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Unit I: The Cold War Period (1945—1965) . Recent American History . Origins of the Cold War. What should I be able to do? . Define the Cold War Explain the reasons behind why the U.S. and the USSR were fighting during the years of 1945-1991 and explain how each country fought the war - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Recent American History
Unit I: The Cold War Period (1945—1965)
Origins of the Cold War
What should I be able to do? Define the Cold War
Explain the reasons behind why the U.S. and the USSR were fighting during the years of 1945-1991 and explain how each country fought the war
Contrast communism and capitalism and democracy vs. totalitarianism
What Was the Cold War? Cold: Rifle range is cold when no rounds are
being sent down range, hot when rounds are being fired
War: Conflict between two nations, groups or people. Oftentimes associated with physical fighting
Cold War: Time of conflict ranging from 1945 to 1991 between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was a verbal, and psychological war between the two nations
Why Were the U.S. and the USSR Fighting?
Conflict United States Soviet Union
Economic Reasons Capitalism Communism Political Reasons Democracy Totalitarianism/
Dictatorships Philosophical Political Freedom State controlled all
aspects of a person’s life
Post War Europe Desired countries to hold free elections and establish democracies
Sought for countries to become “satellite nations” under their control
Atomic Weapons Possessed weapons but did not want to share
Desired weapons
If it Truly was a Cold War, Then How Did Each Nation Fight?
Both nations competed in the Arms Race and Space Race where each nation tried to gain more weapons and greater technology Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD):
“He who fires first, dies second”
Who Were the Countries Leaders?
Harry Truman •United States Joseph Stalin •Soviet Union Winston Churchill •Great Britain
Causes of the Cold War
Cause 1: Ideological Differences Incompatibility of Economic and Political Systems
Ideological Differences
Ideology: the ideas reflecting the social needs and desires of an individual, group, class or culture - Capitalism vs. Communism - Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
Capitalism Accumulation of the means of
production as property into a few hands. Property = Capital Property Owners = Capitalists
Social System based on INDIVIDUAL Rights.
Communism
A Stateless, property-less, and classless society.
All property is owned by the community as a whole, and all people enjoy equal social and economic status.
From Each according to his ability, to each according to his need.
(Not how it has EVER played out)
Capitalism v. Communism
Progress results when individuals follow their own self interest.
Businesses (make money) Goods that are better and
cheaper. Consumers (save
money) purchase the best goods at
the lowest prices. Government should not
interfere in the economy.
Movements in history are the result of economic struggles.
‘haves’ v. ‘have nots’ Workers are exploited
by employers. Labor of workers
creates profit for employers.
Capitalism will destroy itself and a classless society will develop
Capitalism v. Communism
Adam Smith The Wealth of
Nations▪ 1776
Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto ▪ 1848
Major revolutions Russia/USSR: 1917-1991 China: 1949 – Present N. Korea: 1948 – Present Cuba: 1959 – Present Vietnam: 1953/73 to
Present
Cold War Ideology Rock-Paper-Scissors Directions/Rules - Find a partner - Play 3 rounds of rock-paper-scissors (1
round=best out of three shoots) - At the end each round, the loser must give
the winner two pieces of their candy Odds and Ends - In game, candy=money and winning=hard
work (therefore, the harder your work the more money you receive and vise versa)
Cold War Ideology Rock-Paper-Scissors What economic ideology was enacted while
playing the game? Capitalism or communism? What problems may arise from a capitalistic
economy? Now…winners equal out the candy between
you and your partner (each person should have three pieces)
Which economic ideology does this represent? What problems may arise from a capitalistic
economy? Why won’t a capitalistic and communistic
economy exist together?
Ticket-out
What are the differences between capitalism and communism?
