BLACK ENGLISH

During the early years of American settlement, a highly distinctive form of English was beginning to develop in the islands of the West Indies and the southern part of the mainland, spoken by the incoming black population. The beginning of the seventeenth century saw the emergence of the slave trade. Ships from Europe travelled to the West African coast, where they exchanged cheap goods for black slaves. The slaves were shipped in barbarous conditions to the Caribbean islands and the American coast, where they were in turn exchanged for such commodities as sugar, rum, and molasses. The ships then returned to England, completing an 'Atlantic triangle' of journeys, and the process began again. Britain and the United States had outlawed the stave trade by 1865, but by that time, nearly 200 years of trading had taken place. By the middle of the nineteenth century, there were over four million black slaves in America.

The policy of the slave-traders was to bring people of different language backgrounds together in the ships, to make it difficult for groups to plot rebellion. The result was the growth of several pidgin forms of communication, and in particular a pidgin between the slaves and the sailors, many of whom spoke English. Once arrived in the Caribbean, this pidgin English continued to act as a major means of communication between the black population and the new landowners, and among the blacks themselves. Then, when children came to be born, the pidgin became their mother tongue, thus producing the first black Creole speech in the region. This Creole English rapidly came to be used throughout the cotton plantations, and in the coastal towns and islands. Similarly, creolized forms of French, Spanish and Portuguese emerged in and around the Caribbean.

 

QUESTIONS

 1. Match the following words with the suitable definition or synonym.

emergence trade rum molasses outlaw growth landowner

 

  Proprietor, farmer.   Declare somebody to be punished or considered a criminal.   Development.   Exchange tools or services for money or other goods   Strong alcoholic drink.

 

2. Answer the following questions according to the text. a. When did the slave trade begin?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b. When was the slave trade forbidden in the USA? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c. Why did the pidgins emerge?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------d. What kind of job did the slaves have?

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3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Past or Past Continuous.

a. Zoë (come) _______________________ round in her car and they (drive)

_______________________ to the tennis courts.

b. Two other people (use) _______________________ their court when they (arrive)

_______________________.

c. They (buy) _______________________ ice-creams while they (wait)

_______________________ to play.

 

4. Complete the text using the Present Continuous or the Present Simple.

I (go) _______________________ London next Thursday. “Burning Spear”, my

favourite reggae band, (give) _______________________ a concert at Wembley. I (go)

_______________________ with Beth. We (not go) _______________________ by

train; it is much cheaper by coach. The coach (leave) _______________________

Plymouth at 12.30 p.m.

  5. Composition: What kind of job would you like to have in the future?

 

Canada

Canada is a bilingual country with two official languages, English and French. The vast majority (75 per cent) of Canada's French-speaking inhabitants live in the province of Québec, which is located in the eastern part of the country but there are French-speaking communities throughout the country.According to a 1991 census, French is the mother tongue of 82 per cent of Québec's population and is spoken at home by 83 per cent of Québecers. Internationally, it is estimated that some 800 million people speak English and 250 million speak French. As a bilingual nation, Canada offers superior English as a Second Language (ESL) and French as Second Language (FSL) training for students wishing to learn either or both languages.

1. What are the two official languages of Canada ?__________________________________________________________________

2. Where in Canada is French the predominantly spoken language?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which of Canada's official languages is used more throughout the world?__________________________________________________________________________________________________

China

Kite was originally called Zhiyuan in north China, and Yaozi in south China. Early in the Five dynasties, a man named Li Ye used to make and fly kite in the imperial court. He once attached a whistle made of bamboo to the kite, sound was let out when the kite was flying, the kite was named after Zheng, a kind of Chinese music instrument. Then it was named Fengzheng till today.The earliest kite in the world was made by Mo-tse, a famous Chinese philosopher lived 2300 years ago, for military purpose. He spent three years making an eagle and managed to fly it. The eagle later was regarded as the first kite in the world. Kite flying became a recreation probably from the Tang dynasty when the royal family and aristocrats were addicted to it. It was said that the Emperor Xuanzong in the Tang dynasty once was deeply attracted by a kite named Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea flying in the air. The invention of paper made kites cost less and quick spread among the common people. As time went on, kites flew to various counties in the world. The well-known British scientist, Dr. Needham, once described kites as an important scientific invention spread to Europe from China in his book, A History of China's Science and Technology. The invention of kite aroused the dream of mankind to fly and led to invention of airplane.

