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SBI 4U JANUARY 11 TH , 2013 Regulating Blood Sugar

Regulating Blood Sugar

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Regulating Blood Sugar. SBI 4U January 11 th , 2013. Regulating Blood Sugar. Regulation of blood  usually automatic (no thinking! Except when we are hungry) Glucose used by all cells. Problems With Blood Sugar. Diabetes mellitus – blood glucose fluctuates abnormally - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Regulating Blood Sugar

SBI 4UJANUARY 11 T H , 2013

Regulating Blood Sugar

Page 2: Regulating Blood Sugar

Regulating Blood Sugar

Regulation of blood usually automatic (no thinking! Except when we are hungry)

Glucose used by all cells

Page 3: Regulating Blood Sugar

Problems With Blood Sugar

Diabetes mellitus – blood glucose fluctuates abnormally

Serious health risks and long-term problemsElectronic monitors, modern syringes, pens

and pumps

Page 4: Regulating Blood Sugar

Hormones That Control Blood Sugar

Pancreas: long gland, located between S.I. and spleen. Most is an exocrine gland, 2% specialized endocrine cells – islets of Langerhans

Islets of Langerhans produce insulin and glucagon

Page 5: Regulating Blood Sugar

Insulin & Glucagon

Secreted by islets of LangerhansRegulate ability of tissues to metabolize fuel

substances

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Insulin

Secreted by beta cells in isletsRise in blood glucose beta cells release insulinInsulin instructs target cells to uptake glucoseActs on skeletal muscles, liver cells and adipose

tissueIn liver, glucose inhibits breakdown of glycogenLowers fatty acid levels by promoting fatty acid

uptake in adipose tissueLowers amino acid level by promoting protein

synthesis

Page 7: Regulating Blood Sugar

Insulin

Page 8: Regulating Blood Sugar

Glucagon

Secreted by alpha cells in isletsOpposite to effects of insulinBreaks down glycogen in liverBreaks down fats into fatty acidsBreaks down proteins into amino acidsHelps maintain blood glucose level during fasting!

Page 9: Regulating Blood Sugar

Alpha & Beta Cells

Respond directly to glucose levels in their cytosol

Glucose level high beta produces insulin, alpha decreases production of glucagon

Glucose level low beta decreases production of insulin, alpha produces glucagon

Page 10: Regulating Blood Sugar

Glucocorticoids

Adrenal cortex: release of steroid hormones – glucocorticoidsKeeps brain well supplied in between mealsRaise blood glucose levels:1. Stimulate synthesis of glucose from non-carbs 2. Reduce glucose uptake by the body cells3. Release fatty acids and amino acids into the blood as alternate

fuels

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Glucose Levels

Varies throughout the day

Due to meals and sleep

Decrease during night, level of glucose up after each meal

Page 12: Regulating Blood Sugar

Glucose Levels

Hyperglycemia: glucose levels too high!

Page 13: Regulating Blood Sugar

Glucose Levels

Hypoglycemia: glucose levels too low! Cold sweats, hunger, headaches, nervousness

Page 14: Regulating Blood Sugar

Diabetes

High blood glucose level caused by problems with insulin production or action

3 classic symptoms: frequent urination, frequent thirst and increased appetite

Frequent urination: ability to take up glucose is impaired, high glucose in blood more glucose in kidneys, more water pulled from blood by osmosis. Excessive amounts of urine

Need to replace excreted water causes thirst

Page 15: Regulating Blood Sugar

Diabetes

Increased appetite because, cells cannot get enough energy from glucose – proteins and fats broken down instead

3 types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes

Page 16: Regulating Blood Sugar

Type 1 Diabetes – Juvenile Diabetes

Beta cells in islets do not produce any insulinUsually diagnosed in childhoodTreated with daily administration of insulin

Page 17: Regulating Blood Sugar

Type 2

Reduced insulin production or the inability of insulin to bind to its receptors properly

Usually diagnosed in adulthoodStrongly associated with obesityStrong genetic link more than 80% have a

family member with itTreatment involves diet and exercise

maintenance

Page 18: Regulating Blood Sugar

Gestational Diabetes

Occurs in pregnant women due to high blood glucose level during pregnancy

Usually a temporary conditionCan increase the risk of mother and child

developing diabetes later on