Cause 2: Broken Promises and Varying Aims
Broken Promises
Yalta Conference- Stalin promised
to hold “free and unfettered” elections in Eastern Europe
- He prevented elections in 1945
Varying Aims Potsdam Conference
Goals included the establishment of the post-war order, ironing peace treaty issues, and countering the effects of the war
Evident three countries had varying aims in Europe
Varying Aims in Europe The United States Wanted To The Soviet Union Wanted To
•Encourage democracy in other countries to help prevent the rise of new totalitarian governments
•Gain access to raw materials and markets for its booming industries
•Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and to create new markets for American goods
•Reunite Germany believing that Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive and less bitter about defeat
•Encourage communism in other countries as part of the worldwide struggle between workers and the wealthy
•Transfer the industrial equipment of Eastern Europe to the S.U. to help rebuild its war ravaged economy
•Control Eastern Europe to balance the U.S. influence in Western Europe
•Keep Germany divided and weak, since the Germans has waged war against Russia twice in 30 years and had caused most of the 20 million Soviet deaths in WWII
United States Containment
What Should I be able to do? Summarize the steps the United States
took in containing Soviet influence as tensions increased
Describe how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan further defined and deepened the Cold War in Europe
Explain how conflicts over Germany increased fear of Soviet aggression
Iron Curtain Iron Curtain
Analogy for divide between the non-communist West and communist East
“An iron curtain has descended across…Europe”—Churchill
Stalin claimed speech was a “call to war”
What does it mean to contain?
U.S. Containment Efforts Truman Doctrine
A U.S. policy of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by communism
Outlined policy of containment
Directed 1st towards Turkey and Greece
U.S. Containment Efforts
Marshall Plan Program
developed by Secretary of State George Marshall
Supplied economic aid to war torn Europe
Ulterior motive?
Causes and Effects of United States Containment Efforts
• U.S. sent over $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece—reducing danger of Communist takeover
Truman Doctrin
e •U.S. supplied Europe with 12.5 billion in economic aid •Great success
Marshall Plan
In what ways does communism appeal to the poor? In this case, those in war ravaged Europe?
Struggles Over Germany
Crisis in Berlin (1948)
Notable Military Alliances N.A.T.O- Military alliance formed by U.S., Canada,
Iceland and 9 European nations - Collective Security—attack one, attack all- First military alliance during peacetime
Warsaw Pact - Military alliance between communist
countries in Eastern Europe- Communist response to N.A.T.O
The Cold War Turns Hot
Chinese Civil War
Brief History
Battle between Communist and Nationalists Communist - Mao Zedong (Tse Dong) Nationalist - Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai
Shek) Fighting began in 1927 to 1936 Resumed fighting in 1946 to 1950
Possible causes for the stop in fighting?
History of Conflict
Japan invade China in 1937. Civilian death in the millions.
Very cruel and xenophobic. Stopped initial fighting between KMT
and Communist forces. The enemy of my enemy is my friend.
US support of China against Japan. US impressed with Chiang (Jeing)
and KMT.
Civil War in China
Characteristics Nationalists Communists
Leader Chiang Kai-shek Mao ZedongOccupied territory Ruled in the South
of China after WWIIRuled in the North after WWII
Support United States /middle class in China
Soviet Union /peasants in China
Government strengths and weaknesses
Struggled with inflation and a failing economy
Promise of land reform appealed to peasants
Military Suffered from weak leadership and poor morale
Experienced guerrilla army that was highly motivated Based on the chart above, hypothesize which group won the civil war in
China?
Communists
Held Northern China
$$$ from USSR
Peasant Support• Promised land reform
Experienced guerrilla army
Motivated leadership
Nationalists
Held Southern and Eastern China
$$$ from USAHoarded and mismanaged
Inflation and failing economy
Weak leadership
Poor moral
Chiang Kai-shek
*Born upper class*Educated in Military School*Lead the Koumintang KMT against War Lords, communists, and Japanese
Mao Zedong
*Born to wealthy family.*Received formal education and served in military.*Joined KMT, but split off in early 1920’s.*Founded Communist party in China.
Communist Forces
1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949)
Nationalist Forces
4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949)
US Reaction
Truman refused to send military support Why?
Over 2 billion in military aid Military advisors, but no troops
Truman stopped aid in late 1949– why?
1950 nationalists fell Fled to Taiwan
China and Taiwan in Perspective
China•3.5 mil sq. mi•USSR Financial and economic support•Restore China to power•Gained Tibet•Persecuted Buddhists•Not recognized by UN until 1972
Taiwan•13,000 sq. mi•US attempted to enlarge sphere of influence.•Economic powerhouse•Recognition by UN •Held official position on Security Council!