1. What were the original names given to the kite in Northern and Southern China? Northern:______________________Southern:______________________

2. How old is the invention of a kite and how is credited for inventing it?Year: _________________Inventor: ______________________

3. After what invention did kites become affordable and very popular among all people?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Christmas

It was December. Carol had seen nine Christmas trees lighted on her birthdays, one after another; nine times she had assisted in the holiday festivities of the household, though in her babyhood her share of the gayeties was somewhat limited.For five years, certainly, she had hidden presents for Mama and Papa in their own bureau drawers, and harbored a number of secrets sufficiently large to burst a baby's brain, had it not been for the relief gained by whispering them all to Mama, at night, when she was in her crib, a proceeding which did not in the least lessen the value of a secret in her innocent mind.For five years she had heard "'Twas the night before Christmas," and hung up a scarlet stocking many sizes too large for her, and pinned a sprig of holly on her little white night gown, to show Santa Claus that she was a "truly" Christmas child, and dreamed of fur-coated saints and toy-packs and reindeer, and wished everybody a "Merry Christmas" before it was light in the morning, and lent every one of her new toys to the neighbors' children before noon, and eaten turkey and plum pudding, and gone to bed at night in a trance of happiness at the day's pleasures

1. From the reading, how old is Carol?__________________________________________________________________

2. Where has she hidden gifts from her mother and father in the past?__________________________________________________________________

3. What story is often read to Carol during the Christmas holidays?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How does Carol demonstrate her "Christmas Spirit"?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Colonial America

In the Southern Colonies, there were many large farms called plantations. Farmers who owned plantations were called planters. Crops grown on plantations included rice and tobacco.

As planters became wealthy, they became dissatisfied with their old houses. They started building two-story houses. Some of them were even made of brick. Rough, hand-made furniture was replaced with nicely made tables and chairs, some of them ordered from England. Wooden plates, bowls, and spoons were replaced by ones made of pewter, a silvery metal made from tin and lead. Silver was expensive in those days, and a family might have bought silverware piece by piece.

After a new house was built, the old house might be used as a kitchen. Servants carried food in covered dishes to the dining room in the new house.

Southern colonists could not expect help from their neighbors, because they were spread far apart. They had to be able to produce almost everything they needed on their plantations. Of the few things they could not produce themselves, most came directly from England to their plantations. Plantations often had their own ships and piers on the river.

Rich planters might have owned hundreds of slaves. All these slaves had to work hard from early morning to evening and slept in crowded slave quarters. Unskilled slaves worked in the fields. Trusted slaves worked in the house. Trained slaves worked as carpenters, weavers, blacksmiths, shoemakers, furniture makers, and cooks. In those days, plantations were like small towns.

1. In your own words, what is a plantation?_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. What particular building material was very expensive during this time period?

_____________________________

3. Why was it necessary for successful plantations to be near the Ocean? _____________________________

4. Which particular type of slave (unskilled, trusted, or trained slave) you feel had most difficult job? Explain your answer.

Compound & Elements

The 100 plus elements are the "alphabet" of matter because every tangible material is a combination of these elements.

The elements are categorized as: Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids, Noble Gases

This main categorization is based on the electrical attributes of the elements. Some elements tend to "lose" an electron, and become positively charged. (These are the metals), Other elements tend to "acquire" an electron, and become negatively charged, (the non metals). The third group, (metalloids), falls in between these two extremes. And the Noble Gas category is "unelectrical" -- displays no interest in either acquiring and losing an electron, but unlike the metalloids who can be "persuaded" one way or the other -- the noble ones simply don't engage.

Since chemical reaction and chemical bonding are electrical in nature, it so happens that members of a certain category can substitute for another member and thereby create a combination which is slightly different, but generally similar. Say then that by carefully choosing a replacement element in a chemical compound, it is possible to "engineer" a desired slight change in the nature of the compound. This used to be the art, and now is the science of chemistry.

