Rehabilitate the

Post-Traumatic Community

Michael A. Louison

Rehabilitate the Post-Traumatic Community

Thesis Document

Michael A. LouisonProfessor: Susan Frosten

Advisor: Kihong Ku

ARCH-591 Architecture Thesis & Research 2011Philadelphia University

Abstract

When uprooted from place as a result of disaster or trauma the victim is introduced to the flux of migration and inherits the role of the refugee. This displacement elicits many psychological issues as well as the dispersal of populace due to the absence of a stable built environment.

Architecture can only sanction the process of recovery. Furthermore, intervention of the architect can articulate the recovery process in a route towards an improved, rebuilt environment. Additionally, the involvement of the architecture is expected to address the latest physical and social issues triggered by the destruction.

A course towards a more energy-healthy built environment will be tested through the establishment of a self-supported program implemented with the exploration of energy efficient technologies, social conditions and environmental context.

Contents

Position Paper

Case Studies

Site & Context

Program Study

Visual Outline

Objectives

Works Cited & Consulted

Appendix

2

11

23

25

27

28

29

31

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Position Paper

Introduction

Natural Disasters are often one of the most unexpected occurrences as

well as the most destructive to a society’s people. There have been many in

the past that have wiped out buildings, towns and cities. The main focus of

research is the Tohoku Earthquake in March of 2011 that was followed by

a tsunami and nuclear crisis at the Fukushima Power Plant. The challenge

with any disaster, both natural and unnatural, is that of affectively rebuilding

and rejuvenating the impacted area. Each disaster has its unique effects on a

society and the rebuilding strategies that are implemented vary depending on

the society’s goals and conditions. Most efforts to restore life to an effected

society are similar in trying to spark economic regrowth and reconnect a

fractured community. In order to rebuild a physical and psychological community

in Northern Japan economy needs to regenerate through establishment of

industry and the nuclear stigma must be confronted by engaging people

through education surrounding energy consumption and production.

The events following a natural disaster that has destroyed the built

environment of an area include the migration of refugees. The refugee is a

migrant body moving in the network of other refugees in search of the most

appropriate and convenient place where they can find relief. The disaster event

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sparks a collective displacement of people who are to journey away from

their home to find another place of refuge. While this is a collective event,

“Refugees continue to be viewed as individuals out of place and in crisis.”1

The paths of refugees will vary and will heavily depend on many factors

including location in relation to relatives and friends nearby, working state of

transportation methods in the area, the nearest crisis-modified shelter in the

affected area, and where and how relief support is being provided. The location

in which they find themselves settling is now serving as a temporary shelter

under the category of immediate responses, not a long-term resolution. This

sudden shift in population starts to cause the problem of dwelling densities

and the infrastructure begs to be rebalanced. The condition of community is

dispersed and physically disconnected. At the same time, groups of people are

brought together in different concentrated locations, creating a sort of temporary

micro-community.

There are two realms of community that exist in any society, the physical

components of a community and the psychological aspects of a community.

The first is a bit simpler and above the surface. The physical components

of a community are all the tangible parts that make up the built and unbuilt

environment of an area. These include homes, shops, hospitals, schools,

municipal buildings, recreational facilities, restaurants and infrastructure like

1 Malkki, L. (1995) ‘Refugees and Exile: from refugee studies to national order of things’, An-nual Review of Anthropology 24: 495-523.

4

trains, roads, etc. In a post-traumatic society these sort of things need to be

rebuilt so that a community can function again within it. It takes some economic

rebuilding and rejuvenation of industries to really spark this development.

The other realm is that of the psychological condition of a community. This

is a bit harder to describe or quantify, as it manifests itself in the everyday

lives of the people. One way to discuss this might be the relationship you

have with your neighbors, your favorite place to hang out after school, what

house you grew up in, where you worked growing up, where you worked as

you were getting older, or the place you always used to eat at for dinner

each week. There is a deep origin of ones idea of place that is heavily

based on relationships with others and one’s surroundings. Over time a sort of

memory force maintains an attachment to places and make them sentimental.

This attachment is part of one’s psychological investment in a developed

community.

