15

rU 1

U


/rmass 16

The Origin of Mass: Bind of the Basic Particles

‘

302

rrrqKF

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/rmass 17

Bind of the Basic Particles at motion

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32

rrqKF

Fr

rF

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/rmass 18

cRm

The Mass Equation

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2cmE RcRchhE 2

The classical magnetic moment:

302

rrrqKF

2

1cr

CaF

2cr

1CaFm

Or both equations combined: = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles

Radius R computed from the magnetic moment and then inserted above the correct mass m

universal for all elem. particles!

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Rec 021

me

21 0

/rmass 19

Mass and Increase of Mass

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Relativistic increase of mass: From

2cmE RcRchhE 2

Spin:cR

m

cRm

Classical angular momentum

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Putting the object to motion:

302

rrrqKF

2

1cr

CaF

2cr

1CaFm

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2/rR


cRm

R'RR mmm '

2cdmdE 2cmE

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Contents

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Special Relativity

Origin of Mass

General Relativity


/gravity 21

The Shapiro-Experiment:

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c

c

P

crMGcrc

20

0 21)( P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction

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Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c


/gravity 22

The gravitational field of the sun:

The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: 2rMGa

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Now: Acceleration at rest!!

P

crMGcrc

20

0 21)(

P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction

Integrating deflection from – to + yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec

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This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!!

Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved


/gravity 23

Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis):

‘ Gravit.Source

c

c

No dependency of the mass!

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2rMGa


/gravity 24

Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity)

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Schwarzschild Solution:

is the basis for the proofs of General Relativity:

- Perihelion Advance- Gravitational Lensing - …

2222120 )1()1( crr

rrx

rr ss


/gravity 25

Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity)

‘

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1

1

rrcc s for radial motionReduced speed of light c

Reduced field distance

22cr

GMrs

drrd s 2

1

)1('

Schwarzschild Solution

2

*

2crNGrs

222

2 vcdtdc

2/1

1

rrcc s for tangential motion

in radial direction

Lorentz Transformation(time-related)

Speed split into radial/tangential portion

22222

2

rrc

dtdc

Now Gravity:2

212

22

2 11

dtdr

rr

dtdr

rrc

dtdc ss

2

ddt 22

12222 11 r

rrr

rrtcc ss


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Field EquationsRiemann Geometry

Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via Einstein)

/gravity 27

‘

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1

1

rrcc s for radial motionReduced speed of light c

Reduced field distance

22cr

GMrs

drrd s 2

1

)1('

Schwarzschild Solution

2

*

2crNGrs

222

2 vcdtdc

2/1

1

rrcc s for tangential motion

in radial direction

Lorentz Transformation(time-related)

Speed split into radial/tangential portion

22222

2

rrc

dtdc

Now Gravity:2

212

22

2 11

dtdr

rr

dtdr

rrc

dtdc ss

2

ddt 22

12222 11 r

rrr

rrtcc ss


Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via the Basic Particle Model)

www.ag-physics.org 2828

Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in

the vicinity of an object

What is Gravity?

‘

But: What is the physical reason

for the change of the speed of light ‘c’

in the vicinity of an object?


/gravity 29

Why is ‘c’ reduced?

Averagespeed

< c

‘Reduction of c independent of Radius independent of mass

--> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle

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Force is the Strong Force

This solves Quantum Gravity!

c


/gravity 30

Dark MatterAcceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)Quantum Gravity

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Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology


www.ag-physics.org /gravity 31

The Dark Matter Problem:

Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy

Relativity / Gravity

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Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198

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halo(of dark matter)

photons

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Axions, neutralinos etc



Inflation

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•The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed requirement for contracted space

The Origin of Gravity

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c/c0

1

1025

1050

Development of ‘c’

Big Bang nowtime

•The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space

Alternativ:


Need for Dark Energy?

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Development of the Universe:

cv

c/c0

1

1025

1050

Development of ‘c’

Big Bang nowtime

The Origin of Gravity

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•Doppler-Effect: If ‚c‘ was higher at early times then we get – from the

formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae.

•The acceleration at later times disappear.

Doppler-Effekt:


What is about space-time?

The “Dark Matter” phenomenon

Summary

The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)

The “only attracting” effectThis approach explains:

The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)

Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory QUANTUM GRAVITY becomes obsolete

This approach avoids:

This approach maintains: The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time

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Relativity (gravity!) can easily be understood

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The “Dark Energy” phenomenon

What are the benefits of our approach?

Space-time is not necessary, not helpful, makes relativity complicated


The End

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Basing Relativity on Physical Processes

Documents

RELATIVITY Based on Physical Processes B udapest 2009 by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany