Recent Developments In

Lower GWP Refrigerants

Rajan Rajendran

REFRIGERANTS 2

Service and maintenance ban GWP Timing

HFCs 2500 Jan. 2020

‘Placing on the market’ (new equipment) bans

Domestic refrigerators and freezers 150 Jan. 2015

Refrigerators and freezers for commercial use (hermetically sealed systems)

2500 Jan. 2020

Refrigerators and freezers for commercial use (hermetically sealed systems)

150 Jan. 2022

Stationary refrigeration equipment (except equipment for temperatures below -50 deg C

2500 Jan. 2020

Multipack centralized refrigeration systems for commercial use with a capacity of ≥ 40 kW (140 kBTU/hr) (except in the primary refrigerant circuit of cascade systems, where fluorinated greenhouse gases with a GWP of less than 1500 may be used)

150 Jan. 2022

Movable room air-conditioning appliances (hermetically sealed equipment which is movable between rooms by the end user)

150 Jan. 2020

Single split air-conditioning systems containing < 3 kg 750 Jan. 2025

New F-Gas Phase Down And Bans EU Parliament Voting This Month

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

20052010201520202025203020352040204520502055

GW

P W

eig

hte

d C

ap (

% O

f B

ase

line

)

Non A5 Countries (US)

A5 Countries (Asia etc)

F-Gas Baseline 2009-2012

EU – F Gas

2005 2015 2025 2035 2045 2055

We are partnering with customers and EPEE* to enable these changes *EPEE – European Partnership for Energy and the Environment

REFRIGERANTS 3

• US, Canada and Mexico Presenting the North American Proposal Amendment to the Montreal Protocol

• US EPA announced two rulemakings this summer affecting new equipment only – 1st rule: approve new lower GWP fluids, including R32

in specific applications

– 2nd rule: “change status” of R404A in multiplex supermarket refrigeration systems, R134a in auto AC and reach-in coolers (and foam as well)

Refrigerant Related Actions In United States And North America

As a member of the ARAP* and AHRI*, we support actions

to finding answers for these complex problems

* ARAP - Alliance for responsible Atmospheric Policy; AHRI – Air conditioning, Heating, Refrigeration Institute

REFRIGERANTS 4

• Article 5 countries in midst of phasing out HCFCs as part of Montreal Protocol agreement; concerns about global warming effect of HFCs complicates decisions

• A2L and even some A3 applications being launched with success in Asia; recent ISO 5149 passage of A2L requirements will help

• North American Proposal to phase-down HFCs is still under consideration in these countries

• The following factors have to be considered for any action taken on a global basis – (1) existing and growing HCFC/HFC base of equipment (2) increasing energy standards (3) total cost of ownership of equipment (4) training and infrastructure for service and end of life and (5) economic growth

Refrigerant Related Actions In Article 5 Countries

This is an opportunity for component and equipment

manufacturers to work closely and find solutions

REFRIGERANTS 5

Timely A2L Standards Development And Adoption In Codes Critical To Phase-down • ISO 5149 (A2L inclusion)

– Passed on January 13, 2014 – Occupancy category (A, B, or C), location class (I, II, III or

IV), toxicity and flammability of refrigerant determine maximum charge limit

– Lower flammability level (LFL) of refrigerant determines permitted charge; varies by refrigerant

• IEC 60335-2-40 (A2L inclusion) – In development; likely approval in 2015 – Includes ducted products used in the United States (UL)

• IEC 60335-2-89 A2L addition for refrigeration (US) – Working Group #5 formed and started work in 2/2014

Emerson is a member of the working groups developing

these and other refrigerant related standards worldwide

REFRIGERANTS 6

AHRI’s Low GWP Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program

• Testing By 21 Companies, 6 Refrigerant Manufacturers, 38 Refrigerant Candidates

• Tests Covered Following Applications

– Air-Conditioners, Heat Pumps, Chillers

– Refrigeration (Commercial Refrigerators, Ice Machines)

– Transport Refrigeration And Bus AC

• In HVAC, R32 And Key R32+HFO Blends Closest In Performance To R410A

PHASE ONE COMPLETE PHASE TWO IN 2014

• 23 New Refrigerant Candidates

– Optimization Of Systems

– Lubrication Improvements

– Broader Operating Range

– High Ambient Performance

Emerson has contributed seven reports to first phase

study and will participate in second phase

Expect more optimized

components and systems

testing instead of just drop-in

REFRIGERANTS 7

• Purpose to promote lower GWP refrigerants for air-conditioning sectors in high-ambient temperature countries

• Assess available technologies including economic comparison of alternative technologies promoting technology transfer

• Alternatives to be tested: R290, R32 and two R22-alternative, development A2L blends of R32/HFOs called DR3 and L20

• Window, decorative, ducted and packaged AC units are some of systems being evaluated