When separated from ones community due to a natural or unnatural

cause there is a significant impact on psychological stability. Time and place

are interrupted and one’s path is shifted toward a place of exile. One’s ultimate

goal when taken away from home is to return to it. According to Paul White

in his literature from Writing Across Worlds, “The experience of return never

effects a simple recovery of origins. Rather, the experience of exile not only

calls into question cultural authenticity, but also disrupts linear narratives of

time and place, since each and every place, time and event is reconstituted in

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a relation in which none is given ontological priority.”2 Part one’s psychological

agenda of returning home after having to leave it is to surround oneself with

those intangible attachments and memories of place and time but one of the

struggles is that the collection of those things is no longer their, so there is

no community to return to. The psychological aspect of community must be

rebuilt piece by piece.

On March 11th 2011 an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 shook the

earth, centered in the Pacific Ocean just East of Sendai, Japan. This caused

tsunamis to ravage the eastern coasts of Northern Japan and in turn cause the

nuclear crisis that Northern Japan still finds itself in today. Fukushima Daiichi

Nuclear Power Plant suffered from multiple explosions causing meltdowns and

release of nuclear radiation into the environment. The Japanese government

recommended evacuating the areas falling within the range of 19 miles from the

nuclear plant, while the U.S. government recommended a 50-mile evacuation

zone. From Fukushima Prefecture alone, over 60,000 residents evacuated.3

The victims of 3/11 are now refugees staying either in temporary shelters

and housing or with friends and family waiting to return to their hometowns.

Many of them don’t have a physical house to go back to but feel a longing

2 White, P. (1995) ‘Geography, Literature and Migration’, n R. King, J. Connell and P White (eds) Writing Across Worlds: literature and migration, London: Routledge, pp. 1-19.3 “Voices of Fukushima’s Evacuees - Graphic - NYTimes.com.” The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 14 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/12/06/world/asia/Voices-of-Fukushima-Evacuees.html?ref=asia>.

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to return to their community and live their again. In many cases, for those

whose homes remained standing, an elderly family member still resides so

there is a need to stay in that location for them. For one case, a man named

Dai Saito reveals that only he and hi two children evacuated after the crisis

while his wife stayed home to nurse his mother in Minamisouma. Eventually

his whole family made it to Tokyo where they now live. He states that most

of his friends had not left his hometown, the two biggest factors being job and

family.4

Another psychological stigma that becomes apparent with many victims

including Dai Saito is the now skewed view on the government and the

changed perspective on the use of nuclear energy and its risk.5 It appears

that the whole nuclear crisis sparked a large anti nuclear debate, with no

surprise. People all over the world are questioning why we don’t reduce our

nuclear energy production and live safer lives. Helen Caldicott in her article,

After Fukushima: Enough is Enough, from The New York Times even suggests,

“Millions of jobs can be created by replacing nuclear power with nationally

integrated, renewable energy systems.”6 This brings up a relevant discussion

4 “BBC News - Japan Quake Evacuees: Starting Again.” BBC - Homepage. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14802398>.5 “BBC News - Japan Quake Evacuees: Starting Again.” BBC - Homepage. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14802398>.6 Caldicott, Helen. “After Fukushima: Enough Is Enough.” The New York Times. 2 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/02/opinion/magazine-global-agenda-enough-is-enough.html?pagewanted=1&sq=anti%20nuclear%20debate&st=cse&scp=8>.

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as to how much renewable energy Japan is taking advantage of. According to

the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Japan consumed a total of

3 percent hydroelectric power and about 1 percent other renewable sources

in the year 2008.7 On top of that Japan has a pretty low level of energy

security and domestic production. According the World Nuclear Association,

Japan must import 84 percent of its energy requirements.8 It is clear that

Japan is in need of a new energy plan. Originally the Japanese government

wanted to increase the country’s reliance on nuclear energy in order to reduce

its green house gas emissions according to the Kyoto Protocol in March 2002.