Mao Zedong Proclaiming People’s Republic of China (1949)
Containment failed!China fell to communism
Effects of Fall of China
Effects of Fall of China Angry Republicans and Democrats
blamed and criticized Truman for “losing” China to communism
Charged that American government contained Communists—beginning of the Red Scare
Future Cold War presidents would take steps to prevent communist takeover
Korean War Map Activity
- Countries: - North Korea - South Korea
- Cities: - P’yongyang
- Seoul - Panmunjom
- Physical Features
- Sea of Japan- Yellow Sea
Political Features
- 38th parallel - Armistice Line
Korean War
Directions - Read pages 616-618 individually - With a partner, create a timeline of
the war that highlights only the MAJOR/KEY EVENTS that occurred during the war
- Hint: Begin with North Korea’s invasion of South on June 25, 1950 and end with the signing of the armistice line on July 27, 1953
The Invasion – June 25th 1950
North Korea invades South.
Soul was taken in 3 days.
What should the US do?
Whose advice should be followed? Mr. X or NSC 68?
Kim Il Sung 1912-1994
Born a peasant. Educated in China, Military
training in USSR. Returned to N. Korea as
Major in USSR military. Continued to try unification,
almost obtained nukes Created a society that Son,
Kim Jong Il, current leader.
Truman vs. MacArthur Conflict
Truman MacArthur
Supported the concept of limited war
Supported the concept of total war
Excerpts from Truman’s Dismissal of MacArthur
(April 1951)“ With deep regret I have concluded that General
of the Army Douglas MacArthur is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the United States Government and of the United Nations in matters pertaining to his official duties. In view of the specific responsibilities imposed upon me by the Constitution of the United States and the added responsibility which has been entrusted to be by the United Nations, I have decided that I must make a change of command in the Far East. I have, therefore, relieved General MacArthur of his commands and have designated Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridway as his successor.”
What countries are still communist today?
MacArthur’s Speech to Congress Reading Questions How does MacArthur view war? In what ways are MacArthur’s belief
of total war evident in his speech? Provide specific examples.
Many have said that MacArthur was an over dramatic actor, after reading this piece, form your own opinion of MacArthur.
Korean war Key QuestionsThink-Pair-Share What effect do you believe the fall of China
to communism had on U.S. involvement in the Korean War?
In what ways does the Korean War demonstrates the U.S. policy of containment.
What irony can be found in the Korean War?
Explain the ideas behind the differences in limited war and total war.
Which 1950s president ended the Korean War?
Red Scare Activity
Everyone in the class has a piece of paper that contains a red dot or does not contain a red dot
Your job is to uncover the “red dotters”
The person who collects the most red dot cards wins
Red Scare Activity
How did you feel when people were falsely accusing you of having a red dot on your paper?
Imagine there were real life percussions to being found guilty of having a red dot even though you were innocent (did not have a red dot)? It could mean losing your house, your children, your job, your education, etc.
The Cold War At Home The Red Scare and McCarthyism
Fear of Communist InfluenceAmericans were shocked by the
USSR. Soviet domination of Eastern Europe. Communist takeover of China. Detonation of nuclear bomb 3 years
early!▪ Major Spy Cases
100,000 Americans claimed Communist Party Membership.
“100 Things You Should Know About Communism” In 1951, the federal government published a pamphlet that
listed 100 questions and answers about communism in the U.S. Below are three examples:
1. What is communism? A system by which one small group seeks to rule the world
2. What do communists want? To rule your mind and body from cradle to grave
3. Where can a communist be found in everyday life? Look for him in your school, your labor union, your church
or your civic club
The Red Scare Investigative Committees Loyalty Review Board - Purpose to investigate government
employees - Dismiss those found to be “disloyal”
House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
- Investigated Communist influence inside and outside of the government
- Famous for investigating communist subversion in Hollywood (Hollywood 10 Trials)
John Watkin’s Case From the film industry,
HUAC moved on to other groups. In 1954, it called on labor organizer John Watkins to testify about communist influence in labor unions. When Watkins refused to answer certain questions, HUAC convicted him of contempt of Congress. Watkins appealed his conviction and the Supreme Court agreed.