1. Which elements are likely to lose electrons?

_________________________________

_________________________________

2. Which elements are likely to gain electrons?

_________________________________

3. Which type of elements are likely to have no electrical charge at all?

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

4. How does knowing a great deal about the property of certain elements help us as humans?

Constitution

SEARCH AND SEIZUREHistory and Scope of the AmendmentHistory.--Few provisions of the Bill of Rights grew so directly out of the experience of the colonials as the Fourth Amendment, embodying as it did the protection against the utilization of the ``writs of assistance.'' But while the insistence on freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures as a fundamental right gained expression in the Colonies late and as a result of experience,\1\ there was also a rich English experience to draw on. ``Every man's house is his castle'' was a maxim much celebrated in England, as was demonstrated in Semayne's Case, decided in 1603.\2\ A civil case of execution of process, Semayne's Case nonetheless recognized the right of the homeowner to defend his house against unlawful entry even by the King's agents, but at the same time recognized the authority of the appropriate officers to break and enter upon notice in order to arrest or to execute the King's process. Most famous of the English cases was Entick v. Carrington,\3\ one of a series of civil actions against state officers who, pursuant to general warrants, had raided many homes and other places in search of materials.

1. In your own words, what do words ``writs of assistance' mean?_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do feel it so important to colonists to have search and seizure amendments added to the constitution?_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Referring to the passage, who do you think Nathan Semayne was? _____________________________

4. Why should anyone have the right to search your home? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs are animals that evolved into many sizes and shapes. Dinosaurs were and are quite diverse, and often one person will think of an animal like a long-necked sauropod, while another person will think of a large, fierce meat-eater like Tyrannosaurus rex. It should be clear then that the term "dinosaurs", or the scientific version "Dinosauria", is describing a diverse group of animals with widely different modes of living. The term was invented by Sir Richard Owen in 1842 to describe these "fearfully great reptiles", specifically Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus, the only three dinosaurs known at the time. The creatures that we normally think of as dinosaurs lived from late in the Triassic period (about 225 million years ago) until the end of the Mesozoic era (about 65 million years ago); but actually they live on today as the birds.Different dinosaurs lived at different times. Despite the portrayals in movies like Fantasia and Jurassic Park, no Stegosaurus ever saw a Tyrannosaurus, because Tyrannosaurus wasn't alive for another 80 or so million years. Ditto for Apatosaurus (a.k.a. "Brontosaurus").

1. When is the term "Dinosauria" used?_________________________________

2. Which dinosaurs were the first to be discovered by humans?_________________________________

3. Which living organism is a close relative of the prehistoric dinosaur?_________________________________

4. How do movies affect how humans feel about dinosaurs?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

FUNNY PROFESSOR

An American warship once paid a visit to a port in a hot country where the British navy had a base, and the captain of the British base invited the officers of the American warship to a party ashore. Now, Americans like their drinks to have plenty of ice in them, even in a cold climate, but at the time of the warship’s visit to the British base, it was generally known that the British hardly ever had ice, even in the hottest countries. The captain of the American ship did not want to have to drink warm drinks at the British party, but it would have been very impolite to refuse the British captain’s invitation, so the American captain accepted, but, an hour before the pasty was due to begin, sent a small boat ashore to his host with several large tins of ice from the warship’s refrigerators. When the American officers went ashore for the party, they were looking forward to having plenty of ice in their drinks. They were therefore very surprised when on their arrival, they were served drinks with no ice in them at all. They thought that the servants might perhaps not yet have had time to unpack the ice that had been sent from the ship, but the party continued, and still there was no ice. Of course, the American officers were too polite to ask what had happened to the ice that they had sent. When the party at last came to an end, the American captain thanked his British host for the pleasant party. Then the secret of the ice came out. The British captain thanked the American captain for it and said, “It allowed me to have the first really cold bath I have had in this place.”