A 10-year plan was submitted to the Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry

(METI) to increase nuclear power generation by 30 percent that was later

endorsed by the cabinet.9 This idea has been viewed in a new light since

the nuclear crisis from 3/11. The people want to see alternative plans that

do not rely on nuclear energy. This power, when unable to be controlled, was

the very reason why thousands of people cannot return to their own homes

even if they are still intact. If Japan can head in a new direction in terms of

energy, the people will be in favor.

7 “Japan - Analysis.” U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=JA>.8 “Nuclear Power in Japan | Japanese Nuclear Energy.” World Nuclear Association | Nuclear Power - a Sustainable Energy Resource. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=344>.9 “Nuclear Power in Japan | Japanese Nuclear Energy.” World Nuclear Association | Nuclear Power - a Sustainable Energy Resource. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=344>.

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A policy that the Japanese people seem to be in favor of is the 3E’s,

Japan’s energy policy. Japan plans to increase their use of renewables from less

than 10 percent usage in 2010 to more than 20 percent usage by the year

2030.10 This is only part of this energy policy. The 3E’s essentially include

three basic ideas, Energy Security and Independence, Economic Development,

and Environment. According to the American Solar Energy Society, Japan

imports nearly 95 percent of its primary energy.11 The first of three E’s in

this policy essentially places Japan’s emphasis on transitioning to more stable

and more domestic energy sources. The second section outlines that Reliable,

stable and cheap energy is at the heart of a vibrant industrialized economy

and that the energy technology is ideally developed domestically and can also

be profitably exported. Environment is the third portion of this policy, giving

it more consideration and, under obligation by the Kyoto Protocol, reducing

Japan’s CO2 emissions.12

From this policy, it is clear that Japan is beginning to head in a better

direction when it comes to energy. The question is how this new energy

10 “American Solar Energy Society.” American Solar Energy Society: The Solar Nonprofit Ad-vancing Education, Research, Advocacy, News and Insight Since 1954. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ases.org/index.php?option=com_content>.11 “American Solar Energy Society.” American Solar Energy Society: The Solar Nonprofit Ad-vancing Education, Research, Advocacy, News and Insight Since 1954. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ases.org/index.php?option=com_content>.12 “American Solar Energy Society.” American Solar Energy Society: The Solar Nonprofit Ad-vancing Education, Research, Advocacy, News and Insight Since 1954. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ases.org/index.php?option=com_content>.

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outlook will find its way into the post-traumatic lives of the 3/11 refugees.

The integration of this policy into post-crisis rebuild is going to heavily impact

the psychological mindset of people moving forward. The nuclear energy crisis

was one of the largest parts of the 3/11 disasters that will continue to affect

thousands of people for years to come. Therefore it is the integration of new

energy technology that will lift northern Japan while education about energy

awareness is key to incorporating this new movement into everyone’s lives.

The physical components of the post-3/11 will be rebuilt while economy

grows and relief efforts are put into effect. The psychological conditions of the

community affect by the crisis will linger on and continue to feel the disaster’s

impact. From this disaster however, comes a new perspective on energy. The

integration of new energy technologies and development into the post-3/11

communities will improve the psychological drive of the victims. The actions

taken now in the efforts to rebuild can drastically improve the lives of the

victims. By establishing an industry of energy science technology development

and engaging the people in the research and educating them, the nuclear

stigma can be confronted and the physical and psychological components of

the impacted community may be rebuilt.

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Case Studies

- Working with local design & construction professionals- Providing technical expertise to help rebuild- Both short & long term projects- Urban Acupuncture (short term) - The “financial lifelines” that were devastated by the tsunami “are the engine that allows communities to become self-reliant.”- Helping local shops and businesses “recover, open, create jobs, and collectively provide a financial future for the affected communities as each acupuncture needle influence overall health of a body.”