UNEP/UNIDO Sponsored Study Of High Ambient Capable Lower GWP Refrigerants

We have provided 18 scroll samples of various sizes to

equipment manufacturers for this testing

REFRIGERANTS 8

Refrigerants Landscape

R-410A

Like

Capacity

R404A &

R407/22

Like

R134a

Like

GWP Level

400-675

< 1500

~600

150 -

300

R32

HFO 1234yf

HFO 1234ze

R410A

R22

R407A

R407C

R407F

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Pressure

Or

R32/HFC/HFO

Blends

R32/HFO

Blends

HFC/HFO

Blends R134a

CO2

R404A

DR2, N12, ARC 1

R290

NH3

A1 – Non Flammable

A2L – Mildly Flammable

A3 – Flammable

B2L – Toxic, Mildly Flam.

Qualitative Chart –

Not To Scale

R123-Like

(V.Low Pr.)

(3922)

Today’s HFC Refrigerants

R32/HFO

Blends

REFRIGERANTS 9

Options For Air Conditioning Applications

R-410A

Like

Capacity

R404A &

R407/22

Like

R134a

Like

GWP Level

400-675

< 1500

~600

150 -

300

R32

HFO 1234yf

HFO 1234ze

R410A

R22

R407A

R407C

R407F

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Pressure

Or

R32/HFC/HFO

Blends

R32/HFO

Blends

HFC/HFO

Blends R134a

CO2

R404A

DR2, N12, ARC 1

R290

NH3

A1 – Non Flammable

A2L – Mildly Flammable

A3 – Flammable

B2L – Toxic, Mildly Flam.

Qualitative Chart –

Not To Scale

R123-Like

(V.Low Pr.)

(3922)

R32/HFO

Blends

R446A, R447A,…

REFRIGERANTS 10

• R410A, R32 and similar pressure R32+HFO blends will find application in different regions and systems

• In high ambient regions, lower pressure R32+HFO blends may be attractive along with high pressure candidates shown above

• Components and systems can be optimized for each of the candidates to achieve performance targets

Current State For Lower GWP Candidates In Air Conditioning*

* Not meant to be a complete list of options

REFRIGERANTS 11

Options For Refrigeration Applications

R-410A

Like

Capacity

R404A &

R407/22

Like

R134a

Like

GWP Level

400-675

< 1500

~600

150 -

300

R32

HFO 1234yf

HFO 1234ze

R410A

R22

R407A

R407C

R407F

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Pressure

Or

R32/HFC/HFO

Blends

R32/HFO

Blends

HFC/HFO

Blends R134a

CO2

R404A

DR2, N12, ARC 1

R290

NH3

A1 – Non Flammable

A2L – Mildly Flammable

A3 – Flammable

B2L – Toxic, Mildly Flam.

Qualitative Chart –

Not To Scale

R123-Like

(V.Low Pr.)

(3922)

R32/HFO

Blends

R448A, R449A

R450A,..

REFRIGERANTS 12

• R404A, dominant HFC in refrigeration giving way to R407A, R407F (~half GWP and same or better system efficiency) and R134a

• Next generation of lower GWP synthetics like R448A, R449A, R450A are attractive in A1 applications, for service and new

• New A2L synthetics (<300 GWP), R717, R744 and R290 are ideal environmentally friendly choices for right application, system and region

Current State For Lower GWP Candidates In Refrigeration*

* Not meant to be a complete list of options

REFRIGERANTS 13

Three System Architectures Offer Lowest LCCP* Choices In Supermarket Applications

Primary could be HFC, low GWP blend, R717, or R290; applicable to

all climates

* LCCP – Life Cycle Climate Performance

REFRIGERANTS 14

Emerson’s Commitment Seen In Broad Product Offering For Trans-critical R744 Systems

Emerson Offering

• Centralized controller

• Distributed Controller

• Transcritical Compressors

• Subcritical Compressors, Semi & Scroll

• Oil Level Controls

• Compressor VFD

• Condenser Motor VFD

• High Pressure Controller

• Bypass Valve Controller

• High Pressure Valves

• Case Controllers

• Electronic Expansion Valves

• System Protectors

• Pressure Transducers

• Leak Detection

REFRIGERANTS 15

• Refrigerant choices are becoming clear as more information is available and shared

• In HFC phase-down scenario, definition of “Lower GWP” will differ by region and application

• Volunteer working groups are making progress with developing Safety Standards, but, code changes could take longer and that has to be factored in phase-down

• Refrigerant flammability, toxicity, high pressures and technology changes mean more education, training and knowledge sharing for design, installation, use and service of equipment

• In all refrigerant decisions, cannot “abandon” existing and growing base of HCFC/HFC equipment; service and equipment end of life should be major factors

• As new energy saving technologies are developed (electronic valves, controls, low condensing, sub-cooling, economizer, vapor injection etc), they should be deployed for all types of systems to get maximum environmental benefit

Summary