John Watkin’s Case
Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote: “There is no general authority to expose
private affairs of individuals without justification in terms of the functions of Congress…Investigations conducted solely for the personal aggrandizement (glorification) of the investigators to “punish” those investigated are indefensible”
Conclusion?
What conclusion can you draw between the battle between security and protection of one’s civil liberties today?
Red Scare Famous Cases Hollywood 10- Group of “unfriendly”
witnesses that would not give names during HUAC investigations
- Most blacklisted: people denied work for refusing to “speak” or suspected of Communist background
Red Scare Famous Cases Alger Hiss
Former State department official accused of spying by a former Communist spy
Never convicted of espionage but convicted of perjury
Jailed for five years
Useless information…Congressman Richard Nixon became famous during this case. Five years later Nixon was elected vice-president.
Red Scare Famous Cases Rosenberg Trails
Accused of providing U.S. atomic bomb information (were activists in the Communist Party)
Found guilty and sentenced to death in the electric chair
First U.S. civilians convicted of espionage
Julius and Ethel
Subversives Subversives
Feared Communists were infiltrating schools
Hundreds of teachers lost their jobs
Forced to sign loyalty oaths
Thousands of Americans were affected, many jailed
Who has read/heard of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible? Explain the story, its historical context and how it may relate to the 1940s/50s Red Scare.
Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism McCarthy’s
Tactics Senator who
made several unsupported accusations against government officials
Never produced a single name
Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism McCarthy’s Downfall
Occurred in 1954 when he made accusations against the U.S. army
Resulted in nationally televised investigation
Bullying of witnesses alienated him and cost him public support
Later died of alcoholism
“McCarthyism”
McCarthyism- Word in U.S.
dictionary- Defined: the
making of public accusations of disloyalty without sufficient evidence
What impact did the fear of Communism have on American society and politics?
Ticket-Out
On a piece of notebook paper, summarize the Red Scare in your own words
Two Nations Living on the Edge
Do you believe the same reactions apply to nations? Why or why not?
How do people generally act when threatened?
Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy“The New Look and Brinkmanship”
New Look: Foreign Polciy New Look
Foundations and Beliefs▪ American morals = superior to USSR▪ Spread the gospel of democracy▪ Use military might to limit Soviet
Expansion (including threat of nukes)▪ Must compromise internationally
New Look: Foreign Policy
New Look Strategy ▪ Cut traditional military spending
(Army & Navy) ▪ Increased Air Force▪ Increased nuclear arsenal and fear of nuclear war▪ No more traditional wars!▪Too costly in lives and; ▪Money
New Look New Look
CIA ▪ Gather information abroad▪ Carry out secret operations to weaken and/or overthrow governments unfriendly to U.S.▪ Covert operations
Brinkmanship John Foster Dulles
Ike’s Secretary of State
US on a moral crusade v. Communism
U.S. was willing to go to the brink (edge) of war
Containment by any means necessary▪ Including massive
retaliation▪ Force and nuclear
weapons
Win the war on Communism with out going bankrupt
Cut traditional military spending Army & Navy
Increased Air Force Increased nuclear arsenal.
Increase fear of Nuclear War!
No more traditional wars! Too costly (life and $)
“More bang for your buck”
BRINKMANSHIP “The ability to get
to the verge, without getting into war”
Conflicts Iran (1951-1953) Guatemala (1954) Egypt (1956)▪ Eisenhower Doctrine
Hungary (1956)
Conflicts
Iran 1951-1953
Mohammed Mosaddegh or Mosaddeq (PM of Iran) Nationalized oil fields. Mostly owned by GB.▪ What does this sound
like? Hmmmm…
The US Solution US gave millions anti
Mosaddeq allies CIA overthrew Mosaddeq
in 1953 Placed Shah Reza Pahlavi
back in power (Nice Jacket) Returned oil fields to Great
Britain.
New Look or Brinkmanship?
Communist aggression or nationalists rebellion?
Guatemala 1954
Jacob Arbenz Guzman – democratically elected leader. (1951) Nationalized 200,000
acres of United Fruit Company land.