QUESTIONS

1. Answer the following questions using your own words but taking into account the information in the text.

a. Why were the American officers invited? b. Could the Americans have cold drinks? Why?

2. Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE? Identify the part of the text that supports your answer by copying the exact words.

a. The American officer refused the British invitation: b. The party was celebrated on the British warship: c. The servants did not have time to unpack the ice:

3. Find a synonym for each of the words below from these six options.

ASHORE HARDLY TIN PLENTY UNPACK HOST A lot Not very often Metal container Not on the water, on land

4. Choose a, b or c in each question below. Only one choice is correct. 1. Americans like their drinks with cold ice a. in hot countries. b. in cold countries. c. everywhere they go.

2. It would have been very impolite if a. the British had not accepted the ice. b. the Americans had not accepted the invitation. c. the British had not invited the Americans.

3. The ice a. arrived at the beginning of the party. b. at the end of the party. c. never arrived.

5. Composition: What do you appreciate the most when you go to a party?

Halloween

Dear Terry: Hello, my friend, from Monster Town! Let me give you a tour and show you around. Over there is Batty, the town's favorite bat. And, oh, there's Warina, the big witch with a cat. Spooker's our spook, he tries to scare girls and boys, But he's friendly...instead he just plays with toys. There's many more monsters in our little town, They're busy planting candy corn trees all around. We're all getting ready for Halloween night. So look for us, we'll be there! Go out on Halloween night! Take a flashlight and hold onto a grown-up real tight. Happy Halloween!

Shelly the Skeleton

1. Where is the writer sending this letter from?__________________________________________________________________

2. What is the name of witch who has a cat?__________________________________________________________________

3. Who is often found playing with toys in Monster Town?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. On which month of the year do you think this letter was writing? Why?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

~

Hanukkah

"Hanukkah" comes from the Hebrew root "Hanokh," inaugurate. A menorah is lit on all eight nights of Hanukkah to commemorate the rededication of the ancient temple in Jerusalem, when the last remaining container of undefiled oil miraculously lasted for eight nights. The menorah also celebrates the triumph of freedom over persecution, the events which took place over 2,300 years ago in the land of Judea, which is now Israel. Hanukkah begins on the 25th day of the Hebrew month of Kislev, but the starting date on the western calendar varies from year to year.In America, families celebrate Chanukah at home. They give and receive gifts, decorate the house, entertain friends and family, eat special foods, and light the holiday menorah.

1. Why is the menorah lit on Hanukkah?__________________________________________________________________

2. For how many days does the menorah burn?__________________________________________________________________

3. When does Hanukkah take place?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Holocaust

With the passage of the Nuremberg Laws by the Reichstag on September 15, 1935, the first direct attack on individual Jews was launched. These laws mark a sharp progression toward an irreversible anti-Semitic policy. In the future, no Jew would be able to escape intensified persecution.September 15, 1935Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor"Marriages between Jews and subjects of German or kindred blood are forbidden...Extramarital intercourse forbidden between Jews and subjects of German or kindred blood...Jews are forbidden to fly the Reich and national flag and to display Reich colors...They are, on the other hand, allowed to display the Jewish colors...Whoever violates the prohibition...will be punished by penal servitude."

1. What judicial event marked the beginning of Jewish persecution?_____________________________ 2. The Nuremberg law stated that someone of Jewish could not do what?_______________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

3. Oddly, the Nuremberg law stated that someone of Jewish could do what? _____________________________

4. Do you feel a government controlling aspects of your life, such as marriage, is beneficial in any way? How is it negative? Explain your answers. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Human Body

Your heart is really a muscle. It's located a little to the left of the middle of your chest, and it's about the size of your fist. There are lots of muscles all over your body - in your arms, in your legs, in your back, even in your behind. But this muscle is special because of what it does - the heart sends blood around your body. The blood provides your body with the oxygen and nutrients it needs. It also carries away the waste that your body has to get rid of.Your heart is sort of like a pump, or two pumps in one. The right side of your heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The left side of the heart does the exact opposite: it receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. By the time you're grown up, your heart will be beating (pumping) about 70 times a minute.How does the heart beat? Before each beat, your heart fills with blood. Then it contracts to squirt the blood along. When something contracts, it squeezes tighter - try squeezing your hand into a fist. That's sort of like what your heart does so it can squirt out the blood. Your heart does this all day and all night, all the time. Every day, an adult heart pumps 2,000 gallons (7,500 liters) of recycled blood by filling and contracting. The heart is one tough worker!