COMPLETED PROJECTS:

Hikado Marketplace (Urban Acupuncture)Ooya Green Sports Parke5star Wetsuits Workshop (Urban Acupuncture)

PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPEMENT:

Shizugawa Judo JukuShizugawa Fisherman’s Workplace “Banya”Matty’s Surf ShopMaeami Village ReconstructionSchool Repair and ReconstructionTemporary Housing ProgramArchi+Aid network

Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami Rebuilding

Architecture for Humanity

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Hikado Marketplace

Motoyoshi, Kesennuma-shi, Miyagi Prefecture

Scope: Provides mobile ramen noodle shop, snackery and community marketplacePeople moved into temporary housing enjoy ramen for lunch and cold beer after work

Status: June 2011 Covered wooden deck made of salvaged timber complete (+3 months)July 2011 Opening CelebrationAugust 2011 Summer Festival w/ 3 neighborhoods

Architecture for Humanity Urban Acupuncture

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Case StudiesOoya Green Sports Park

Motoyoshi, Kesennuma-shi, Miyagi Prefecture

Scope:Partnership with Nike Japan + donated land from local farmer. Replaces lost school yards, allows kids to play safely

Status: Novemeber 2011 Projected Completion

Architecture for Humanity

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e5star Wetsuit WorkshopIshinomaki-shi, Miyagi Prefecture

Scope: Miyagi Coast = Popular Surfing Area of Japan. Post-Earthquake decrease in surfers. Wetsuit factory will provide jobs and rejuvinate economy.

Status: Working with local designer and local wetsuit company owner to reconstruct his workshop.

Japan Design Fellow - San Fransisco: Hiromi Tabei

e5star Wetsuit Workshop owner: Yutaka Nakamura-san

Project Designer: Satoshi Suzuki (surfer)

Dialogue: Do not design Workshop larger than previous one, Cutom made suits are preferred.New Workshop --> Functional + FunkyJapanese Tradition on Interior + Exterior

Current Effort: Remove moldy ceiling + dirty floor ties

Make attractive enough to surfers for when water is safe to surf in once again.

Architecture for Humanity

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Case StudiesShizugawa Judo Juku

Shizugawa, Minami-sanriku-cho, Miyagi Prefecture

Scope: Providing elementary school students, junior high student and high school students a place to all train together.

Houses 2 current prefectural champions!

Due to losses + Displacement, dojo is less than 1/3 normal size

‘Competition’ uniforms lost in tsunami. Cannot compete with current ‘practice’ uniforms

Old school washed away, only foundation remains

Currently: Students practice in a partioned part of a fishing warehouse (student’s family-owned)[no insulation and missing windows]

Immediate! : winterize warehouse and add a door

Architecture for Humanity (Under Developement)

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Shizugawa Fisherman’s Workplace “Banya”

Shiaugawa, Minami-sanriku-cho, Miyagi Prefecture

Scope: 15 fisherman lost everything - rebuild their workplace + Workhosue as new base for town’s fishing industry. (key industry of area)

Formerly individual fisherman

Now: bring together unique ideas for collective aquafarming business

Banya --> Town Rebuild + adjacent Market/Oyster Bar

Architecture for HumanityUnder Developement)

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MOVE:Sites of Trauma

“Christian Movement for Life” -->“The Movement” -->“MOVE”

led by Vincent Leaphart [ or John Africa - 1970< ]

Criticiized the “system of American Society”Ate raw foodsUsed no soap or electrictyDid not practice birth control

“We believe in Natural Law, the government of self”

309 N 33rd St. 1974-19786221 Osage Ave 1978-1985 May 13th

Bomb dropped in an attempt to evict MOVECaught fire for too long and spread:

61 homes destroyed100 homes wrecked250 people left homeless

[ Pamphlet Architecture #23 ] Johanna Saleh Dickson

Case Studies

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Transform / Sustain

Collage: Fluid to Hardened (around 1984)

3D Hybridization of Party Wall, Porch, Backyard, Bunker, Water

Transformed Party Walls

Memorial: Excavated SpaceA place to sitParty WallWater

Johanna S. Dickson

Case Studies

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Prosthesis

“Prosthetic bridges the gap between a physical trauma and the everyday”

Prosthetic = Signifier of the Trauma = Rehabilitation of the Trauma

Collage: New Insertions

Absence of a home: Profound acknowledgement of the deaths + access for future developement

Phantom MOVE house = Reminder of lives lost.

