Recognizing Sales

Opportunities in

Protective Relaying

Delta vs.. Wye?

N

A

B

C

59N

CTNGR

59N

50GPT

N

A

B

C

50G

CT

C

A

B

59N

PTA PTB PTC

What is a Protective Relay?

• Protect equipment from damage

• Isolate Equipment with minimum Disruption

How Does it Work?

• Measures voltages, current, and/or frequency

• Compare to settings

• Ignore normal and non-fault events

• Alarm for abnormal conditions

• Trip for faults with minimum time

Why are they so complicated?

• Convert input signals to:

– Magnetism

– Low voltage signals

• Figure out normal from abnormal

• 100+ years of history

• Zones of protection

When Should Relays Be Used?

• Equipment Protection

• Grid Stability

• Process stability

• Personal Safety(NFPA 70E)

FU1

TX1

R1

PCB1

PCB2 PCB3

PCB4 PCB5

R2 R3

R4 R5

PCB6 PCB7

R6 R7

TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL SINGLE LINE

OPEN PCB

CLOSED PCB

FAULT

What do Relays Do?

• Protective Functions are called Elements

• Multiple Elements protect an application

– Feeder

– Generator

– Motor

– Transmission Line

Overcurrent Elements

• Overcurrent

– 50 - Instantaneous Overcurrent

– 51 - Time Overcurrent

– 67 - Directional Overcurrent

• Protect for high current faults and overloads

• Protect for incorrect current flow

Voltage Elements

• Typically for Systems Instead of Equipment

– 59 - Overvoltage

– 27 - Undervoltage

– 81 - Frequency

Voltage Elements

• Typically for Systems Instead of Equipment

– 59 - Overvoltage

– 27 - Undervoltage

– 81 - Frequency

Differential Elements

• Protect High Dollar or Vital System Equipment

Differential Elements

Differential Elements

Differential Elements

First EM Relays

EM Relays

EM - What to test?

• Check Pre-test Operation

• Clean

• Pickup

• Timing

• Target

• Trip Tests

EM - When to test?

• Average 3 year

• Maximum 7 years

• Minimum 1 year

EM - Outputs

Solid State Relays

Solid State - What to test?

• Is it functional?

• Pickup

• Timing

• Target

• Trip Tests

Solid State - When to test?

• Average 3 year

• Maximum 7 years

• Minimum 1 year

Solid State - Outputs

Microprocessor Relays

Microprocessor - What to test?

Microprocessor - What to test?

• Analog to Digital Converters

• Output Contacts

• Inputs with end-devices

• Pickup?

• Timing?

• Output Logic

Microprocessor - What to test?

EM - Outputs

Microprocessor – When to test?

• Average 3 year

• Maximum 14 years

• Minimum 1 year

• Depends what you are going to test

Microprocessor vs. EM?

What Tests can I Perform?

• Type Testing

– Evaluate relay for application

– Many complex tests

• Acceptance Testing

– Is relay damaged or malfunctioning?

– Simple tests of analog and digital I/O

– Self Check OK?

What Tests can I Perform?

• Commissioning

– Perform acceptance tests

– Will relay work in this application as programmed?

• Maintenance Testing

– Is the relay still working?

• Troubleshooting

– Why did that happen?

What do Tests Look Like?

• Steady State Pickup Test

– Simple ramps

– Simple Jogs

What do Tests Look Like?

• Dynamic On/Off Timing Test

What do Tests Look Like?

• Timing Test

What do Tests Look Like?

• Simple Dynamic State Timing Test

What do Tests Look Like?

• Complex Dynamic State Timing Test

What do Tests Look Like?

• Test Pickup/Timing/Logic in One Test

What do Tests Look Like?

• Testing with In-Service Settings

Microprocessor Problems?

Percentage of Comments

7.79

3.57

5.84

4.62

78.18

Design/Wiring

Documentation

Installation

Relay

Settings

What do you Need to Perform Test?

• Test Set

• Test Leads

• Communication Cables

• Relatively Smart Tech

What do you Need to Perform Test?

• Doble

– The North American Standard

– Pickup and Timing

– Macro Testing

What do you Need to Perform Test?

• Megger

– Pickup and Timing

– Rudimentary “Front Panel”

What do you Need to Perform Test?

• Omicron

– Standard Outside North America

• European influence

• An Engineer’s Test set

What do you Need to Perform Test?

• Manta • Front panel controls

• System testing philosophy

What do you Need to Perform Test?

• Enoserv RTS • “Universal” Software

• “Automatic” testing

Symmetrical Amps Asymmetrical

Amps Node 3-Phase SLG 3-Phase

SLG Source

15 kV 123,319 7 202,237 12

Node 1

15 kV 123,097 7 201,917 12

Node 2

4.16 kV 157,359 1006 235,777

1,006 Buss1

4.16 kV 145,561 1004 208,564

1,004

Fault Studies

Coordination Studies

Sales Opportunities – Upgrade from EM

• Customer Benefits

– Less Testing

– Regulatory Compliance (OSHA, NERC, FERC, WECC, etc.)

– Ease of use

– Targeting

– Oscillography

Sales Opportunities – Upgrade from EM

• Customer Benefits

– Sequence of Events

– Troubleshooting

– Tech Support

Sales Opportunities – Upgrade from EM

• Service Company Benefits

– Small relay markup (Relay priced from $2,000 to 20,000)

– Small engineering markup ($1,000 per relay)

– De-commission labor (1/2 – 2 day/relay)

– Installation labor (1/2 – 2 day / relay)

– Testing labor (1/2 – 1 day per relay)

Sales Opp – Upgrade to Arc Flash

• Customer Benefits

– All of Microprocessor benefits

– Lower NFPA 70E

– Safer Switching

– Less NFPA Clothing Required

– Less Equipment damage = less down time

Sales Opp – Upgrade to Arc Flash

• Service Company Benefits

– All of Microprocessor benefits

– All customer benefits when performing maintenance in the future

– Possible switching contracts

– Fault and Coordination study required

– Main breaker upgrades

Microprocessor Sales Opportunities

• Upgrade Firmware

Sales Opp – Upgrade Firmware

• Customer Benefits

– Bug Fixes

• Service Company Benefits

– Install Time

– Re-testing

– Look like the expert