1. Where is your heart located?_________________________________

_________________________________

2. Where else can you find muscles in your body besides the heart?____________________________________

_________________________________

3. Why do we need a heart?_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

4. Which organ(s) directly works with the heart?_________________________________

_________________________________

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Industrial Revolution

During World War I, a number of severe shortages alerted the world’s scientists to the need for synthetic, or man-made materials. Thus by 1934, a research team headed by Wallace H.Carothers had developed the first synthetic fiber, called nylon. As it turned out, the development of nylon had a surprisingly profound effect on world affairs. True, it’s first use was in fashion, and in 1939, the DuPont company began marketing sheer nylon hose for women. Nylons were a spectacular hit and sold off the shelves almost immediately. But they disappeared with the coming of World War II, as nylon became essential to the war effort. It was used in everything from parachutes and ropes, to insulation and coat linings. Sadly Carothers never witnessed the impact of his creation. He committed suicide two years before the first pair of nylons ever went on sale.

1. Why do we need to make synthetic materials?_____________________________ 2. Where would you find nylon in nature?_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. To this is day, what was the most popular use of nylon fibers? _____________________________

4. What company is credited with bringing Nylons to the public? _____________________________

Inventions

Samuel F. B. Morse conceived of an electromagnetic telegraph in 1832 and constructed an experimental version in 1835. He did not construct a truly practical system until 1844, when he built a line from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.The current model incorporates basic features of the 1844 receiver. It accompanied an application for a patent, granted in 1849, in which he described a method for marking dots and dashes on paper.Within ten years after the first telegraph line opened, 23,000 miles of wire crisscrossed the country. The invention profoundly affected the development of the West, made railroad travel safer, and allowed businessmen to conduct their operations more profitably.

1. In addition to the telegraph what famous form of communication did this inventor create? __________________________________________________________________

2. How long did it take Morse to perfect the telegraph?__________________________________________________________________

3. How would an invention as simple as this have such a profound affect on human life?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. It has been said that all of today's inventions are just upgrades to past inventions. Assuming this is true, what recent invention is an upgrade of the telegraph?

Jobs for the boys!

Forget Mary Poppins - a nineties nanny is more likely to resemble cuddlyMartin Smith who, at 22, is one of the new breed of British male nannies.`I love being around kids and nannying is very rewarding. The money isn'tgreat, but then I don't do it for the money. I like seeing kids happy and, if they are, itmakes my job a whole lot easier,' laughs Martin. He claims today's nannies are betterequipped and more highly qualified, and that their image is changing rapidly.`Anyone with basic school qualifications can do the course to become a nanny, butpersonality is really more important. I'm a good nanny because I have a rapport withyoungsters and babies - it isn't a gift exclusive to women.'His female counterparts have welcomed Martin, although some chauvinisticmen think his chosen career makes him a bit `soft'. `I feel sorry for them,' he sighs,`Just because I work with women and kids, it doesn't mean I'm feminine or strange.'But he admits that it will be some time before male nannies are totally accepted. `It'llhappen gradually, but there's no reason why men can't do this job as well as women.'

1. Answer the following questions using your own words.

a) According to the text, what is the most important quality you need to be a capable nanny?b) How have people reacted to Martin's choice of job?

2. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?

a) In spite of the salary, Martin likes his job very much.b) Men can be better nannies because they are better qualified.

3. Find a word or phrase in the text which, in context, is similar in meaning to:

a) giving personal satisfaction, worthwhileb) people who have a similar job, function or position

4. Choose a, b, or c, in each question below. Only one choice is correct.

1. Nowadays nannies ...a) earn a lot of money.b) change their image many times.c) are better trained than before.

2. Martin believes that he is an excellent nanny because ...a) he has the right qualifications.b) he understands children's feelings very well.c) being a nanny isn't exclusive to women.