Address the original Traum +Suggest future use

Mark Gardner | Henry S. Hsu | Brian Slocum

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Case Studies

Ideas Extracted from Narrative:

Dai Saito used to live with his wife and two children in Haramachi-ku in Minamisouma, which lies inside the 20-30km “stay indoors” zone around the damaged Fukushima nuclear plant. He worked as a chil-dren’s football coach. But he and his family have now left the area and do not know when they will go back. Six months after the disaster, he tells the BBC about his life now. We live in Koto, Tokyo, in a flat for civil servants that the local government made available to evacuees. We are on the 29th floor with a night view over Tokyo, which we couldn’t have imagined back home. The Red Cross supplied us with appliances like a fridge and a televi-sion. But I think it is a shame we have to pay our electricity bills to Tepco [the operator of the Fukushima nuclear plant]. After the earthquake, I didn’t have a job for about four months but I am now working as a manager and main coach to the infant class at a futsal [indoor football] centre. To tell the truth, I had given up on getting a job where I could use my experience. But just when I thought I had to get any job to support my family, my wife brought home a flyer about this opening which she found at the station in July. It was so lucky. Also, I am now a writer at a futsal magazine called “Pivo!”. While it is hard to learn everything I need to know, I am very glad to be working. There is a big supermarket near our flat. Best of all, there is Tokyo Disneyland close by, which is a nice location for my Disney fan family! We can have this life because the local authorities are supporting us. It will be difficult to live like this after they take back the flat next July, considering the cost of living compared to our income. Our new baby is due on 11 November and there are two months to go. There is a big gap between the cost of maternity care in the big city and in the countryside, which is a worry but at least we don’t need to worry about radioactivity. As for my children, some of their fellow students are evacuees, and my kids play with them and others. I don’t know too well how they are coping in their new school because I work from afternoon to late night so I don’t have a lot of time to see them. However, I’m doing my best to talk with them whenever we have time.

Stay or go Back?My mother stayed behind in Minamisouma. I am not in constant contact with her but she is fine. I went back home for one day at the end of July and I saw the traditional ‘Nomaoi’ Shinto folk rituals. It is usually a grand three-day festival but it was reduced because of the situation. I heard it would not run at first but it is an important historic cultural asset and they opened to pray for the revival of the disaster area.I was surprised that the scene hadn’t changed much in Haramachi-ku, the area in Minamisouma where I used to live. Maybe I didn’t see the change because I only stayed a short time. I did notice that rubble was piled up in one place and that petrol was available at a fair price again. It seems like more people have gone back because I noticed more cars.All of my futsal team-mates stayed behind - I don’t think many of my friends left Minamisouma. The factors seem to be family and job. My friends who have children left and friends who don’t have children or have a job in Minamisouma stayed behind. It probably happened like that all over the area. When I think about the present situation and the fact that they have not solved the nuclear power plant problems, I think we shouldn’t return to our home. I don’t want to compromise - I’ll go back when it is resolved. It is impossible to estimate the effect of 11 March on my life. I never imagined one single day could suddenly change my job, environment, home town, my whole life. My children feel these changes even more strongly than us adults. The friends they used to play with, the play-ground they liked to play in - they disappeared so suddenly. I still can’t ask them how they understand or accept these things.Health-wise, we have no particular problems. We can have a test to measure internal radiation exposure and my daughter, who is eight years old, returned to Minamisouma the other day to have it. It is hard to understand why we have to go close to the nuclear plant to check our internal exposure. We haven’t had her results yet.I believe I was exposed to more radiation than my family because I stayed behind, whereas they evacuated quickly. I saw on the news that tests found radioactive materials on local council workers. I went outside a lot to help neighbours and distribute goods before I left. I haven’t been checked yet but I believe I have been exposed.