(Yet another reason to hate Bananas)
US Reaction Wealthy land owners and US Fruit
Company lobby US for help. CIA trains and equips apx. 480 rebels Led by General Castillo.
Castillo takes control plunges nation into 40 years of unrest.▪ ¼ million dead.
New Look or Brinkmanship? Communist aggression or nationalists
rebellion?
Egypt 1956
Causes US & USSR agreed to creation of Israel –
1948 Angered Egypt – didn’t accept Israel.
US and UK help finance building of Aswan Dam in Egypt. US and UK withdrew help with Aswan Dam
when felt Egypt was supporting USSR Gamal Abdel Nasser = angry
Seized Suez Canal (owned by US and France) Israel also angry – Egypt had been
attacking.
Eisenhower Doctrine Israel, UK and France invaded
Egypt (10/56) USSR threatened to use missiles
to support Egypt.
“The US would defend the Middle East against any communist attack”
New Look or Brinkmanship? Communist aggression or nationalists
rebellion?
Enter Khrushchev
Nakita Khrushchev takes control
“Communism would take over the world” Would happen
peacefully Wanted Co-
existence
DENOUNCED STALIN!!!!
Hungary 1956
Imre Nagy liberal Communist leader
Free electionsWithdrew from Warsaw pactDemanded Soviet withdraw from
Hungary.
Soviet Response Brutal – killed appx 30,000.
Unarmed Overthrew Nagy and executed.
Truman Doctrine says? US – did nothing - Why? UN did nothing - Why? New Look or Brinkmanship? Communist aggression or
nationalists rebellion?
Arms Race
US makes nukes
Soviets are threatened and make
more powerful weapons
US is threatened and makes more and
increasingly powerful
nukes
Soviets are threatened and create more and
increasingly powerful
nukes
Nuclear Arms Race -Race between the U.S. and the S.U. to develop their nuclear arsenals-A game of “cat and mouse”
Space Race
Space Race - U.S. and S.U.
competed in science, education and technology
- In 1957, Soviets obtained intercontinental ballistic missiles
Space Race
Sputnik - 1st satellite
(Soviet) to be launched into space
- Proved S.U. had the capability to deliver nuclear warhead to any target in the world
Space Race
U-2 Incident U-2 Incident
U.S. secretly flying surveillance flights over the USSR
Violating closed sky proposal
Soviets shot down plane
1/5/60 -Francis Gary Powers captured
IKE claims it was a weather plane that steered off course
The Butter Battle Book
Set this book during the Cold War Era, who are the Yooks? The Zooks?
What have we discussed can be compared to the ways that the people in each town “butter their bread?”
The development of the sling-shots can
be compared to what topic we discussed today?
Cold War Battleship Review Game Battleship Rules - Place the following for ships on your
defensive grid by outlining squares (horizontally and/or vertically, but not diagonally) with marker
2 Battleships…4 Squares 3 Cruisers…3 Squares
4 Destroyers…2 Squares
Cold War Battleship Rules A question is posed to the member of your team
who is in control of the game board (you may discuss the answers with your teammates but the person who is in control of the board provides the final answer
If the question is answered correctly, the player calls out a shot (example: F4). When a shot is called, the person in control of the game board on the opposing team tells the caller whether it is a hit or a miss. If the shot is missed, the caller places an “O” on the offensive grid and the opposing player places an “X” on the defensive grid
Cold War Battleship Rules If the question is answered incorrectly, the question is posed to
the opposite team. I DO NOT REPEAT QUESTIONS; it is your job to listen to the review. If the opposing team answers the question correctly, it is their strike.
The person answering the question is in charge of the game board. When the person’s turn has passed, they pass the game board to their left.
When a ship receives enough hits to sink it, the opponent must tell the opposing team they sunk whatever ship has been sunk (example: “You sunk my Cruiser”) The team who is the first to sink all the opposing team’s ship wins.
Please remember, this is a review game, and although it is fun, it is educational. Please listen to understand the questions and the answers and ask me questions on anything you do not understand.
I AM THE BOSS…NO ARGUING WITH THE BOSS!
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