3. Martin's job choice hasn't been well regarded by ...a) some men.b) some old-fashioned male nannies.c) some people.

4. Martin considers that ...a) male nannies won't have a good reputation in the future.b) men can't work as nannies as well as women.c) men can be just as good nannies as women.

5. Composition Choose one of the following topics.

1. Describe a job you would like to do in the future. Give reasons.2. `There are jobs for men and jobs for women.' Do you agree?

Magnetism Electricity

Magnetism and electricity are closely related phenomena. Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter. Matter is made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. Electrons have a negative electric charge, while protons have a positive electric charge; neutrons have no electric charge. These tiny particles are the building blocks of atoms. An atom has a net positive electric charge when it loses one of its electrons, and a net negative electric charge when it gains an extra electron. On the other hand, magnetic charges do not exist - Magnetic fields are generated solely by moving electric charges.

An example of the relationship between electricity and magnetism is the motor. In a motor, a voltage is applied across the terminals of a coil of wire. The voltage causes the electrons in the wire to move, which in turn generates a current. This current results in a magnetic field, which interacts with permanent magnets attached to the core of the motor, causing it to move.

Perhaps the most significant relationship between electricity and magnetism is light, which is known to physicists as an electromagnetic wave. Light waves are oscillating patterns of electric and magnetic fields, propagating through space at the speed of light (3x108 meters/second).

Electric and Magnetic phenomena are intricately described by a collection of physical laws, known as Maxwell's equations. Fully understanding these complex equations require a thorough knowledge of calculus and differential equations. For more information, take a course in electromagnetic theory from your local university.

1. What is an atom made up of?

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_________________________________

_________________________________

2. In most cases, does electricity create magnets or do magnets create electricity?

Explain.

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

3. When some on say "The Speed of Light", what are they referring to?

_________________________________

_________________________________

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Martin Luther King, Jr."A true revolution of values will lay hands on the world order and say of war: 'This way of settling differences is not just.' This business of burning human beings with napalm, of filling our nation’s homes with orphans and widows, of injecting poisonous drugs of hate into the veins of peoples normally humane, of sending men home from dark and bloody battlefields physically handicapped and psychologically deranged, cannot be reconciled with wisdom, justice, and love. A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death."America, the richest and most powerful nation in the world, can well lead the way in this revolution of values. There is nothing except a tragic death wish to prevent us from reordering our priorities so that the pursuit of peace will take precedence over the pursuit of war. There is nothing to keep us from molding a recalcitrant status quo with bruised hands until we have fashioned it into a brotherhood."Dr. King, April 4, 1967

1. What were Dr. King's feelings about war?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did Dr. King believe America was the country that needs to takes the first steps toward stopping war?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Are Dr. King's thoughts still true today? Has any change taken place in the world forty years after the words have been spoken?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

McDonald’s boss dies suddenly

The Chief executive of McDonald’s, the world’s largest fast-food chain, has died from asuspected heart attack. Jim Cantalupo, 60, was taken ill during a meeting of franchise owners in Orlando, Florida, the company said. His death is a severe blow to McDonald’s at a time when the chain is trying to shed its image as a supplier of high-fat, high-salt and high-sugar food.

In his 16 months at the helm, Mr. Cantalupo turned the company’s fortunes round. As wellas slowing its breakneck expansion programme and closing hundreds of under-performing outlets, he tried to address criticisms that McDonald’s was contributing to the obesity epidemic in the US and Europe.

When Mr. Cantalupo became chairman and chief executive in January last year after a management shake-up, Mc Donald’s was in the doldrums.

Changing tastes, the mad cow disease scare and the perception that its menu was tired hadhit sales, particularly in Europe and Asia. In December 2002, McDonald’s went into the red for the first time in its 48-year history. Mr. Cantalupo, a former vice-chairman and president, who had retired a year earlier, was brought back as the new boss.

QUESTIONS

1. Answer the following questions using your own words

a. What impression do people have about McDonald’s food?b. What did Mr Cantalupo achieve in the 16 months he was in charge of McDonald’s?