Moving ForwardMy image of the government has changed a lot, though I didn’t have a good impression of them to start with. The biggest reason is their repeated cover-ups. Shouldn’t the first priority of government representatives be the safety of people when we are in a crisis situation? They should give cor-rect information so we can act appropriately. I was disappointed with their lack of interaction, scrambling to hide the facts. I believe they still haven’t given us all the facts yet. When I look at people in Tokyo, it seems as if there was no earthquake on 11 March. This is because we can’t find news about the nuclear situ-ation in the mainstream media in Tokyo. Even though it is still unresolved, it looks like people aren’t worried about it. Of course, some people are working hard towards reconstruction but unfortunately there are a lot of people who are indifferent, and counting the first kind is much faster than the second. Is it OK? Are they happy they don’t know all the facts?The future that I expected before the earthquake was destroyed completely by this disaster and the nuclear power incident. It is very sad to begin my life again from scratch. However, I draw lots of motivation from the people who I have met through this experience. The power this gives me encour-ages me to create a new future. I think I will be a victim for the rest of my life, I will not be able to return home but I have to move on with this situation. I appreciate being able to talk about this and I gain the courage to step forward. Thank you so much.

Narrative of 3/11 Victim:Dai Saito

LESS TRUST IN GOVERNMENT LESS TRUSTLACK OF CARE FUTURE IS SCORNED

ABSENCE IN MAINSTREAM MEDIA STRENGTHENED RELATIONSHIPS

SHAME OF PAYING TEPCO FOR ENERGY

TEMPORARY SENSE OF COMFORT TEMPORARY SUPPORT

HOW ARE CHILDREN COPING? FINANCIAL WORRIES

LIVING IN TOKYO FLAT

COMMITMENT TO JOB

TIES TO FAMILY ATTACHMENT TO HOME

UNCERTAINTY OF SAFETY

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Tokyo

FukushimaMinamisoma

Sendai

Tsunami : impacted along the east coast

Earthquake : occurred east of Sendai, magnitude 9.0

3/11March 11 2011

Nuclear Explosions/Meltdowns : Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant released magnitudes of radiation

232323323232323232323232323232332332323232323232323

UPROOTED ness migration refuge

drifting tem

porary

displace

ment

movemoving

moved

shelterres

ourcesrela

tionship

s

instability

3/1

1

80km (50mi) U.S. Recommended Evacuation Zone

Relief Shelters

Google

20km (12mi) Evacuation Zone(Japanese Government)

24

Source: http://wwwcms.pref.fukushima.jp | World Bank, World Development

Pre-3/11 Population

Site:

METI

Fukushima:-Industrial Power(30% of Tohoku Region Manufactured goods)

Minamisoma:-High displaced population-Close proximity to Nuclear area

70,975

Source: IAEA

20,695

6,936

41,428

Source: http://wwwcms.pref.fukushima.jp | World Bank, World Development Indicators

Site & Context

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Program Study

Research Center_ Development of Energy Technology_focused on development of energy technologies and the science of energy

generation and consumption

Manufacturing & Testing Facility_ Rebuild Economy_charged with producing these technologies that are researched and explored

in the Research Center and developing the design of these products and

equipment.

Educational Establishments_ Community Engagement_tasked with educating the public about energy technology and sciences. The

exhibitions and installations will also raise awareness on the consumption of

energy and how it is produced.

Program size Small Educational Stations may be strategically established throughout

Northern Japan. The scale can be comparable to that of the traditional

Japanese Koban (or Police Box). These small establishments are iconic,

recognizable stations that house a small police force. They are strategically

placed throughout Japan to cover a small area.

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Process over Time

SitingThese educational establishments can be

stationed where it is safe to build. As the

nuclear radiation starts to deplete, the stations

can cover more ground closer to the nuclear

power plant area.

To support these

establishments a research &

manufacturing headquarters

will be sited in an appropriate

location to be able to serve

all sub-stations.

27

GOAL

S

prob

lem

sST

RATE

GY

Buildings destroyed, Infrastructure fractured, Economy damaged

areas that is delaying the process of return

Short Term

Long Term

The Research Center can test and apply

while the Manufacturing Facility produces the equipment & products and

Site:

= Electronics Manufacturing30% of Industry World Bank, World Development Indicators

Industrial Power

Close Proximity to Nuclear area

INDUSTRY

COMMUNITY

SERVICES+

+

Renewable Energy Equipment & Products for

Male Female

59% 77%

Sources through research

35%

Research

Manufacturing

Engagement

17%Manufacture systems and implement into

Eart

hqua

ke

+ Ts

unam

i

+ UPROOTED ness refuge

temporary

displacement

movemoving

moved

shelterresources

instability

Rebuild Community

Rethink Energy Usage

*

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Objectives

The purpose of this exploration is to foster an appropriate rebuild of Northern Japan and restoration of infrastructure. The necessary direction of Northern Japan is towards a decreased dependence on nuclear forms of energy to live. The built manifestation as a result of my study will serve as a precedent for other development in the region. The scope of this test cannot reach as far as replacing nuclear sources of power but may act as a demonstration against such heavy usage. I will display healthy energy consumption and rely on less harmful and dangerous forms of energy production.

The implementation of a manufacturing scheme for renewable and efficient energy research and production addresses the social and political issues of the nuclear controversy and engages the effected population. The idea that the citizens from the effected area will participate in this systematic process of manufacturing and rebuilding both validates the redevelopment of community and supports economic regrowth. The end goal of this project is to establish educational elements into society. Siting an appropriate location for a research and manufacturing facility for renewable energy technologies allows that facility to produce and support small scale educational outlets in the form of small recognizable stations that people can interact with and learn from. This project can raise awareness in society by providing learning experiences in areas where they are placed. They have a psychological impact on the people of the community they exist in that can be adapted based on the identity of the area.

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Works Cited

“American Solar Energy Society.” American Solar Energy Society: The Solar Nonprofit Advancing Education, Research, Advocacy, News and Insight Since 1954. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.ases.org/ index.php?option=com_content>.“BBC News - Japan Quake Evacuees: Starting Again.” BBC - Homep age. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia- pacific-14802398>.Caldicott, Helen. “After Fukushima: Enough Is Enough.” The New York Times. 2 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nytimes. com/2011/12/02/opinion/magazine-global-agenda-enough-is- enough.html?pagewanted=1&sq=anti%20nuclear%20 debate&st=cse&scp=8>.“Japan - Analysis.” U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=JA>.Malkki, L. (1995) ‘Refugees and Exile: from refugee studies to national order of things’, Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 495-523.“Nuclear Power in Japan | Japanese Nuclear Energy.” World Nuclear As sociation | Nuclear Power - a Sustainable Energy Resource. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=344>.“Voices of Fukushima’s Evacuees - Graphic - NYTimes.com.” The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 14 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/interac tive/2011/12/06/world/asia/Voices-of-Fukushima-Evacuees. html?ref=asia>.White, P. (1995) ‘Geography, Literature and Migration’, n R. King, J. `Connell and P White (eds) Writing Across Worlds: literature and migration, London: Routledge, pp. 1-19.

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Works Consulted

Asensio, Paco, and Belén Garcia. Earthquake Architecture: New Construction Techniques for Earthquake Prevention. New York, NY: LOFT and HBI, 2000.Cairns, Stephen. Drifting: Architecture and Migrancy. London: Routledge, 2004.Charleson, Andrew W. Seismic Design for Architects: Outwitting the Quake. Amsterdam: Elsevier Architectural, 2008.Coaldrake, William Howard. Architecture and Authority in Japan. London: Routledge, 1996.Harries, Karsten. The Ethical Function of Architecture. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1998.Markus, Thomas A., and Deborah Cameron. The Words between the Spaces: Buildings and Language. London: Routledge, 2002.Mitchell, William J. Placing Words: Symbols, Space, and the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2005.Seidensticker, Edward. Tokyo Rising: the City since the Great Earthquake. New York: Knopf, 1990.Vesely, Dalibor. Architecture in the Age of Divided Representation: the Question of Creativity in the Shadow of Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2004.Wigley, Mark. The Architecture of Deconstruction: Derrida’s Haunt. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1993.Xing, Rihan, ed. Dream Architecture Today’s Designs for Tomorrow. Stuttgart: Ed. Menges, 2010.