2. Are the following statements True or false? a. Mr Cantalupo felt ill while meeting with French clients in Orlando.__________b. Mr Cantalupo was already retired when he became McDonald’s boss again. __________

3. Find a word or expression in the text which, in context, is similar in meaning to: a. A group of shops or restaurants owned by the same company:b. Provider:

4. Choose a, b, or c, in each question below. Only one choice is correct.

1. In order to save the company Mr. Cantalupo tried toa. promote the company’s fast expansion.b. defend the company from accusations of contributing to obesity.c. change people’s tastes.

2. Mr. Cantalupoa. broke his neck in Orlando.b. worked for the company for 48 years.c. had been McDonald’s president before.

3. McDonald’s sales had declined specially in Europe and Asia due toa. scare mad cows.

b. a change in people’s food preferences.c. a change in McDonald’s menu.

4. In December 2002 McDonald’sa. was in debt for the first time in its history.b. was furious with Mr Cantalupo.c. forced Mr Cantalupo to retire.

Composition: What are the advantages or disadvantages of fast food?Give reasons.

Native Americans

WHAT boy would not be an Indian for a while when he thinks of the freest life in the world? This life was mine. Every day there was a real hunt. There was real game. Occasionally there was a medicine dance away off in the woods where no one could disturb us, in which the boys impersonated their elders, Brave Bull, Standing Elk, High Hawk, Medicine Bear, and the rest. They painted and imitated their fathers and grandfathers to the minutest detail, and accurately too, because they had seen the real thing all their lives.We were not only good mimics but we were close students of nature. We studied the habits of animals just as you study your books. We watched the men of our people and represented them in our play; then learned to emulate them in our lives. No people have a better use of their five senses.

1. What type of food does the author mostly eat?_____________________________ 2. Why would they perform dances in the woods?_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. What would they author do during the medicine dance? _______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why do you feel it was important for the author to studied the habitat of animals? Explain your answer.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

North America

Over 100,000 Germans migrated to the English colonies in North America. Most of them settled in Pennsylvania. Others settled in New York, Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. They formed the largest non-English-speaking community in colonial North America.During the 1600s and 1700s, wars ravaged Germany. Marching armies trampled down fields of grain, stole cattle, and burned down farmsteads. In their wake, famines spread over the land. Taxes, levied to pay for the war, added to the people's plight.Religious disputes also drove people to leave their homes. In Europe the rulers chose what church they wanted in their lands. Many pious Germans of strong convictions found this hard to bear. North America, especially Pennsylvania, offered them religious freedom.

1. During the Colonial Period, which language was the second most used language by Colonists?_____________________________ 2. During this time period, what was the most popular crop in Germany?_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Was it common to have multiple religious denominations in Germany, at this time? Why? _______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why do you feel Pennsylvania was an extremely popular colony for Germans? ________________________________________________________

Oceans

The Earth is surrounded by two great oceans: an ocean of air and an ocean of water. Both are in constant motion, driven by the energy of the sun and the gravity of the Earth. Their motions are linked; the winds give energy to the sea surface and ocean currents are the result. The currents carry heat from one location to another, altering the Earth's surface temperature patterns and modifying the air above.Out in the open sea, ocean waters are driven by two great wind systems. Close to the equator the Trade Winds blow the surface waters westward. In the temperate zone, the Westerlies blow the surface waters back toward the east. The result is that in each great ocean basin there is roughly circular movement of the surface waters. In the northern hemisphere these wind driven currents move clockwise and in the southern hemisphere they move counter clockwise. Both surface and deep-water currents affect the world's climate by moving cold water from the poles toward the tropics and vice versa. Ocean waters are always in motion. Currents flow like rivers, waves crash against seashores and tides rise and fall.

1. How does the Earth's ocean of air and ocean of water interact?__________________________________________________________________

2. Where would you find Trade Winds on planet Earth?__________________________________________________________________

3. When you flush a toliet in the North Hemisphere in which direction does it move?Why?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. In what direction do Westerlies Winds move air masses?___________________________________________________________________________________________________