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Appendix

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36

MIND [RE]MAP

37

uprooted

disaster | cause core literature

Shigeru_Ban

Seismic_Design_or_Architects

Coupling

Architecture_In_The_Age_of_Divided_Representation

The_Words_Between_the_Spaces

Placing_Words

Architecture_and_Authority_in_Japan

Drifting:_Architecture_and_Migrancy

Pamphlet_Architecture_23-Move:

Forced_Migration_and_Mental_Health:

Refugees_and_Exile:

Streets_for_People

The_Ethical_Function_of_Architecture

The_Architecture_of_Deconstruction

Building_Community:

Refugee_Resettlement:_Models_in_Action

Spaces_and_Events

migrating

placedcommunity

belonging

settlement

stability

protection

architecture-for-migrants

architecture-by-migrants

ethnopolis

moved

expat-town

moved on

structure/building

translation

drifting

culture

place/space

FORCED

IMMEDIATELY

TEMPORARILY

VOLUNTARY

GRADUALLY

PERMINENTLY

Methods for Re-establishing a sense of place for uprooted refugees includes cultural identity and collaborative community design.

38

39

Visual Outline10.4.11

3 / 1

1

Eart

hqua

ke

+ Ts

unam

i

+ UPROOTED ness refuge

culture +++ regrowth

rebuilding

urban acupuncture

Architecture for place

infrastructure social cohesion

structure

Rebuild

displacement

shelter

resources

Regional Welfare SupportChild Care ServicesElderly AssistanceDisability Services/Support

IND

UST

RYSE

RVIC

ES+

Local IndustryManufacturingCommerce

Using methods of economics & psychological support, community can be rejuvenated and quality of life may be restored.

Mission:How does the Japanese Society address the return to the Fukushima region against the economic devestation stigma of the Radiation in the atmosphere?

Problem:

A combined proposal of an electronic manufacturing plant and support center will restore Economy and Trust in the displaced victims of 3/11

Strategy:

Program Considerations

Fukushima Prefecture:30% of Industry = Electronics Manufacturing

Data from:http://wwwcms.pref.fukushima.jpWorld Bank, World Development Indicators

Electronics Manufacturing FacilityTechnology - Communication - Transparency - History

Employment: (2008) Japan:Male

PopulationFemale

Population

59% 77%

35% 17%

40

11.308.24 10.1910.1210.059.289.219.149.078.31 11.2311.1611.0911.0110.26

Midterm

Thesis Timeline

Final

Site

Prog

ram

Rese

arch

Site Selection

Site Analysis Site Re-evaluation

Program Selection

Program Development

Revisit/Establish Objectives

Thesis Documentation

Research

Draft 1 Draft 2 Draft 3

11.30 5.??8.24 10.1910.1210.059.289.219.149.078.31 11.2311.1611.0911.0110.26

Midterm

Thesis Prep & Research Thesis Design Studio

Thesis Timeline

Final Midterm Final

Site

Prog

ram

Thesis

Rese

arch

Site Selection

Site Analysis Site Re-evaluation Site Re-evaluation

Program Selection

Program Development

Program Evaluation

Program Redevelopment?

Revisit/Establish Objectives

Thesis Reform

Thesis Documentation

Research Research

Draft 1 Draft 2 Draft 3

41

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45

46

47

48

Energy Source

Looking Ahead_While renewable energy sources are not capable of replacing nuclear energy

sources, Japan still aims to increase the usage of renewable energy from the current less than 10% to more than 20% by year 2020

2008 Japan’s Energy Consumption (EIA):

Fukushima Daiichi NuclearPower Plant _ nuclear

29,891 GW-h29,891,000,000 KW-h

[865 acres]34.7 GW-h per acre

25 GW-h25,000,000 KW-h

10,000,000-25,000,000 KW-h

[140 acres].17 GW-h per acre

Wind Farms | Turbines 10-25 GW-h _ wind

Nellis Solar Plant _ solar

Annual Generation Annual Generation per Acre

Oil – 46%

Coal - 21%

Natural Gas - 17%

Nuclear - 11%Hydro - 3%

Other Renewable - 1%

American Solar Energy Association: ‘Solar Today’

49

Drink Vending Machines

Solar Panel IntegrationLargest impact is public awareness of energy usage6 million vending machines in Japan, 1 machine per 20 people

50